1046
Annexation
of Armenia (Ani) to the Empire.
Cambridge Medieval History - v4 - Eastern Roman Empire
780 (8 Sept. ) Death of Leo IV and Regency of Irene.
781 Pope Hadrian I ceases to date official acts by the regnal years of the
Emperor.
787 Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. Condemnation of Iconoclasm.
788 Establishment of the Idrīsid dynasty in Morocco.
790 (Dec. ) Abdication of Irene. Constantine VI assumes power.
797 (17 July) Deposition of Constantine Vi. Irene becomes Emperor.
800 Establishment of the Ayhlabid dynasty in Tunis.
(25 Dec. ) Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the West.
802 (31 Oct. ) Deposition of Irene and accession of Nicephorus I.
803 Destruction of the Barmecides.
809 Death of Hārūn ar-Rashid and civil war in the Caliphate.
The Bulgarian Khan Krum invades the Empire.
Pepin of Italy's attack upon Venice.
810 Nicephorus I's scheme of financial reorganisation.
Concentration of the lagoon-townships at Rialto.
811 The Emperor Nicephorus I is defeated and slain by the Bulgarians:
accession of Michael I Rangabé.
812 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle recognises Charlemagne's imperial title.
813 Michael I defeated at Versinicia: Krum appears before Constantinople.
Deposition of Michael I and accession of Leo V the Armenian.
Battle of Mesembria.
Ma'mun becomes sole Caliph.
814 (14 April) Death of Krum: peace between the Empire and the Bulgarians.
815 Iconoclastic synod of Constantinople.
. Banishment of Theodore of Studion.
820 (25 Dec. ) Murder of Leo V, and accession of Michael II the Amorian.
822 Insurrection of Thomas the Slavonian.
826 Death of Theodore of Studion.
Conquest of Crete by the Arabs.
827 Arab invasion of Sicily.
829-842 Reign of Theophilus.
832 Edict of Theophilus against images.
833 Death of the Caliph Ma'mūn.
836 The Abbasid capital removed from Baghdad to Sâmarrā.
839 Treaty between the Russians and the Greeks.
840 Treaty of Pavia ween the Emperor Lothar I and Ve ce.
842 The Arabs take Messina.
Disintegration of the Caliphate begins.
842–867 Reign of Michael III.
843 Council of Constantinople, and final restoration of image-worship by the
Empress Theodora.
846 Ignatius becomes Patriarch.
852–893 Reign of
Boris in Bulgaria.
856_866 Rule of Bardas.
858 Deposition of Ignatius and election of Photius as Patriarch.
860 The Russians appear before Constantinople.
860–861 (? ) Cyril's mission to the Chazars.
863 (? ) Mission of Cyril and Methodius to the Moravians.
864 Conversion of Bulgaria to orthodoxy.
867 The Schism of Photius.
The Synod of Constantinople completes the rupture with Rome.
(23 Sept. ) Murder of Michael III and accession of Basil I the Macedonian.
Deposition of Photius. Restoration of Ignatius.
867 (13 Nov. ) Death of Pope Nicholas I.
(14 Dec. ) Election of Pope Hadrian II.
868 Independence of Egypt under the Țūlūnid dynasty.
## p. 901 (#943) ############################################
Chronological Table
901
869 (14 Feb. ) Death of Cyril.
Ecumenical Council of Constantinople. End of the Schism.
870 Methodius becomes the first Moravo-Pannonian archbishop.
871 War with the Paulicians.
876 Capture of Bari from the Saracens by the Greeks.
877 Death of Ignatius and reinstatement of Photius as Patriarch.
(22 July) Council of Ravenna.
878 (21 May) Capture of Syracuse by the Arabs.
878 (? ) Promulgation of the Prochiron.
882 Fresh rupture between the Eastern and Western Churches; excommuni-
cation of Photius.
885 (6 April) Death of Methodius.
886–912 Reign of Leo VI the Wise.
886 Deposition and exile of Photius.
887–892 Reign of Ashot I in Armenia.
C. 888 Publication of the Basilics.
891 Death of Photius.
892 The Abbasid capital restored to Baghdad.
892–914 Reign of Smbat I in Armenia.
893–927 Reign of Simeon in Bulgaria.
895–896 The Magyars migrate into Hungary:
898 Reconciliation between the Eastern and Western Churches.
899 The Magyars invade Lombardy.
900 Victory of Nicephorus Phocas at Adana.
The Magyars occupy Pannonia.
902 (1 Aug. ) Fall of Taormina, the last Greek stronghold in Sicily.
904 Thessalonica sacked by the Saracens.
906 Leo VI's fourth marriage: contest with the Patriarch.
The Magyars overthrow the Great Moravian State.
907 Russian expedition against Constantinople.
909–1171 The Fățimid Caliphate in Africa.
912 (11 May) Death of Leo VI and accession of Constantine VII Porphyro-
genitus under the regency of Alexander.
913 Simeon of Bulgaria appears before Constantinople.
915–928 Reign of Ashot II in Armenia.
917 (20 Aug. ) Bulgarian victory at Anchialus.
919 (25 Mar. ) Usurpation of Romanus Lecapenus.
920 (June) A Council at Constantinople pronounces upon fourth marriages.
923 Simeon besieges Constantinople.
927 (8 Sept. ) Peace with Bulgaria.
932 Foundation of the Buwaihid dynasty.
933 Venice establishes her supremacy in Istria.
941 Russian expedition against Constantinople.
944 (16 Dec. ) Deposition of Romanus Lecapenus. Personal rule of Con-
stantine VII begins.
945 The Buwaihids enter Baghdad and control the Caliphate.
954 Princess Olga of Russia embraces Christianity.
955 Battle of the Lechfeld.
959 (9 Nov. ) Death of Constantine VII and accession of Romanus II.
959-976 Reign of the Doge Peter IV Candianus.
961 Recovery of Crete by Nicephorus Phocas.
(Mar. ) Advance in Asia by the Greeks.
Athanasius founds the convent of St Laura on Mt Athos.
963 (15 Mar. ) Death of Romanus II: accession of Basil II: regency of
Theophano.
(16 Aug. ) Usurpation of Nicephorus II Phocas.
964 Novel against the monks.
965 Conquest of Cilicia.
967 Renewal of the Bulgarian war.
968 The Russians in Bulgaria.
## p. 902 (#944) ############################################
902
Chronological Table
969 (28 Oct. ) Capture of Antioch.
The Fātimid Caliphs annex Egypt.
(10 Dec. ) Murder of Nicephorus Phocas and accession of John Tzimisces.
970 Capture of Aleppo.
Accession of Géza as Prince of the Magyars.
971 Revolt of Bardas Phocas.
The Emperor John Tzimisces annexes Eastern Bulgaria.
972 Death of Svyatoslav of Kiev.
976 (10 Jan. ) Death of John Tzimisces: personal rule of Basil II Bulgar-
octonus begins.
Peter Orseolo I elected Doge.
976–979 Revolt of Bardas Sclerus.
980 Accession of Vladímir in Russia.
985 Fall of the eunuch Basil.
986–1018 Great Bulgarian War.
987–989 Conspiracy of Phocas and Sclerus.
988 The Fātimid Caliphs occupy Syria.
989 Baptism of Vladímir of Russia.
Vladimir captures Cherson.
991 The Fāțimids re-occupy Syria.
991–1009 Reign of Peter Orseolo II as Doge.
992 (19 July) First Venetian treaty with the Eastern Empire.
994 Saif-ad-Daulah takes Aleppo and establishes himself in Northern Syria.
994–1001 War with the Fățimids.
995 Basil Il's campaign in Syria.
996 (Jan. ) Novel against the Powerful.
Defeat of the Bulgarians on the Spercheus.
997 Accession of St Stephen in Hungary, and conversion of the Magyars.
998-1030 Reign of Maḥmūd of Ghaznah.
1006 Vladímir of Russia makes a treaty with the Bulgarians.
1009 The Patriarch Sergius erases the Pope's name from the diptychs.
1014 Battle of Cimbalongu; death of the Tsar Samuel.
1015 Death of Vladímir of Russia.
1018-1186 Bulgaria a Byzantine province.
1021-1022 Annexation of Vaspurakan to the Empire.
1024 The Patriarch Eustathius attempts to obtain from the Pope the autonomy
of the Greek Church.
1025 (15 Dec. ) Death of Basil II and accession of Constantine VIII.
1026 Fall of the Orseoli at Venice.
1028 (11 Nov. ) Death of Constantine VIII and succession of Zoë and
Romanus III Argyrus.
1030 Defeat of the Greeks near Aleppo.
1031 Capture of Edessa by George Maniaces.
1034 (12 April) Murder of Romanus III and accession of Michael IV the
Paphlagonian.
Government of John the Orphanotrophos.
1038 Death of St Stephen of Hungary.
Success of George Maniaces in Sicily.
The Seljūq Țughril Beg proclaimed.
1041 (10 Dec. ) Death of Michael IV and succession of Michael V Calaphates.
Banishment of John the Orphanotrophos.
1042 (21 April) Revolution in Constantinople; fall of Michael V.
Zoë and Theodora joint Empresses.
(11–12 June) Zoë's marriage; accession of her husband, Constantine IX
Monomachus.
1043 Michael Cerularius becomes Patriarch.
Rising of George Maniaces; his defeat and death at Ostrovo.
1045 Foundation of the Law School of Constantinople.
1046 Annexation of Armenia (Ani) to the Empire.
1047 Revolt of Tornicius.
1
## p. 903 (#945) ############################################
Chronological Table
903
1048 Appearance of the Seljūqs on the eastern frontier of the Empire.
1050 Death of the Empress Zoë.
1054 (20 July) The Patriarch Michael Cerularius breaks with Rome; schism
between the Eastern and Western Churches.
1055 (11 Jan. ) Death of Constantine IX; Theodora sole Empress.
The Seljūq Țughril Beg enters Baghdad.
1056 (31 Aug. ) Death of Theodora and proclamation of Michael VI Stratio-
ticus.
1057 Revolt of Isaac Comnenus. Deposition of Michael Vi.
(1 Sept. ? ) Isaac I Comnenus crowned Emperor at Constantinople.
1058 Deposition and death of Michael Cerularius.
1059 Treaty of Melfi.
Abdication of Isaac Comnenus.
1059–1067 Reign of Constantine X Ducas.
1063 Death of Țughril Beg;
1063-1072 Reign of the Seljūq Alp Arslān.
1064 Capture of Ani by the Seljūqs, and conquest of Greater Armenia.
1066 Foundation of the Nizamīyah University at Baghdad.
1067-1071 Reign of Romanus III Diogenes.
1071 Capture of Bari by the Normans and loss of Italy.
Battle of Manzikert.
The Seljūqs occupy Jerusalem.
1071-1078 Reign of Michael VII Parapinaces Ducas.
1072–1092 Reign of the Seljūq Malik Shāh.
1077 Accession of Sulaiman I, Sultan of Rūm.
1078 The Turks at Nicaea.
1078_1081 Reign of Nicephorus III Botaniates.
1080 Alliance between Robert Guiscard and Pope Gregory VII.
Foundation of the Armeno-Cilician kingdom.
1081–1118 Reign of Alexius I Comnenus.
1081-1084 Robert Guiscard's invasion of Epirus.
1082 Treaty with Venice.
1086 Incursions of the Patzinaks begin.
1091 (29 April) Defeat of the Patzinaks at the river Leburnium.
1094-1095 Invasion of the Cumans.
1094 Council of Piacenza.
1095 (18-28 Nov. ) Council of Clermont proclaims the First Crusade.
1096 The Crusaders at Constantinople.
1097 The Crusaders capture Nicaea.
1098 Council of Bari. St Anselm refutes the Greeks.
1099 Establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1100 (18 July) Death of Godfrey of Bouillon.
1104 Defeat of the Crusaders at Harrãn.
1107 Bohemond's expedition against Constantinople.
1108 Battle of Durazzo.
Treaty with Bohemond.
1116 Battle of Philomelium.
1118-1143 Reign of John II Comnenus.
1119 First expedition of John Comnenus to Asia Minor.
1122 Defeat of the Patzinaks near Eski-Sagra.
1122–1126 War with Venice.
1128 The Emperor John Comnenus defeats the Hungarians near Haram.
1137 (May) Roger II of Sicily's fleet defeated off Trani.
1137–1138 Campaign of John Comnenus in Cilicia and Syria.
1143-1180 Reign of Manuel I Comnenus.
1147-1149 The Second Crusade.
1147–1149 War with Roger II of Sicily.
1151 The Byzantines at Ancona.
1152–1154 Hungarian War.
1154 Death of Roger II of Sicily.
## p. 904 (#946) ############################################
904
Chronological Table
1158 Campaign of Manuel Comnenus in Syria.
1159 His solemn entry into Antioch; zenith of his power.
1163 Expulsion of the Greeks from Cilicia.
1164 Battle of Hārim.
1168 Annexation of Dalmatia.
1170 The Emperor Manuel attempts to re-unite the Greek and Armenian
Churches.
1171 Rupture of Manuel with Venice.
1173 Frederick Barbarossa besieges Ancona.
1176 Battle of Myriocephalum.
Battle of Legnano.
1177 Peace of Venice.
1180_1183 Reign of Alexius II Comnenus.
1180 Foundation of the Serbian monarchy by Stephen Nemanja.
1182 Massacre of Latins in Constantinople.
1183 (Sept. ) Andronicus I Comnenus becomes joint Emperor.
(Nov. ) Murder of Alexius II.
1185 The Normans take Thessalonica.
Deposition and death of Andronicus; accession of Isaac II Angelus.
1185–1219 Reign of Leo II the Great of Cilicia.
1186 Second Bulgarian Empire founded.
1187 Saladin captures Jerusalem.
1189 Sack of Thessalonica.
1189-1192 Third Crusade.
1190 Death of Frederick Barbarossa in the East.
Isaac Angelus defeated by the Bulgarians.
1191 Occupation of Cyprus by Richard Coeur-de-Lion.
1192 Guy de Lusignan purchases Cyprus from Richard I.
1193-1205 Reign of the Doge Enrico Dandolo.
1195 Deposition of Isaac II; accession of Alexius III Angelus.
1197–1207 The Bulgarian Tsar Johannitsa (Kalojan).
1201 (April) Fourth Crusade. The Crusaders' treaty with Venice.
(May) Boniface of Montferrat elected leader of the Crusade.
1203 (17 July) The Crusaders enter Constantinople.
Deposition of Alexius III; restoration of Isaac II with Alexius IV
Angelus.
1203_1227 Empire of Jenghiz Khan.
1204 (8 Feb. ) Deposition of Isaac II and Alexius IV; accession of Alexius V
Ducas (Mourtzouphlos).
(13 April) · Sack of Constantinople.
(16 May) Coronation of Baldwin, Count of Flanders, and foundation of
the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
The compulsory union of the Eastern and Western Churches.
The Venetians purchase the island of Crete.
Alexius Comnenus founds the state of Trebizond.
1205 (14 April) The Bulgarians defeat the Emperor Baldwin I at Hadrianople.
1206 (21 Aug. ) Henry of Flanders crowned Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
Theodore I Lascaris crowned Emperor of Nicaea.
1208 Peace with the Bulgarians.
1210 The Turks of Rūm defeated on the Maeander by Theodore Lascaris.
1212 Peace with Nicaea.
1215 The Fourth Lateran Council.
1216 Death of the Emperor Henry, and succession of Peter of Courtenay.
1217 Stephen crowned King of Serbia.
1218 Death of Geoffrey of Villehardouin, Prince of Achaia.
1219 Creation of a separate Serbian Church.
1221-1228 Reign of Robert of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
1222 Recovery of Thessalonica by the Greeks of Epirus.
Death of Theodore Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea. Accession of John III
Vatatzes.
## p. 905 (#947) ############################################
Chronological Table
905
1222 First appearance of the Mongols in Europe.
1224 The Emperor of Nicaea occupies Hadrianople.
1228 Death of Stephen, the first King of Serbia.
228-1237 Reign of John of Brienne, Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
1230 Destruction of the Greek Empire of Thessalonica by the Bulgarians.
1234 Fall of the Kin Dynasty in China.
1235 Revival of the Bulgarian Patriarchate.
1236 Constantinople attacked by the Greeks and Bulgarians.
1236 (? ) Alliance between the Armenians and the Mongols.
1237 Invasion of Europe by the Mongols.
1237-1261 Reign of Baldwin II, last Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
1241 Battles of Liegnitz and Mohi.
Death of John Asên II; the decline of Bulgaria begins.
1244 The Despotat of Thessalonica becomes a vassal of Nicaea.
1245 Council of Lyons.
1246 Reconquest of Macedonia from the Bulgarians.
1254 (30 Oct. ) Death of John Vatatzes; Theodore II Lascaris succeeds as
Emperor of Nicaea.
Submission of the Despot of Epirus to Nicaea.
Mamlūk Sultans in Egypt.
1255–1256 Theodore II's Bulgarian campaigns.
1256 Overthrow of the Assassins by the Mongols.
1258 Death of Theodore II Lascaris. Accession of John IV Lascaris.
Destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols and overthrow of the Caliphate.
1259 (1 Jan. ) Michael VIII Palaeologus proclaimed Emperor of Nicaea.
1259-1294 Reign of Kublai Khan.
1260 The Egyptians defeat the Mongols at 'Ain Jālūt.
1261 (25 July) Capture of Constantinople by the Greeks; end of the Latin
Empire.
1261–1530° Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo.
1266 (Feb. ) Charles of Anjou's victory over Manfred at Benevento.
1267 (27 May) Treaty of Viterbo.
1267-1272 Progress of Charles of Anjou in Epirus.
1270 (25 Aug. ) Death of St Louis.
1274 Ecumenical Council at Lyons; union of the Churches again achieved.
1276 Leo III of Cilicia defeats the Mamlūks.
1278 Leo III of Cilicia defeats the Seljūqs of Iconium.
1281 Joint Mongol and Armenian forces defeated by the Mamlūks on the
Orontes.
(18 Nov. ) Excommunication of Michael Palaeologus; breach of the
Union.
Victory of the Berat over the Angevins.
1282 (30 May) The Sicilian Vespers.
(11
Dec. ) Death of Michael Palaeologus. Accession of Andronicus II.
c. 1290 Foundation of Wallachia.
1291 Fall of Acre.
1299 Osmān, Emir of the Ottoman Turks.
1302 Osmān's victory at Baphaeum.
End of the alliance between the Armenians and the Mongols.
1302–1311 The Catalan Grand Company in the East.
1308 Turks enter Europe.
Capture of Ephesus by the Turks.
1309 Capture of Rhodes from the Turks by the Knights of St John.
1311 Battle of the Cephisus.
1326 Brūsa surrenders to the Ottoman Turks.
(Nov. ) Death of Osman.
1326-1359 Reign of Orkhān.
1328_1341 Reign of Andronicus III Palaeologus.
1329 The Ottomans capture Nicaea.
1330 (28 June) Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Serbians at the battle of
Velbužd.
## p. 906 (#948) ############################################
906
Chronological Table
1331 (8 Sept. ) Coronation of Stephen Dušan as King of Serbia.
1336 Birth of Timur.
