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PA V
nearly 540 B. C. It will be seen by that historian's
account of the events which induced the Phocaeans to
settle on the shores of Lucania, that they were chiefly
led to foim this resolution by the advice of a citizen
el Posid>nia (1, 167). It may thence reasonably be
supposed, that the latter city had already existed for
twenty or thirty years. --There are but few other par-
ticulars on record relative to its history. That it must
have attained a considerable degree of prosperity, is
evident from the circumstance of its name having been
attached to the present Gulf of Salerno (vid. Passta-
nus Sinus); and we possess yet farther confirmation
of the fact in the splendid monuments which age has
not yet been able to deface or destroy. It appears
from Strabo that the Posidoniata? , jealous of the ag-
grandizement of Velia, endeavoured more than once to
? educe that town to subjection: these attempts, how-
ever, proved fruitless; and, not long after, they were
called upon to defend themselves against the aggres-
sions of the Lucani, the most determined and danger-
ous of all the enemies with whom the Greeks had to
contend. After an unsuccessful resistance, they were
it length compelled to acknowledge the superiority of
these barbarians, and to submit to their authority. It
was probably to rescue Posidonia from their yoke that
Alexander of Epirus landed here with a considerable
army, and defeated the united forces of the l. ucamans
and Sainnites in the vicinity of that place. (Lir. , 8,
17. ) The Romans, having subsequently conquered
the Lucani, became possessed of Posidonia, whiihcr
they sent a colony A. U. C. 480. (Lid. , Epit. , 14, et
XI, 10. --Strab. , 251. ) The loss of their liberty, even
under these more distinguished conquerors, and still
more the abolition of their usages and habits as Greeks,
seem to have been particularly afflicting to the Posi-
doniatse. Aristoxenus, a celebrated musician and phi-
losopher at Tarcntum, who is quoted by Alhenseus (10,
11). feelingly depicts the distress of this hapless peo-
ple. "We follow the example," says this writer, "of
the Posidoniatae, who, having been compelled to be-
come Tuscans, or, rather, Romans instead of Greeks,
and to adopt the language and institutions of barba-
rians, still, however, annually commemorate one of the
solemn festivals of Greece. On that day it is their
custom to assemble together in order to revive the
recollection of their ancient rites and language, and to
lament apd shed tears in common over their sad desti-
ny: after which they retire in silence to their homes. "
--The unhealthy situation of Paestum, which has been
remarked by Strabo, may probably have prevented that
colony from attaining to any degree of importance;
and as it was placed on an unfrequented coast (Cic.
ad A't, 11, 17), and had no trade of its own, it soon
decayed, and we find it only noticed by subsequent
writers for the celebrity of its roses, which were said
to bloom twice in the year. (Virg. , Georg. , 4,118. --
Propert. , 4, 5. --Ovid. Mel. , 15, 708. --Id, ep. e I'm-
to, 2, 4. --. 4u*on. , Idyll. , 14. )--The ruins of Paestum,
as has already been remarked, form a great object of
attraction to the modern tourist. Eustace has given a
verv spirited description of the beautiful temples of
this ancient city, the most striking edifices, unques-
tionably, which have survived the dilapidations of time
and the barbarians in Italy. (Class. Tour, vol. 3, p.
94, seqq. ) "Within these walls," he rerr-arks in con-
clusion, "that once encircled a populous and splendid
city, now rise one cottage, two faraihouscs, a villa,
? ? and a church. The remaining space is covered with
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? PAli
fkne. --5. Lalcna's tress (A^roOr nWonafioc). (SehSU,
Hist Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 38. )--III. A native either of
Paios or Priene, who lived in the time of Artaxerxes
Mix? uion, and wrote, according to Suidas, a work in
five books, entitled 'Kmara. "Incredible Things. "
ISuid. , s. v. )--IV. A native of Abydos, and a great
fciend of Aristotle's. He wrote several historical
works. (Suid. , s. v. )--V. A grammarian of Alexan-
dres, according to Suida? , but called by Tzetzes and
athera a Peripatetic philosopher. The period in which
he lived is not stated. (Fabric , Bibl. Gr. , lib. 1, c.
81. ) Suidas mentions a work by bim, entitled "Ex-
planations of things related in Mythology. " This
seems to be the production which has come down to
us, in one book, divided into 50 short chapters, under
the name of Palaephatus, and which is commonly en-
titled " On Incredible things" (Uepl 'Amaruv). The
author explains, according to his fashion, the origin of
many of the Greek fables, such as those of the Cen-
taurs and Lapitha? , Pasiphae, Actseon, etc. All these
legends have, according to him, an historical basis,
and more or less truth connected with them, but which
has been strangely distorted by the ignorance and cre-
dulity of men. PaUephatus, therefore, may be as-
signed, as a mythologist, to what is termed the class of
pragmatisers. The work is written in a very good
style, and, notwithstanding the forced nature of many
of the explanations, may be regarded as, in some re-
spects, an instructive book. Virgil alludes to Palae-
phatus in his Ciris,
"Docta Palaphatia tcstatur voce papyrus. "
Tr. o term docta would stem to refer to the productions
of some Alcxandrcan writer, and the word papyrus to
imply that his work consisted merely of a single book.
Simson places Pala? phatus in 409 B. C. (Citron. Ca-
tkol. , col. 779), while Saxius assigns him to 322 B. C.
(Onomasl. , vol. 1, p. 88)--The best edition of the
treatise nepl 'Arcioruv is that of Fischer, Lips. , 1789,
8vo, in the prolegomena to which is contained much
information from Fabricius* relative to the various in-
dividuals who have borne the name of Palaephatus.
There are also two other pieces published with this
work under the name of Palaephatus, one on the in-
vention of the purple colour, and the other on the first
discovery of iron. (Schbll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p.
194)
Pal. asp5us. Vid. Neapolis.
Pat. *ste, a little harbour of Epirus, on the Chao-
nian coast, and south of the Ceraunian promontory.
Here Caesar landed his forces from Brundisium, in or-
der to carry on the war against Pompey in Illyria.
(Bell. Civ. , 3, 6. ) It must be observed, however,
that in nearly all the MSS. of Caesar, this name is
written Pharsalia; but, on the other hand, Lucan cer-
tainly seems to have read PalaBSta (5, 458, seqq. ).
Some trace of the ancient name is perceptible in that
of Paleassa, marked in modern maps as being about
twenty-five miies southeast of the Acroceraunian cape.
(Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 95, scqq. )
Pal<estIna, a country of Asia below Syria, though,
properly speaking, forming part of that land. In its
earliest acceptations, the name was applied to the
tract of coast between Egypt and Phoenicia, having
Aacalon for its chief city. (Joscphus, Bell. Jud, 3.
--Id. , Ant. Jud. , 1, 19. ) It was extended at a later
period to the territory of the Jewish nation, and the
terms Palestine and Holy Land are now regarded as
aynonymous. The Jews were not acquainted with
? ? the name Palaestina; it is thought to be derived from
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? PAL
l*AL
*32. ) Slrabo 1162) assigns it to the Averaci, bu. Ch-
er authorities to the Vaccaei. (Plin , 3, 4--Appicn,
Bell. Hup. , c. 55, c. 80. --Lie, 48, 25. --Id, 66, 8. )
PalatIkui Mons, one of the seven hills on which
Home was built, and the first of the number that was
nhabited. It formed, consequently, the most ancient
oart of the city. Although of comparatively little ex-
. ent, it was remarkable as the favourite residence of
rhe Caesars, from the time of Augustus to the decline
of the empire. It contained also several spots, vener-
anle from their antiquity, and to which the Romans at-
tached a feeling of superstition, from their being con-
nected with the earliest traditions of the infant city.
Among these were the Lupercal, a cave supposed to
Have been consecrated to Pan by Evander(Dion. Hal. ,
1, 32. --A'. n , 8,342); the Germalus, deriving its name
from the Latin word Germani, because the twin-broth-
trs Romulus and Remus were said to have been found
under the " ficus Ruminatis," which grew in its vicinity
(Viarro, L. L. , 4, 18), while at the foot of the hill was
the temple of Jupiter Stator, said to have been found-
ed by Rotnulus. (Lie, 1, 12. -- Dion. Hal, 2, 50. )
Here also were the cottage of Romulus, near the steps
called ? 'Gradus pulchri littoris" (Plut. , Vit. Rom. ),
and the sacristy of the Salii, in which were kept the
ancilia, and other sacred relics. ' {Dion. Hal. , 2, TO.
--Vol. Max. , 1, 8, 11. ) -- Sixty years before the de-
struction of Troy (B. C. 1244), Evander, at the head of
a colony of Arcadians, is said to have left the city of
Pallantium, and to have fixed his settlement on this
hill, to which he gave the name of Pallatium, from his
native city in Arcadia. Dionysius (2, 2), Livy (1, 5),
Solinus (de cons. Urb. , lib. 2), Virgil (JSn.
, 8, 51),
and other ancient writers, agree in giving this as a re-
ceived tradition, of the value of which, however, the
investigations of modern philologists have taught us
t: entertain no very exalted opinion. In one thing,
however, all writers, both ancient and modern, agree,
namely, that the original site of Rome was on the
Pilitine, whether we ascribe its foundation to Evander
of to Romulus. The steepness of the sides of the hill
would be its natural defence, and on one quarter it was
still farther strengthened by a swamp, which lay between
the hill an-i the Tiber, and which was afterward drained
and called the Vclabrum. In the course of time, dwell-
ings sprung up around the foot of the hill, but the Pala-
tine must still have remained the citadel of the growing
town, just as at Athens, that which was the iroXic be-
came eventually the dvrpoiroAtc. These suburbs were
enclosed by a line, probably a rude fortification, which
'he learning of Tacitus enabled him to trace, and which
he calls the pomarium of Romulus. (Ann. , 12, 24. )
It ran under three sides of the hill; the fourth was
occupied by the swamp before mentioned, where it
was neither needful nor possible to carry a wall. The
ancient city was comprised within this outline, or pos-
sibly only the citadel on the summit of the hill was
called by Roman antiquaries the "Square Rome"
{Roma Quadrata). (Ennius, ap. Fest. , s. t>. Quadrats
Roma. --Plot. , Vit. Rom. )--Varro, in the true spirit
of an etymologist, gives us our choice of several deri-
vations for thenameofPalatium: "It might be called,"
he says, " Palalium, because the companions of Evan-
der were palantcs" or "wanderers;" or "because the
inhabitants of Palanlcum, which is the Reatine terri-
tory, who were also the aborigines, settled there; or
because Palalia was the name of the wife of Latinus;
? ? or, finally, because tile bleating sheep (balantes) were
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? f AL
PA L
I Co/nod1. , 7, 5. )--Contiguous to the house o( Aogus-
tua was the famous tctr. p'e of the Palatine Apollo,
erected bv the emperor in fulfilment of a vow made to
that deity on the morning of the battle of Actium.
Ovid and Propertius describe it as a splendid structure
of white marble. (Or. , Trist. , 3, 1. --Proper! . , 2, 31. )
The portico more especially was an object of admira-
tion , it was adorned with columns of African marble,
and statues of the Danaides. Connected with the
temple was a magnificent library, filled with the works
of the best Greek and Latin authors. (Suet. , Vtt.
Aug-, 29. ) It contained, according to Pliny (34, 7),
a colossal statue of Apollo, in bronze, of Tuscan work-
manship, which was much esteemed. (Cramer's Ane.
Italy, vol. 1, p. 448, scqq. )--"The fail of the palace
of tho Ca;sars," observes a late writer, "like that of
almost every other monument of antiquity, was less
the work o' foreign barbarians than of the Romans
themselves. The Goths, in the fifth century, pillaged
it of its gold, its silver, its ivory, and most of its port-
able treasures. Genscric seized its bronze, and all
its remaining precious metals; and the shipload of
statues which the capricious Vandal sent to Africa,
was supposed to consist chiefly of the plunder of the
imperial palace. The troops of Belisarius lodged in
it; so also did the soldiers of Totila, during his second
occupation of Rome; but that is no proof of its de-
struction; on the contrary, the spoils of modern exca-
vations have proved how vast were the treasures of art
and magnificence, which had been spared or despised
hy their forbearance or ignorance; and, however the
interior splendour of the palace of the Cxsars might
suffer by these barbarian inmates, we know, at least,
that its immense exterior, its courts and corridors, and
wails, and roofs, and pavements, were in perfect pres-
ervation at a much Later period; for in the days of
Heraclius, the beginning of the seventh century, it
was still fit to receive a royal guest, and it appears to
have been entire in the eighth century, from the men-
tion made of it by Anastasius. In the long feudal
wars of the Roman nobles, during the barbarous ages,
its ruin began. It was attacked and fortified, taken
and retaken, and for a length of time was the central
fortress of the Frangipani family, who possessed a
rluin of redoubts around it, erected on the ruins of
Rome. Gut its final destruction was consummated
by the Farncse popes and princes, who laboriously de-
stroyed its ruins to build up their palaces and villas
with the materials; buried these magnificent halls be-
neath their wretched gardens, and erected upon them
the hideous summer-houses and grottoes, the deformity
of which still impeaches the taste of their architect,
Michael Angelo Buonarotti. --In the southern part of
the palace, about 150 years ago, a room full of Roman
coins was discovered, and a magnificent hall hung
with cloth of gold, which fell into dust as soon as the
air was admitted. About one hundred years ago, a
hall forty feet in length was discovered on the Palatine,
the walls of which were entirely covered with paint-
ings. They were taken off and sent to Naples, and
there were permitted to lie mouldering in damp cellars
until every vestige of the paintings had disappeared. "
(Home ir. the Nineteenth Century, vol. 1, p. 164, scqq. ,
Am. cd. )
Pales, the goddess who presided over cattle and
pastures among the ancient Romans. Her festival,
C4. . ed the Palilia, was celebrated on the 21st of April,
? ? mid was regarded as the day on which Rome had been
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? PAL
TALLADIUM.
gent'. e mode of treatment, and to ratify their promise
v. itu an oath, before the fugitives returned. --The Si-
cilian leader Ducetiua founded a city named Palicc in
the vicinity of the temple and lakes. It did not, how-
ever, flourish for any length of time, but was already in
ruins in the time of Diodorus. We are not acquaint-
ed with the causes of its overthrow. --The Sicilian
Palici, according to Creuzer, are mythic creations typ-
ifying some of the movements of the elements. Some
authorities make Jupiter, changed into a vulture, to
have been their father; while others mention Menanus
nr Amenanus, a deified stream (perhaps the stream of
the year), as their parent. (Clem. , Homil. , 6, 13. --
Crmzer, ad Cic. de N. D. , 3, 22. ) Vidcan, the god
of fire, was one of these subterranean genii. The
story of their birih and subsequent movements, when
stripped of its mythic character, is simply this: the
Palici denote the elements of fire and water in a state
of activity; engendered by the eternal power of na-
ture, but subjected, like it, to eternal vicissitudes,
they alternately escape from the bowels of the earth in
torrents of flame or water, and again, when their fury
is spent, plunge into its bosom. {Creuzer, Symbolik,
vol. 2, p. 229. --Guigniaut, vol. 3, p. 186. )
Pu. ii. ia, a festival celebrated by the Romans, in
honour of the goddess Pales. (Vid. Pales. )
PaunC'rus, I. the son of Iasius, a Trojan, and the
pilot of the vessel of . /Eneas. While the fleet was
sailing near Caprea, he yielded to sleep and fell into
the sea; a circumstance which Virgil has dignified,
by representing Morpheus as overpowering Palinurus,
who had been already exhausted by the fatigue of
watching. He floated in safety for three days, but, on
landing near Velia, he fell a victim to the ferocity of
the inhabitants, who (it seems) were wont to assail
? nd plunder the shipwrecked mariner. When /Eneas
visited the lower world, he assured Palinurus that,
though his bones had been deprived of sepulture, and
though he was thereby prevented from crossing the
Stygian Lake, there should yet be a monument dedica-
ted to his memory on the spot where he had been in-
hcmanly murdered. This eventually took place.
The I. ucani, being afflicted by a pestilence, were told
by the oracle that, in order to be relieved from it, they
must appease the manes of Palinurus. A tomb was
accordingly erected to his memory, and a neighbouring
promontory called after his name. {Virg. , JEn . , fj,
840, seqq. --Id. ib. , 6, 337, seqq. --Sen. , ad foe. )--II.
A promontory of Italy, on the western coast of Luca-
nia, just above tho I. bus Sinus. It was also called
Palinorum, and Palinuri Promontorium. Tradition
ascribed its name to Palinurus, the pilot of /Eneas.
yVirg. , Jin. , 6, 380. ) The modem appellation is
Capo di Palinuro. Orosius (4, 9) records a disastrous
shipwreck on the rocks of Palinurus, sustained by a
Roman fleet on its return from Attica, when 150 ves-
sels were lost. Augustus also encountered great peril
on this part of the coast, when, according to Appian,
many of his ships were dashed against this headland.
(Bell. Civ. , 6, 98. -- Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p.
873. )
Palicoruh Staona, sulphureous pools in Sicily.
{rid. Palici. )
Palladium, a celebrated statue of Minerva, said to
have fallen from the skies, and on the preservation of
which depended the safety of the city of Troy. The
traditions respecting it were innumerable. According
? ? to Apollodorus, it was made by Minerva herself, and
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? f AL
rAl. l. ADH S.
lowed by Suidas, <<aya it was not Diomcde, but Aga-
memnon. The Argives, on the other hand main-
? ained that they had the true Palladium n theii :oun-
xty (Pausan. , 2, 23); while Pausaniaa \ u. self inaiata
that /Eneas carried off with him the . rue statue to
Italy ('. c). It was an established belief among the
Romans that their city contained the real Palladium,
and that it was preserved in the temple of Vesta. It
was regarded as the fated pledge of the continuance
>>f their empire, and not even the Pontifex Maximus
ivas allowed to behold it. (Ovid, Fast. , 6, 424, scqq. )
Hence on ancient gems we sometimes see Vesta rep-
resented with the Palladium. (Maffei, Gcmm. Ant. ,
n. 2, n. 76. ) Herodian relates (1,114), that when, in
the reign of Commodus, the temple of Vesta was
consumed, the Palladium was for the first time ex-
posed to public view, the Vestal Virgins having con-
veyed it through the Via Sacra lo the palace of the
emperor. This was the only instance of its having
been disturbed since the time when Metellus the Pon-
tifex rescued it from the flames on a similar occasion.
(Ovid, Fast. , I. c. ) In the reign of Elagabalua, how-
ever, that emperor, with daring impiety, caused the
sacred statue to be brought into his bedchamber, irpoc
ya/iov tu #e? . (Herodtan, 5, 6, 8. )--In order to ac-
count for the Romans having the Palladium among
them, it waa pretended that Diomede had, in obedience
to the will of heaven, restored it to . /Eneas when the
latter had reached Italy; and that . /Eneas being enga-
ged at the time in a sacrifice. -an individual named Nau-
tes had received the imsge, and hence the Nautian, not
the Julian, family had the performance of the rites of
Minerva. (Varro, ap. Serv. ad Virg. , Mn. , 2, 166. )
This story deserves to be claased with another, which
? tttcs, that the Ilienses were never deprived by the
Greeks of the statue of Minerva, but concealed it in a
cavern until the period of the Mithradatic war, when
it was discovered and sent to Rome by Fimbria.
(Serv. , I. e. )--From all that has been said, it would ap-
pear, that the ancient cities in general were accustom-
ed to have tutelary images, which they held peculiarly
? acred, and with which their safety waa thought to be
intimately connected; and as Pallas or Minerva was
in an especial sense the "protectress of cities" (n-oXfoii-
X<K), it waa but natural that many places should con-
tend for the honour of having the true image of that
goddess contained within its walls. (Du Theil, Mem.
it VAcad. tics Inter. , &c, vol. 39, p.