Legatus of Bithynia in the time of the
entitled
'Toep Toû Luvedpiou (Ibul.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
Goth.
Jungermann, Joach.
Kühn, and the two
Merétai, Declamations. 4. Eis Kóuodov Kal editors. This was followed by the edition of W.
capa dribalduios, an oration on the marriage of the Dindorf, Leipzig, 1824, 5 vols. 8vo. , containing
Caesar Commodus. 5. Pwuairds abyos, a panegyric the works of the previous commentators. The
on Rome. 6. ZalTYKTTIS î dywy UOVO IKÓs, a Trumn- | last edition is by Imm. Bekker, Berlin, 1846,
peter, or a musical contest. 7. Kard Swapátous, which gives only the Greek text.
a speech against Socrates.
8. Κατά Σινωπέων, (Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. vi. p. 141 ; Vossius,
against the Sinopians. 9. Havelývos, a speech | De Hist. Graecis, p. 278, ed. Westermann ; Hem-
delivered before the assembled Greeks. 10. 'Ap- sterhuis, Praefatio ad Pollucem ; C. F. Ranke,
KaBuxós, a speech addressed to the Arcadians or in Commentatio de Polluce el Luciuno, Quedlinburg,
praise of the Arcadians.
1831 ; Gräfenhan, Geschichte der Klassichen Phi-
All these works have perished with the excep lologie, vol. iii. p. 166, &c. , Bonn, 1846 ; Clinton,
tion of the Onomasticon, which bas come down to Fusti Romani, sub ann. 176, 183. )
us. The latter is divided into ten books, each of POLLUX, JU'LIUS, a Byzantine writer, is
which contains a short dedication to the Cuesar the author of a chronicon, wlich treats at some
Cominodus, and the work was therefore published | length of the creation of the world, and is therefore
before A. D. 177, since Commodus became Augustus entitled 'lotopía puoih. Like most other By-
in that year. Each book forms a separate teatise zantine histories, it is an universal history, begin-
by itself, containing the most important words ning with the creation of the world and coming
relating to certain subjects, with short explanations down to the time of the writer. The two manu-
of the meanings of the words, which are frequently scripts from which this work is published end with
illustrated by quotations from the ancient writers. the reign of Valens, but the Paris manuscript is
The alphabetical arrangement is not adopted, but said to come down as low as the death of Romanus,
the words are given according to the subjects A. D. 963, and also to contain what is wanting at
treated of in each book. The object of the work the conclusion of the anonymous continuation of
was to present youths with a kind of storc-house, Constantinus Porphyrogenitus. The whole work
from which they could borrow all the words of is made up of extracts from Simeon Logotheta,
which they had need, and could at the same time Theophanes, and the continuation of Constantinus,
learn their usage in the best writers. The con- and relates chiefly ecclesiastical events.
tents of each book will give the best idea of the first published from a manuscript at Milan by J. B.
nature of the work. l. The first treats of the Bianconi, under the title of Anonymi Scriptoris
gods and their worship, of kings, of speed and Historia Sacra, Bononiae, 1779, fo. Ign. Hardt
slowness, of dyeing, of commerce and manufactures, found the work in a more perfect state, and with
of fertility and the contrary, of time and the divi- the name of the author prefixed to it in a manu-
sions of the year, of houses, of ships, of war, of script at Munich, and, believing that it had not
borses, of agriculture, of the parts of the plough yet been printed, published it at Munich, 1792,
and the waggon, and of bees. 2. The second treats 8vo. , under the title of Julii Pollucis Historia
of man, his eye, the parts of his body and the like. Physica, nunc primum Gr. et Lat. ed. &c. (Fabric.
3. Of relations, of political life, of friends, of the Bill. Graec. vol. vi. p. 144 ; Vossius, De Hist.
love of country, of love, of the relation between Graecis, p. 278, ed. Westermann ; Schöll, Ge-
masters and slaves, of money, of travelling, and schichte der Griechischen Litteratur, vol. iii. p. 257. )
numerous other subjects. 4. Of the various POLUS (IIw. os). 1. A sophist and rhetori-
branches of knowledge and science. 5. Of hunt- cian, a native of Agrigentum. He was a disciple of
ing, animals, &c. 6. Of meals, the names of Gorgias (or, according to other authorities, of Licym-
crimes, &c. 7. Of the different trades, &c. 8. Of nius, Schol. ad Plut. Phaedr. p. 812), and wrote
the courts, the administration of justice, &c. 9. a work on rhetoric, called by Suidas Téxwn, as also
Of towns, buildings, coins, games, &c. 10. Of a genealogy of the Greeks and barbarians who
various vessels, &c. In consequence of the loss of were engaged in the Trojan war, with an account
the great number of lexicographical works from of their several fates ; a catalogue of the ships, and
which Pollux compiled his Onomasticon, this book / a work Nepl nézew. He is introduced by Plato
has become one of the greatest value for acquiring as an interlocutor in the Gorgias. (Suidas, s. v. ;
a knowledge of Greek antiquity, and explains Philostr. Vit. Sophist. i. 13, with the note of Olea-
many subjects which are known to us from no rius ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 801. )
other source. It has also preserved many frag- 2. A Pythagorean, a native of Lucania. A
ments of lost writers, and the great number of fragment from a work by him on Justice is pre-
authors quoted in the work may be seen by a served by Stobaeus. (Serm. 9. )
glance at the long list given in Fabricius. (Bibl. 3. A celebrated tragic actor, the son of Charicles
Graec. vol. vi. p. 145, &c. )
of Sunium, and a disciple of Archias of Thurii. It
The first three editions of the Onomasticon con- | is related of him that at the age of 70, shortly be-
tain simply the Greek text without a Latin fore his death, he acted in eight tragedies on four
translation and with numerous errors : they are successive days. (Plut. Dem. p. 859, An seni yer,
by Aldus, Venice, 1502, fol. , by B. Junta, Flo- sit Resp. 3. p. 785, b; Lucian. Necyom. vol. i. p.
rence, 1520, fol. , by S. Grynaeus, Basel, 1536, 4to. 479, ed. Hemst. )
(C. P. M. ]
The first Greek and Latin edition was by Wolf- POLYAENUS (Tlolvaivos), historical. 1. One
gang Seber, Frankfort, 1608, 4to. , with the text of the leading men at Syracuse, B. c. 214. (Liv.
corrected from manuscripts ; the Latin translation xxiv. 22. )
given in this edition had been previously published 2. Of Cyparissus, was in the company of Philo.
by Walther at Basel, 1541, 8vo. The next edi. poemen, when the latter killed Machanidas in B. C.
tion is the very valuable one in Greek and Latin | 207. (Polyb. xi. 18. & 2. )
## p. 442 (#458) ############################################
442
POLYAENUS.
POLYARATUS,
;
3. An Achaean, belonged to the party of script in the king's library at Paris, containing
Archon, Polybius, and the more moderate patriots, only fifty-five chapters, but which serves to elu
who thought that the Achaeans ought not to op- cidate and explnin many passages of the original.
pose the Romans in their war against Perseus, Polyaenus also wrote several other works, all
B. C. 171. (Polyb. xxviii. 6. $ 9. )
of which have perished. Suidas has preserved tho
4. Claudius POLYAENUS, probably a freed-titles of two, Tepi Onbŵr and Taktika Bubala q';
man of the emperor Claudius, bequeathed a house and Stobaeus makes a quotation from a work of
to this emperor at Prusa (Plin. Ep. x. 23. Polyaenus, TTP Toû Koivoù tô Makedórw
8. 75. )
(Florileg. xliii. (or xli. ) $ 53), and from another
5.
Legatus of Bithynia in the time of the entitled 'Toep Toû Luvedpiou (Ibul. 41). Poly-
younger Pliny. (Plin. Ep. vii. 6. $ 6. )
aenus likewise mentions his intention of writing a
POLYAENUS (Donúaivos), literary. 1. Of I work on the memorable actions ('Aflournuoveuta)
ATHENS, an historical writer, mentioned by Euse- of M. Aurelius and L. Verus (Praef. lib. vi. ).
bius. (Chron. i. p. 25. )
Polyaenus was first printed in a Latin trans-
2. Of LAMPSACUs, the son of Athenodorus, a lation, executed by Justus Vulteilis, at Basel,
mathematician and a friend of Epicurus, adopted 1519, 8vo. The first edition of the Greek text
the philosophical system of his friend, and, although was published by Casaubon, Lyon, 1589, 12mo. ;
he had previously acquired great reputation as a the next by Pancratius Maasvicius, Leyden, 1690,
mathematician, he now maintained with Epicurus 8vo. ; the third by Samuel Mursinna, Berlin,
the worthlessness of geometry. (Cic. de Fin. i. 6, 1756, 12mo. ; and the last by Coray, Paris, 1809,
Acad. i. 33 ; Diog. Laërt. x. 24, ii. 105, with 8vo. The work has been translated into English
the note of Menagius. ) It has been supposed that by R. Shepherd, London, 1793, 4to. ; into Ger-
it was against this Polyaenus that the treatise was man by Seybold, Frankfort, 2 vols. 8vo. 1793 and
written, a fragment of which has been discovered 1794, and by Blume, Stuttgart, 1834, 16mo. (Fa-
At llerculaneum under the title of Anuntpiou apds bric. Bibl. Graec. vol. v. p. 321, &c. ; Schöll,
Tas Noavalvou droplas. (Schöll, Geschichte d. Geschichte der Gricch. Litteratur, vol. ii. p. 716 ;
Griech. Litteratur, vol. ii. p. 209. )
Kronbiegel, De Dictionis Polyaeneae Virtutibus et
3. Julius POLYAENUS, the author of four Vitiis, Lipsiae, 1770; Droysen, Geschichte des Hel-
epigrams in the Greek Anthology (ix. 1, 7, 8, 9, lenismus, vol. i. p. 685. )
Tauchnitz), in one of which he is called Polyaenus 5. Of Sardis. (See No. 3. )
of Sardis, and in the other three Julius Polyaenus. POLYANTHES (Ioavávons), a Corinthian,
He must be the same as Polyaenus of Sardis, who commanded a Peloponnesian feet, with which
the sophist, spoken of by Suidas, who says (s. 1. he fought an indecisive battle against the Athenian
Tonúaivos), that he lived in the time of the first feet under Diphilus in the gulf of Corinth in B. C.
Caesar, Caius, that is, in the time of Julius Caesar, | 413. (Thuc. vii. 34. ) He is again mentioned in
and wrote Λόγοι δικανικοί και δικών ήτοι συνη- B. C. 395, as one of the leading men in Corinth,
γοριών υποτυπώσεις, and Θριάμβου Παρθικού who received money from Timocrates the Rhodiari,
B. bría y. The latter work probably referred to whom the satrap Tithraustes sent into Greece in
the victories over the Parthians gained by Ven- order to bribe the chief men in the different Greek
tidius.
states to make war upon Sparta, and thus necessi-
4. The MACEDONIAN, the author of the work tate the recal of Agesilaus from his victorious
on Stratagems in war (Itpatmynuata), which is career in Asia (Xen. Hell. iii. 5. § 1; Paus. iii. 9.
still extant, lived about the middle of the second $ 8).
century of the Christian aera. Suidas (s. 9. ) calls POLYARATUS (ToA vápatos), a Rhodian,
him a rhetorician, and we learn from Polyaenus one of the leaders of the party in that state favour-
himself that he was accustomed to plead causes able to Perseus, during the second Macedonian War.
before the emperor. (Praef. lib. ii. and lib. viii. ) | According to Polybius he was a man of an osten-
He dedicated his work to M. Aurelius and Verus, tatious and extravagant character, and had, in con-
while they were engaged in the Parthian war, sequence, become loaded with debts, which he
about A. D. 163, at which time, he says, he was hoped to pay off by the king's assistance. At the
too old to accompany them in their campaigns. commencement of the war (B. c. 171) he united
(Praef. lib. i. ) This work is divided into eight with Deinon in endeavouring, though unsuccess-
books, of which the first six contain an account fully, to induce the Rhodians to refuse the as-
of the stratagems of the most celebrated Greek sistance of their ships to the Roman praetor C.
generals, the seventh of those of barbarous or Lucretius ; but shortly afterwards he supported
foreign people, and the eighth of the Romans, and with success the proposition made to allow Perseus
illustrious women. Parts, however, of the sixth to ransom the Macedonian captives who had fallen
and seventh books are lost, so that of the 900 into the hands of the Rhodians (Polyb. xxvii. 6,
stratagems which Polyaenus described, only 833 11). He continued throughout the war to main-
have come down to us. The work is written tain an active correspondence with Perseus ; and
in a clear and pleasing style, though somewhat in the third year of the contest (B. c. 169), matters
tinged with the artificial rhetoric of the age. It having apparently taken a turn more favourable to
contains a vast number of anecdotes specting the king, the Rhodians were induced, by his efforts
many of the most celebrated men in antiquity, and and those of Deinon, to give a favourable audience
has preserved many historical facts of which we to the ambassadors of Perseus and Gentius, and to
should otherwise have been ignorant ; but its interpose their influence at Rome to put an end to
value as an historical authority is very much dimi- the war (Liv. xliv. 23, 29). But this step gave
nished by the little judgment which the author great offence to the Romans, and after the defeat of
evidently possessed, and by our ignorance of the Perseus, Polyaratus hastened to provide for bis
sources from which he took his statements. There safety by flight. He took refuge at the court of
is an abridgment of this work in a Greek manu- Ptolemy, king of Egypt, but his surrender being
## p. 443 (#459) ############################################
1
P
POLY BIUS.
POLYBIUS.
443
demanded by the Roman legate Popillius, the king, have been born so early as that year; for he telle
in order to evade compliance, sent him away us himself (xxv. 7) that he was appointed am-
secretly to Rhodes Polyaratus, however, made bassador to Egypt along with his father and the
his escape on the voyage, and took reſuge, first at younger Aratus in B. c. 181, at which time he had
Phaselis, and afterwards at Cibyra, but the inhabit- not yet attained the legal age, which he himself
ants of both these cities were unwilling to incur tells us (axix. 9), was thirty among the Achneans.
the enmity of the Roman senate, by affording him But if he was born, according to Suidas, before the
protection, and he was ultimately conveyed to death of Ptolemy Euergetes, he must then have
Rhodes, from whence he was sent a prisoner to been forty years of age. In addition to which, if
Rome. (Polyb. xxix. 11, xxx. 9. ) (E. H. B. ) any other proof were needed, it is impossible to
POLYARCHUS. [POLEM ARCHUS. ) believe that he could have taken the active part in
POLYARCHUS (Tunúapxos), a Greek phy. public affairs which he did after the fall of Corinth
sician, who is mentioned by Celsus (De Med. v. in B. c. 146, if he was born so early as Suidas
18. & 8, viii. 9. & 1, pp. 86, 177), and inust, there alleges. We may therefore, without much impro-
fore, have lived in or before the first century after bability, suppose with Casaubon that he was born
Christ He appears to have written a pharma- about B. C. 204, since he would in that case have
ceutical work, as some of his prescriptions are been about twenty-five at the time of his appoint-
several times quoted by Galen (De Compos. Medi- ment to the Egyptian embassy.
cum. sec. Loc. viji. 5, vol. xiii. pp. 184, 185, 186, Lycortas, the father of Polybius, was one of the
De Compos. Medicum. sec. Gen. vii. 7, vol. xiii. p. most distinguished men of the Achacan league ;
981), Aétius (ii. 4. 57, ii. 1. 34, iii. 2. 14, pp. 415, and his son therefore received the advantages of
481, 530), Marcellus (De Medicam. c. 20, p. 339), his training in political knowledge and the military
and Paulus Aegineta De Re Mled. iii. 68, 70, 74, art. He must also have reaped great benefit from
vii. 18, pp. 486, 487, 489, 684); but of his his intercourse with Philopoemen, who was a friend
writings only these extracts remain. (W. A. G. ] of his father's, and on whose death, in B. c. 182,
POLY BI'ADES (Ionubiasns), a Lacedaemo- Lycortas was appointed general of the league. At
nian general, succeeded Agesipolis in the command the funeral of Philopoemen in this year Polybius
of the army against Olynthus, and compelled the carried the urn in which his ashes were deposited.
city to surrender in B. C.
Merétai, Declamations. 4. Eis Kóuodov Kal editors. This was followed by the edition of W.
capa dribalduios, an oration on the marriage of the Dindorf, Leipzig, 1824, 5 vols. 8vo. , containing
Caesar Commodus. 5. Pwuairds abyos, a panegyric the works of the previous commentators. The
on Rome. 6. ZalTYKTTIS î dywy UOVO IKÓs, a Trumn- | last edition is by Imm. Bekker, Berlin, 1846,
peter, or a musical contest. 7. Kard Swapátous, which gives only the Greek text.
a speech against Socrates.
8. Κατά Σινωπέων, (Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. vi. p. 141 ; Vossius,
against the Sinopians. 9. Havelývos, a speech | De Hist. Graecis, p. 278, ed. Westermann ; Hem-
delivered before the assembled Greeks. 10. 'Ap- sterhuis, Praefatio ad Pollucem ; C. F. Ranke,
KaBuxós, a speech addressed to the Arcadians or in Commentatio de Polluce el Luciuno, Quedlinburg,
praise of the Arcadians.
1831 ; Gräfenhan, Geschichte der Klassichen Phi-
All these works have perished with the excep lologie, vol. iii. p. 166, &c. , Bonn, 1846 ; Clinton,
tion of the Onomasticon, which bas come down to Fusti Romani, sub ann. 176, 183. )
us. The latter is divided into ten books, each of POLLUX, JU'LIUS, a Byzantine writer, is
which contains a short dedication to the Cuesar the author of a chronicon, wlich treats at some
Cominodus, and the work was therefore published | length of the creation of the world, and is therefore
before A. D. 177, since Commodus became Augustus entitled 'lotopía puoih. Like most other By-
in that year. Each book forms a separate teatise zantine histories, it is an universal history, begin-
by itself, containing the most important words ning with the creation of the world and coming
relating to certain subjects, with short explanations down to the time of the writer. The two manu-
of the meanings of the words, which are frequently scripts from which this work is published end with
illustrated by quotations from the ancient writers. the reign of Valens, but the Paris manuscript is
The alphabetical arrangement is not adopted, but said to come down as low as the death of Romanus,
the words are given according to the subjects A. D. 963, and also to contain what is wanting at
treated of in each book. The object of the work the conclusion of the anonymous continuation of
was to present youths with a kind of storc-house, Constantinus Porphyrogenitus. The whole work
from which they could borrow all the words of is made up of extracts from Simeon Logotheta,
which they had need, and could at the same time Theophanes, and the continuation of Constantinus,
learn their usage in the best writers. The con- and relates chiefly ecclesiastical events.
tents of each book will give the best idea of the first published from a manuscript at Milan by J. B.
nature of the work. l. The first treats of the Bianconi, under the title of Anonymi Scriptoris
gods and their worship, of kings, of speed and Historia Sacra, Bononiae, 1779, fo. Ign. Hardt
slowness, of dyeing, of commerce and manufactures, found the work in a more perfect state, and with
of fertility and the contrary, of time and the divi- the name of the author prefixed to it in a manu-
sions of the year, of houses, of ships, of war, of script at Munich, and, believing that it had not
borses, of agriculture, of the parts of the plough yet been printed, published it at Munich, 1792,
and the waggon, and of bees. 2. The second treats 8vo. , under the title of Julii Pollucis Historia
of man, his eye, the parts of his body and the like. Physica, nunc primum Gr. et Lat. ed. &c. (Fabric.
3. Of relations, of political life, of friends, of the Bill. Graec. vol. vi. p. 144 ; Vossius, De Hist.
love of country, of love, of the relation between Graecis, p. 278, ed. Westermann ; Schöll, Ge-
masters and slaves, of money, of travelling, and schichte der Griechischen Litteratur, vol. iii. p. 257. )
numerous other subjects. 4. Of the various POLUS (IIw. os). 1. A sophist and rhetori-
branches of knowledge and science. 5. Of hunt- cian, a native of Agrigentum. He was a disciple of
ing, animals, &c. 6. Of meals, the names of Gorgias (or, according to other authorities, of Licym-
crimes, &c. 7. Of the different trades, &c. 8. Of nius, Schol. ad Plut. Phaedr. p. 812), and wrote
the courts, the administration of justice, &c. 9. a work on rhetoric, called by Suidas Téxwn, as also
Of towns, buildings, coins, games, &c. 10. Of a genealogy of the Greeks and barbarians who
various vessels, &c. In consequence of the loss of were engaged in the Trojan war, with an account
the great number of lexicographical works from of their several fates ; a catalogue of the ships, and
which Pollux compiled his Onomasticon, this book / a work Nepl nézew. He is introduced by Plato
has become one of the greatest value for acquiring as an interlocutor in the Gorgias. (Suidas, s. v. ;
a knowledge of Greek antiquity, and explains Philostr. Vit. Sophist. i. 13, with the note of Olea-
many subjects which are known to us from no rius ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 801. )
other source. It has also preserved many frag- 2. A Pythagorean, a native of Lucania. A
ments of lost writers, and the great number of fragment from a work by him on Justice is pre-
authors quoted in the work may be seen by a served by Stobaeus. (Serm. 9. )
glance at the long list given in Fabricius. (Bibl. 3. A celebrated tragic actor, the son of Charicles
Graec. vol. vi. p. 145, &c. )
of Sunium, and a disciple of Archias of Thurii. It
The first three editions of the Onomasticon con- | is related of him that at the age of 70, shortly be-
tain simply the Greek text without a Latin fore his death, he acted in eight tragedies on four
translation and with numerous errors : they are successive days. (Plut. Dem. p. 859, An seni yer,
by Aldus, Venice, 1502, fol. , by B. Junta, Flo- sit Resp. 3. p. 785, b; Lucian. Necyom. vol. i. p.
rence, 1520, fol. , by S. Grynaeus, Basel, 1536, 4to. 479, ed. Hemst. )
(C. P. M. ]
The first Greek and Latin edition was by Wolf- POLYAENUS (Tlolvaivos), historical. 1. One
gang Seber, Frankfort, 1608, 4to. , with the text of the leading men at Syracuse, B. c. 214. (Liv.
corrected from manuscripts ; the Latin translation xxiv. 22. )
given in this edition had been previously published 2. Of Cyparissus, was in the company of Philo.
by Walther at Basel, 1541, 8vo. The next edi. poemen, when the latter killed Machanidas in B. C.
tion is the very valuable one in Greek and Latin | 207. (Polyb. xi. 18. & 2. )
## p. 442 (#458) ############################################
442
POLYAENUS.
POLYARATUS,
;
3. An Achaean, belonged to the party of script in the king's library at Paris, containing
Archon, Polybius, and the more moderate patriots, only fifty-five chapters, but which serves to elu
who thought that the Achaeans ought not to op- cidate and explnin many passages of the original.
pose the Romans in their war against Perseus, Polyaenus also wrote several other works, all
B. C. 171. (Polyb. xxviii. 6. $ 9. )
of which have perished. Suidas has preserved tho
4. Claudius POLYAENUS, probably a freed-titles of two, Tepi Onbŵr and Taktika Bubala q';
man of the emperor Claudius, bequeathed a house and Stobaeus makes a quotation from a work of
to this emperor at Prusa (Plin. Ep. x. 23. Polyaenus, TTP Toû Koivoù tô Makedórw
8. 75. )
(Florileg. xliii. (or xli. ) $ 53), and from another
5.
Legatus of Bithynia in the time of the entitled 'Toep Toû Luvedpiou (Ibul. 41). Poly-
younger Pliny. (Plin. Ep. vii. 6. $ 6. )
aenus likewise mentions his intention of writing a
POLYAENUS (Donúaivos), literary. 1. Of I work on the memorable actions ('Aflournuoveuta)
ATHENS, an historical writer, mentioned by Euse- of M. Aurelius and L. Verus (Praef. lib. vi. ).
bius. (Chron. i. p. 25. )
Polyaenus was first printed in a Latin trans-
2. Of LAMPSACUs, the son of Athenodorus, a lation, executed by Justus Vulteilis, at Basel,
mathematician and a friend of Epicurus, adopted 1519, 8vo. The first edition of the Greek text
the philosophical system of his friend, and, although was published by Casaubon, Lyon, 1589, 12mo. ;
he had previously acquired great reputation as a the next by Pancratius Maasvicius, Leyden, 1690,
mathematician, he now maintained with Epicurus 8vo. ; the third by Samuel Mursinna, Berlin,
the worthlessness of geometry. (Cic. de Fin. i. 6, 1756, 12mo. ; and the last by Coray, Paris, 1809,
Acad. i. 33 ; Diog. Laërt. x. 24, ii. 105, with 8vo. The work has been translated into English
the note of Menagius. ) It has been supposed that by R. Shepherd, London, 1793, 4to. ; into Ger-
it was against this Polyaenus that the treatise was man by Seybold, Frankfort, 2 vols. 8vo. 1793 and
written, a fragment of which has been discovered 1794, and by Blume, Stuttgart, 1834, 16mo. (Fa-
At llerculaneum under the title of Anuntpiou apds bric. Bibl. Graec. vol. v. p. 321, &c. ; Schöll,
Tas Noavalvou droplas. (Schöll, Geschichte d. Geschichte der Gricch. Litteratur, vol. ii. p. 716 ;
Griech. Litteratur, vol. ii. p. 209. )
Kronbiegel, De Dictionis Polyaeneae Virtutibus et
3. Julius POLYAENUS, the author of four Vitiis, Lipsiae, 1770; Droysen, Geschichte des Hel-
epigrams in the Greek Anthology (ix. 1, 7, 8, 9, lenismus, vol. i. p. 685. )
Tauchnitz), in one of which he is called Polyaenus 5. Of Sardis. (See No. 3. )
of Sardis, and in the other three Julius Polyaenus. POLYANTHES (Ioavávons), a Corinthian,
He must be the same as Polyaenus of Sardis, who commanded a Peloponnesian feet, with which
the sophist, spoken of by Suidas, who says (s. 1. he fought an indecisive battle against the Athenian
Tonúaivos), that he lived in the time of the first feet under Diphilus in the gulf of Corinth in B. C.
Caesar, Caius, that is, in the time of Julius Caesar, | 413. (Thuc. vii. 34. ) He is again mentioned in
and wrote Λόγοι δικανικοί και δικών ήτοι συνη- B. C. 395, as one of the leading men in Corinth,
γοριών υποτυπώσεις, and Θριάμβου Παρθικού who received money from Timocrates the Rhodiari,
B. bría y. The latter work probably referred to whom the satrap Tithraustes sent into Greece in
the victories over the Parthians gained by Ven- order to bribe the chief men in the different Greek
tidius.
states to make war upon Sparta, and thus necessi-
4. The MACEDONIAN, the author of the work tate the recal of Agesilaus from his victorious
on Stratagems in war (Itpatmynuata), which is career in Asia (Xen. Hell. iii. 5. § 1; Paus. iii. 9.
still extant, lived about the middle of the second $ 8).
century of the Christian aera. Suidas (s. 9. ) calls POLYARATUS (ToA vápatos), a Rhodian,
him a rhetorician, and we learn from Polyaenus one of the leaders of the party in that state favour-
himself that he was accustomed to plead causes able to Perseus, during the second Macedonian War.
before the emperor. (Praef. lib. ii. and lib. viii. ) | According to Polybius he was a man of an osten-
He dedicated his work to M. Aurelius and Verus, tatious and extravagant character, and had, in con-
while they were engaged in the Parthian war, sequence, become loaded with debts, which he
about A. D. 163, at which time, he says, he was hoped to pay off by the king's assistance. At the
too old to accompany them in their campaigns. commencement of the war (B. c. 171) he united
(Praef. lib. i. ) This work is divided into eight with Deinon in endeavouring, though unsuccess-
books, of which the first six contain an account fully, to induce the Rhodians to refuse the as-
of the stratagems of the most celebrated Greek sistance of their ships to the Roman praetor C.
generals, the seventh of those of barbarous or Lucretius ; but shortly afterwards he supported
foreign people, and the eighth of the Romans, and with success the proposition made to allow Perseus
illustrious women. Parts, however, of the sixth to ransom the Macedonian captives who had fallen
and seventh books are lost, so that of the 900 into the hands of the Rhodians (Polyb. xxvii. 6,
stratagems which Polyaenus described, only 833 11). He continued throughout the war to main-
have come down to us. The work is written tain an active correspondence with Perseus ; and
in a clear and pleasing style, though somewhat in the third year of the contest (B. c. 169), matters
tinged with the artificial rhetoric of the age. It having apparently taken a turn more favourable to
contains a vast number of anecdotes specting the king, the Rhodians were induced, by his efforts
many of the most celebrated men in antiquity, and and those of Deinon, to give a favourable audience
has preserved many historical facts of which we to the ambassadors of Perseus and Gentius, and to
should otherwise have been ignorant ; but its interpose their influence at Rome to put an end to
value as an historical authority is very much dimi- the war (Liv. xliv. 23, 29). But this step gave
nished by the little judgment which the author great offence to the Romans, and after the defeat of
evidently possessed, and by our ignorance of the Perseus, Polyaratus hastened to provide for bis
sources from which he took his statements. There safety by flight. He took refuge at the court of
is an abridgment of this work in a Greek manu- Ptolemy, king of Egypt, but his surrender being
## p. 443 (#459) ############################################
1
P
POLY BIUS.
POLYBIUS.
443
demanded by the Roman legate Popillius, the king, have been born so early as that year; for he telle
in order to evade compliance, sent him away us himself (xxv. 7) that he was appointed am-
secretly to Rhodes Polyaratus, however, made bassador to Egypt along with his father and the
his escape on the voyage, and took reſuge, first at younger Aratus in B. c. 181, at which time he had
Phaselis, and afterwards at Cibyra, but the inhabit- not yet attained the legal age, which he himself
ants of both these cities were unwilling to incur tells us (axix. 9), was thirty among the Achneans.
the enmity of the Roman senate, by affording him But if he was born, according to Suidas, before the
protection, and he was ultimately conveyed to death of Ptolemy Euergetes, he must then have
Rhodes, from whence he was sent a prisoner to been forty years of age. In addition to which, if
Rome. (Polyb. xxix. 11, xxx. 9. ) (E. H. B. ) any other proof were needed, it is impossible to
POLYARCHUS. [POLEM ARCHUS. ) believe that he could have taken the active part in
POLYARCHUS (Tunúapxos), a Greek phy. public affairs which he did after the fall of Corinth
sician, who is mentioned by Celsus (De Med. v. in B. c. 146, if he was born so early as Suidas
18. & 8, viii. 9. & 1, pp. 86, 177), and inust, there alleges. We may therefore, without much impro-
fore, have lived in or before the first century after bability, suppose with Casaubon that he was born
Christ He appears to have written a pharma- about B. C. 204, since he would in that case have
ceutical work, as some of his prescriptions are been about twenty-five at the time of his appoint-
several times quoted by Galen (De Compos. Medi- ment to the Egyptian embassy.
cum. sec. Loc. viji. 5, vol. xiii. pp. 184, 185, 186, Lycortas, the father of Polybius, was one of the
De Compos. Medicum. sec. Gen. vii. 7, vol. xiii. p. most distinguished men of the Achacan league ;
981), Aétius (ii. 4. 57, ii. 1. 34, iii. 2. 14, pp. 415, and his son therefore received the advantages of
481, 530), Marcellus (De Medicam. c. 20, p. 339), his training in political knowledge and the military
and Paulus Aegineta De Re Mled. iii. 68, 70, 74, art. He must also have reaped great benefit from
vii. 18, pp. 486, 487, 489, 684); but of his his intercourse with Philopoemen, who was a friend
writings only these extracts remain. (W. A. G. ] of his father's, and on whose death, in B. c. 182,
POLY BI'ADES (Ionubiasns), a Lacedaemo- Lycortas was appointed general of the league. At
nian general, succeeded Agesipolis in the command the funeral of Philopoemen in this year Polybius
of the army against Olynthus, and compelled the carried the urn in which his ashes were deposited.
city to surrender in B. C.
