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Exceptions. --Profundus, profugus, profugio, pronepos,
ptoneptis, profesfus, profciscof, prdfari, prqfiteor, prof anus,
profecto, procella, protervus, propero, have the pro short. "
Proflago," (whether noun or verb,) propino, profunda, pro-
euro, propello, propulso, Proserpina? have the pro common.
The prepositions AB, AD, IN, OB, PER, SUB, are short
in composition before vowels, as are likewise the final syllables
of Ante, Circum, and Super; as abeo, adero, adoro, inuro,
obeo, perimo, subeo, antefero, circumago, superaddo.
Virg. Omnibus umbra locis adero : dabis improbe pcenas'.
Idem. Junonis magne primum prece numen ddora.
Juv. Circumagat madidas d tempestate cohortes.
Sometimes when AB or OB is joined in composition to a
word beginning with a consonant, the preposition loses its
final consonant and remains short; as aperi'o, omitto, operio.
Ovid. Aprilem memorant ab aperto tempore dictum.
Hor. Quod petiit, spernit; repetit quod nuper omisit.
n Dr. Carey is of opinion, that the Latin Pro in composition is every
"where common. ; and that we should probably find it so, it" we had enough
of the ancient poetry 1'emaining-
o Pvopago, the noun, has, according to the grammarians, the pro long,
when it signifies " a vine stock or layer," and short, w hen it signifies
" race or lineage. " The learned prosodian above named, maintains that
this distinction is an idle one; that propago is in both cases the same word,
only used on some occasions in its natural signification, on othera metaphori-
cally ; as we say in English, the Stock of a tree, and the Stock of a family.
He considers, therefore, the pro in propago as common; and in confirma-
tion of his opinion, quotes the following passage from Statius, Sibv, 2. 3. 39.
Prinnevam visu platanum, cui longa prSpago,
Innumerteque manus, et iturus in <<thera vertex.
p Proserpina, according to some, was so called from being the goddess
who presides over the corn when it has sprouted above the earl h, " cum
super terrain seges proserpserit. "--According to Vossius, the name is, a
oorruption from n<<g<<<)>ovii.
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? C 19 )
SECT. XIV.
A, E, I, U, AND V, IN COMPOSITION.
Produc A semper, composti parte priore ;
At simul E, simid I, ferme breviare memento.
Nequidquam produc, Nequando, Venefica, Nequam,
Nequaquam, Ncquis sociosque: Videlicet addes.
Idem masculeum monitus producito, Siquis,
Scilicet et BigEe, Tibicen : junge Quadrigae,
Bimus, Tantidem, Quidam et compdsla Diei.
Compositum variabis Ubi, variabis Ibidem.
IF the first part of a Latin compound word end in A, that
vowel is long; as trdno, trdduco, trado. i But if it end in
E, the E is in general short: as trecenti, nefas.
Virg. Expertes belli juvenes, ast Ilva trecentos.
Juv. Credebant hoc grande nefas et morte piandum.
But in verbs compounded with facio or fio, the E appears
to be common; as tremefacio, calefacio, tumefacio, liquefiot
patejio, &c. r
Exceptions. --Nequis,* Nequa, Nequod, nequitia, nequam,
nequaquam, nequidquam, nequando, videlicet, venefica, semo-
dius, semestris, sedecim, have the E long. Helibra, however,
is shortened by Martial. '
q Trano, traduce, trado, &c. were originally written transno, trans,
duco, transdo ; hence tbe quantity of the a in the initial syllables.
r The E is short in some, long in others, and in others again both long
and short: thus, tremefacio and caUfacia are shortened by Claudian; con-
tablfacio is made long by Plautns; ravefacio and vacefio are lengthened
by Lucretius; while tepefacio is short in Virgil and long in Catullus, pate-
facio short in Ovid and long in Ennius, paiejio short in Propertius and long
in Lucretius, Uquefio short in Ovid, and liquefacio long in Catullus.
s The difference in quantity between nlcesse, nefas, nefandue, nifastus,
nefurius, niqueo, and nequis, nequum, nequitia, sc. has been supposed to
be owing to the circumstance, that in the former class of words die <<? was
formed by Apocope from tbe conjunction nic, and so retains its original
quantity ; whereas, in the latter, either it is the abverb ve which is always
long, or the c of nec was retained in pronunciation, though omitted in
writing.
t Videlicet is formed from videre and licet, just as scilicet from scire
licet, and ilicet from ire licet. Veneftcus and venefica are compounded of
venim/m and facio. Simodius and semestris are contractions, being formed
by Crasis from semimodius and semimeslris, the letter m baring the sound
jnentsoaed in Sect. I. note >>. Sedecim was originally texdecim.
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? 20
A, E, I, U, AND Yj IN COMPOSITION.
Virg. Nequa meis eato dictia mora : Jufiiter hac alec.
Ovid. Barbara narratur veniase vene/ica tecum.
Mart. Et thuris fiijieriaque trea aetibree.
If the first part of a compound terminate in I, U, or Y, the
vowel is shortened; as Omnipotens, causldicus, tubicen," Me-
lilolus, biceps, triceps, bicorpor, tricorpor, tricuspis, duplex,
ducenti, quadrupes, Polydorus, &c.
Virg. Tum flater omnifiotens, rerum cui summa flotestas.
Mart. Carfiere causidicus fertur mea carmina.
Ovid. Para thyma, fiara rorem, fiars meliioton amat.
The masculine idem, and big<t, quadrigte, siquis, siqua,
siquod, scilicet, ilicet, tibicen, melliphyllon, Trinacria, bimus,
trimus, quadrimus, quivis, quidam, quilibet, tarUidem, bi-
duum, triduum, and the other compounds of dies, together,
with meridies, quotidie, &c. have the I long.
Mart. Difficilia, Jacilis, jucundua, acerbua et idem.
Idem. Si totua libi triduo legatur.
Idem. Inter tefientea fiost meridiem buxos.
In ubicunque and ubivis, the I, as in the primitive ubi, is
common; in ubique and ibidem, the middle syllable is gene-
rally long, though, strictly speaking, it should also be regarded
as common. 11
u Tubieen falls under the general rule; whereas tibicen, a different
word, is by contraction from tibucen. See Section IV.
x The middle syllable in ubique should be considered common, for the
same reason that the corresponding syllables in ubicunque and ubivie are
regarded as such, they all being derived from ubi. The authorities, how-
ever, to prove that the middle syllable of ubique was short as well as long,
are very rare. Wase cites two lines from Plantus, JBucch. 5,1. 1. and Cas.
2. S. 38. in which he maintains that ubique is found short; and then goes
on to remark--" Totum discrimen in hoc verti videtur, quod ubi, cum
desinat in ancipitem, quolies adjicitur particula copulaiiva, ultimam
corripiat i quoties expletiva, producat: apud recentiores quidem, dis.
cretionis causa; non item apud vetuetissimos. " The difference in quan-
tity here alluded to, though it may not have any very strong arguments in
its favour, may yet be recommended " discretionis causa," and will be
found, in nnny cases, extremely convenient, For example; let the student
in reading Sallust, where ubique, in the sense of et ubi, frequently occurs,
be taught in every such instance to pronounce it ubique, reserving the long
quantity for ubique, when it signifies " in every place," "every where"--
With regard to ibidem, though generally found long like ubique, it is
shortened however by Juvencus and Mamercus, and by Plautus in the fol-
lowing lines; Merc. 1. 3. 99. ; Most. 2. J. 51. | Trin. I. 2. 166. ; Captiv.
I. 2, 94. ; Jiacch. 2. 3. 79,; Stich. 2. 3. 12.
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? ( 21 )
SECT. XV.
O IN COMPOSITION.
GrcBcum O (Mix<<o>>) prima composti corripe parte :
n (M'. yx) produces, partem dum claudit tandem.
O Latium in variis breviat vel protrahit urns.
IN words of Greek origin, when the first part of the com-
pound ends in O, that vowel is short; as Cymothae, Carpd-
phorus, Argonauta.
Mart. Swcula Carpophorum, Caesar, siprisca tulissent,
Jam nullum monstris orbe fuisset opus.
Idem. Non nautas puto vos, sed Argonautas.
But if the first part of the compound end in O-mega, the
O is long in Latin; as rsw^Tjus, Geometra; Mivo>t<*i>{o;,
Mindtaurus; Aayumu;, Lagopus.
Virg. Mindtaurus inest Veneris monumenta nefandm.
Mart. Si meus aurita gaudet lagopode JFlaccus.
O in compound Latin words is sometimes long, as alio-
quin, quandoque; and sometimes short, as quandoquidem,
hod it, duodeni. y
Virg. Dicite quandoquidem, in molli consedimus herba.
Horat. Indignor, quanddq; bonus dormitat Homerus.
SECT. XVI.
INCREMENT OP NOUNS.
IF the genitive singular of a noun be equal to the nomi-
native in the number of its syllables, that noun has no incre-
ment; as Musa, Musce; Dominus, Domini.
But if the genitive contain more syllables than the nomi-
native, then the penultima of the genitive will be the incre-
ment of the noun, and that syllable, whether it be long or
short, will retain its quantity in all the oblique cases of the
y Dr. Carey considers quandoque and quandoquidem, together with
duodeni, as having the o common, according to the quantity of the simple
quando and duo.
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? 22
INCREMENT OP NOUNS.
singular and plural numbers; as Sermo, sermonis, sermoni,
sermdnem, sermone, sermdnes, sermonum, sermonibus.
Exception. --In Bobus, the o is long, though short in the
genitive bovis. *
SECT. XVII.
INCREMENTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
Casibus obliquis viz crescit prima. Secunda
Corripit incrementa, tamen producit Iberi.
A, In the old increment of the first declension, is always
long; as aulai, pictd'i, aural, longai. *
Virg. Aulai in medio libabant pocula Bacchi.
The increments of the second declension are short; as
miser, miseri; vir, viri; satur, saturi; puer, pueri.
Virg. Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco.
Persius. inter pocula qucerunt,
Romulidee saturi quid dia poemata narrent.
z Bobus is formed by Syncope and Crasis from Bovibus or Boioibm,
and is only a deviation in appearance. Many nouns are cited as having a
double increment, such, for example, as iter, jecur, supellex, preceps,
&c; the truth, however, is, that the genitives commonly assigned them,
belong in fact to other and older forms. Thus, iter properly makes iteris
in the genitive, and itineris belongs to the old nominative itiner. Proper-
this uses Here in the ablative, and Plautus and Manlius have itiner in the
accusative. Both jecorit and jecinoris are given as genitives of jecur,
when in reality only the former belongs to it, and the latter comes from
the old nominative jecinor, mentioned by Scaliger in his notes to Festus.
So the genitive supellectilis comes from the old nominative supellectile or
supellectilis. A nd lastly,preceps properly makes prtecipia in the genitive,
andprtecipitit comes from precipes, like uncipitis ivom ancipes. Pris-
cian quotes Livius Andronicus and Ennius for the use of prtecipcm and
precipe; while concape; a kindred form with ancipes and precipes, is
found in the old Latin of the Twelve Tables.
a The genitive in a'i is found only in the poets, and rarely in any after
the time of Lucretius. Virgil, however, who is styled by Quinctilian,
" vetustatis amantissimus," has a few instances of it. On the other hand
the dative in ai'is very rare in.
poetry, though sometimes met with in
prose. It occurs in two ancient inscriptions--" Calida'i Secunda'i matri,"
and " Cassia'i maximal matri. " Spalding in his note to Quinctilian
1. 7. , is of opinion that the syllable a'i, when it occurred in prose, was
pronounced without the diseresis, just as Cesar, %/EUus, Sec. were an-
ciently written Caisar Jlilius.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 28
fexcEPTioN. --Iber, Iberi, has its penult long 5 as also its
compound Celtiber, Celtiberi,
Luc. Interea domitis Cesar remeabit Iberia^
Mart. Fir Celtiberis non tacende gentibua.
The increment in IUS has been mentioned in Sect. III.
JVominia A crescent, quodJlectit tertia, longum eat.
Mascula corrifliea AR et AL Jinita, simulque
Par cum comfioaitis, Hepar, cum Nectare, Bacchar
CwmVS. de, Mas et Anas, queiajunge Laremywe, Jubarjae.
THE increment in A, of nouns of the third declension, is
chiefly long; as vectigal, vectigdlis ; Titan, Titdnis ; pietas,
pietdtis; pax, pads; calcar, calcaris; Ajax, Ajacis.
Ovid. Concitat iratus validoa Titdnas in Arma.
Virg. Pars mihi fiads erit dextram tetigiase Tyranni.
ExcEPTioNS. ^Masculines in AL and AR (except Car and
JVar) increase short; as Hannibal, Hannibalis; Hamilcar,
Hamilcaris. So also hepar, nectar, bacchar, jubar, lar, vas,
mas, anas, sal whether neuter or masculine, and par, with its
compounds impar, compar, dispar, Sic.
Sil. Hannibalem Fabio ducam sfiectante fier urbem.
Idem. Cui stevum arridens narrabis Hamilcaris umbris.
Virg. Vela dabant lteti, et afiumas satis are ruebant.
A qunque et AS Grcecum breve postulat incrementum f
S quoque jfinitum, si consona ponitur ante ;
Et Dropax, Anthrax, Atrax, cum Smilace, Climax;
His Atacem, Panacem, Colacem, Styracemjwe, Faceragwe,
Atque A bacem, Coracem, Phylacem, compostaq; necies.
SECT. XVIII.
INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
INCREMENT IN A.
INCREMENT FROM A AND AS.
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? 24 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Greek nouns in A and AS, increase short; as poema, pfbe-
matis; lampas, lampadis ; Melas, Melanis;--also nouns end-
ing in S preceded by a consonant; as trabs, Irakis; Arabs,
Ardbis ;--and likewise fax, gtyrax, smilax, climax, dropax,
eolax, arctophylax, and other compounds of Qv\a%, together
with the other Words enumerated in the rule.
Syphax makes Syphacis and Syphacis; but the short quan-
tity may be doubted, since the line quoted from Claudian by
Smetius, as an instance, has been deemed incorrect.
INCREMENT IN E.
E crescens numero breviabit tertia primo,
Prater Iber, patriosque ENIS, (sed contrahit Hymen),
Ver, Mansues, Locuples, Hares, Mercesgwe, Quiesjue,
Et Vervex, Lex, Rex, et Plebs, Seps, insuper Halec";
EL peregrinum; Es, Er, Graca; iEthere, et Aere demptis.
E, in the inciease of the third declension, is for the most
part short; as grex, gregis; teres, teretis ; mulier, mulieris.
Ovid. Nobiliumque greges custos servabat equarum.
Exception I. --Iber, Ibiris, and genitives in ENIS, have
the penult long; as ren, renis; Syren, Syr mis; except Hy-
men, Hymenis.
Exception 11,--Ver, mansues, locuples, hares, merces,
quies, lex, rex, plebs, vervex, seps, and halec, increase long.
Exception III. --Foreign names in EL, as Michael, like-
wise lengthen the penult; as also Greek nouns in ER and
ES; as crater, soter, tapes, lebes, &c; excepting a'er and
tether, which increase short.
increment in i and y.
I crescens numero breviabit tertia primo.
Grata serf in patrio longum INIS et YNIS adoptant.
Et Lis, Glis, Samnis, Dis, Gryps, Neshque, Quirisgwe,
Cum Viblce, simul longa incrementa reposcunt.
I or Y, in the increment of the third declension, is for the
most part short; as stips, st'ipis; pollex, pollicis ; chlamys,
chtamydisj Chalybs, Chalybis.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE TMIRB DECLENSION. 26
Ovid. Die inquam, parva cur stipe quterat opes ?
Virg. At Chalybes nudi ferrum^ virosaque Pontus>>
Exceptions. --Genitives in INIS or YNIS, from nouns
of Greek origin, have the penult long 5 as Belfihin, Delfihi-
nis; Phorcyn, Phvrcynis t Salamis, Salaminis. So also
Dis, Ditis; vibex, vibicis ; glis, gliris ; gryfis, gryphis ;
Samnis, Samnitis ; Quiris, quiritis ; Nesis, JVesidis.
Virg. Orpheus in tylvis, inter delphinas Arion.
Idem. Laomedontiaden Priamum Salamina petentem.
Idem. Noctes atque dies palet atri janua Ditit.
Apsis^ afisidis, increases short in the genitive, though the
penult in Greek be long*. Psofihis is lengthened by Ovid,
Met, 5. 607. and made short by Statius, Theb. 4. 296>> In
Greek however, its penult, like that of apsis, is always long.
Increment from ix and Yx>>
IX vel YX firoduc ; breviato Histrix, cum Fornice Varix,
Coxendix, Choenixq; Cilix, Natrixq; Calixq;
Phryxywe, Larix et Onyx, Pix, Nixyue, Salix^ue, TiYixque,
Mastichis his et Eryx, Calycisqj et Japygis addes
Qutegue ultra invenias: Bebryx variare memento.
NOtJNS in IX, or YX, have, for the most part, the pe-
nult of the genitive long; as Felix, felicis ; bombyx, bom*
bycis ; fierdix, fierdicis ; coturnix, coturnicis ; fiernix, fier-
iiicis ; lodix, lodicis.
Virg. Vivitefelices quibus est forluna peractu.
Exceptions--Cilix, fiix, histrix, fornix, natrix, nix,
chcenix, strix, varix, salix, Jilix, larix, coxendix, calix,
calyx, onyx, Eryx, Styx, Jafiyx, Phryx, together with
such proper names, as Ambiorix, Dumnorix, Vercingeto*
rix, and such gentile nouns, as Biturix, Caturix, have their
increase short.
Luc. Armenios Cilicesque feros^ Taurdsq; subegi.
Idem. Nunc pice) nunc liquida rapuere incendia cerd.
Mastix, mastichis, a gum, increases short; but Mastix,
mastigis, a whip or scourge, has the increment long.
Apfiendix is generally considered as increasing short in
the genitive, and fierfiendiculum, a noun of kindred origin,
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? 26
INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
has the antepenultima short in Ausonius, Parental. 5. 8.
Borrichius however, quoted by Gesner, maintains that afi-
ftendix always increases long.
Bebryx and Sandix have the increase of the genitive
common.
INCREMENT IN O.
O crescens numero firoducimus usq; firiorti
O fiarvum in Gratis brcvia ; firoducito magnum.
Ausonius genitivus Oris, quem neutra dedere,
Corrifiitur : firofiria his junges ut Nestor et Hector
Os oris medioaq; gradus extende ; ted Arbos,
Hit comfiosta ; Lepus; Memor et Bos, Compos et Impos,
Corrifie, Cappaddcem, Allobrogem, cum Praecoce et OBS,
OPS.
Verum firoduces Cercops, Hydropsque, Cyclopsque.
O, in the increment of the third declension, in words of
Latin origin, is generally long; as Sol, solis ; vox, vocis ;
velox, velocis ; victor, victdris ; roe, roris ; dos, dotis ; &c.
Ovid. Regia solis erat sublimibus alta columnis.
Tib. Ille liquor docuit voces mflectere cantu.
Virg. Veloces Sparta catulos, acremque Molossum.
Exception I. --Greek nouns in ON, which in the oblique
cases have O (micron,) increase short; whereas those which
have O (mega,) make the increment long; as Amazon,
Amazonis ; Philtemon, Philamonis ; Agamemnon, Agamem-
nonis ; Solon, Solonis ; Lacon, Lacdnis j Sicyon, Sicyonis,
Virg. Pulsant et pictis bellantur Amazdnes armis.
Ovid. Quoferus injuste petiit Agamemndnaferro.
Mart. Et gratum nautis sidusfulgere Lacdnum.
Idem. Daphnonas, plantandnas, et aerias cyparissos.
In words of this class the Latins sometimes omit the final
N ; as Macedo, Agamemno, Plato, Sfiado, &c.
Luc. Cum tibi sacrato Macedo servetur in antro.
Stat. Conclamant Danai stimulatque Agamemno volentes.
Saxo, Seno, and some other gentile nouns, increase short.
Brito has the increment common, being short in Juvenal,
and long in Martial. Fee to and Axo are made to increase
long by Lucan.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Sidon, Orion, and JEgteon, have the penult of the genitive
common.
Virg. Armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona.
Ovid. Diversasque urbes, nitidumque Oridnis ensem. .
Exception II. --Genitives in ORIS, from Latin nouns of
the neuter gender, have the penult short; as Marmor, mar-
mdris ,? corfius, corfldris ; ebur, eboris.
Ador, however, which is of the masculine gender, makes
addris and addris ; it being found short in Ausonius, and
both long and short in Gannius, an old poet quoted by
Priscian. "
Auson. Mox ador, atque addris de polline pullificum far.
Gann. Mam sponti satos addris stravissc maniplos.
Idem. Emicat in mtbes nidoribus ardor addris.
Os, oris, and adjectives of the comparative degree, have
Iheir increase long; as majoris, fiejoris.
Virg, Adjiciam,faciamque omnes una ore Latinos.
Juv. Vendit agros, sed majores Apulia vendit.
The compounds of Htvf, as Trifius, Polyfius, and also
memor, arbor, lefi us, bos, comfios, imfios, have their increase
short.
Juv. Stantibus oznaphorum, tripddas, armaria, cistas.
Virg. Arbdris obnixus trunco, ventosque lacessit.
Prop. Cur serus versare bdves et plaustra Bootes.
Exception III. --Cafifiadox, Allobrox, firacox,mi nouns
ending in S impure, that is, which have a consonant imme-
diately preceding S, in the nominative; as Scrobs, JEthiofis,
Cecrofis, Dolofis, have their increase short; except Cyclofis)
cercofis, hydrofis, which increase long.
Mart. Cappaddcum s re vis Antistius occidit oris.
Virg. Hie Doldpum manus, hie savus tendebat Achilles.
' Ovid. Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Gyclopum.
b Priscian considers ador an irregular noun, for which he is censured
by Scaliger, who maintains that ador properly makes only addrit in the
genitive, and that adfris comes from the obsolete nominative ndus, of the
neuter gender, for which, in time, ador alone began to be used, as corpor
for coif* s. Vide Seal, ad Fett. 7. 31. --Vossius, Etymol. L. L. maintaina
the same doctrine. --The analogy is certainly very striking between fldafrj
ador, and decus, decor.