to have
affifted
PhiHp.
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
I have born
Employments, and for them have paffed my Accounts ; not for
,thefe Inftances of my own Generofity. ; But, in the Name of
Jupiter ! *' I have been guilty of ftrange Mifdemeanors in the
" Difcharge of thcfe Employments. " As you were prefent,
JEfchines, when I paffed my Accounts before the proper Officers,
why did you not then prefer this Indictment ? But clearly to
demonftrate, that he himfelf bears Witnefs for me, that I receive
this Honour for thofe AAions, of which I am by no means obli-
ged to render an Account, let the Secretary read Ctefiphon's
whole Decree. Becaufe, by every Article of that Decree, to
which he never made any Objection, he will appear in his
prefent Profecution an infamous Calumniator. Read.
The Decree.
Under the Archonfhip of Euthycles, on the twenty-fecond
Day of Oftober, the Oenean Tribe prefiding in the Senate,
Ctefiphon delivered this Opinion : whereas Demofthenes, when
he was appointed Surveyor of our Walls, expended and gave to
the People, out of his own private Fortune, the Sum of three
Talents ; and when he was Director of the theatrical Trcafiiry,
generoufly added an hundred Minae to the common Fund for
Sacrifices: (17) it feemeth good to the Senate and People of
Athens,
(17) Wolfius acknowledges the Diffi- mous latin Trandation. Ha donafo a
culty of this Paffage, and gives '. -. is own tutti curatori delle cofe /acre cento njine
Explanation of it, with the different per fare i facrifici. Tradidit omnium
Tranflations of it before his Time, tribuum jerariis centum minas pro fuppH-
Let us add the Italian, and an anony- cationibus peragendis.
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? 414 DEMOSTHENES
Atlieusj that Demofthenes iliall receive the Honour due to his
ringular Merit, and to that Affcdion, which he hath always
pieferved towards the Athenian People ; that he be crowned
with a golden Crown, and Proclamation thereof be made in the
Theatre, during theFeftival of Bacchus, when the new Trage-
dians appear, and that the Care of this Proclamation be com-
mitted to the Diredor of the Games.
These, iEfchines, are the Particulars of my Liberality ;
thefe you have not thought proper to arraign ; but the Honours,
conferred upon me by the Senate as a Reward for that Liberahty,
thefe are the Obje<5ls of your Indidment. To receive Obliga-
tions therefore you acknowledge to be within the Law ; and do
you efleem the Gratitude of repaying them, illegal ? If we
were obliged to defcribe the moft abandoned Profligate, deteft-
ed by the Gods, and verily pofTeffed with the moft malignant
Spirit of Envy, would not thefe, I here atteft thofe Gods, be
the Marks ot his Charader ?
With regard to Proclamations, I fhall pafs over a thoufand
Inftances, and without even mentioning, that I myfelf have been
often crowned in the Theatre. But in the Name of the im-
mortal Gods, canfl: thou indeed, iEfchines, be fo perverfely
abfurd ; fo flupidly fenfelefs, as not to be capable of difcern-
ing, that a Crown always conveys the fame Honour to the
Perlbn, upon whom it is conferred, wherever it be proclaimed ;
2 but
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 415
but that the Proclamation is made in the Theatre, for the Bene-
fit and Advantage of thofe, by whom it is beftowed ? Who-
ever hears it proclaimed is animated with a more generous
Ardour for the Intercft of the Republic, and they, who beftow
the Crown, and thus gratefully repay the Services, that deferved
it, are more honoured, than the Perfon who receives it. Up-
on thefe Reafons the Commonwealth has founded the following
Law.
The Law.
The Proclamations for Crowns granted by the Boroughs of
Attica fhall be made in their own refpedive Boroughs ; but if
the People and Senate of Athens crown any of their Citizens, it
fball be permitted to proclaim them in the Theatre, during
the Feftival of Bacchus.
DosT thou hear, iEfchines, the Law itfelf exprefsly de-
claring, "if the People and Senate of Athens crown any of
" their Citizens, let them be proclaimed in the Theatre ? "!
Wherefore then, unhappy Man, doft thou utter thefe Calum-
nies? Wherefore invent thefe Falfehoods? Why doft thou not
purge away this Madnefs of thy Brain with Hellebore? Art
thou not afhamed of having urged this Profecution, not for any
Crime, committed againft the State, but to gratiiy thy own
malignant Spirit of Envy ? Doft thou not blufti for having
corrupted fome of our Laws, and quoted others partially, which
ought in Juftice to have been recited at length ; efpecially before
Judges,
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? 4i6 DEMOSTHENES
Judges, who are engaged by Oath to pronounce Sentence ac-^
cordincT to thofe Laws ? Yet after having a6ted in this Man-
ner, you enumerate the QuaHfications, that {Kould neceflarily
enter into the Charadler of a zealous and faithful Republican,
as if you were giving Diredions to a Sculptor, and had after-
wards received a Statue greatly different from the Diredions
you had given ; or as if a valuable Republican were to be de-
fcribed by your Words, not by his own Conduft, and the
Meafures he had propofed in his Miniftry. (i8) Then with
Clamour and Vociferation, as if you were ftill in the original
Cart of your Profeffion, (19) you utter a Language, without
Diftindion of fitting or unfitting, far better fuited to thee, and thy
Family, than mine. However, I conceive there is this Differ-
ence, O Men of Athens, between Invedives and a legal Profe-
cution, that Profecutions have for their Objedls fome Crimes,
for which the Laws denounce a proper Punifhment ; but In-
vedives
(18) Our Author laughs at ^fchines Part of the Sentence rendered very difFer-
for luppofmg, that a Minifter of State ently from the Senfe, in which it is under-
could be exaftly formed according to his flood by our Tranflators, and Commen-
Defcription. He makes no Allowance tators.
for the various Abilities and Virtues and (19) uu-tt^d e^ a^a'l'iyf. ^s if out
Paffions, that mufl: enter into the Com- of a Cart. The Tranflator confelFes, he
pofition ? , and form perhaps the moft has no Authority among our Commen-
complex Being of the Creation. He ex- tators for applying tbefe Words to the
pec^s it (liould be complete and fimple, particular Cart, in which Thefpis and
as it appears in his Ideas. Thushegivts his firft flrolli g Comedians exhibited
Dircdt ons to a Sculptor for a Statue, but their Plays. Yet this Application gives
will be miferably difappointed, if he a peculiar Spirit to the Pafiage, as it
imagines, he lliall fee it finiflied in every whimfically reprefents ^fchines in this
FeatLtre, Lineament, and Attitude, ac- original Theatreof his Profefllon. which
. cording to thofe DirecT:ions. Demofthenes is always extremely careful
1'he learned Reader will find the latter to remember.
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 417
vedivcs have only thofe Expreffions of Bitternef>, which they,
who hate each other, are apt to utter in Proportion to the na-
tural Malignity of their DifpoHtions. Yet I cannot imagine,
that our Anceftors ered;ed thefe Courts of Juftice, that you
fhould afiemblc here, and liften to thofe atrocious Calumnics>
with which we flander each other; but that we fhould legally
accufe and convidt whoever hath been guilty of any Crime
againfl: the Republic. Although ^fchines was equally con-
fcious, as I am, of this Truth, yet he hath chofen the Invec-
tives of his Cart, rather than a legal Profecution.
It were however unreafonable, that he fhould go ofF in
Triumph on this Occafion, and efcape the Vengeance he hath
provoked. I fhall therefore regularly proceed upon that Con-
fideration, when I have afked him the following Queflion.
Whether, ^Efchines, may we pronounce you my Enemy, or
that of the Republic? Mine undoubtedly. When it was
however in your Power to revenge, in regular Courfe of Law,
the Crimes I am now fuppofed to have committed, v/hy did
you totally negled: to profecute me by an Examination into my
Accounts, by an Indi6lment for the Laws I had tranfgrefled, or
by fome other judicial Proceeding ? Or when I was declared
innocent in every Inftance by the Laws themfelves ; by the
flated Days appointed for my Arraignment, and by the Judge-
ment frequently pronounced upon my Condu6l ; when i never
was convicted of any one Aiflion injurious to the Interefls of my
Vol. II. o FI h h Coun-
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? 4i8 DEMOSTHENES
Country ; when the Republic certainly gained, according to
particular Incidents and Conjundures, a greater or lefs confide-
rable Share of Glory by my Adminiflration, haft thou now de-
termined upon this Oppofition ? Be cautious however of being
found an Enemy to the People of Athens in Reality, to me in
Appearance.
Since you are now inftruded how to pronounce Sentence ac-
cording to Juftice, and the religious Obligation of your Oaths,
I hold myfelf compelled, (for fo it appears) although not natu-
rally fond of Invedives, to return fome Anfwer to his Calum-
nies, and Falfehoods ; to tell fome neceftary Truths concerning
him, and to demonftate both what he is in himfelf, and from
what Anceftry defcended, who with fuch Facility provokes,
and talks Evil of others ; who tears to Pieces fome cafual
Expreflions of mine, though he himfelf utters Things, of
which, what good Man would not be afhamed ? If JEncus,
Rhadamanthus or Minos were my Accufers, not this Word-
Catcher, this hackneyed Pettifogger, this miferable Scrivener, I
do not imagine they would have treated me with fuch injurious
Language, or with fuch Infolence, as when, like an Adlor in
a Tragedy, he cried out aloud, O Earth, and Sun, and Virtue,
with other Exclamations of the fame Kind ; and again, when he
invoked that Intelligence and Erudition, by which we diftinguifli
between Things beautiful and deformed. You yourfelves heard
him talk this extraordinary Language. What Commerce, thou Im-
purity j
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 419
purity, haft thou, or thine, with Virtue ? What Knowledge to di-
ftinguifh between Things beautiful and deformed ? Whence could
you have acquired fuch Difcernment, whence claim the Merit
of fuch a Talent ? Canft thou prefume to talk of Erudition ?
They, who have indeed acquired a larger Portion of it, never
boaft of the Pofleffion themfelves, and blufh whenever it is
mentioned by others. But it happens to thofe, who are totally
uneducated like you, that in meer Want of common Senfe they
aflume the Appearance of it, and torture their Hearers with
the Vanity of difplaying it, but never perfuade them into an
Opinion of their Learning.
a, Although certainly not a Lofs for Matter in Abundance
concerning thee and thine, yet I am really at a Lofs where to
begin. Whether that your Father Tromes was a Slave in Fet-
ters to Elpias, the Schoolmafter, who taught Children their Al-
phabet near the Temple of Thefeus ; or that your Mother
exercifed her daily Matrimony in a Brothel near the Statue of
Calamites, the Hero, and there educated this very lovely Pic-
ture x)f a Man, this lirft-rate Adlor of third-rate Charaders?
Or that Phormio, the Galley- Trumpeter, and a Slave of Dion's,
firft raifed her from this honourable and virtuous Employment ?
But by Jupiter and all our Deities, I am apprehenfive,
while I am thus treating thy Charadler with ftrifteft Propriety,
that I fhall appear to talk a Language ill-fuited to my own
H h h 2 Manners
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? 420 DEMOSTHENES
Manners and Reputation. I fhall therefore avoid it hereafter,
and will here begin the Hiftory of his proper Life. He is now
Tio longer one of the Vulgar ; one of the unknown ; but emi-
nently diftinguiilied by being devoted to Defcrudion by the
general Execrations of our People. For lately ; do I fay lately ?
even Yeflerday, or the Day before, he became at once an A-
thenian, and an Orator. Then adding two Syllable* to his Fa-
ther's Name, indead of Tromes he calls him Atrometus ; and
very folemnly decorates his Mother with the Title of Glauco-
thea, whom we all remember by the Surname of Empufa, in
Honour of the various Forms (he could affume on certain Oc-
cafions, and her ready Compliances, doing or fufFering.
What other pofiible Account of fuch an extraordinary Appel-
lation ? -Yet thou, ungrateful as thou art, and malevolent in
thy Nature, though raifed from Slavery to Freedom, from Indi-
gence to Riches, by the Favour of our People, art fo far from
repaying thefe Obligations with Gratitude, that thou haft fold
thyfelf to their Enemies, and employed all the Powers of thy
Adminiftration to their Deftrudion.
'Whatever appears in his Orations, by which his Intentions
with regard to the Republic can poillbly admit of a Difpute,
I fhall pafs over unnoticed ; but whatever he hath been openly
convidled of ading in Favour of our Enemies, I fliall defire you
To recolledl:. Who does not remember the disfranchifed Anti-
phon ? He had promifed Philip to fet Fire to your Arfenals,
and
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 421
and came hither fecretly for that Purpofe. When I had feized
him, harking in the Pyr^um, and dragged him before an Af-
fembly of the People, this Traitor, by loud and repeated Cla -
mours, *' that I had outraged the Liberty of the Conftitution i
" infulted an unhappy Citizen in his Misfortunes, and unwar-
*' rantably broke into his Houfe," prevailed to have the Cri-
minal difmiffed ; and unlefs the Areopagus, perceiving the Vil-
lainy of the Affair, and fenfible of your Imprudence at fo cri-
tical a Conjundture, had ordered flri<fl Search to be made
after that execrable Incendiary ; unlefs they had arrefted, and
brought him before you again, he had been violently wrefted
out of the Hands of Juftice, and efcaped with Impunity under
the Protedlion of this pompous Declaimer. On the contrary,
you put him to the Torture, and then fent him to his Execu-
tion, as you ought in Juftice to have treated his Advocate. But
when with the fame Imprudence, which had often produced
moft unhappy Confequences to the Public, you appointed JEC-
chines your Deputy to the Congrefs of the States at Delos, the
Areopagus, who were perfectly well informed of every Circum-
ftance of his Condud; with regard to Antiphon, and to whom
you had given the fole Cognizance, and abfolute Determination
of the Affair, inftantly turned him, like a Traitor, out of his
Employment, and nominated Hyperides your Deputy. Such
was the Decifion of the Senate, and executed with all the re-
ligious Ceremonies of approaching the Altar in giving their Suf-
2 frages,
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? 422 DEMOSTHENES
fratres, when not one Suftiage was give>> to this unhallowed
Villain. Jn Atteftation of thefe Fadls call me the Witnefies.
The Witnesses.
The following Perfons, Callias, Zeno, Cleon, and Demoni-
cus, bear this Teftimony to Demofthenes ; that when the Peo-
ple had ele6led ^Efchines their Deputy to fupport the facred
Rights of the Temple at Delos, in the general Aflembly of the
Amphi6lyons, we being met in Council adjudged Hyperides
to be much more worthy to plead the Caufe of the Republic,
and Hyperides was accordingly eleded.
As ^^fchines therefore was appointed to this Office; as the
Senate excluded him, and preferred another, it then openly
declared him a Traitor, and an Enemy to his Country. You
have here one gallant Inftance of his Politics, and which cer-
tainly bears a near Refemblance, does it not ? to thofe Crimes,
whereof I am accufed. I fhall now defire you to recolledt an-
other. When Philip fent Python hither, and with him the Am-
balTadors of all his Confederates, with an Intention of expofing
the Republic to univerfal Shame, and proving, that fhe had
violated the Laws of Nations, I yielded not to that infolent O-
rator, nor gave Way to the impetuous Torrent of his Declama-
tion. I rofe, and replied ; nor did I, like a Traitor, give up
the Juftice of your Caufe, but fo manifeftly convidled Philip
of Perfidy and Injuftice, that even his own Confederates arofe
and acknowledged the Charge. Yet ^Efchines was an Advocate
for
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 423
for Python : not only was a Witnefs, but even a falfe and per-
jured Witnefs. Nor were even thefe Treafons fufficient. He
was foon afterwards found in TJirafo's Houfe in fecret Confer-
ence with Anaxinus, the Spy of Philip. But undoubtedly,
whoever fecretly confers and holds Correfpondence with an E-
miflary of our Enemies, is himfelf in the very Nature of Things,
a Spy, and an Enemy to his Country. In Proof of thefe Af-
fertions, let the Witncfles be called.
The Witnesses.
CaLlidemus, Hyperides, and Nicomachus, having been
duly fworn before the Generals, deliver this Teftimony in Fa-
vour of Demofthenes : That they faw iEfchines entering by
Night into the Houfe of Thrafo, and their holding fecret Con-
ference with Anaxinus, who was generally reputed the Spy of
Philip. This Teftimony is dated the third of July, under the
Archonfliip of Nicias.
A thoufand other Proofs of his Villainy I pafs over unmen-
tioned, for in general fuch was his Condu6l. Befides, I could
now give you many other ftill more flagrant Inftances of his
having, through that whole Period, like a Slave maintained the
Interefts of your Enemies, and purfued me with perpetual Vex-
ations. But Fa<? ls of this Kind make not any juft ImprefTion
upon your Memories, nor excite that Indigpation they defervc.
You have indulged (by unhappy Cuftom) an unbounded Licence
to every Declaimer, who thinks proper, to fupplant and ca-
lumniate
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? 424 D E iM O S T H E N E S
lumniatc the Citizen, who propofcs to you the moft falutary
Coiinfcls, and thus exchange the real Advantages of the Com-
monwealth for the trivial Plcafure and Gratification of liftening
to Calumnies and Inveftives. From thence, it becomes more
eafy, and far lefs dangerous for them, who are fervilely devoted
to your Enemies, to receive the Reward of their Perfidy, than
for a faithful Citizen, and zealous of your Welfare, to accept
of an Lmployment in your Adminiftration.
Before the War was openly proclaimed it was impious, O
Earth and Heaven !
to have affifted PhiHp. Can the Charge
of Impiety be denied in an Ad: of Treafon againft our Country ?
Pardon him however, if fuch be your good Pleafure ; pardon this
Impiety. But when our Ships were openly plundered, Cherib-
nefus laid Vv^afte, and Philip had invaded even the Territories
of Athens ; when the Affair was no longer Matter of Doubt,
but Hoftilities were a6lually commenced, yet this Sychophant,
who mouths his Iambics fo tragically, hath not one Decree,
whether of greater or lefs Importance, to produce for the Ad-
vantage of the Republic. If he dares affert the contrary, let
him produce it in thefe Hours allotted for my Defence. But
there is not any fuch Decree. From whence, one of thefe two
Confcquences mufl: neceffarily follow, either that he was inca-
pable of finding Fault with my Condud, and therefore did not
offer any other Decrees ; or being folicitous to promote theln-
tercfts of our Enemies, was determined not to propofe any
better
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 425
better Meafures. But when he found a PoffibiHty of working
any execrable Mifchief, did he ftill refufe to prefer any Decree ?
Was he flill obflinatcly filent ? No. He would not then
fufFer any one elfe even to fpeak.
His other, fecret Pradices, the Commonwealth might per-
haps have endured ; but one daring A61 of Villainy hath crown-
ed and compleated all the former. That A 61, upon which he
confumed fo confiderabie a Part of his Harangue, when he
feemed determined utterly to pervert the very Nature of Truth
by a perplexed and tedious Enumeration of Locrian Decrees
and Refolutions. But impoffible. How can Truth be per-
verted by Falfehood ? It is not, ^fchines, in the Multitude
of Words to wafli away the Guiit of this Tranfadion. But I
here invoke, O Men of Athens, in your Prefence, all our Gods
and Goddeffes, who graciou fiy prefide over thefe Territories,
efpecially the Pythian Apollo, the God of our A. nc? ftors, and
implore them all to grant me Happinefs and Health, as I now
fpeak truly, or as I truly fpoke in your Affembly, when I
firft perceived (for I perceived, and inftantly perceived) this un-
hallowed Wretch engaging in thefe execrable Designs. IBut if
in perfonal Enmity to him, or Love of Oppofition, I now ac-
cufe him falfely, may thofe Gods render me for ever incapable
of enjoying the Bleflings I pollefs. But wherefore this earneft
Invocation, or why thefe vehement Exclamations ? Becaufe,
although I can indifputably prove the Fadls, whereof I (hall
nccufe him, by our public Records ; although I am perfuaded.
Vol. II. I i i that
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? 426 DEMOSTHENES
that you yourfelvcs perfedly remember the whole Tranfadion^
yet I am apprehenfive he may be deemed too incon{iderable ta
be capable of working fuch enormous Mifchiefs. Thus it hap-
pened before, when he brought hither his Falichoods from
Macedonia, and utterly wrought the Deftrudion of the mifera-r
ble Phoc^eans. For iEfchines was the fole Contriver of the Am-
phiflaean War ; that War, by which Philip got Poficflion of
Elatsa ; by which he was elected Commander in Chief of the
Amphidlyons, and overturned th& whole imperial Conftitution
of Greece : j^fchines alone was the Caufe of all our fevereft
Misfortunes. When, at the Moment, I entered my Proteft
againft him, and cried aloud in the Affembly, " You bring a
*' War, i^lfchines, into Attica J the Amphidyonic War," fome
of his Party, convened by him for that Purpofe, would not
fuffer me to proceed ; while others were aftonifhed, and even
fufpeded, that in perfonal Hatred I had charged him with an
imaginary Crime. Now hear, O Men of Athens, Unce you
were not then permitted to hear, the Nature and Circumftances
of this Affair ; with what View the Projedl was contrived,
and how it was carried into Execution. You will behold a
Scheme admirably well concerted ; you will receive no incon-
fiderable Lights with regard to this Period of your Hiftory, and
obferve how great was Philip's Dexterity, and Addrefs.
It was impofTible for him to exped a happy Iffue of the
War, or to be relieved from its Diftrefles, except he could en-
gage
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 427
gage the Thebans and Theflalians in a Quarrel with this Repub-
lic. For although your Generals conducted the War againfl
him unfortunately, and with very unequal Abilities, yet the
War itfelf, and our Privateers wrougrht him a thoufand Mif-
chiefs. He could neither export the Produce of his own King-
dom, or import whatever NecefTaries he wanted from other
Countries. He was neither, at that Time, fuperior to us by
Sea, nor powerful enough by Land to have invaded Attica, if
the Theffalians had not followed his Standards, or the The-
bans opened him a Paffage through their Dominions. What-
ever Superiority he gained over the Generals, fuch as they
were (for their Charaders are not at prelent under our Confl-
derationj whom you employed againft him, yet by the Nature
and Situation of the Country, where the War was carried on,
and by fome Advantages we mutually enjoyed, he was infi-
nitely diftrelTed. If he fliould attempt, upon Motives of his own
perfonal Enmity alone, to induce the Theffalians and Thebans
to invade us, he was convinced, they would pay him very little
Attention ; but if, by affuming the fpecious Appearance of a
common Caufe, he could be chofen General of the Amphicly-
ons, he then hoped to fucceed more eafily, either by Artifice
or Perfuafion. What therefore was the Plan he propofed ?
Behold how admirably concerted. To kindle a War againfl:
the Amphidyons, and to raife Diffentions in their Counfels at
Thermopylte, from whence he prefumed, they would immedi-
ately apply to him for Affiftance. If however he fliould em-
I i i' 2 ploy
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? 428 DEMOSTHENES
ploy either his awn Deputies, or thofe of his Confederates in
the Scheme, he was juftly apprehcnfive, that the Thebans and
ThefTahans would fufpedl; him, and the Grecians in general be
more upon their Guard. But if an Athenian j a Deputy, ap-
pointed by a People, who had declared themfelves his Enemies,
would negotiate the Affair, he doubted not, as in Fad it
happened, that he fhould conceal his Defign. But how did he
execute his Projeft? He bribed this Traitor. Then, while
we were in general, I believe, unapprehenfive of their Inten-
tions, or (as it ufually happens in your Affairs) not fufEciently
careful to prevent their taking Effed, it was propofed to fend
^fchines Ambaffador to the Congrefs at Thermopylas, and
when three or four of his own Fadion had given him their Suf-
frages, he was declared duly eledled>> Being thus inverted with
the Authority of the Republic, he entered into the Council of
the Amphidlyons, and there, negledling and treating every other
Confideration with Contempt, he fludioufly applied himfelf to*
perfe6t the great Work of his Corruption. Having compofed a.
very fpecious Harangue, and difplayed his Invention in a fabu-
lous Story of the Confecration of the Cirrhtean Lands, he fo far
impofed upon the Deputies, Men unexperienced in the Subtleties
of Eloquence, and little fagacious to- forefee the Confequences
of their Compliance, as to perfuade them to decree, that a
Survey fhould be taken of the Territories, which the Am-
phiffasans afferted to be their Property, and had therefore cul-
tivated, but which iEfchines with loud Accufations of Sacrilege
affirmed
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 429
riffirmcd to have been dedicated to Apollo, although the Lo-
crians never had inftituted any Suit againft us upon a Claim of
Impofts or Cuftoms, as he hath moft untruly pretended in his
Harangue. You will be convinced by this only Confideration.
It was impofiible for them to have inftituted any Suit againft
the Commonwealth, unlefs they had jfirft fent us a regular Ci-
tation. But who ever fent us fuch a Citation ? From what
Power and Authority was it iffued ? Shew us, ^fchines, the
Man, who knows, and will aflert the Fadl. Impoflible. The
whole is an Abufe of Truth ; a vain and idle Pretence of your
own Invention.
When the AmphicSyons therefore, by his Suggeftions,
went to furvey thefe Lands, the Locrians fuddenly fell upon
them, and had well nigh deftroyed them with their Arrows.
Some of the Deputies were taken Prifoners. When this Conteft
arofe, and War was declared againft the Amphifi'sans, Cotty-
phus was appointed General of the Amphidyonic Forces. But
when feveral States either did not appear at the Congrefs, or,
if they did appear, were totally inadlive, foiiie of the ThefTali-
ans, who had long been Traitors to their Country, and certain
Citizens
(20) It was a wife Inftitution, that Locrians therefore had demanded any
whatever Difputes happened between any new Cuftoms, or Imports in their Ports
two Grecian States, a third fhould be of the Athenians, they muft have fued
chofen as Umpire, to whole Decifion for them under the Authority of fome
they fhould be obhged to fubmit. This other Republic, whofe Citations would
third State iflued out Citations, or Sum- now appear upon Record. We are ob-
mons to tlie Parties concerned, with all ligcd to Dodor Taylor for this Expla-
tbe Forms of a regular Procefs. If the nation of the PafTa ge.
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? 430 DEMOSTHENES
Citizens of other Republics, inftruded for the Purpofe, inftant-
ly propofed PhiHp at the next Aflembly to be Commander in
Chief, and alledged many very plaufible Reafons in Favour of
their Propofal ; *' That either they muft be obHged to bring in
*' Contributions themielves ; to maintain a Body of foreign
" Troops, and to punifli thofe, who refufed to comply with
" their Orders, or to ele6t Philip their General. " What
need I fay more ? Upon thefe Reafons he was eleded ; when
inftantly alTembling his Forces, and entering on a feigned
March to Cyrrha, he heartily bids farewell to the Cyrrh^ans
and Locrians, and feizes upon Elataea. At this Moment there-
fore, if the Thebans had not fuddenly changed their Refolution,
and united with you, this whole Project, like a Winter's Tem-
peft, had precipitately fallen on the Republic. Thus, prin-
cipally, by the favourable Interpofition of fome God, O Men
of Athens, and next, as far as lies within the Power of any one
Man, by my Services, did the Tiiebans inftaiitly check the
Progrefs of this Deftroyer. Now let the Secretary read the fe-
veral Refolutions of the Congrefs at Thermopylas, with their
refpedlivc Dates, that you may behold what Mifchiefs this de-
teftable Villain occafioned, for which he hath to this Moment
cfcaped your Vengeance. Read.
Resolutions of the Amphictyons.
Under the Pontificate of Clinagoras, in a Spring-Council
held at Thermopylae, the Deputies and Affiftants of the A m-
pl;ii(5tyons
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 431
phldyons entered into the following Rcfulution : : Whereas the
AmphilTneans do now trefpafs upon, cultivate and graze Cattle
en the Lands confccrated to Apollo, it is refolved, that the
Deputies and their Affiftants (hall take a Survey of thofe Lands ;
mark out the Bounds with Pillars, and forbid the Amphiff^ans
ever to enter upon them for the future. /J
Other Resolutions.
Under the Pontificate of Clinagoras, in a Spring-Council
held at Thermopylae, it is refolved by the Deputies, Affiftants
and general Afiembly of the Amphidyons : /Whereas the Am-
phifTsans have divided among them ; do now cultivace, and
graze Cattle on the Lands conlecrated to Apollo ; and whereas,
when they were forbidden to a6l in this facrilegious Manner,
they appeared in Arms, and repelled by Force the common
Council of Greece, and wounded fome of their Deputies, par-
ticularly Cottyphus, appointed General of the Amphi6lyons ;
be it therefore refolved, that an Embafly fhall be fent to Phi-
lip, to folicit him to affift Apollo and the Amphidlyons, and
not indolently behold the God infulted by thefe profane Am-
phiffaeans, and to acquaint him, that all the Grecians, alTem-
bled in Council at Thermopylae, da for that Purpofe eledl him
Commander in Chief of their Forces, with full Power and
Authority to ad:, as he fhall find expedient. )
Now read the Dates of thefe Refolutions, from whence it will
appear, that ^^fchines was your Deputy at that Period. Read.
The
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? 432 DEMOSTHENES
The Dates.
Under the Archonfliip of Mnefithides, the fixteenth Day
of February.
Now give me the Letter, that Philip fent to hi^ Confederates
in Peloponnefus, when the Thebans refufed to obey his Orders.
By that Letter you will clearly perceive he concealed his real
Defign, fuch as the Deftrudlion of Greece, of Thebes, and
Athens, under an Appearance of Zeal for the common Caufe,
and Obedience to the Decrees of the Amphidyons. But the
Traitor, who furnifhed him with Opportunities of executing thefe
Projedls, and affuming thefe Pretences, was ^Efchines. Read.
Philip's Letter.
Philip, King of the Macedonians, to all the Magiftrates of
his Confederates in Peloponnefus, and to all his other Allies,
Greeting. Whereas the Locrians, Inhabitants of Amphifla, have
impioufly violated the Temple of Apollo in Delphos, and laid
wafte the confecrated Lands, I am determined, in Conjundion
with you, to affift the God, and to take Vengeance of a Peo-
ple, who have violated whatever is held facred among Mankind.
For this Purpofe, you are required to join Tne at Phocis, com-
pleatly armed, and furniflied with Provifions for forty Days,
on the next enfuing Month, which we Macedonians call Loiis,
the Athenians Boedromion, and the Corinthians Panemon.
We fhall afterwards proceed in our Condud by the general
8 Advice
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPFION. 433
Advice of thofc, who join us with all their Forces, and fhall
certainly chaflife thofe, who do not obey our Orders. Farewell.
Behold, how he avoids mentioning his real Motives, and
conceals himfelf under his Zeal for the Amphidtyons. ' But
who concerted thefe Meafures with him, and cooperated with
him in the Execution ? Who furniflied him with thefe Pre-
tences ? Who was the principal Author of all our Calamities ?
Was not this Traitor ^fchines ? Do not therefore, O Men
of Athens, as you walk and converfe together, afcribe the Mi-
feries of Greece to one Man alone. Not by one Man alone, I
here atteft the Powers of Earth and Heaven, but by a Multi-
tude of abandoned Wretches, difperfed through all our Re-
publics, and among whom iEfchines may be juftly numbered,
have we been thus totally undone ; this iEfchines, whom, if
it were neceflary to make the plain and unreferved Declaration,
I fliould not hefitate to declare the univerfal Ruhi of all the Men,
the Territories and Cities, that have been dellroyed in Confe-
quence of thefe fatal Meafures, becaufe, whoever fows the Seed,
is Author of the Harveft : this iElchines, from whom, I am
aftonifhed, that you do not inftantly turn away, whenever you
meet him, with Averfion and Horrour. But thick and impe-
netrable is the Darknefs, for fo it appears, that hath intervened
between you and Truth.
It hath happened, while I have thus lightly touched upon"
his Perfidy to his Country, that I have regularly come to the
Vol. II. K k k Meafures,
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? 434 DEMOSTHENES
Mealures, by which I oppofed his Tieafons, during my Ad-
miniftration. Thefe you are upon many Accounts obliged in
Juftice to hear me relate, but efpecially becaufe, if I have in
Fadl endured fuch Labours for your Service, it would be
ihameful indeed, O Men of Athens, if you were unable to en-
dure the fmiple Recital of them. For when I beheld the The-
bans, I had almoft faid, beheld even the Athenians themfelves,
fo far feduced by Philip's Agents, and the Wretches he had
corrupted both in Thebes and Athens, as to be regardlefs of,
;;^nd unattentive to Philip's future Greatnefs ; an Objed: of
equal Terrour to both Nations, and requiring their utmoft
Attention ; when I beheld you rather prompt to injure and
oppofe each other, I was perpetually anxious to prevent a Rup-
ture between you. Neither did I rely upon my own Judgement
only for the Expediency of thefe Meafures, but was convinced
by the Condudt of Ariftophon, and afterwards of Eubulus, wha
always endeavoured to promote this Friendship between the
Nations ; and while they differed upon many other Points of
Adminiftration, yet in this they conftantly agreed. Thefe two
great Perfons, when living you followed with a fervile Adulati-
on, thou vile, pernicious Animal, and now do not blufh to
outrage their Memory after their Death. For whenever yoa
cenfure me with regard to the Thebans, you condemn/'their
Condu(5t, much more than mkie, who before I entered into
Miniflry had conftantly approved of this AHiance. But I re-
turn from this Digrcffion to inform you, tliat when iEichines
had
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 435
had thus kindled the AmphifTsan War, and his other Accom-
pHces had efFc6lually fct us at Variance with the Thebans, Phi-
lip took that Opportunity of invading us, for the fake of which
they had fomented thefe Quarrels between the RepubHcs; and
if we had not a Uttle roufed us from our Lethargy, we {hould
never afterwards have been able to recover our Strength ; to
fuch an Extreme had they precipitately driven the Affair. In
what Manner you were then affected towards each other, will
beft appear by your Decrees and by Philip's Anfwer, which
I defire may be read. .
The Decree.
Under the Archonfhip of Heropythus, on the twenty- fifth
of March, the Eredhean Tribe exercifing the Prytanic Power,
it is refolved, with the Advice and Opinion of the Senate and
the Generals ; that whereas Philip hath made himfelf Mafter of
fome Towns upon the Frontiers of Attica, and adlually demo-
lifhed others; and whereas he was now meditating an Invafion of
our proper Territories, fetting at nought our mutual Treaties,
and determined to violate thofe Oaths, by which they were ra-
tified ; thus ading in Contempt of the Peace concluded be-
tween us, and our public Faith mutually given and received ;
it therefore feemeth good to the Senate and People to fend
Ambafiadors to him, who fhall remonftrate upon his Proceed-
ings, and exhort him efpecially to preferve the good Concord
and the Treaties fubfifting between us ; or if he be otherwife de-
K k k 2 termined,
? ?
Employments, and for them have paffed my Accounts ; not for
,thefe Inftances of my own Generofity. ; But, in the Name of
Jupiter ! *' I have been guilty of ftrange Mifdemeanors in the
" Difcharge of thcfe Employments. " As you were prefent,
JEfchines, when I paffed my Accounts before the proper Officers,
why did you not then prefer this Indictment ? But clearly to
demonftrate, that he himfelf bears Witnefs for me, that I receive
this Honour for thofe AAions, of which I am by no means obli-
ged to render an Account, let the Secretary read Ctefiphon's
whole Decree. Becaufe, by every Article of that Decree, to
which he never made any Objection, he will appear in his
prefent Profecution an infamous Calumniator. Read.
The Decree.
Under the Archonfhip of Euthycles, on the twenty-fecond
Day of Oftober, the Oenean Tribe prefiding in the Senate,
Ctefiphon delivered this Opinion : whereas Demofthenes, when
he was appointed Surveyor of our Walls, expended and gave to
the People, out of his own private Fortune, the Sum of three
Talents ; and when he was Director of the theatrical Trcafiiry,
generoufly added an hundred Minae to the common Fund for
Sacrifices: (17) it feemeth good to the Senate and People of
Athens,
(17) Wolfius acknowledges the Diffi- mous latin Trandation. Ha donafo a
culty of this Paffage, and gives '. -. is own tutti curatori delle cofe /acre cento njine
Explanation of it, with the different per fare i facrifici. Tradidit omnium
Tranflations of it before his Time, tribuum jerariis centum minas pro fuppH-
Let us add the Italian, and an anony- cationibus peragendis.
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? 414 DEMOSTHENES
Atlieusj that Demofthenes iliall receive the Honour due to his
ringular Merit, and to that Affcdion, which he hath always
pieferved towards the Athenian People ; that he be crowned
with a golden Crown, and Proclamation thereof be made in the
Theatre, during theFeftival of Bacchus, when the new Trage-
dians appear, and that the Care of this Proclamation be com-
mitted to the Diredor of the Games.
These, iEfchines, are the Particulars of my Liberality ;
thefe you have not thought proper to arraign ; but the Honours,
conferred upon me by the Senate as a Reward for that Liberahty,
thefe are the Obje<5ls of your Indidment. To receive Obliga-
tions therefore you acknowledge to be within the Law ; and do
you efleem the Gratitude of repaying them, illegal ? If we
were obliged to defcribe the moft abandoned Profligate, deteft-
ed by the Gods, and verily pofTeffed with the moft malignant
Spirit of Envy, would not thefe, I here atteft thofe Gods, be
the Marks ot his Charader ?
With regard to Proclamations, I fhall pafs over a thoufand
Inftances, and without even mentioning, that I myfelf have been
often crowned in the Theatre. But in the Name of the im-
mortal Gods, canfl: thou indeed, iEfchines, be fo perverfely
abfurd ; fo flupidly fenfelefs, as not to be capable of difcern-
ing, that a Crown always conveys the fame Honour to the
Perlbn, upon whom it is conferred, wherever it be proclaimed ;
2 but
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 415
but that the Proclamation is made in the Theatre, for the Bene-
fit and Advantage of thofe, by whom it is beftowed ? Who-
ever hears it proclaimed is animated with a more generous
Ardour for the Intercft of the Republic, and they, who beftow
the Crown, and thus gratefully repay the Services, that deferved
it, are more honoured, than the Perfon who receives it. Up-
on thefe Reafons the Commonwealth has founded the following
Law.
The Law.
The Proclamations for Crowns granted by the Boroughs of
Attica fhall be made in their own refpedive Boroughs ; but if
the People and Senate of Athens crown any of their Citizens, it
fball be permitted to proclaim them in the Theatre, during
the Feftival of Bacchus.
DosT thou hear, iEfchines, the Law itfelf exprefsly de-
claring, "if the People and Senate of Athens crown any of
" their Citizens, let them be proclaimed in the Theatre ? "!
Wherefore then, unhappy Man, doft thou utter thefe Calum-
nies? Wherefore invent thefe Falfehoods? Why doft thou not
purge away this Madnefs of thy Brain with Hellebore? Art
thou not afhamed of having urged this Profecution, not for any
Crime, committed againft the State, but to gratiiy thy own
malignant Spirit of Envy ? Doft thou not blufti for having
corrupted fome of our Laws, and quoted others partially, which
ought in Juftice to have been recited at length ; efpecially before
Judges,
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? 4i6 DEMOSTHENES
Judges, who are engaged by Oath to pronounce Sentence ac-^
cordincT to thofe Laws ? Yet after having a6ted in this Man-
ner, you enumerate the QuaHfications, that {Kould neceflarily
enter into the Charadler of a zealous and faithful Republican,
as if you were giving Diredions to a Sculptor, and had after-
wards received a Statue greatly different from the Diredions
you had given ; or as if a valuable Republican were to be de-
fcribed by your Words, not by his own Conduft, and the
Meafures he had propofed in his Miniftry. (i8) Then with
Clamour and Vociferation, as if you were ftill in the original
Cart of your Profeffion, (19) you utter a Language, without
Diftindion of fitting or unfitting, far better fuited to thee, and thy
Family, than mine. However, I conceive there is this Differ-
ence, O Men of Athens, between Invedives and a legal Profe-
cution, that Profecutions have for their Objedls fome Crimes,
for which the Laws denounce a proper Punifhment ; but In-
vedives
(18) Our Author laughs at ^fchines Part of the Sentence rendered very difFer-
for luppofmg, that a Minifter of State ently from the Senfe, in which it is under-
could be exaftly formed according to his flood by our Tranflators, and Commen-
Defcription. He makes no Allowance tators.
for the various Abilities and Virtues and (19) uu-tt^d e^ a^a'l'iyf. ^s if out
Paffions, that mufl: enter into the Com- of a Cart. The Tranflator confelFes, he
pofition ? , and form perhaps the moft has no Authority among our Commen-
complex Being of the Creation. He ex- tators for applying tbefe Words to the
pec^s it (liould be complete and fimple, particular Cart, in which Thefpis and
as it appears in his Ideas. Thushegivts his firft flrolli g Comedians exhibited
Dircdt ons to a Sculptor for a Statue, but their Plays. Yet this Application gives
will be miferably difappointed, if he a peculiar Spirit to the Pafiage, as it
imagines, he lliall fee it finiflied in every whimfically reprefents ^fchines in this
FeatLtre, Lineament, and Attitude, ac- original Theatreof his Profefllon. which
. cording to thofe DirecT:ions. Demofthenes is always extremely careful
1'he learned Reader will find the latter to remember.
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 417
vedivcs have only thofe Expreffions of Bitternef>, which they,
who hate each other, are apt to utter in Proportion to the na-
tural Malignity of their DifpoHtions. Yet I cannot imagine,
that our Anceftors ered;ed thefe Courts of Juftice, that you
fhould afiemblc here, and liften to thofe atrocious Calumnics>
with which we flander each other; but that we fhould legally
accufe and convidt whoever hath been guilty of any Crime
againfl: the Republic. Although ^fchines was equally con-
fcious, as I am, of this Truth, yet he hath chofen the Invec-
tives of his Cart, rather than a legal Profecution.
It were however unreafonable, that he fhould go ofF in
Triumph on this Occafion, and efcape the Vengeance he hath
provoked. I fhall therefore regularly proceed upon that Con-
fideration, when I have afked him the following Queflion.
Whether, ^Efchines, may we pronounce you my Enemy, or
that of the Republic? Mine undoubtedly. When it was
however in your Power to revenge, in regular Courfe of Law,
the Crimes I am now fuppofed to have committed, v/hy did
you totally negled: to profecute me by an Examination into my
Accounts, by an Indi6lment for the Laws I had tranfgrefled, or
by fome other judicial Proceeding ? Or when I was declared
innocent in every Inftance by the Laws themfelves ; by the
flated Days appointed for my Arraignment, and by the Judge-
ment frequently pronounced upon my Condu6l ; when i never
was convicted of any one Aiflion injurious to the Interefls of my
Vol. II. o FI h h Coun-
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? 4i8 DEMOSTHENES
Country ; when the Republic certainly gained, according to
particular Incidents and Conjundures, a greater or lefs confide-
rable Share of Glory by my Adminiflration, haft thou now de-
termined upon this Oppofition ? Be cautious however of being
found an Enemy to the People of Athens in Reality, to me in
Appearance.
Since you are now inftruded how to pronounce Sentence ac-
cording to Juftice, and the religious Obligation of your Oaths,
I hold myfelf compelled, (for fo it appears) although not natu-
rally fond of Invedives, to return fome Anfwer to his Calum-
nies, and Falfehoods ; to tell fome neceftary Truths concerning
him, and to demonftate both what he is in himfelf, and from
what Anceftry defcended, who with fuch Facility provokes,
and talks Evil of others ; who tears to Pieces fome cafual
Expreflions of mine, though he himfelf utters Things, of
which, what good Man would not be afhamed ? If JEncus,
Rhadamanthus or Minos were my Accufers, not this Word-
Catcher, this hackneyed Pettifogger, this miferable Scrivener, I
do not imagine they would have treated me with fuch injurious
Language, or with fuch Infolence, as when, like an Adlor in
a Tragedy, he cried out aloud, O Earth, and Sun, and Virtue,
with other Exclamations of the fame Kind ; and again, when he
invoked that Intelligence and Erudition, by which we diftinguifli
between Things beautiful and deformed. You yourfelves heard
him talk this extraordinary Language. What Commerce, thou Im-
purity j
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 419
purity, haft thou, or thine, with Virtue ? What Knowledge to di-
ftinguifh between Things beautiful and deformed ? Whence could
you have acquired fuch Difcernment, whence claim the Merit
of fuch a Talent ? Canft thou prefume to talk of Erudition ?
They, who have indeed acquired a larger Portion of it, never
boaft of the Pofleffion themfelves, and blufh whenever it is
mentioned by others. But it happens to thofe, who are totally
uneducated like you, that in meer Want of common Senfe they
aflume the Appearance of it, and torture their Hearers with
the Vanity of difplaying it, but never perfuade them into an
Opinion of their Learning.
a, Although certainly not a Lofs for Matter in Abundance
concerning thee and thine, yet I am really at a Lofs where to
begin. Whether that your Father Tromes was a Slave in Fet-
ters to Elpias, the Schoolmafter, who taught Children their Al-
phabet near the Temple of Thefeus ; or that your Mother
exercifed her daily Matrimony in a Brothel near the Statue of
Calamites, the Hero, and there educated this very lovely Pic-
ture x)f a Man, this lirft-rate Adlor of third-rate Charaders?
Or that Phormio, the Galley- Trumpeter, and a Slave of Dion's,
firft raifed her from this honourable and virtuous Employment ?
But by Jupiter and all our Deities, I am apprehenfive,
while I am thus treating thy Charadler with ftrifteft Propriety,
that I fhall appear to talk a Language ill-fuited to my own
H h h 2 Manners
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? 420 DEMOSTHENES
Manners and Reputation. I fhall therefore avoid it hereafter,
and will here begin the Hiftory of his proper Life. He is now
Tio longer one of the Vulgar ; one of the unknown ; but emi-
nently diftinguiilied by being devoted to Defcrudion by the
general Execrations of our People. For lately ; do I fay lately ?
even Yeflerday, or the Day before, he became at once an A-
thenian, and an Orator. Then adding two Syllable* to his Fa-
ther's Name, indead of Tromes he calls him Atrometus ; and
very folemnly decorates his Mother with the Title of Glauco-
thea, whom we all remember by the Surname of Empufa, in
Honour of the various Forms (he could affume on certain Oc-
cafions, and her ready Compliances, doing or fufFering.
What other pofiible Account of fuch an extraordinary Appel-
lation ? -Yet thou, ungrateful as thou art, and malevolent in
thy Nature, though raifed from Slavery to Freedom, from Indi-
gence to Riches, by the Favour of our People, art fo far from
repaying thefe Obligations with Gratitude, that thou haft fold
thyfelf to their Enemies, and employed all the Powers of thy
Adminiftration to their Deftrudion.
'Whatever appears in his Orations, by which his Intentions
with regard to the Republic can poillbly admit of a Difpute,
I fhall pafs over unnoticed ; but whatever he hath been openly
convidled of ading in Favour of our Enemies, I fliall defire you
To recolledl:. Who does not remember the disfranchifed Anti-
phon ? He had promifed Philip to fet Fire to your Arfenals,
and
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 421
and came hither fecretly for that Purpofe. When I had feized
him, harking in the Pyr^um, and dragged him before an Af-
fembly of the People, this Traitor, by loud and repeated Cla -
mours, *' that I had outraged the Liberty of the Conftitution i
" infulted an unhappy Citizen in his Misfortunes, and unwar-
*' rantably broke into his Houfe," prevailed to have the Cri-
minal difmiffed ; and unlefs the Areopagus, perceiving the Vil-
lainy of the Affair, and fenfible of your Imprudence at fo cri-
tical a Conjundture, had ordered flri<fl Search to be made
after that execrable Incendiary ; unlefs they had arrefted, and
brought him before you again, he had been violently wrefted
out of the Hands of Juftice, and efcaped with Impunity under
the Protedlion of this pompous Declaimer. On the contrary,
you put him to the Torture, and then fent him to his Execu-
tion, as you ought in Juftice to have treated his Advocate. But
when with the fame Imprudence, which had often produced
moft unhappy Confequences to the Public, you appointed JEC-
chines your Deputy to the Congrefs of the States at Delos, the
Areopagus, who were perfectly well informed of every Circum-
ftance of his Condud; with regard to Antiphon, and to whom
you had given the fole Cognizance, and abfolute Determination
of the Affair, inftantly turned him, like a Traitor, out of his
Employment, and nominated Hyperides your Deputy. Such
was the Decifion of the Senate, and executed with all the re-
ligious Ceremonies of approaching the Altar in giving their Suf-
2 frages,
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? 422 DEMOSTHENES
fratres, when not one Suftiage was give>> to this unhallowed
Villain. Jn Atteftation of thefe Fadls call me the Witnefies.
The Witnesses.
The following Perfons, Callias, Zeno, Cleon, and Demoni-
cus, bear this Teftimony to Demofthenes ; that when the Peo-
ple had ele6led ^Efchines their Deputy to fupport the facred
Rights of the Temple at Delos, in the general Aflembly of the
Amphi6lyons, we being met in Council adjudged Hyperides
to be much more worthy to plead the Caufe of the Republic,
and Hyperides was accordingly eleded.
As ^^fchines therefore was appointed to this Office; as the
Senate excluded him, and preferred another, it then openly
declared him a Traitor, and an Enemy to his Country. You
have here one gallant Inftance of his Politics, and which cer-
tainly bears a near Refemblance, does it not ? to thofe Crimes,
whereof I am accufed. I fhall now defire you to recolledt an-
other. When Philip fent Python hither, and with him the Am-
balTadors of all his Confederates, with an Intention of expofing
the Republic to univerfal Shame, and proving, that fhe had
violated the Laws of Nations, I yielded not to that infolent O-
rator, nor gave Way to the impetuous Torrent of his Declama-
tion. I rofe, and replied ; nor did I, like a Traitor, give up
the Juftice of your Caufe, but fo manifeftly convidled Philip
of Perfidy and Injuftice, that even his own Confederates arofe
and acknowledged the Charge. Yet ^Efchines was an Advocate
for
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 423
for Python : not only was a Witnefs, but even a falfe and per-
jured Witnefs. Nor were even thefe Treafons fufficient. He
was foon afterwards found in TJirafo's Houfe in fecret Confer-
ence with Anaxinus, the Spy of Philip. But undoubtedly,
whoever fecretly confers and holds Correfpondence with an E-
miflary of our Enemies, is himfelf in the very Nature of Things,
a Spy, and an Enemy to his Country. In Proof of thefe Af-
fertions, let the Witncfles be called.
The Witnesses.
CaLlidemus, Hyperides, and Nicomachus, having been
duly fworn before the Generals, deliver this Teftimony in Fa-
vour of Demofthenes : That they faw iEfchines entering by
Night into the Houfe of Thrafo, and their holding fecret Con-
ference with Anaxinus, who was generally reputed the Spy of
Philip. This Teftimony is dated the third of July, under the
Archonfliip of Nicias.
A thoufand other Proofs of his Villainy I pafs over unmen-
tioned, for in general fuch was his Condu6l. Befides, I could
now give you many other ftill more flagrant Inftances of his
having, through that whole Period, like a Slave maintained the
Interefts of your Enemies, and purfued me with perpetual Vex-
ations. But Fa<? ls of this Kind make not any juft ImprefTion
upon your Memories, nor excite that Indigpation they defervc.
You have indulged (by unhappy Cuftom) an unbounded Licence
to every Declaimer, who thinks proper, to fupplant and ca-
lumniate
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? 424 D E iM O S T H E N E S
lumniatc the Citizen, who propofcs to you the moft falutary
Coiinfcls, and thus exchange the real Advantages of the Com-
monwealth for the trivial Plcafure and Gratification of liftening
to Calumnies and Inveftives. From thence, it becomes more
eafy, and far lefs dangerous for them, who are fervilely devoted
to your Enemies, to receive the Reward of their Perfidy, than
for a faithful Citizen, and zealous of your Welfare, to accept
of an Lmployment in your Adminiftration.
Before the War was openly proclaimed it was impious, O
Earth and Heaven !
to have affifted PhiHp. Can the Charge
of Impiety be denied in an Ad: of Treafon againft our Country ?
Pardon him however, if fuch be your good Pleafure ; pardon this
Impiety. But when our Ships were openly plundered, Cherib-
nefus laid Vv^afte, and Philip had invaded even the Territories
of Athens ; when the Affair was no longer Matter of Doubt,
but Hoftilities were a6lually commenced, yet this Sychophant,
who mouths his Iambics fo tragically, hath not one Decree,
whether of greater or lefs Importance, to produce for the Ad-
vantage of the Republic. If he dares affert the contrary, let
him produce it in thefe Hours allotted for my Defence. But
there is not any fuch Decree. From whence, one of thefe two
Confcquences mufl: neceffarily follow, either that he was inca-
pable of finding Fault with my Condud, and therefore did not
offer any other Decrees ; or being folicitous to promote theln-
tercfts of our Enemies, was determined not to propofe any
better
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 425
better Meafures. But when he found a PoffibiHty of working
any execrable Mifchief, did he ftill refufe to prefer any Decree ?
Was he flill obflinatcly filent ? No. He would not then
fufFer any one elfe even to fpeak.
His other, fecret Pradices, the Commonwealth might per-
haps have endured ; but one daring A61 of Villainy hath crown-
ed and compleated all the former. That A 61, upon which he
confumed fo confiderabie a Part of his Harangue, when he
feemed determined utterly to pervert the very Nature of Truth
by a perplexed and tedious Enumeration of Locrian Decrees
and Refolutions. But impoffible. How can Truth be per-
verted by Falfehood ? It is not, ^fchines, in the Multitude
of Words to wafli away the Guiit of this Tranfadion. But I
here invoke, O Men of Athens, in your Prefence, all our Gods
and Goddeffes, who graciou fiy prefide over thefe Territories,
efpecially the Pythian Apollo, the God of our A. nc? ftors, and
implore them all to grant me Happinefs and Health, as I now
fpeak truly, or as I truly fpoke in your Affembly, when I
firft perceived (for I perceived, and inftantly perceived) this un-
hallowed Wretch engaging in thefe execrable Designs. IBut if
in perfonal Enmity to him, or Love of Oppofition, I now ac-
cufe him falfely, may thofe Gods render me for ever incapable
of enjoying the Bleflings I pollefs. But wherefore this earneft
Invocation, or why thefe vehement Exclamations ? Becaufe,
although I can indifputably prove the Fadls, whereof I (hall
nccufe him, by our public Records ; although I am perfuaded.
Vol. II. I i i that
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? 426 DEMOSTHENES
that you yourfelvcs perfedly remember the whole Tranfadion^
yet I am apprehenfive he may be deemed too incon{iderable ta
be capable of working fuch enormous Mifchiefs. Thus it hap-
pened before, when he brought hither his Falichoods from
Macedonia, and utterly wrought the Deftrudion of the mifera-r
ble Phoc^eans. For iEfchines was the fole Contriver of the Am-
phiflaean War ; that War, by which Philip got Poficflion of
Elatsa ; by which he was elected Commander in Chief of the
Amphidlyons, and overturned th& whole imperial Conftitution
of Greece : j^fchines alone was the Caufe of all our fevereft
Misfortunes. When, at the Moment, I entered my Proteft
againft him, and cried aloud in the Affembly, " You bring a
*' War, i^lfchines, into Attica J the Amphidyonic War," fome
of his Party, convened by him for that Purpofe, would not
fuffer me to proceed ; while others were aftonifhed, and even
fufpeded, that in perfonal Hatred I had charged him with an
imaginary Crime. Now hear, O Men of Athens, Unce you
were not then permitted to hear, the Nature and Circumftances
of this Affair ; with what View the Projedl was contrived,
and how it was carried into Execution. You will behold a
Scheme admirably well concerted ; you will receive no incon-
fiderable Lights with regard to this Period of your Hiftory, and
obferve how great was Philip's Dexterity, and Addrefs.
It was impofTible for him to exped a happy Iffue of the
War, or to be relieved from its Diftrefles, except he could en-
gage
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 427
gage the Thebans and Theflalians in a Quarrel with this Repub-
lic. For although your Generals conducted the War againfl
him unfortunately, and with very unequal Abilities, yet the
War itfelf, and our Privateers wrougrht him a thoufand Mif-
chiefs. He could neither export the Produce of his own King-
dom, or import whatever NecefTaries he wanted from other
Countries. He was neither, at that Time, fuperior to us by
Sea, nor powerful enough by Land to have invaded Attica, if
the Theffalians had not followed his Standards, or the The-
bans opened him a Paffage through their Dominions. What-
ever Superiority he gained over the Generals, fuch as they
were (for their Charaders are not at prelent under our Confl-
derationj whom you employed againft him, yet by the Nature
and Situation of the Country, where the War was carried on,
and by fome Advantages we mutually enjoyed, he was infi-
nitely diftrelTed. If he fliould attempt, upon Motives of his own
perfonal Enmity alone, to induce the Theffalians and Thebans
to invade us, he was convinced, they would pay him very little
Attention ; but if, by affuming the fpecious Appearance of a
common Caufe, he could be chofen General of the Amphicly-
ons, he then hoped to fucceed more eafily, either by Artifice
or Perfuafion. What therefore was the Plan he propofed ?
Behold how admirably concerted. To kindle a War againfl:
the Amphidyons, and to raife Diffentions in their Counfels at
Thermopylte, from whence he prefumed, they would immedi-
ately apply to him for Affiftance. If however he fliould em-
I i i' 2 ploy
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? 428 DEMOSTHENES
ploy either his awn Deputies, or thofe of his Confederates in
the Scheme, he was juftly apprehcnfive, that the Thebans and
ThefTahans would fufpedl; him, and the Grecians in general be
more upon their Guard. But if an Athenian j a Deputy, ap-
pointed by a People, who had declared themfelves his Enemies,
would negotiate the Affair, he doubted not, as in Fad it
happened, that he fhould conceal his Defign. But how did he
execute his Projeft? He bribed this Traitor. Then, while
we were in general, I believe, unapprehenfive of their Inten-
tions, or (as it ufually happens in your Affairs) not fufEciently
careful to prevent their taking Effed, it was propofed to fend
^fchines Ambaffador to the Congrefs at Thermopylas, and
when three or four of his own Fadion had given him their Suf-
frages, he was declared duly eledled>> Being thus inverted with
the Authority of the Republic, he entered into the Council of
the Amphidlyons, and there, negledling and treating every other
Confideration with Contempt, he fludioufly applied himfelf to*
perfe6t the great Work of his Corruption. Having compofed a.
very fpecious Harangue, and difplayed his Invention in a fabu-
lous Story of the Confecration of the Cirrhtean Lands, he fo far
impofed upon the Deputies, Men unexperienced in the Subtleties
of Eloquence, and little fagacious to- forefee the Confequences
of their Compliance, as to perfuade them to decree, that a
Survey fhould be taken of the Territories, which the Am-
phiffasans afferted to be their Property, and had therefore cul-
tivated, but which iEfchines with loud Accufations of Sacrilege
affirmed
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 429
riffirmcd to have been dedicated to Apollo, although the Lo-
crians never had inftituted any Suit againft us upon a Claim of
Impofts or Cuftoms, as he hath moft untruly pretended in his
Harangue. You will be convinced by this only Confideration.
It was impofiible for them to have inftituted any Suit againft
the Commonwealth, unlefs they had jfirft fent us a regular Ci-
tation. But who ever fent us fuch a Citation ? From what
Power and Authority was it iffued ? Shew us, ^fchines, the
Man, who knows, and will aflert the Fadl. Impoflible. The
whole is an Abufe of Truth ; a vain and idle Pretence of your
own Invention.
When the AmphicSyons therefore, by his Suggeftions,
went to furvey thefe Lands, the Locrians fuddenly fell upon
them, and had well nigh deftroyed them with their Arrows.
Some of the Deputies were taken Prifoners. When this Conteft
arofe, and War was declared againft the Amphifi'sans, Cotty-
phus was appointed General of the Amphidyonic Forces. But
when feveral States either did not appear at the Congrefs, or,
if they did appear, were totally inadlive, foiiie of the ThefTali-
ans, who had long been Traitors to their Country, and certain
Citizens
(20) It was a wife Inftitution, that Locrians therefore had demanded any
whatever Difputes happened between any new Cuftoms, or Imports in their Ports
two Grecian States, a third fhould be of the Athenians, they muft have fued
chofen as Umpire, to whole Decifion for them under the Authority of fome
they fhould be obhged to fubmit. This other Republic, whofe Citations would
third State iflued out Citations, or Sum- now appear upon Record. We are ob-
mons to tlie Parties concerned, with all ligcd to Dodor Taylor for this Expla-
tbe Forms of a regular Procefs. If the nation of the PafTa ge.
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? 430 DEMOSTHENES
Citizens of other Republics, inftruded for the Purpofe, inftant-
ly propofed PhiHp at the next Aflembly to be Commander in
Chief, and alledged many very plaufible Reafons in Favour of
their Propofal ; *' That either they muft be obHged to bring in
*' Contributions themielves ; to maintain a Body of foreign
" Troops, and to punifli thofe, who refufed to comply with
" their Orders, or to ele6t Philip their General. " What
need I fay more ? Upon thefe Reafons he was eleded ; when
inftantly alTembling his Forces, and entering on a feigned
March to Cyrrha, he heartily bids farewell to the Cyrrh^ans
and Locrians, and feizes upon Elataea. At this Moment there-
fore, if the Thebans had not fuddenly changed their Refolution,
and united with you, this whole Project, like a Winter's Tem-
peft, had precipitately fallen on the Republic. Thus, prin-
cipally, by the favourable Interpofition of fome God, O Men
of Athens, and next, as far as lies within the Power of any one
Man, by my Services, did the Tiiebans inftaiitly check the
Progrefs of this Deftroyer. Now let the Secretary read the fe-
veral Refolutions of the Congrefs at Thermopylas, with their
refpedlivc Dates, that you may behold what Mifchiefs this de-
teftable Villain occafioned, for which he hath to this Moment
cfcaped your Vengeance. Read.
Resolutions of the Amphictyons.
Under the Pontificate of Clinagoras, in a Spring-Council
held at Thermopylae, the Deputies and Affiftants of the A m-
pl;ii(5tyons
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 431
phldyons entered into the following Rcfulution : : Whereas the
AmphilTneans do now trefpafs upon, cultivate and graze Cattle
en the Lands confccrated to Apollo, it is refolved, that the
Deputies and their Affiftants (hall take a Survey of thofe Lands ;
mark out the Bounds with Pillars, and forbid the Amphiff^ans
ever to enter upon them for the future. /J
Other Resolutions.
Under the Pontificate of Clinagoras, in a Spring-Council
held at Thermopylae, it is refolved by the Deputies, Affiftants
and general Afiembly of the Amphidyons : /Whereas the Am-
phifTsans have divided among them ; do now cultivace, and
graze Cattle on the Lands conlecrated to Apollo ; and whereas,
when they were forbidden to a6l in this facrilegious Manner,
they appeared in Arms, and repelled by Force the common
Council of Greece, and wounded fome of their Deputies, par-
ticularly Cottyphus, appointed General of the Amphi6lyons ;
be it therefore refolved, that an Embafly fhall be fent to Phi-
lip, to folicit him to affift Apollo and the Amphidlyons, and
not indolently behold the God infulted by thefe profane Am-
phiffaeans, and to acquaint him, that all the Grecians, alTem-
bled in Council at Thermopylae, da for that Purpofe eledl him
Commander in Chief of their Forces, with full Power and
Authority to ad:, as he fhall find expedient. )
Now read the Dates of thefe Refolutions, from whence it will
appear, that ^^fchines was your Deputy at that Period. Read.
The
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? 432 DEMOSTHENES
The Dates.
Under the Archonfliip of Mnefithides, the fixteenth Day
of February.
Now give me the Letter, that Philip fent to hi^ Confederates
in Peloponnefus, when the Thebans refufed to obey his Orders.
By that Letter you will clearly perceive he concealed his real
Defign, fuch as the Deftrudlion of Greece, of Thebes, and
Athens, under an Appearance of Zeal for the common Caufe,
and Obedience to the Decrees of the Amphidyons. But the
Traitor, who furnifhed him with Opportunities of executing thefe
Projedls, and affuming thefe Pretences, was ^Efchines. Read.
Philip's Letter.
Philip, King of the Macedonians, to all the Magiftrates of
his Confederates in Peloponnefus, and to all his other Allies,
Greeting. Whereas the Locrians, Inhabitants of Amphifla, have
impioufly violated the Temple of Apollo in Delphos, and laid
wafte the confecrated Lands, I am determined, in Conjundion
with you, to affift the God, and to take Vengeance of a Peo-
ple, who have violated whatever is held facred among Mankind.
For this Purpofe, you are required to join Tne at Phocis, com-
pleatly armed, and furniflied with Provifions for forty Days,
on the next enfuing Month, which we Macedonians call Loiis,
the Athenians Boedromion, and the Corinthians Panemon.
We fhall afterwards proceed in our Condud by the general
8 Advice
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPFION. 433
Advice of thofc, who join us with all their Forces, and fhall
certainly chaflife thofe, who do not obey our Orders. Farewell.
Behold, how he avoids mentioning his real Motives, and
conceals himfelf under his Zeal for the Amphidtyons. ' But
who concerted thefe Meafures with him, and cooperated with
him in the Execution ? Who furniflied him with thefe Pre-
tences ? Who was the principal Author of all our Calamities ?
Was not this Traitor ^fchines ? Do not therefore, O Men
of Athens, as you walk and converfe together, afcribe the Mi-
feries of Greece to one Man alone. Not by one Man alone, I
here atteft the Powers of Earth and Heaven, but by a Multi-
tude of abandoned Wretches, difperfed through all our Re-
publics, and among whom iEfchines may be juftly numbered,
have we been thus totally undone ; this iEfchines, whom, if
it were neceflary to make the plain and unreferved Declaration,
I fliould not hefitate to declare the univerfal Ruhi of all the Men,
the Territories and Cities, that have been dellroyed in Confe-
quence of thefe fatal Meafures, becaufe, whoever fows the Seed,
is Author of the Harveft : this iElchines, from whom, I am
aftonifhed, that you do not inftantly turn away, whenever you
meet him, with Averfion and Horrour. But thick and impe-
netrable is the Darknefs, for fo it appears, that hath intervened
between you and Truth.
It hath happened, while I have thus lightly touched upon"
his Perfidy to his Country, that I have regularly come to the
Vol. II. K k k Meafures,
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? 434 DEMOSTHENES
Mealures, by which I oppofed his Tieafons, during my Ad-
miniftration. Thefe you are upon many Accounts obliged in
Juftice to hear me relate, but efpecially becaufe, if I have in
Fadl endured fuch Labours for your Service, it would be
ihameful indeed, O Men of Athens, if you were unable to en-
dure the fmiple Recital of them. For when I beheld the The-
bans, I had almoft faid, beheld even the Athenians themfelves,
fo far feduced by Philip's Agents, and the Wretches he had
corrupted both in Thebes and Athens, as to be regardlefs of,
;;^nd unattentive to Philip's future Greatnefs ; an Objed: of
equal Terrour to both Nations, and requiring their utmoft
Attention ; when I beheld you rather prompt to injure and
oppofe each other, I was perpetually anxious to prevent a Rup-
ture between you. Neither did I rely upon my own Judgement
only for the Expediency of thefe Meafures, but was convinced
by the Condudt of Ariftophon, and afterwards of Eubulus, wha
always endeavoured to promote this Friendship between the
Nations ; and while they differed upon many other Points of
Adminiftration, yet in this they conftantly agreed. Thefe two
great Perfons, when living you followed with a fervile Adulati-
on, thou vile, pernicious Animal, and now do not blufh to
outrage their Memory after their Death. For whenever yoa
cenfure me with regard to the Thebans, you condemn/'their
Condu(5t, much more than mkie, who before I entered into
Miniflry had conftantly approved of this AHiance. But I re-
turn from this Digrcffion to inform you, tliat when iEichines
had
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 435
had thus kindled the AmphifTsan War, and his other Accom-
pHces had efFc6lually fct us at Variance with the Thebans, Phi-
lip took that Opportunity of invading us, for the fake of which
they had fomented thefe Quarrels between the RepubHcs; and
if we had not a Uttle roufed us from our Lethargy, we {hould
never afterwards have been able to recover our Strength ; to
fuch an Extreme had they precipitately driven the Affair. In
what Manner you were then affected towards each other, will
beft appear by your Decrees and by Philip's Anfwer, which
I defire may be read. .
The Decree.
Under the Archonfhip of Heropythus, on the twenty- fifth
of March, the Eredhean Tribe exercifing the Prytanic Power,
it is refolved, with the Advice and Opinion of the Senate and
the Generals ; that whereas Philip hath made himfelf Mafter of
fome Towns upon the Frontiers of Attica, and adlually demo-
lifhed others; and whereas he was now meditating an Invafion of
our proper Territories, fetting at nought our mutual Treaties,
and determined to violate thofe Oaths, by which they were ra-
tified ; thus ading in Contempt of the Peace concluded be-
tween us, and our public Faith mutually given and received ;
it therefore feemeth good to the Senate and People to fend
Ambafiadors to him, who fhall remonftrate upon his Proceed-
ings, and exhort him efpecially to preferve the good Concord
and the Treaties fubfifting between us ; or if he be otherwife de-
K k k 2 termined,
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