) Antiquaries are divi-
ded in opinion as to the site occupied by this ancient
place.
ded in opinion as to the site occupied by this ancient
place.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
) The verse itself, containing the response of the
Oracle, is given by Diodorus (Excerpt. , 7, ? 28), and is
as follows: Kpotaoc, ? Kkw dmoac, ftryaXm* upxrjv
KaraXvoei, " Crcesus, on having crossed the Halys,
will destroy a great empire," the river Halys being, as
already remarked, the boundary of his dominions to
the east. (Compare Cic, de Div. , 2, 56. --Aristot. ,
Rhet. , 3, 4. ) Croesus thought, of course, the kingdom
thus referred to was that of Cyrus; the issue, however,
proved it to be his own. Having assembled a numer-
ous army, the Lydian monarch crossed the Halys, in-
vaded the territory of Cyrus, and a battle took place
in the district of Pteria, but without any decisive re-
salt. Crossus, upon this, thinking his forces n,ot suffi-
ciently numerous, marched back to Sardis, disbanded
his army, conaisting entirely of mercenaries, and sent
for succour to Amasia of Egypt, and also to the Lacedae-
monians, determining to attack the Persians again in the
beginning of the next spring. But Cyrus did not allow
him time to effect this. Having discovered that it was
the intention of the Lydian king to break up his present
army, he marched with all speed into Lydia, before a
? ? new mercenary force could be assembled, defeated
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? CROTONA.
Stfai , 262. ) According to some traditions, the ori-
gin of Crotona was much more ancient, and it is said to
? <eri>>e its name from vne hero Croton. (Ovid, Metam. ,
15, 53. --Comparo Heracl. , Pont. Fragm. , p. 20. --
Diod. Sic. , 4, 24. ) The residence of Pythagoras and
bis most distinguished followers in this city, together
with the overthrow of Sybaris which it accomplished,
and the exploits of Milo and of several other Crotoniav
victors in the Olympic Games, contributed in a high
degree to raise its fame. Its climate, also, was prover-
bially excellent, and was supposed to be particularly
calculated for producing in its inhabitants that robust
frame of body requisite to ensure success in gymnastic
contests. Hence it was commonly said, that the last
athlete of Crotona was the first of the other Greeks.
(Strabo, 262. ) This city was also celebrated for its
school of medicine, and was the birthplace of Demo-
cedes, who long enjoyed the reputation of being the
first physician of Greece. (Herodot. ,3, 131. ) How-
ever brilliant an epoch in the history of Crotona its
triumph over Sybaris may appear, that event must be
regarded also as the term of her greatness and pros-
perity; for from this period it is said that luxury and
the love of pleasure, the usual consequences of great
opulence, soon obliterated all the good effects which
had been produced by the wisdom and morality of Py-
thagoras, and conspired to enervate that hardihood and
vigour for which the Crotoniatas had hitherto been so pe-
culiarly distinguished. (. Polyb. , Fragm. , 7,1, and 10,
1-- Tim. ,ap. Aiken. , 12,4. ) Asaproofof the remark-
able change which took place in the warlike spirit of
this people, it is said that, on their being subsequently
engaged in hostilities with the Locrians, an army of
130,(100 CrotoniaUe were routed by 10,000 of the en-
emy on the banks of the Sagras. Such was, indeed,
the loss they experienced in this battle, that, according
to Strabo, their city henceforth rapidly declined, and
could no longer maintain the rank it had long held among
tie Italiot republics. {Strabo, 261. ) According to
lusUn (20, 2), it is true, a much earlier date ought to
be assigned to this event; but the accounts which
Strabo has followed evidently regarded it as subsequent
to the fall of Sybaris, and probability rather favours
? uen an arrangement in the order of events. (Con-
su t Hcyiu, dc Civil. Grac. , prolus. 10, in Op. Acad. ,
vol. 2, p. 184. ) Dionysius the elder, who was then
aiming at the subversion of all the states of Magna
Onreia, having surprised the citadel, gained possession
of the town, which, however, he did not long retain.
(Lw. , 24, 3. ) Crotona was finally able to assert its
independence against bis designs, as well as the attacks
oi the Brum; and when Pyrrhus invaded Italy, it was
stiU a considerable city, extending on both banks of
the . tsaras, and its walls embracing a circumference
of twelve miles. But the consequences of the war
which ensued with that king proved so ruinous to its
prosperity, that above one half of its extent became
leserted; the ^Esarus, which flowed through the town,
now ran at some distance from the inhabited part,
which was again separated from the fortress by a va-
cant space. Such is the picture which Livy draws of
the stale ot this city after the battle of Cannae, at
Khich period almost all the Greek colonies abandoned
the Roman cause. Crotona was then occupied by the
Bruin, with the exception of the citadel, in which the
tfuef inhabitants had taken refuge; these being unable
<<o defend the place against a Carthaginian force, soon
after surrendered, and were allowed to withdraw to
? ? Loch. (Lit. , 24, 2 and 3. ) Crotona eventually fell
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? CTE
CUM
Ctesias is his system of chronology, which is more dif-
ficult to be reconciled with that of the Scriptures than
the one adopted by Herodotus. It must be observed,
however, that, among the ancient writers, Plutarch is
the only one who shows little respect for Ctesias;
whereas Dionysius of Halicamassus, Diodorus Sicu-
lus, Strabo, Pliny, and even Xenophon himself, his
contemporary, cite him with praise, or at least without
contradicting him. It may reasonably be asked, more-
over, which of the two ought to have been better ac-
quainted with the subject of which they treat, Herod-
otus or Ctesias 1 Herodotus, who speaks only of the
affairs of Persia on the testimony of others, and who
wrote at a period when the Greeks had as yet but lit-
tle intercourse with Persia; or Ctesias, who had
passed many years at Susa, where he enjoyed so high
a reputation as to be charged with the management of
some important negotiations? (Gcdoyn, Mem. it
"Acad, des Inter. , &c, vol. 14, p. 247, seqq. )--What
has just been said, however, refers merely to the work
of Ctesias on Persia. His history of India is crowded
with fables. Heeren (Idcen, vol. 1, p. 323) seeks to
'ustify Ctesias, on the ground that he details merely
those of the myths of India which were in the mouths
of the vulgar in Persia. Cuvier also observes, that
Ctesias has by no means imagined the fantastic ani-
mals of which he speaks, but that he has fallen into
the mistake of ascribing an actual existence to the
hieroglyphic figures, which are remarked at the present
day among the ruins of Persepolis. We there find,
ibr example, the martichora, that fabulous animal
which was the symbol or hieroglyphic of royal power.
Many other fables are to be explained by the ignorance
of the laws of nature, which was so great among the
ancients. --The fragments of Ctesias are to be found
appended to various editions of Herodotus. A separ-
ate edition was given by Lion, in 1825, 8vo, Gotting. ,
and another by Bahr, in 1824, 8vo, Franco/. This
last is decidedly the best. The editor has not con-
tented himself with giving an accurate text, corrected
by the aid of manuscripts, but in his commentary he
explains the text, with reference to history, geography,
dec , and seeks also to justify Ctesias against most of
the charges alleged to his discredit. (Scholl, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, p. 176, seqq. --Id. , vol. 7, p. 436. )--
II. An Ephesian, who also wrote on Persian affairs.
(Consult Vossius, de Hist. Grac. , 3, p. 349. )--III.
An artist, mentioned by Pliny (34, 29) as having
flourished, along with other carvers in silver, after the
time of Myron. --IV. A spendthrift and debauched
person. Some verses of the comic poets Anaxilas and
Philetajros against him are preserved in Athenreus (10,
p. 416, d. )
Ctesibids, a native of Ascra, and contemporary of
Archimedes, who flourished during the reigns of Ptol-
emy II. and Ptolemy III. , or between 260 and 240
B. C. He was the son of a barber, and for some time
exercised at Alexandrea the calling of his parent.
His mechanical genius, however, soon caused him to
emerge from obscurity, and he became known as Jie
inventor of several very ingenious contrivances for
raising water, &c. The invention of clepsydra, or
water clocks, is a. so ascribed to him. (Compare Vi-
truvius, 9, 9. ) He wrote a work on hydraulic ma-
chines, which is now lost. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. ,
vol. 3, p. 363. )
Ctmiphon, I. an Athenian, who brought forward
? ? the proposition respecting the crown of gold, which
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? CUR
CVR
at Unas and Neapolts, it did not attain to any degree
of prosperity, and in Juvenal's time it appears to have
been nearly deserted. (Sat. , 3, 1. ) But Cumse was,
perhaps, still more indebted for its celebrity to the
oracular sibyl, who, from the earliest ages, was sup-
posed to have made her abode in the Ciiinasan cave,
from which she delivered her prophetic lore. Every
one is acquainted with the splendid fictions of Virgil
relative to this sibyl, but it is not so generally known
that the noble fabric of the poet was raised on a real
foundation. The temple of Apollo, or, as it was more
generally called, the cavern of the sibyl, actually ex-
isted; it consisted of one vast chamber, hewn out of
the solid rock; but was almost entirely destroyed in a
siege which the fortress of Cumss, then in the pos-
session of the Goths, maintained against Narses; that
general, by undermining the cavern, caused the citadel
to sink into the hollow, and thus involved the whole in
one common ruin. (Agath. , Hist Goth. , 1. ) There
is also a description of this cave in Justin Martyr.
(Oral. Param. --Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 148,
MM. )
Ci-naxa, a place in Babylonia, where the battle was
fought between Cyras the younger and his brother
Artaxerxes Mnemon, and in which the former lost his
life. Plutarch (r'i'- Artax. , e. 8) says, it was 500
stadia distant from Babylon. D'Anville places it
within the limits of Mesopotamia, near Is, the modern
Hit But Mannert, with more propriety, assigns it to
Babylonia, and fixes its location a few miles south of
the entrance of the wall of Media. (Geogr. , vol. 6,
p>>-2, p. 331. )
Coxkcs, I. Asia, a region in the southernmost part
of Lusitania, between the river Anas and the Sacrum
Promontorium and Atlantic. It is now Algarve. The
? [ puliation Cuneus is generally thought to have been
given it by the Romans from its resemblance to " a
wedge" (cuneus); IJkert, however, thinks that the
same is to be traced to the Conii (Koviot), of whom
Polybius (10, 7) speaits as dwelling to the west of the
straits, and who were probably inhabitants of the south-
western part of Iberia. Appian ^Rcb. Hi. ip. , c. 57)
? jlls them Cunei (Koiwioi), and makes their capital
x nave been Conistorgis. It is very probable that this
name, in the time of the Roman sway, reminding that
people of their own term cuneus, gave riso to the idea
of ascribing a wedgelike form to the country in the
southern parts of Lusitania. (Ukert, Geogr. , vol. 2,
p 309. )--II. or Cdnbitm Promontorhim, a promon-
tory of the Cuneus Ager, in Lusitania, to the west of
the mouth of the Anas, now Cape Santa Maria. It
is the southernmost point of Portugal. (Plin. , 4, 22. )
Cueioo, the god of love. (Vid. Eros. )
Cuaits, a town of the Sabincs, to the north of Ere-
tum, celebrated as having given birth to Numa Pom-
pilius. ( Virg, . Kn. , 6, 811.
) Antiquaries are divi-
ded in opinion as to the site occupied by this ancient
place. Cluverius fixed it at Vescovo di Sabini (Ital.
Ant. , 1, 675), about twenty-five miles from Rome;
the Abbe Chaupy at Monte Maggiore, on the Via Sa-
lens, and twenty miles from that city. (Dec. dc la
Maison a"Hot. , vol. 3, p. 576. ) The opinion of H>. <<1-
stenius ought, however, to be preferred; ho places it
at Career, a little town on a river of the same name,
which bears an evident similarity to that of the ancient
city, and where, according to the same accurate ob-
server, many remains were still visible when he cx-
? ? \mined the 'spot. (Adnot. ad Sleph. Byz. , p. 106.
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? Cl'R
CUR
CurIa, I a subdivision of the early Roman tribes,
each tribe containing ten curia1. This arrangement
commenced, as is said, with Romulu9, at which time
the number of tribes amounted to three, so that the
curiae at their very outset were tinny. This number
pf cuns always remained the same, whereas that
of the tribes was increased subsequently to thirty-
five. Each curia anciently had a chapel or temple
tor the performance of sacred rites. He who presided
over one curia was called Curio; he who presided
over them all. Curio Maxima*. --II. A name given to
a building where the senate assembled. These curis
were always consecrated, and, being thus of a reli-
gious character,were supposed to render the debates of
the senate more solemn and auspicious. The senate
appear at first to have met in the chapels or temples
of the curiae, and afterward to have had buildings spe-
cially erected for this purpose. Varro, therefore, dis-
tinguishes the curia; into two kinds; the one where
the priests took care of divine matters, and the other
where the senate took counsel for human affairs.
(Varro, L. L. , 4, 32. --Burges; Antiquities of Rome,
vol. 1. p 360. )
CuruiTi, a family of Alba. The three Cunatii,
who engaged the Horatii and lost the victory, belonged
. 0 it. (Liv , 1, 24. )
Curio, I. Caius, was pra tor A. U. C. 632, but did
not attain to the consulship. Cicero speaks with
praise of his oratory, an opinion founded, not on per-
sonal knowledge, but on the speeches he had left. (Cic. ,
Brut. , 32. )--U. C. Scribonius, was consul with Cne-
us Octavius, A. U. C. 677. On returning from the
province of Macedonia, he triumphed. over the Darda-
ni, as proconsul, A. U. C. 681. (Sigon. , Fail. Con*.
ad Ann. dcxxci. --Id. , Comment, in Fast. , p. 454,
ed. Oxon. ) Cicero often mentions him, and in his
Brutus (c. 49) enumerates him among the Roman
orators, along with Cotla arid others. --III. C. Scri-
bonius, son of the preceding, a turbulent and unprin-
cipled man, and an active partisan of Julius Caesar's.
Being deeply involved in debt when tribune of the
commons, Cesar gained him over by paying for him
what he owed (Plat. , Vtt. Pomp. , c. 58), and Curio
immediately exerted himself with great vigour in his
behalf. Caesar, it seems, was under obligations to him
before this, since Curio is said to hare saved his life
when he was leaving the senate-house after the debate
about Catiline's accomplices, his personal safety being
endangered by the young men who stood in arms
around the building. (Ptul. , Vtt. Cat. , c. 8. ) Plu-
tarch ascribes Antony's early initiation into licentious
habits to his acquaintance with Curio. (Vit. Ant. , c.
2. --Compare, Cic, Phil. , 2, 2. ) Cicero speaks very
favourably of his natural qualifications as an orator,
but denies hirn the praise of application. (Cic, Brut. ,
81. ) On the hreaking out of the civil war, Casar,
after having possessed himself of Rome, sent Curio to
take charge of Sicily. The latter subsequently crossed
over from this island into Africa, with an armed force,
against Julia and the followers of Pompey, but was de-
feated and slain. (Appian, Bell. Civ. , 2, 41, *eqq. )
Curiosolita, a people of Gaul, forming part of the
Armoric states. Their territory lay to the northeast
of the Vcneti, and answers to what is now the territory
cf St. Malo, between Dtnanl and Lamballe, in the de-
partment its C6te*-da-Nord. (Lemaire, Ind. Geogr
ad Co:* , p. 244. )
? ? Curium, a city of Cyprus, on the southern coast,
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? CUT
live been aided in this by a natural tunne1 gradually
lormed through the basin of the lake itself. (Compare
Arnold's History of Home, vol. 1, p. 511. )--II. Quin-
tu>> Rufue, a Latin historian. (V'lii. Quintua I. )
Cukulis Magistratus, the name given to a class
of magistracies which conferred the privilege of using
the sella curulis or chair of state. This was anciently
made of ivory, or, at least, adorned with it. The ma-
gistrate* wh>*enjoyed this privilege were the dictator,
consuls, prsstir, censors, and curule adiles. They
ait on this chair in their tribunals on ail solemn occa-
sions. Those commanders who triumphed had it with
them in their chariot. Persons whose ancestors, or
themselves, had borne any curule office, were called
nobiies, and had the jus imaginum. They who were
the first of the family that had raised themselves
to any curule office, were called homines novi, new
men. --As regards the origin of the term curulis,
Festus deduces it from tun us, "a chariot," and says,
that "curule magistrates" were so called because
they were accustomed to be borne along in chariots
{"quia curru tehebartlur"). Aulus Golliua (3, 18)
also remarks, quoting, at the same time, Uabius Bas-
sus, that those senators who had borne any curule ma-
gistracy were accustomed, as a mm', of honour, to be
conveyed to the senate in chariots, and that the seat in
the chariot {sella in curru) was hence denominated
"curule" {sella curulis). He may be correct as re-
gards the mere derivation of the term, but he is cer-
tainly wrong in the explanation which he gives, since
Pliny expressly states (7, 43), that L. Metcllus, who
had enjoyed the highest honours in the state, having
become deprived of sight, had the privilege allowed
him of being conveyed to the senate in a chariot, a
favour granted to no one before his time. --The com-
own derivation of the word-is from Cures, a town of
the Salur. es, whence this official badge is said by some
to have been borrowed. Lipsius favours this latter
etymology. (Dc Magistr. Vet. P. JR. , c. 12. )
Cussf l orCoss. *:, a nation occupying the southern
declivity of the mountains which separated Susiana
from Media. The Ely man possessed the northern de-
clivities. The Cusssei or Gossan were a brave peo-
ple, and the kings of Persia were frequently compelled
to purchase a passage over these mountains from them.
Alexander effected one by taking them by surprise.
Antigonus lost a large portion of his army in crossing
over. According to IManncrt, this people, together
with the Carduchi and some other neighbouring tribes,
were the ancestors of the modern Curds. (Manncrt,
Gcogr. , vol. 5, p. 493. )
Cosue, a river of Hungary, falling into the Danube;
now the Vag, according to D'Anville. Mannert, how-
ever, makes it the same with the Granna or Gran.
(Man-nal, Gcogr. , vol. 3, p. 380, in notis. )
Comix, a town of the Sabines, cast of Reate, and
mi the right bank of the Velinus, famed as an aborigi-
nal city of great antiquity {Dton. Hal. , 1, 14 and 2,
49), and celebrated for its lake, now Pozao Ratignano,
and the floating island on its surface. (Senec, Nat.
quasi. , 3, 25 -- Plin. , 2, 95. ) This lake was farther
oistinguished by the appellation of the Umbilicus, or
"Navel" (i. e. , centre) of Italy. (Voire, ap. Plin. ,
3, U. ) This statement is found by D'Anville {Anal.
Gap. , p. 165) to be correct, when referred to the
breadth of Italy; the distance from Ostia to Cutiliaa,
the rains of which are to be seen close to Paterno, a
* siftage near Cicila Ducale, being seventy-six miles,
? ? vyi he same from thence to Castrum Truentinum on
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? CYANEjE.
CYANE. C.
roclts; and near them the vast wave of the dark Am-
ohitrite resounds: the blessed gods call them the
Wanderers. Here neither birds pass by, nor do fear-
ful doves which carry ambrosia to father Jove; but
the smooth rock always takes away some one of
them, while the father supplies another to make up
their number. From this not yet has any ship of men
escaped, whichever has come to it, but the waves of
the sea, and the storms of pernicious fire take away
Clanks of ships and bodies of men together. That ship,
indeed, only, which passes over the sea, has sailed be-
yond, the Arg], a ca:e to all, which sailed from /Eta. . .
But as to the twj rocks, the one reaches the wide
heaven with its sharp top, and a dark cloud surrounds
it: this, indeed, never goes away, nor does clearness
ever hold possession of its top, either in summer or in
autumn; nor could a mortal man ascend it, or de-
scend, not if he had twenty hands and feet; for the
rock is smooth like one polished around. "--It is not
difficult, from the accounts here given, adorned though
they be with the garb of poetry, to deduce the inference
tln-t the Cyanean isles were originally volcanic. The
"storms of pernicious fire" (jrvpdf bXooio QveXXai)
and the dark cloud (Kvavin veifii/.
Oracle, is given by Diodorus (Excerpt. , 7, ? 28), and is
as follows: Kpotaoc, ? Kkw dmoac, ftryaXm* upxrjv
KaraXvoei, " Crcesus, on having crossed the Halys,
will destroy a great empire," the river Halys being, as
already remarked, the boundary of his dominions to
the east. (Compare Cic, de Div. , 2, 56. --Aristot. ,
Rhet. , 3, 4. ) Croesus thought, of course, the kingdom
thus referred to was that of Cyrus; the issue, however,
proved it to be his own. Having assembled a numer-
ous army, the Lydian monarch crossed the Halys, in-
vaded the territory of Cyrus, and a battle took place
in the district of Pteria, but without any decisive re-
salt. Crossus, upon this, thinking his forces n,ot suffi-
ciently numerous, marched back to Sardis, disbanded
his army, conaisting entirely of mercenaries, and sent
for succour to Amasia of Egypt, and also to the Lacedae-
monians, determining to attack the Persians again in the
beginning of the next spring. But Cyrus did not allow
him time to effect this. Having discovered that it was
the intention of the Lydian king to break up his present
army, he marched with all speed into Lydia, before a
? ? new mercenary force could be assembled, defeated
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? CROTONA.
Stfai , 262. ) According to some traditions, the ori-
gin of Crotona was much more ancient, and it is said to
? <eri>>e its name from vne hero Croton. (Ovid, Metam. ,
15, 53. --Comparo Heracl. , Pont. Fragm. , p. 20. --
Diod. Sic. , 4, 24. ) The residence of Pythagoras and
bis most distinguished followers in this city, together
with the overthrow of Sybaris which it accomplished,
and the exploits of Milo and of several other Crotoniav
victors in the Olympic Games, contributed in a high
degree to raise its fame. Its climate, also, was prover-
bially excellent, and was supposed to be particularly
calculated for producing in its inhabitants that robust
frame of body requisite to ensure success in gymnastic
contests. Hence it was commonly said, that the last
athlete of Crotona was the first of the other Greeks.
(Strabo, 262. ) This city was also celebrated for its
school of medicine, and was the birthplace of Demo-
cedes, who long enjoyed the reputation of being the
first physician of Greece. (Herodot. ,3, 131. ) How-
ever brilliant an epoch in the history of Crotona its
triumph over Sybaris may appear, that event must be
regarded also as the term of her greatness and pros-
perity; for from this period it is said that luxury and
the love of pleasure, the usual consequences of great
opulence, soon obliterated all the good effects which
had been produced by the wisdom and morality of Py-
thagoras, and conspired to enervate that hardihood and
vigour for which the Crotoniatas had hitherto been so pe-
culiarly distinguished. (. Polyb. , Fragm. , 7,1, and 10,
1-- Tim. ,ap. Aiken. , 12,4. ) Asaproofof the remark-
able change which took place in the warlike spirit of
this people, it is said that, on their being subsequently
engaged in hostilities with the Locrians, an army of
130,(100 CrotoniaUe were routed by 10,000 of the en-
emy on the banks of the Sagras. Such was, indeed,
the loss they experienced in this battle, that, according
to Strabo, their city henceforth rapidly declined, and
could no longer maintain the rank it had long held among
tie Italiot republics. {Strabo, 261. ) According to
lusUn (20, 2), it is true, a much earlier date ought to
be assigned to this event; but the accounts which
Strabo has followed evidently regarded it as subsequent
to the fall of Sybaris, and probability rather favours
? uen an arrangement in the order of events. (Con-
su t Hcyiu, dc Civil. Grac. , prolus. 10, in Op. Acad. ,
vol. 2, p. 184. ) Dionysius the elder, who was then
aiming at the subversion of all the states of Magna
Onreia, having surprised the citadel, gained possession
of the town, which, however, he did not long retain.
(Lw. , 24, 3. ) Crotona was finally able to assert its
independence against bis designs, as well as the attacks
oi the Brum; and when Pyrrhus invaded Italy, it was
stiU a considerable city, extending on both banks of
the . tsaras, and its walls embracing a circumference
of twelve miles. But the consequences of the war
which ensued with that king proved so ruinous to its
prosperity, that above one half of its extent became
leserted; the ^Esarus, which flowed through the town,
now ran at some distance from the inhabited part,
which was again separated from the fortress by a va-
cant space. Such is the picture which Livy draws of
the stale ot this city after the battle of Cannae, at
Khich period almost all the Greek colonies abandoned
the Roman cause. Crotona was then occupied by the
Bruin, with the exception of the citadel, in which the
tfuef inhabitants had taken refuge; these being unable
<<o defend the place against a Carthaginian force, soon
after surrendered, and were allowed to withdraw to
? ? Loch. (Lit. , 24, 2 and 3. ) Crotona eventually fell
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? CTE
CUM
Ctesias is his system of chronology, which is more dif-
ficult to be reconciled with that of the Scriptures than
the one adopted by Herodotus. It must be observed,
however, that, among the ancient writers, Plutarch is
the only one who shows little respect for Ctesias;
whereas Dionysius of Halicamassus, Diodorus Sicu-
lus, Strabo, Pliny, and even Xenophon himself, his
contemporary, cite him with praise, or at least without
contradicting him. It may reasonably be asked, more-
over, which of the two ought to have been better ac-
quainted with the subject of which they treat, Herod-
otus or Ctesias 1 Herodotus, who speaks only of the
affairs of Persia on the testimony of others, and who
wrote at a period when the Greeks had as yet but lit-
tle intercourse with Persia; or Ctesias, who had
passed many years at Susa, where he enjoyed so high
a reputation as to be charged with the management of
some important negotiations? (Gcdoyn, Mem. it
"Acad, des Inter. , &c, vol. 14, p. 247, seqq. )--What
has just been said, however, refers merely to the work
of Ctesias on Persia. His history of India is crowded
with fables. Heeren (Idcen, vol. 1, p. 323) seeks to
'ustify Ctesias, on the ground that he details merely
those of the myths of India which were in the mouths
of the vulgar in Persia. Cuvier also observes, that
Ctesias has by no means imagined the fantastic ani-
mals of which he speaks, but that he has fallen into
the mistake of ascribing an actual existence to the
hieroglyphic figures, which are remarked at the present
day among the ruins of Persepolis. We there find,
ibr example, the martichora, that fabulous animal
which was the symbol or hieroglyphic of royal power.
Many other fables are to be explained by the ignorance
of the laws of nature, which was so great among the
ancients. --The fragments of Ctesias are to be found
appended to various editions of Herodotus. A separ-
ate edition was given by Lion, in 1825, 8vo, Gotting. ,
and another by Bahr, in 1824, 8vo, Franco/. This
last is decidedly the best. The editor has not con-
tented himself with giving an accurate text, corrected
by the aid of manuscripts, but in his commentary he
explains the text, with reference to history, geography,
dec , and seeks also to justify Ctesias against most of
the charges alleged to his discredit. (Scholl, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, p. 176, seqq. --Id. , vol. 7, p. 436. )--
II. An Ephesian, who also wrote on Persian affairs.
(Consult Vossius, de Hist. Grac. , 3, p. 349. )--III.
An artist, mentioned by Pliny (34, 29) as having
flourished, along with other carvers in silver, after the
time of Myron. --IV. A spendthrift and debauched
person. Some verses of the comic poets Anaxilas and
Philetajros against him are preserved in Athenreus (10,
p. 416, d. )
Ctesibids, a native of Ascra, and contemporary of
Archimedes, who flourished during the reigns of Ptol-
emy II. and Ptolemy III. , or between 260 and 240
B. C. He was the son of a barber, and for some time
exercised at Alexandrea the calling of his parent.
His mechanical genius, however, soon caused him to
emerge from obscurity, and he became known as Jie
inventor of several very ingenious contrivances for
raising water, &c. The invention of clepsydra, or
water clocks, is a. so ascribed to him. (Compare Vi-
truvius, 9, 9. ) He wrote a work on hydraulic ma-
chines, which is now lost. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. ,
vol. 3, p. 363. )
Ctmiphon, I. an Athenian, who brought forward
? ? the proposition respecting the crown of gold, which
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? CUR
CVR
at Unas and Neapolts, it did not attain to any degree
of prosperity, and in Juvenal's time it appears to have
been nearly deserted. (Sat. , 3, 1. ) But Cumse was,
perhaps, still more indebted for its celebrity to the
oracular sibyl, who, from the earliest ages, was sup-
posed to have made her abode in the Ciiinasan cave,
from which she delivered her prophetic lore. Every
one is acquainted with the splendid fictions of Virgil
relative to this sibyl, but it is not so generally known
that the noble fabric of the poet was raised on a real
foundation. The temple of Apollo, or, as it was more
generally called, the cavern of the sibyl, actually ex-
isted; it consisted of one vast chamber, hewn out of
the solid rock; but was almost entirely destroyed in a
siege which the fortress of Cumss, then in the pos-
session of the Goths, maintained against Narses; that
general, by undermining the cavern, caused the citadel
to sink into the hollow, and thus involved the whole in
one common ruin. (Agath. , Hist Goth. , 1. ) There
is also a description of this cave in Justin Martyr.
(Oral. Param. --Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 148,
MM. )
Ci-naxa, a place in Babylonia, where the battle was
fought between Cyras the younger and his brother
Artaxerxes Mnemon, and in which the former lost his
life. Plutarch (r'i'- Artax. , e. 8) says, it was 500
stadia distant from Babylon. D'Anville places it
within the limits of Mesopotamia, near Is, the modern
Hit But Mannert, with more propriety, assigns it to
Babylonia, and fixes its location a few miles south of
the entrance of the wall of Media. (Geogr. , vol. 6,
p>>-2, p. 331. )
Coxkcs, I. Asia, a region in the southernmost part
of Lusitania, between the river Anas and the Sacrum
Promontorium and Atlantic. It is now Algarve. The
? [ puliation Cuneus is generally thought to have been
given it by the Romans from its resemblance to " a
wedge" (cuneus); IJkert, however, thinks that the
same is to be traced to the Conii (Koviot), of whom
Polybius (10, 7) speaits as dwelling to the west of the
straits, and who were probably inhabitants of the south-
western part of Iberia. Appian ^Rcb. Hi. ip. , c. 57)
? jlls them Cunei (Koiwioi), and makes their capital
x nave been Conistorgis. It is very probable that this
name, in the time of the Roman sway, reminding that
people of their own term cuneus, gave riso to the idea
of ascribing a wedgelike form to the country in the
southern parts of Lusitania. (Ukert, Geogr. , vol. 2,
p 309. )--II. or Cdnbitm Promontorhim, a promon-
tory of the Cuneus Ager, in Lusitania, to the west of
the mouth of the Anas, now Cape Santa Maria. It
is the southernmost point of Portugal. (Plin. , 4, 22. )
Cueioo, the god of love. (Vid. Eros. )
Cuaits, a town of the Sabincs, to the north of Ere-
tum, celebrated as having given birth to Numa Pom-
pilius. ( Virg, . Kn. , 6, 811.
) Antiquaries are divi-
ded in opinion as to the site occupied by this ancient
place. Cluverius fixed it at Vescovo di Sabini (Ital.
Ant. , 1, 675), about twenty-five miles from Rome;
the Abbe Chaupy at Monte Maggiore, on the Via Sa-
lens, and twenty miles from that city. (Dec. dc la
Maison a"Hot. , vol. 3, p. 576. ) The opinion of H>. <<1-
stenius ought, however, to be preferred; ho places it
at Career, a little town on a river of the same name,
which bears an evident similarity to that of the ancient
city, and where, according to the same accurate ob-
server, many remains were still visible when he cx-
? ? \mined the 'spot. (Adnot. ad Sleph. Byz. , p. 106.
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? Cl'R
CUR
CurIa, I a subdivision of the early Roman tribes,
each tribe containing ten curia1. This arrangement
commenced, as is said, with Romulu9, at which time
the number of tribes amounted to three, so that the
curiae at their very outset were tinny. This number
pf cuns always remained the same, whereas that
of the tribes was increased subsequently to thirty-
five. Each curia anciently had a chapel or temple
tor the performance of sacred rites. He who presided
over one curia was called Curio; he who presided
over them all. Curio Maxima*. --II. A name given to
a building where the senate assembled. These curis
were always consecrated, and, being thus of a reli-
gious character,were supposed to render the debates of
the senate more solemn and auspicious. The senate
appear at first to have met in the chapels or temples
of the curiae, and afterward to have had buildings spe-
cially erected for this purpose. Varro, therefore, dis-
tinguishes the curia; into two kinds; the one where
the priests took care of divine matters, and the other
where the senate took counsel for human affairs.
(Varro, L. L. , 4, 32. --Burges; Antiquities of Rome,
vol. 1. p 360. )
CuruiTi, a family of Alba. The three Cunatii,
who engaged the Horatii and lost the victory, belonged
. 0 it. (Liv , 1, 24. )
Curio, I. Caius, was pra tor A. U. C. 632, but did
not attain to the consulship. Cicero speaks with
praise of his oratory, an opinion founded, not on per-
sonal knowledge, but on the speeches he had left. (Cic. ,
Brut. , 32. )--U. C. Scribonius, was consul with Cne-
us Octavius, A. U. C. 677. On returning from the
province of Macedonia, he triumphed. over the Darda-
ni, as proconsul, A. U. C. 681. (Sigon. , Fail. Con*.
ad Ann. dcxxci. --Id. , Comment, in Fast. , p. 454,
ed. Oxon. ) Cicero often mentions him, and in his
Brutus (c. 49) enumerates him among the Roman
orators, along with Cotla arid others. --III. C. Scri-
bonius, son of the preceding, a turbulent and unprin-
cipled man, and an active partisan of Julius Caesar's.
Being deeply involved in debt when tribune of the
commons, Cesar gained him over by paying for him
what he owed (Plat. , Vtt. Pomp. , c. 58), and Curio
immediately exerted himself with great vigour in his
behalf. Caesar, it seems, was under obligations to him
before this, since Curio is said to hare saved his life
when he was leaving the senate-house after the debate
about Catiline's accomplices, his personal safety being
endangered by the young men who stood in arms
around the building. (Ptul. , Vtt. Cat. , c. 8. ) Plu-
tarch ascribes Antony's early initiation into licentious
habits to his acquaintance with Curio. (Vit. Ant. , c.
2. --Compare, Cic, Phil. , 2, 2. ) Cicero speaks very
favourably of his natural qualifications as an orator,
but denies hirn the praise of application. (Cic, Brut. ,
81. ) On the hreaking out of the civil war, Casar,
after having possessed himself of Rome, sent Curio to
take charge of Sicily. The latter subsequently crossed
over from this island into Africa, with an armed force,
against Julia and the followers of Pompey, but was de-
feated and slain. (Appian, Bell. Civ. , 2, 41, *eqq. )
Curiosolita, a people of Gaul, forming part of the
Armoric states. Their territory lay to the northeast
of the Vcneti, and answers to what is now the territory
cf St. Malo, between Dtnanl and Lamballe, in the de-
partment its C6te*-da-Nord. (Lemaire, Ind. Geogr
ad Co:* , p. 244. )
? ? Curium, a city of Cyprus, on the southern coast,
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? CUT
live been aided in this by a natural tunne1 gradually
lormed through the basin of the lake itself. (Compare
Arnold's History of Home, vol. 1, p. 511. )--II. Quin-
tu>> Rufue, a Latin historian. (V'lii. Quintua I. )
Cukulis Magistratus, the name given to a class
of magistracies which conferred the privilege of using
the sella curulis or chair of state. This was anciently
made of ivory, or, at least, adorned with it. The ma-
gistrate* wh>*enjoyed this privilege were the dictator,
consuls, prsstir, censors, and curule adiles. They
ait on this chair in their tribunals on ail solemn occa-
sions. Those commanders who triumphed had it with
them in their chariot. Persons whose ancestors, or
themselves, had borne any curule office, were called
nobiies, and had the jus imaginum. They who were
the first of the family that had raised themselves
to any curule office, were called homines novi, new
men. --As regards the origin of the term curulis,
Festus deduces it from tun us, "a chariot," and says,
that "curule magistrates" were so called because
they were accustomed to be borne along in chariots
{"quia curru tehebartlur"). Aulus Golliua (3, 18)
also remarks, quoting, at the same time, Uabius Bas-
sus, that those senators who had borne any curule ma-
gistracy were accustomed, as a mm', of honour, to be
conveyed to the senate in chariots, and that the seat in
the chariot {sella in curru) was hence denominated
"curule" {sella curulis). He may be correct as re-
gards the mere derivation of the term, but he is cer-
tainly wrong in the explanation which he gives, since
Pliny expressly states (7, 43), that L. Metcllus, who
had enjoyed the highest honours in the state, having
become deprived of sight, had the privilege allowed
him of being conveyed to the senate in a chariot, a
favour granted to no one before his time. --The com-
own derivation of the word-is from Cures, a town of
the Salur. es, whence this official badge is said by some
to have been borrowed. Lipsius favours this latter
etymology. (Dc Magistr. Vet. P. JR. , c. 12. )
Cussf l orCoss. *:, a nation occupying the southern
declivity of the mountains which separated Susiana
from Media. The Ely man possessed the northern de-
clivities. The Cusssei or Gossan were a brave peo-
ple, and the kings of Persia were frequently compelled
to purchase a passage over these mountains from them.
Alexander effected one by taking them by surprise.
Antigonus lost a large portion of his army in crossing
over. According to IManncrt, this people, together
with the Carduchi and some other neighbouring tribes,
were the ancestors of the modern Curds. (Manncrt,
Gcogr. , vol. 5, p. 493. )
Cosue, a river of Hungary, falling into the Danube;
now the Vag, according to D'Anville. Mannert, how-
ever, makes it the same with the Granna or Gran.
(Man-nal, Gcogr. , vol. 3, p. 380, in notis. )
Comix, a town of the Sabines, cast of Reate, and
mi the right bank of the Velinus, famed as an aborigi-
nal city of great antiquity {Dton. Hal. , 1, 14 and 2,
49), and celebrated for its lake, now Pozao Ratignano,
and the floating island on its surface. (Senec, Nat.
quasi. , 3, 25 -- Plin. , 2, 95. ) This lake was farther
oistinguished by the appellation of the Umbilicus, or
"Navel" (i. e. , centre) of Italy. (Voire, ap. Plin. ,
3, U. ) This statement is found by D'Anville {Anal.
Gap. , p. 165) to be correct, when referred to the
breadth of Italy; the distance from Ostia to Cutiliaa,
the rains of which are to be seen close to Paterno, a
* siftage near Cicila Ducale, being seventy-six miles,
? ? vyi he same from thence to Castrum Truentinum on
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? CYANEjE.
CYANE. C.
roclts; and near them the vast wave of the dark Am-
ohitrite resounds: the blessed gods call them the
Wanderers. Here neither birds pass by, nor do fear-
ful doves which carry ambrosia to father Jove; but
the smooth rock always takes away some one of
them, while the father supplies another to make up
their number. From this not yet has any ship of men
escaped, whichever has come to it, but the waves of
the sea, and the storms of pernicious fire take away
Clanks of ships and bodies of men together. That ship,
indeed, only, which passes over the sea, has sailed be-
yond, the Arg], a ca:e to all, which sailed from /Eta. . .
But as to the twj rocks, the one reaches the wide
heaven with its sharp top, and a dark cloud surrounds
it: this, indeed, never goes away, nor does clearness
ever hold possession of its top, either in summer or in
autumn; nor could a mortal man ascend it, or de-
scend, not if he had twenty hands and feet; for the
rock is smooth like one polished around. "--It is not
difficult, from the accounts here given, adorned though
they be with the garb of poetry, to deduce the inference
tln-t the Cyanean isles were originally volcanic. The
"storms of pernicious fire" (jrvpdf bXooio QveXXai)
and the dark cloud (Kvavin veifii/.
