No More Learning

in the islands, and to live in quiet, free from 20 ; Orosius, v. 23. ) Metellus was still harassed
tyranny and never-ending wars.
. ” But the Cilician by the guerilla warfare of Sertorius (Plut.
pirates left him ; and, to satisfy bis men and keep Sertor. 13): he also received a challenge to a
them employed, he went over again to Mauritania, single combat from Sertorius, which, as Plutarch
to help the people against their king, whom he observes, he wisely declined. Metellus made an
defeated. He also defeated Paccianus, whom attempt to take the town of the Langobritae
Sulla had sent against him ; and he took Tingis (Langobriga or Lacobriga, a place of uncertain
(Tangier), in which the Moorish king was. This position), which had only one well of water within
African campaign of Sertorius was in the north- the walls. He expected to take the town in two
west part of Marocco.
days; but Sertorius supplied the place with water
Being strengthened by the addition of the forces by means of skins, which were carried into the
of Paccianus, and having acquired some fame by town by Spanish and Moorish volunteers. C.
his success in Africa, Sertorius was invited by the Aquinius, who was sent by Metellus to forage, fell
Lusitani, who were exposed to the invasion of the into an ambuscade, and Metellus at last was com-
Romans, to become their leader. He crossed over pelled to retire.
to the peninsula at the call with about two thou- In the year B. c. 77 Sertorius was joined by
sand six hundred men, of whom about one third M. Perperna, one of the legates of M. Lepidus.
were Libyans; and he soon got together an army, Perperna fled before the generals of Sulla, and
which for some years successfully opposed all the came to Spain with some troops and several senators
power of Rome.
and nobles. His men compelled Perperna to take
Plutarch says that he also availed himself of the the command under Sertorius ; Plutarch says that
superstitious character of the people among whom Perperna had fifty-three cohorts with him. (Sertor.
he was, to strengthen his authority over them. 15. ) To give some show of form to his formidable
A fawn was brought to him by one of the natives power, Sertorius established a seuate of three
as a present, which soon became so tame as to hundred, into which no provincial was admitted ;
accompany himn in his walks, and attend him on but to soothe the more distinguished Spaniards, and


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SERTORIUS.
791
SERTORIUS.
to have some security for their fidelity, he esta- cause whether Pompeius was conquered or vic-
blished a school at Huesca (Osca), in Aragon, for torious, his movements after the baitle during the
the education of their children in Greek and dark, and in an unknown country, must be im-
Roman learning. The position chosen for his peded. The loss was great on both sides: tho
school shows that the north-east of Spain was camp of Sertorius was plundered ; and Pompeius,
under the authority of Sertorius, and probably his who was wounded, only escaped by quitting his
power was acknowledged in every part of the costly-caparisoned horse, the capture of which
peninsula which had ever felt the Roman arms. amused the Moors who were in pursuit of him.
Some time in B. c. 77 Pompeius was nppointed It may have been in this battle that Sertorius
by the senate to command in Spain. Pompeius stabbed the man who brought him news of the
was only an eques ; but in reply to the question in defeat of Hirtuleius (Frontinus, Stratag. ii. 7), to
the senate if an eques should be sent as proconsul, prevent his soldiers being discouraged by the in-
L. Philippus witrily replied, not“ pro consule," telligence. On the following day Sertorius was
but “pro consulibus. " Pompeius was entrusted ready to fight again ; but observing that Metellus
with equal authority with Metellus, an unwise was nenr, he broke up his order of battle, and
mcasure, which bred jealousy between the com- marched off, saying, “ If that old woman had not
manders. Pompeius left Italy in B. c. 76, with come up, I would have given this boy a good
thirty thonsand infantry and a thousand cavalry, and drubbing, by way of lesson, and have sent him
he crossed the Alps between the sources of the Po back to Rome. " (Plut. Sertor. 19. )
and the Rhone, as Appian states (Bell. Civ. i. 109). The fawn of Sertorius had been lost in the
He entered Spain, and advanced to the Ebro (Ibe confusion, but he got it again by offering a great
rus) without meeting resistance. (Ep. Pomp. Frag. reward to the finder. His men were encouraged
Sallust. lib. iii. ) He probably marched near the by the reappearance of this animal, which was
coast, and advanced into Valencia to relieve Lauro, supposed to be a favourable omen, and Sertorius
on the Xucar (Sucro) which Sertorius was besieg- led them against the united forces of Metellus and
ing. But Pompeius was out-maneuvred by his Pompeius, which were encamped at Murviedro, on
opponent, and compelled to retire with the loss of a the site of Saguntum. Pompeius was compelled
legion. Frontinus (Siratag. ii. 5), following the to retreat with the loss of six thousand men ;
authority of Livius, makes the loss of Pompeius Sertorius lost three thousand. The division of
much larger. Appian (i. 109) gives an instance of Metellus defeated that of Perperna, which lost
the severity of Sertorius on this occasion : he put above five thousand men. (Appian, i. 110. )
to death a whole Roman cohort of his own troops, The winter was now coming on. Sertorius,
on the ground of the men being addicted to unna- according to his fashion, gave the greater part
tural practices. Pompeius wintered north of the of his troops leave to disperse, and appointed,
Ebro, a fact which shows the advantage that Ser- as their rendezvous, Clunia, a town among the
torius had gained. The winter camp of Sertorius Arevaci, not far from the Douro. (Drumann,
was also not far from the Iberus at Aelia Castra. p. 369. ) Metellus and Pompeius separated :
Appian says that both Metellus and Pompeius Metellus wintered between the Ebro and the
wintered near the Pyrenees, and Sertorius and Pyrenees; Plutarch (Sertor. 21) says that he
Perperna in Lusitania. (Compare Drumann, Pom- wintered in Gallia, which is probably a mistake.
peius, p. 364. )
Pompeius wintered among the Vaccaei. If the
In the spring of B. c. 75 Perperna was sent by position of Clunia is well fixed, Pompeius must
Sertorius, with a large force, to the mouth of the have wintered to the rear of Sertorius, which is
Iberus, to watch Pompeius. In Baetica, or Further very improbable. Owing to the want of precision,
Spain, L. Hirtuleius had to observe the movements in Plutarch's narrative, and the defective state of
of Metellus. Sertorius ascended the Ebro, and other authorities, the movements of the hostile
laid waste the country as far as Calahorra (Cala- armies cannot be ascertained.
guris Nassica). Contrebia was the place at which Pompeius wrote to the senate, in urgent terms,
M. Insteius, who was ordered to reinforce the for men and supplies. He said, that if they did
cavalry, and the rest of the commanders, were to not come, he and his army must leave Spain, and
meet him.
Sertorius would come after them. (Frag. Hist.
Hirtuleius, contrary to the instructions of Ser- Sallust. lib. iii. ) The letter reached Rome before
torius, fought a battle with Metellus at Italica the end of the year B. c. 75, but nothing was done
near Seville, in which he was totally defeated. upon it until the following year.
After the victory Metellus advanced northwards The last battle had procured Metellus the title
against Sertorius, Hirtuleius rallied his troops, of Imperator, and he was as proud of it as any
and followed Metellus ; but in a second battle silly child would have been. He was received in
near Segovia he was again defeated, and lost his Nearer Spain with flattering entertainments, and
life. Pompeius, though he had received no reinforce all the pomp of rejoicings after victory. Pompeius
ments from Rome, marched south ward to oppose was better employed in looking after his troops.
Herennius and Perperna, who had joined their In B. c. 74 he received from Italy money and two
forces ; and he gave them a signal defeat near Va- legions, for which he was indebted as much to the
lencia on the Guadavial (Turia): Herennius lost jealousy of his enemies at Rome as to his friends.
his life, and according to Plutarch (Pompeius, 18), The consul L. Lucullus was afraid that if Pompeius
ten thousand men fell on that side.
returned from Spain, he would get the command
To prevent the junction of Pompeius and Me in the war against Mithridates, king of Pontus.
tellus, Sertorius advanced to the river Xucar ; but Mithridates now sent proposals to Sertorius to
Pompeius had no wish to join Metellus: he aspired form an alliance, and they were accepted with
to the glory of finishing the war himself. Sertorius some modifications. The terms are stated by
met his enemy on the river, and, with his usual Plutarch (Sertor. 24): Metellus had already
ragacity, deferred the combat till the evening, be offered a great reward for the head of Sertorius, a
3 B 4


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792
SERTORIUS.
SERVILIA.
measure which would appear to be in some degree, for the hands of assassins, and not their skill or
justified by Roman notions, if it followed the courage, concluded the contest. The loss of all
treaty with Mithridates. Plutarch (Sertor. 22) complete and authentic materials for the war of
mentions this fact before he mentions the treaty ; Sertorius is ill supplied by the life in Plutarch.
but his chronology cannot be trusted.
Drumann (Pompeii) has collected and arranged the
Jealousy among the party of Sertorius was the scattered fragments of the history, and he has done
immediate cause of his ruin. Many Roman nobles it with care and ability. A certain amount of con-
who served under him, envied the man who was jecture or inference is, however, necessary to fill
their superior, and Perperna, for his own ambitious up even the scantiest outline of the war. Plutarch's
purposes, increased the disaffection. Pompeius, Life of Sertorius, translated by G. Long, contains
who was in the north of Spain, was now besieging a few notes. Corneille has made Sertorius the
Palencia (Palantia) in Leon, but he retreated on subject of a tragedy ; and a modern writer, of a
the approach of Sertorius, and joined Metellus. novel or romance, “ The Fawn of Sertorius," Lon-
The two generals advanced against Calahorra on don, 1846.
(G. L. )
the Ebro, but here they were attacked by Sertorius, Q. SERVAEUS, was appointed to the government
and sustained great loss. Metellus spent the winter of Commagene in the reign of Tiberius, A. D. 18,
in Nearer Spain, and Pompeius was compelled, by having been previously praetor. He was a friend
want of supplies, to spend the winter in Gallia, in of Germanicus, and after the death of the latter
the province of M. Fonteius (Cic. pro Font. 3). | was one of the accusers of Cn. Piso, in A. D. 20
Sertorius was actively employed in visiting the [Piso, No. 23. ] He was involved in the fall of
south-east coast of Spain and inspecting his fleet, Sejanus, was accused and condemned, but saved
which was employed in intercepting any supplies himself by turning informer, A. D. 32. (Tac. Ann.
to the enemy.
ii. 56, ii. 13, vi. 7. )
The events of the campaigns B. c. 73 and 72 SERVIANUS, JU'LIUS, whose full name,
are merely hinted at by the ancient authorities. as we learn from an inscription, was C. JULIUS
Sertorius lost many towns ; but there was no de Servilius URSUS SERVIANUS, was the brother-
cisive battle. He began to abate his activity, to in-law of Hadrian, having married his sister Do-
indulge in wine and women, and to become cruel and mitia Paulina. This marriage took place before
suspicious. (Appian, i. 113). There was, indeed, the accession of Trajan to the empire; and Ser-
good reason for his suspicions ; but as to the rest, vianus was so jealous of the favour of his brother-
Appian's testimony is doubtful. He had taken in-law with Trajan, that he attempted to stop him
Spaniards for his guard, because he distrusted his when he was hastening to Trajan in Germany to
own countrymen. The Spaniards of higher rank were announce the death of Nerva in A. D. 96. Ser-
dissatisfied with not having the same distinctions as vianus afterwards became reconciled to Hadrian,
the Romans; and many were made indifferent to and appears to have lived on good terms with him
the cause of Sertorius by the success of Pompeius during the reign of Trajan. By this emperor he
and Metellus. Many of the Romans “secretly was twice raised to the consulship, as we see from
damaged all his measures, and they oppressed the inscriptions, once in A. D. 107, and again in lll.
barbarians by severe treatment and exactions, on It was also during the reign of Trajan that he
the pretext that it was by the order of Sertorius. married his daughter to Fuscus Salinator, on which
This caused revolts and disturbances in the cities ; occasion Pliny wrote him a letter of congratulation.
and those who were sent to settle and pacify these (Plin. Ep. vi. 26. ) Hadrian, on his accession in
outbreaks, returned after causing more wars and A. D. 117, appeared to have quite forgotten and
increasing the existing insubordination ; so that forgiven the former enmity of Servianus, for he
Sertorius, contrary to his former moderation and treated him with distinguished honour, raised him
mildness, did a grievous wrong to the sons of the to the consulship for the third time in A. D. 134,
Iberians (Spaniards) who were educating at Osca, and gave him hopes of succeeding to the empire.
by putting some to death and selling others But when he resolved to appoint L. Commodus Verus
as slaves" (Plut. Sertor, 25). But the conspi- his successor, and made him Caesar in A. D. 136, he
rators against the life of Sertorius were all Ro- put Servianus and his grandson Fuscus to death,
mans, and only ten in number. They sent to fearing that they might aspire to the throne.
Sertorius a forged letter, which announced a victory Servianus was then in his ninetieth year. (Spart.
gained by one of his generals.
Sertorius offered a Hadr. 1, 2, 8, 15, 23, 25 ; Plin. Ep. iii. 17, vi. 26 ;
sacrifice for the happy tidings, and Perperna, after Dion Cass. lix. 2, 17, comp. Ixxvi. 7. )
much entreaty, prevailed on him to accept an in- SERVILIA. 1. The wife of Q. Lutatius
vitation to a banquet. The conspirators were Catulus, consul, B. c. 102. Their daughter Lutatia
afraid to do the deed that they had planned : they married the orator Q. Hortensius, whence Cicero
tried to provoke the anger of Sertorius by obscene calls Servilia the socrus of Hortensius (Cic. Verr.
language, which they knew that he hated, and by ii. 8. )
indecent behaviour under the assumed guise of 2. The mother of M. Junius Brutus, the mur-
drunkenness. Sertorius changed his posture on derer of Caesar. She was the daughter of Livia,
the couch by throwing himself on his back and pre- the sister of the celebrated M. Livius Drusus,
tending not to listen to them. But on Perperna tribune of the plebs, B. c. 91. Her mother Livia
taking a cup of wine, and, in the midst of the was married twice ; first to M. Cato, by whom
draught, throwing it away, which was the signal she had M. Cato Uticensis, and next to Q. Servi-
agreed on, Manius Antonius struck him with his lius Caepio, by whom she became the mother of
sword. Sertorius attempted to rise, but Antonius this Servilia, and of her sister spoken of below.
threw himself upon him, and held his hands while Servilia herself was married twice ; first to M.
the rest of the conspirators despatched him. Thus Junius Brutus (BRUTUS, No. 20), by whom she
ended the war of Sertorius B. c. 72. The termina became the mother of the murderer of Caesar, and se-
tion brought no glory to Metellus and Pompeius, | condly to D. Junius Silanus, consul B. c. 62. This


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SERVILIA GENS.
798
SERVILIUS.
Bres
casacouri
COINS OF SERVILIA GENS.
Servilia was the favourite mistress of the dictator | The cognomens of the Servilii under the empire
Caesar, and seems to have fascinated him more by are given below. A few persons of the name are
her genius than her personal charms. Caesar's love mentioned without any cognomen: they are spoken
for her is mentioned as early as B. c. 63 (Plut. Cat. of under SERVILIUS. The only surnames found
24, Brut. 5), and continued, apparently unabated, on coins are those of Ahala, Caepio, Casca, Rullus.
to the time of his death, nearly twenty years after- There are likewise several coins of the Servilia
wards. The scandal-mongers at Rome related gens, which bear no surname upon them: of these
various tales about her, which we may safely dis-two specimens are annexed, but it is quite impos-
believe. Thus she is said to have introduced her sible to determine to whom they refer. (Eckhel,
own daughter, Junia Tertia, to Caesar's embraces, vol. v. p. 308, &c. )
when her own charms were growing faded ; and it
was further currently reported that Brutus was
Servilia's son by Caesar. The latter tale, at least,
we can prove to be false, as Caesar was only fifteen
years older than Brutus, the former having been
born in B. c. 100, and the latter in B. c. 85. Caesar
made Servilia a present of several confiscated
SERVEILIM
estates after the civil wars. She survived both
her lover and her son. After the battle of Philippi
Antony sent her the ashes of her son. The tri-
umvirs left her unmolested, and Atticus assisted
and consoled her in her troubles. (Suet. Caes.
50 ; Plut. Cat. 24, Brut. 2, 5,53; Appian, B. C.
ii, 112, iv. 135 ; Cic. ad Fum. xii. 7, ad Att. xiv.
21, xv. 11, 12; Corn. Nep. Att. 11; Drumann,
Geschichte Roms, vol. iv. p. 15, &c. )
SERVEILIGF:
3. The sister of No. 2, was the second wife of
L. Lucullus, consul B. C. 74, who married her on
his return from the Mithridatic War, after he had
divorced his first wife, Clodia. She bore Lucullus
a son, but, like her sister, she was faithless to her
husband ; and the latter, after putting up with SERVILIA’NUS, an agnomen of Q. Fabius
her conduct for some time from regard to M. Cato Maximus, consul B. c. 142, because he originally
Uticensis, her half-brother, at length divorced her. belonged to the Servilia Gens. [Maximus Fa-
On the breaking out of the civil war in B. C. 49, BIUS, No. 11. )
. she accompanied M. Cato, with her child, to Sicily, SERVI'LIUS. 1. C. SERVILIUS, P. F. , was one
and from thence to Asia, where Cato left her behind of the triumvirs for settling the colonies of Pla-
in Rhodes, while he went to join Pompey. (Plut. centia and Cremona, and was taken prisoner by
Lucull. 38, Cat. 24, 54 ; Drumann, Geschichte the Boii in the first year of the second Punic war,
Roms, vol. iv. p. 174. )
B. c. 218. He remained in captivity for fifteen
4. The daughter of Barea Soranus, accused and years, and was eventually released by his own
condemned with her father in A. D. 66. (BAREA. ) son, the consul C. Servilius, in B. c. 203. (Liv.
SERVI’LIA GENS, originally patrician, but xxi. 25, xxx, 19. )
subsequently plebeian also.
The Servilia gens
2. C. SERVILIUS, C. F. P. N. , son of the preceding,
was one of the Alban houses removed to Rome by is first mentioned in B. c. 212, when he was sent
Tullus Hostilius, and enrolled by him among the into Etruria to purchase corn for the use of the
patricians (Liv. i. 30. ) It was, consequently, one of Roman garrison in the citadel of Tarentum, which
the minores gentes. Like other Roman gentes, the was then besieged by Hannibal. He succeeded
Servilii of course had their own sacra; and they in forcing his way into the harbour, and supply-
are said to have worshipped a triens, or copper ing the garrison with the corn. In B. c. 210 he
coin, which is reported to have increased or dimi- was elected pontifex in the place of T. Otacilius
nished in size at various times, thus indicating Crassus, in B. C. 209 plebeian aedile, and in
the increase or diminution of the honours of the B. C. 208 curule aedile. In the last year, while
gens (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 13. s. 38). The Servilia holding the office of curule aedile, he was appointed
gens was very celebrated during the early ages of magister equitum by the dictator T. Manlius Tor-
the republic, and the names of few gentes appear quatus. He was praetor B. C. 206, when he ob-
more frequently at this period in the consular Fasti
. tained Sicily as his province, and consul B. C. 203
It continued to produce men of influence in the with Cn. Servilius Caepio. Livy, in speaking of
state down to the latest times of the republic, and his consulship (xxix. 38, xxx. 1), as well as sub-
even in the imperial period. The first member of sequently, calls him C. Servilius Geminus ; but in
the gens who obtained the consulship was P. Ser the Capitoline Fasti his name is given C. SER-
vilius Priscus Structus, in B. C. 495, and the last of VILIUS C. F. P. NEPOS. It is therefore probable
the name who appears in the consular Fasti is Q. that his cognomen Geminus is a mistake. C. Ser-
Servilius Silanus, in A. D. 189, thus occupying a vilius obtained Etruria as his province, and from
prominent
position in the Roman state for nearly thence marched into Cisalpine Gaul, where he re-
seven hundred years. The Servilii were divided leased his father from captivity, as has been al-
into numerous families ; of these the names in the ready related.