No More Learning

? ? The Bodhisattva Levels
1. The Joyous One
2. The Stainless One
3. The Illuminating One
4. The Flaming One
5. The One Difficult to Conquer
6. The Manifest One
7. The Far Going one
8. The Unshakable One
9. The One of Good Discrimination
Emphasis on generosity
Emphasis on discipline
Emphasis on patience
Emphasis on exertion
Emphasis on meditation
Emphasis on wisdom
Emphasis on skillful activity
Emphasis on future projection
Emphasis on efficacy
10. Cloud of Dharma
Attaining enlightened wisdom
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Transformation of Conciousncss into Wisdom
ORGAN CoNSCIOUSNESS
Eye l. Eye consciousness
Ear 2. Ear consciousness Nose 3. Nose consciousness Tongue 4. Tongue consciousness Body 5. Body consciousnes
6A. Non-conceptual mind consciousness
6B. Conceptual mind consciousness
Mind 7A. Immediate mind consciousness
7B. Afflicted mind consciousness
WISDOM
KAYAS
8. Alaya consciousness
Mirror-like wisdom
Dharmakaya
All-accomplishing wisdom
Nirmanakaya
Dharmadhatu wisdom
Discriminating wisdom
Wisdom of equality
Svabhavikakaya
Sambhogakaya
? ? Notes
1. This refers to the Five Treasuries composed by Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye. These are: 1. The Treasury ofVast Teachings (Gyachen Kardzo) which is the actual collected writings ofJamgon Kongtrul, works he himself composed. 2. The Treasury ofKnowledge (Sheja Dzo) is like a collection of his writings on all fields of knowledge, 3. The Treasury of Hidden Treasure Teachings (Rinchen Terzod), 4. The Treasury ofKagyu Mantra Teachings (Kagyu Ngakzod), and 5. The Treasury ofSpiritual Instructions (Dam Ngakzod) are more like collections that he compiled.
2. The conditions for becoming a biological being are the ovum from your mother and the sperm from your father, which when mixed with consciousness forms that life and leads to the development ofthe fetus. The seed essence of the ovum is the red element and while you are alive it is in the centre of your body below your navel. The seed essence of your father's sperm is the white element, and it is present in the centre of your body at the top of your head. - Khenpo Karthar Rinpoche
3. This does not mean we should distort or deny our perception, but we should emphasize the good qualities and let faults be without being disturbed by them. This way we benefit most from whatever good a teacher has to offer. - Cornelia Weishaar
4. Gampopa was the founder of the monastic order of the Kagyu School and the lineages that branch out from him are known as the Dakpo Kagyu.
5. In Tibetan medicine and yoga there are subtle channels, like meridians in acupuncture, through which subtle energies (Skt. prana) flow.
6. These six consist of the subtle heat practice, the illusory body practice, the dream yoga practice, the luminosity practice, the ejection of consciousness practice and the bardo practice.
7. From Gampopa's disciple Phagmo Drupa, the Phagmo Kagyu; from Baram Dharma Wangchuk, the Baram Kagyu; from Dusum Khyenpa, (the
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first Gyalwang Karmapa), the Kamtsang Kagyu, and; Ghampo Tsultrim Nyingpo's disciple Tsondru Trakpa, the Tshalpa Kagyu. These four are known as the four greater or senior schools.
Phagmo Drupa had eight main disciples who founded eight additional lineages: 1. The Drikhung Kagyu was founded by Drikhung Kyopa Jigten Sumgyi Gonpo. 2. The Drukpa Kagyu was founded by Drupchen Lingrepa Perna Dorje and his disciple Choje Tsangpa Gyare Yeshe Dorje. 3. The Taklung Kagyu was founded by Taklung Thangpa Tashi Pal. 4. The Yasang Kagyu was founded by Zarawa Kalden Yeshe Senge and his disciple Yasang Choje Chokyi Monlam. 5. The Trophu Kagyu was founded by Rinpoche Gyatsa, and his disciple Trophu Lotsawa Champa Pal. 6. The Shuksep Kagyu was founded by Gyergom Tsultrim Senge. 7. Yelpa Kagyu was founded by Yelpa Drupthop Yeshe Tsekpa. 8. Martsang Kagyu was founded by Martsang Sherab Senge
8. In fact, garudas are said to be fully developed when they are born.
9. It may be helpful here to understand that the term "consciousness," which in Sanskrit is vijana, (Tib. namshe) refers to a specific type of cognition. It is the term for "cognition," jana, (Tib. yeshe) with the prefix vi, which means complete or fully developed. It is a more specific term than cognition and although it may sound like a positive thing to say "fully- developed cognition," in this context it is actually somewhat pejorative
because it refers to cognition that has become developed in the sense of becoming coarsened. This is the type ofcognition-or consciousness- that we as ordinary individuals have and it is divided into the eight or six types o f consciousnesses. All o f these consciousnesses are considered manifestations of the mind's impurity. They are things that arise when a mind does not recognize its own nature. The basic idea of the development of consciousness is that when a mind does not recognize its own nature, its inherent lucidity that is just a mere cognition or bare awareness, it runs wild. In running wild it becomes coarse or develops into deluded cognition or consciousness, which is a characteristic of samsara. Nevertheless, in the midst of the confused nature of these consciousnesses, the nature of this deluded mind is unchanged.
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I 0. Some Buddhist schools such as those of the Theravada schools hold that there are six consciousnesses with there being five sensory consciousnesses {visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile) and mental consciousness which comprises the functions ofthe seventh and eighth consciousness. Other Buddhist schools such as the Mind-only school, for example, hold that there are the five sensory consciousnesses, a mental consciousness, and then a separate seventh afflicted consciousness, and a separate eighth alaya consciousness.
The five sensory consciousnesses perceive sensory input directly without doing any evaluation. The sixth mental consciousness which is what we call our "mind" it does all kinds ofintegration and evaluation of the sensory consciousnesses. The seventh afflicted consciousness is the every-present belief in an "I. " The first seven consciousnesses are held together by the eighth foundation or alaya consciousness which also functions to store the imprints of everything happening in the sixth consciousness.
11. In Thrangu Rinpoche's Transcending Ego he describes this eighth consciousness in much more detail and two aspects ofit. First, the eighth consciousness holds all the other consciousnesses together so one has the feeling that one is a single unitary being which gradually changes in time. Second, it is also the "store-house" consciousness in which all the karmic seeds are stored so when one sees an airplane, for example, one remembers that this is an airplane. These karmic seeds or latencies (Tib. bakchag) also carry one's karma of positive and negative actions which continues on from one lifetime to the next.
12. What happens is that all of the bakchag, "habitual tendencies or habits or ways of perceiving" are stored in the alaya or storehouse consciousness, the kun zhi namshe; then when certain conditions come together, we get the projections of all of these appearances that are the result of our having stored our previous habits in this storehouse consciousness. We think that these projections from our own consciousness are real, when in fact they're not, they're just confused appearances. The storehouse consciousness is called by two different names to illustrate the two
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
functions that it performs. The first is called "the holding consciousness" because it holds all of the habitual tendencies, the imprints from our previous ways of perceiving. The second is called the conditioned consciousness because when certain conditions come together, then certain habits wake up and emit certain projections ofappearances. In this way, you can think of the storehouse consciousness as being like a tape recorder. When it's on record, then it's storing all of the information, all of the sounds, etc. ; then when you put it on play, it sends them out.
In terms of the way that confusion arises, it's explained that the egoistic mind (the seventh consciousness) is like wind and the storehouse consciousness is like the ocean. So the wind of the egoistic mind blows on this ocean ofthe storehouse consciousness and causes these waves to come up out of it and those waves are the dualistic appearances that we think to be real. - Khenpo Tsultrim Gyatso Rinpoche
This is the translation of the Tibetan word salwa which is also translated variously as "brilliance," "luminous clarity," and "luminosity. " We must not make the mistake of thinking of this as some kind of light such as we get from a light bulb even though the words suggest this. Rather it is simply that continuous awareness, that knowing, that the mind always has.
We understand that the alaya or kun zhi does not lead to bewilderment, rather the habitual patterns do. When we recognize the ultimate state of the kun zhi, the ground consciousness, which is free of habitual patterns, we have realized wisdom. When it is free ofall habitual patterns, it is no longer the kun zhi consciousness but the kun zhi wisdom, the
jnana-alaya.
The union or inseparability of luminosity and emptiness refers to the fact that mind is empty, yet at the same time it is knowing, aware and so it also has luminosity. The emptiness could not exist without the luminosity and the luminosity could not exist without the emptiness. For these nine examples see Thrangu Rinpoche's The Uttaratantra: A Treatise on Buddha-Essence. Namo Buddha and ZCG Publications. When we say the co-emergence of ignorance and the eighth
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consciousness, we mean that this misunderstanding of not knowing that external phenomena are empty and not "solid and real" arises and reinforces the eighth consciousness.
18. In this analogy the many thoughts and emotions and false beliefs such as "there is a real self" are compared to the waves on an ocean with the waves appearing very real, but they just come and go and don't have any real lasting substance. The true nature of mind or its essence is not thoughts and emotions, but a deep calm abiding which lasts forever just like the ocean itself.
19. The word "affiictive" is an English translation for the Sanskrit klesha and mon nong in Tibetan which are the negative disturbing emotions of anger, attachment and ignorance. The point being that even though the seventh consciousness has a negative connotation, it is not negative as long as there is no attachment to self.
20. Bewildered in this context refers to an incorrect perception. In other words, the true nature ofselfis that it is "empty" that is, that it is not a solid single entity, yet when we think of ourselves, it is as a solid, real thing. This is what is meant here by confusion or bewilderment or in Tibetan ma rigpa.
21. There are two levels of reality or two truths as they are often called kunzop (relative truth) and dondam (ultimate truth). Kunzop refers to the world as perceived by ordinary (unenlightened) beings and this reality is an illusion or fake in that we believe that objects are solid and enduring. We call this conventional reality because this is what most people perceive and believe in. However, a person who is enlightened will see that the world is actually empty ofinherent nature and therefore see the world as it really is. This is referred to then as absolute truth or ultimate truth.
One Western example is that ifwe have a cup, it looks white and solid and made out of material we call china. This is the conventional level. Yet scientists would tell us that this "cup" is really a collection of different elements and the atoms of these elements are moving at incredible speeds and the "white" we and all other humans see is really
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just a particular wavelength oflight. This would be more like the ultimate
level of reality.
22. Fully enlightened beings, Buddhas, and their manifestations are often
understood by way o f the three kayas: the dharmakaya is enlightenment itself, wisdom beyond any reference point which can only be perceived by other enlightened beings; the sambhogakaya, often called the enjoyment body, manifests in the pure lands, which can only be seen by advanced bodhisattvas; and the nirmanakaya, which can be seen by ordinary beings as in the case of the historical Buddha, who was a supreme nirmanakaya, meaning that he displayed all the physical signs and marks of perfection, but nirmanakaya can also be any type of being or relative appearance to assist ordinary beings.
23. The failure of the mind to recognize its own true nature is what is meant by the term ma rigpa, or ignorance, the first level of obscuration or defilement in the mind. As a result ofthis ignorance, there arises in the mind the imputation ofan 'T' and an "other" (the other being something that is conceived as something that is other than the mind). This dualistic clinging, something that we have had throughout beginningless time and that never stops (until enlightenment), is the second level of obscuration, the obscuration of habits (habitual tendency).
Based upon this dualistic clinging arise the three root mental afflictions: mental darkness (variously rendered by translators as ignorance, bewilderment, confusion, etc. ), desire and aggression. Based upon these three afflictions there arise some 84,000 various mental afflictions enumerated by the Buddha, all of which together comprise the third level of obscuration, called the obscuration of mental afflictions (variously rendered as klesha, emotional affliction, disturbing emotions, etc). Under the influence ofthese, we perform actions that are obscured in their nature, which result in the fourth level ofobscuration, called the obscuration ofactions or karma. This is the process that keeps us in samsara. - Khabje Kalu Rinpoche
24. It was said by Tilopa, "Child, it is not by appearances that you are fettered, but by craving. Therefore Naropa, relinquish or cut through
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craving. " The distinction needs to be made between appearances and our craving for or grasping at them. Appearances themselves are not a problem. Grasping or craving is problematic. - Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche
25. "Ordinary" mind does not denote common mind that everyone has which is full of thoughts, desires, etc. , but rather the original mind which is free of all disturbing emotions and incorrect wisdom.
There is no need to do anything to your present wakefulness at the moment of recognizing; it is already as it is. That is the true meaning of naked ordinary mind, a famous term in Tibetan. It means not tampered with. There is no "thing" which needs to be accepted or rejected; it is simply as it is. The term 'ordinary mind' is the most immediate and accurate term to describe the nature of mind. No matter what terminology is being utilized within the Middle-way, Mahamudra or Dzogchen, naked ordinary mind is the simplest term.
26. The desire realm comprises the six realms ofgods, demi-gods, humans, animals, hungry spirits and hell-beings. The form realm comprises eighteen classes of god of subtle form. The formless realm comprises four classes of gods.
27. One taste and co-emergent wisdom are generally the same, but they are used in a different way. Co-emergent wisdom is used in discussing the very essence ofthe nature, the foundation ofone's realization being the true nature. Whereas one flavor is talking about the gradual experience, the enhancing ofour experience through the different levels and at one point we experience it as one flavor. - Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche
28. There are two categories of obscurations or defilements that cover one's Buddha-essence: the emotional affiictions or obscuration ofthe disturbing emotions (the three root affiictions are ignorance, desire and aggression), and the more subtle obscurations known variously as the defilement of latent tendencies, the obscuration of dualistic perception, intellectual obscurations, or the cognitive obscurations (seeing the world from the perspective of a "self" and what is "other").
The first category prevents sentient beings from freeing themselves from samsara, while the second prevents them from gaining accurate knowledge and realizing truth.
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29. There is a correspondence between these four stages of Mahamudra (one-pointedness, simplicity, one-flavor and non-meditation) and the five paths ofaccumulation, application, seeing, meditation and no-more- learning. The first level ofone-pointedness refers mainly to one-pointed tranquility (Shamatha) meditation. The lesser and middling levels of one-pointedness would be more or less associated with the path of accumulation. The greater level of one-pointedness would be more associated with the path ofapplication because one is joined to the true meaning. The second Mahamudra stage of freedom from concept (simplicity) is associated with the path of seeing. The stage of beyond concept means that first ofall we have developed the power ofShamatha, and then through that tranquility meditation we develop Vipashyana. Because of the insight ofVipashyana, we realize the true nature, which corresponds to the path of seeing.
The third Mahamudra stage ofone-flavor corresponds to the path of cultivation or meditation, and the fourth Mahamudra stage of non- meditation corresponds to the fifth path of no-more-learning. The one- flavor stage corresponds to the second to the seventh bodhisattva levels. The eighth bodhisattva level corresponds to the lesser aspect of non- meditation. The ninth and the tenth bodhisattva levels correspond to the middling aspect of beyond meditation level. Then the state of Buddhahood would be the highest o f the twelve sub-sections, the highest point of the non-meditation level.
When we reach the twelfth stage, the highest stage of non- meditation through Mahamudra practice, then the qualities of mind that we achieve are the same as those of Buddhahood, those achieved through the classic, long Mahayana path. But the speech and the physical qualities are not quite the same. This is because when we traverse the ordinary Mahayana path, then for many endless kalpas we are taking birth again and again and generating virtue. This is an extremely powerful thing, even though it is a much longer process. In that long process we accumulate such vast virtue that this will lead, at the end of the ordinary Mahayana path, to the tremendous physical and speech
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qualities that we associate with the thirty-two and eighty marks of the Buddha. When we go through the very profound and rapid path of Mahayana, we won't necessarily get those. Ifwe look at the life ofJetsun Milarepa or the life of Gampopa, they didn't manifest the thirty-two signs and the eighty marks like the Shakyamuni Buddha did. This is because, for instance with Milarepa, he was born into an ordinary body and quickly perfected the Mahamudra. So the mind quality ofrealization is exactly the same, but the body and speech qualities that manifest for others are not the same. - Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche
30. The Tibetan is zung Jug which is often translated as unity. But as the Tibetan term clearly implies the coming together oftwo factors such as emptiness and luminosity, coincidence is more precise. - Cornelia Weishaar
? ? Glossary of Terms
Afflicted consciousness. The seventh consciousness. As used here it has two aspects: the immediate consciousness which monitors the other consciousnesses, making them continuous, and the klesha consciousness which is the continuous presence ofself. (See consciousnesses, eight)
Afflictive obscuration. There are two types of obscurations that cover one's Buddha nature. The obscuration of the affiictive or disturbing emotions and the obscuration of dualistic perception, or sometimes called the intellectual obscurations or cognitive obscurations.
Alaya consciousness. (Tib. kunzhi namshe) According to the Chittamatra school this is the eighth consciousness and is often called the ground consciousness or storehouse consciousness.
Atman. Sanskrit for a permanent "self" which exists.
Bhumi. Level or stage. There are ten bodhisattva levels which begin with the
path ofseeing in the surra tradition. The tantric tradition has thineen levels. Blessings. (Tib. chin lap) Splendor wave, conveying the sense ofatmosphere descending or coming toward the practitioner. One's root guru and lineage are said to be the source of blessings. When the student can open themselves with uncontrived devotion, the grace of the lineage manifests as blessings, which dissolve into them and awaken them to a
sense of greater reality.
Bodhichitta. Literally, the mind of enlightenment. There are two kinds of
bodhichitta: absolute bodhichitta, which is completely awakened mind that sees the emptiness ofall phenomena, and relative bodhichitta which is the aspiration to practice the six paramitas and free all beings from the suffering ofsamsara. In regard to relative bodhichitta, there are also two kinds: aspiration bodhichitta and perseverance bodhichitta.
Bodhisattva. "Heroic mind. " Bodhi means blossomed or enlightened, and sattva means heroic mind. Literally, one who exhibits the mind of
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enlightenment. Also an individual who has committed him or herself to the Mahayana path ofcompassion and the practice ofthe six paramitas to achieve Buddhahood to free all beings from samsara. These are the heart or mind disciples of the Buddha.
Bodhisattva levels. (Skt. bhumz) The levels or stages a bodhisatrva goes through to reach enlightenment. These consist of ten levels in the surra tradition and thirteen in the tantra tradition. The ten are: 1. Overwhelming Joy, 2. Stainless, 3. Radiant, 4. Luminous, 5. Difficult to Practice, 6. Obviously Transcendent , 7. Far Gone, 8. Unshakeable, 9. Excellent Discriminating Wisdom, 10. Cloud of Dharma.
Buddha nature. (Tib. de shegs nying po) The essential nature of all sentient beings; the potential for enlightenment.
Chakrasamvara. A meditational deity which belongs to the Anuttarayoga tantra set of teachings. A main yidam or tantra of the New Schools.
Channels, winds and essences. Nadi, prana and bindu; the constituents of the vajra body. These channels are not anatomical structures, but more like meridians in acupuncture. There are thousands of channels, but the three main channels that carry the subtle energy are the right, left and central channel. The central channel runs roughly along the spinal column while the right and left are on the sides of the central channel.
According to the yogic teachings of the path of skillful means, realization is attained through synchronization ofbody and mind. This may be achieved through meditating on nadi (channels), prana {energy), and bindu (drops)- the psychic components in the illusory body. Prana is the energy, or "wind," moving through the nadis. As is said, "Mind consciousness rides the horse of prana on the pathways of the nadis. The bindu is mind's nourishment. "
Because of dualistic thinking, prana enters the left and right channels. This divergence ofenergy in the illusory body corresponds to the mental activiry that falsely distinguishes between subject and object and leads to karmically determined activiry. Through yogic practice, the pranas can be brought into the central channel and therefore transformed into wisdom-prana. Then the mind can recognize its fundamental nature, realizing all dharmas as unborn.
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143
This belongs to advanced practice and can only be learned through direct oral transmission from an accomplished guru. Once the meditator is well established in the experience ofthe fundamental nature ofmind, they can meditate on it directly, dissolving the nadi, prana, and hindu visualization. Meditation using the concept of psychic channels is regarded as being the completion stage with signs, and the formless practice which contemplates the nature of mind directly is the completion stage without signs.
Chittamatra school. A school founded by Asanga in the fourth century, usually translated as the Mind-only school. It is one of the four major schools in the Mahayana tradition (the others being the two Rangtong - Svatantrika and Prasangika - and Shentong) and its main tenet (to greatly simplify) is that all phenomena are mental events.
Clarity. (Tib. salwa) Also translated as luminosity. The nature of mind is that it is empty ofinherent existence, but the mind is not just voidness or completely empty because it has this clarity which is awareness or the knowing ofmind. So clarity is a characteristic ofemptiness (shunyata) of mind.
Co-emergent wisdom. (Skt. sahajajnana, Tib. /hen chik kye pay yeshe) The advanced realization of the inseparability of samsara and nirvana and how these arise simultaneously and together.
Cognitive obscurations. There are two types of obscuration that cover one's Buddha nature; the obscuration ofthe afflictive or disturbing emotions and the obscuration of dualistic perception, sometimes called the intellectual obscurations or cognitive obscurations. The cognitive obscuration is the subtle obscuration of holding on to the concepts of subject, object and action.
Completion stage. In the Vajrayana there are two stages of meditation: the creation/development stage and the completion stage. Completion stage with marks is the six doctrines. Completion stage without marks is the practice of essence Mahamudra, resting in the unfabricated nature of mind.
Conditioned (cyclic) existence. (Skt. samsara) Ordinary existence which
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contains suffering because one still possesses attachment, aggression,
and ignorance. It is contrasted to liberation or nirvana. Consciousnesses, sensory. These are the five sensory consciousnesses of sight,
hearing, smell, taste, touch, and body sensation.
Consciousnesses, eight. (Skt. vijfiana) These are the five sensory consciousnesses
ofsight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and body sensation. Sixth is mental consciousness, seventh is afflicted consciousness, and eighth is ground consciOusness.
Consciousnesses, six. The five sensory consciousnesses and the mental consciOusness.
Creation stage. (Skt. utpattikrama) In the Vajrayana there are two stages of meditation: the development and the completion stage. The creation stage is a method of tantric meditation that involves the visualization and contemplation of deities for the purpose of purifying habitual tendencies and realizing the purity of all phenomena. In this stage visualization of the deity is established and maintained.
Desire realm. Comprises the six realms ofgods, demi-gods, humans, animals, hungry spirits and hell-beings.
Dharmadhatu. Dharma is "the truth" and dhatu means, "space free from a centre. " The all-encompassing space, unoriginated and without beginning, out of which all phenomena arises. The Sanskrit means "the essence of phenomena'' and the Ttbetan means "the expanse of phenomena," but it usually refers to the emptiness that is the essence of phenomena. Dharmadhatu and dharmakaya are essentially the same; they are two indivisible aspects of the same thing. The dharmakaya emphasizes the wisdom aspect while dharmadhatu emphasizes the emptiness aspect.
Dharmakaya. (Tib. cho ku} One of the three bodies of Buddhahood. It is enlightenment itself, that is, wisdom beyond any point of reference. (see kayas, three. }
Dharmata. Dharmata is often translated as "suchness," "the true nature of things" or "things as they are. " It is phenomena as it really is or as seen by a completely enlightened being without any distortion or obscuration, so one can say it is "reality. " The nature of phenomena and mind.
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145
Dhatu. These are the six sensory objects of sight, sound, smell, taste and body sensation; the six sense faculties: the visual sensory faculty, the auditory sensory faculty, etc. , and the six sensory consciousnesses: the visual consciousness, the auditory consciousness, etc. They make up the eighteen constituents o f perception.
Doha. A spiritual song spontaneously composed by a Vajrayana practitioner. It usually has nine syllables per line.
Dzogchen. (Skt. mahasandht) Literally "the great perfection. " The teachings beyond the vehicles of causation, first taught in the human world by the great Vidyadhara Garab Dorje.
Eight Kagyu Lineages. Phagmo Drupa, one of the four greater lineage founders, had eight main disciples who founded eight additional lineages: 1. The Drikhung Kagyu was founded by Drikhung Kyopa Jigten Sumgyi Gonpo. 2. The Drukpa Kagyu was founded by Drupchen Lingrepa Perna Dorje and his disciple Choje Tsangpa Gyare Yeshe Dorje. 3. The Taklung Kagyu was founded by Taklung Thangpa Tashi Pal. 4. The Yasang Kagyu was founded by Zarawa Kalden Yeshe Senge and his disciple Yasang Choje Chokyi Monlam. 5. The Trophu Kagyu was founded by Rinpoche Gyatsa, and his disciple Trophu Lotsawa Champa Pal. 6. The Shuksep Kagyu was founded by Gyergom Tsultrim Senge. 7. Yelpa Kagyu was founded by Yelpa Drupthop Yeshe Tsekpa. 8. Martsang Kagyu was founded by Martsang Sherab Senge
Eight mental constructs or complexities are mental formulations that phenomena have such attributes as arising and ceasing, being singular or plural, coming and going, and being the same or being different.
Eight worldly concerns. (Tib. jik ten chogysh) These keep one from the path; they are attachment to gain, attachment to pleasure, attachment to praise, attachment to fame, aversion to loss, aversion to pain, aversion to blame and aversion to a bad reputation.
Emptiness. (Tib. tongpa nyi Skt. shunyata) A central theme in Buddhism. It should not lead one to views of nihilism or the like, but is a term indicating the lack ofany truly existing independent nature ofany and all phenomena. Positively stated, phenomena do exist, but as mere
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appearances, interdependent manifestations ofmind with no limitation. It is not that it is just your mind, as mind is also free ofany true existence.