, _art of rendering
difficult
of access?
Beowulf
--2) adjectively: nom.
sg.
ōðer nǣnig, 860; nǣnig wæter, 1515; nǣnig
. . . dēor, 1934; acc. sg. nǣnigne . . . hord-māððum, 1199.
nǣre, from ne-wǣre (_were not, would not be_). See wesan.
ne, simple neg. , _not_, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc. ; before imper. ne sorga!
1385; ne gȳm! 1761, etc. Doubled =_certainly not, not even that_: nē gē
. . . gearwe ne wisson (_ye certainly have not known_, etc. ), 245; so, 863;
ne ic . . . wihte ne wēne (_nor do I at all in the least expect_), 2923; so,
182. Strengthened by other neg. : nōðer . . . ne, 2125; swā hē ne mihte nō . . .
(_so that he absolutely could not_), 1509.
nē . . . nē, _not . . . and not, nor; neither . . . nor_, 154-157, 511,
1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, nō
. . . ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc. ; nǣfre . . . ne, 583-584; nalles
. . . nē, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ǣr nē siððan
(_neither before nor after, before nor since_), 719; sūð nē norð (_south
nor north_), 859; ādl nē yldo (_neither illness nor old age_), 1737; wordum
nē worcum (_neither by word nor deed_), 1101; wiston and ne wēndon (_knew
not and weened not_), 1605.
nefa, w. m. , _nephew, grandson_: nom. sg. nefa (_grandson_), 1204; so,
1963; (_nephew_), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 2207; dat. sg. nefan
(_nephew_), 882.
nefne, næfne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj. : a) with depend.
clause = _unless_: nefne him wītig god wyrd forstōde (_if fate, the wise
God, had not prevented him_), 1057; nefne god sylfa . . . sealde (_unless God
himself_, etc. ), 3055; næfne him his wlite lēoge (MS. nǣfre) (_unless his
face belie him_), 250; næfne hē wæs māra (_except that he was huger_),
1354; nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655. --b) w.
follow. substantive = _except, save, only_: nefne sin-frēa (_except the
husband_), 1935; ic lȳt hafo hēafod-māga nefne Hygelāc þec (_have no near
kin but thee_), 2152; nis þæt ēower (gen. pl. ) sīð . . . nefne mīn ānes,
2534. --2) Prep. with dat. , _except_: nemne fēaum ānum, 1082.
ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe.
nelle, from ne-wille (_I will not_). See willan.
nemnan, w. v. w. acc. : 1) _to name, call_: pres. pl. þone yldestan
ōret-mecgas Bēowulf nemnað (_the warriors call the most distinguished one
Bēowulf_), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355. --2) _to
address_, as in
be-nemnan, _to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell_: pret. sg. Fin
Hengeste . . . āðum be-nemde þæt (_asserted, promised under oath that_ . . . ),
1098; pret. pl. swā hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas mǣre (_put
under a curse_), 3070.
nemne. See nefne.
nerian, ge-nerian, w. v. , _to save, rescue, liberate_: pres. sg. Wyrd oft
nereð unfǣgne eorl, 573; pret. part. hæfde . . . sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið
nīðe (_saved from hostility_), 828.
ge-nesan, st. v. : 1) intrans. , _to remain over, be preserved_: pret. sg.
hrōf āna genæs ealles ansund (_the roof alone was quite sound_), 1000. --2)
w. acc. , _to endure successfully, survive, escape from_: pret. sg. sē þā
sæcce ge-næs, 1978; fela ic . . . gūð-rǣsa ge-næs, 2427; pret. part. swā hē
nīða gehwane genesen hæfde, 2398.
net, st. n. , _net_: in comp. brēost-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.
nēdla, w. m. , _dire necessity, distress_: in comp. þrēa-nēdla.
nēðan (G. nanþjan), w. v. , _to venture, undertake boldly_: pres. part.
nearo nēðende (_encountering peril_), 2351; pret. pl. þǣr git . . . on dēop
water aldrum nēðdon (_where ye two risked your lives in the deep water_),
510; so, 538.
ge-nēðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ȳða gewin aldre ge-nēðan, 1470.
With depend. clause: nǣnig þæt dorste genēðan þæt (_none durst undertake
to_ . . . ), 1934; pret. sg. hē under hārne stān āna genēðde frēcne dǣde (_he
risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock_), 889; (ic)
wigge under wætere weorc genēðde earfoð-līce (_I with difficulty stood the
work under the water in battle_, i. e. could hardly win the victory), 1657;
ic genēðde fela gūða (_ventured on, risked, many contests_), 2512; pres.
pl. (of majesty) wē . . . frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes (_we have boldly
risked, dared, the monster's power_), 961.
nēh. See nēah.
ge-neahhe, adv. , _enough, sufficiently_, 784, 3153; superl. genehost brægd
eorl Bēowulfes ealde lāfe (_many an earl of B. 's_), 795.
nealles (from ne-ealles), adv. , _omnino non, not at all, by no means_:
nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc. ; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles,
338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc. ; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales,
1812.
nearo, st. n. , _strait, danger, distress_: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595.
nearo, adj. , _narrow_: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410.
nearwe, adv. , _narrowly_, 977.
nearo-cræft, st. m.
, _art of rendering difficult of access? ,
inaccessibility_ (see 2214 seqq. ): instr. pl. nearo-cræftum, 2244.
nearo-fāh, m. , _foe that causes distress, war-foe_: gen. sg. nearo-fāges,
2318.
nearo-þearf, st. f. , _dire need, distress_: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, 422.
ge-nearwian, w. v. , _to drive into a corner, press upon_: pret. part.
genearwod, 1439.
nēah, nēh: 1) adj. , _near, nigh_: nom. sg. nēah, 1744, 2729. In superl.
also = _last_: instr. sg. nȳhstan sīðe (_for the last time_), 1204;
nīehstan sīðe, 2512.
2) adv. , _near_: feor and (oððe) nēah, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, sǣ-grunde nēah,
564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme nēh, 2412. Compar. nēar, 746.
nēan, adv. , _near by, (from) close at hand_, 528; (neon, MS. ), 3105;
feorran and nēan, 840; nēan and feorran, 1175, 2318.
ge-nēat, st. m. , _comrade, companion_: in comp. bēod-, heorð-genēat.
nioðor. See niðer.
neowol, adj. , _steep, precipitous_: acc. pl. neowle, 1412.
nēod, st. f. , _polite intercourse regulated by etiquette? , hall-joy? _: acc.
sg. nīode, 2117; inst. (= _joy_), 2216.
nēod-laðu, st. f. , _polite invitation; wish_: dat. sg. æfter nēod-laðu
(_according to his wishes_), 1321.
nēosan, nēosian, w. v. w. gen. , _to seek out, look for; to attack_: inf.
nēosan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; nīosan, 2389, 2672; nēosian, 115,
1126; nīosian, 3046; pret. sg. nīosade, 2487.
nēotan, st. v. , _to take, accept_, w. gen. ; _to use, enjoy_: imper. sg.
nēot, 1218.
be-nēotan, w. dat. , _to rob, deprive of_: inf. hine aldre be-nēotan, 681;
pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-nēat (_deprived the king of life_), 2397.
nicor, st. m. , _sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster_ (cf. Bugge in Zacher's
Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl.
nicera, 846.
nicor-hūs, st. n. , _house_ or _den of sea-monsters_: gen. pl. nicor-hūsa,
1412.
nið st. m. , _man, human being_: gen. pl. niðða, 1006; niða? (passage
corrupt), 2216.
niðer, nyðer, neoðor, adv. , _down, downward_: niðer, 1361; nioðor, 2700;
nyðer, 3045.
nið-sele, st. m. , _hall, room, in the deep_ (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nið-sele
nāt-hwylcum, 1514.
nigen, num. , _nine_: acc. nigene, 575.
niht, st. f. _night_: nom. sg. , 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht,
135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (_yester-night_), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575,
684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwīlum (_sometimes at night, in
the hours of the night_), 3045; as adv. = _of a night, by night_, G.
nachts, 422, 2274; dæges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht
(_se'nnight, seven days_, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum
nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366. --Comp. :
middel-, sin-niht.
niht-bealu, st. n. , _night-bale, destruction by night_: gen. pl.
niht-bealwa, 193.
niht-helm, st. m. , _veil_ or _canopy of night_: nom. sg. , 1790.
niht-long, adj. , _lasting through the night_: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst
(_space of a night_), 528.
niht-weorc, st. n. , _night-work, deed done at night_: instr. sg.
niht-weorce, 828.
niman, st. v. w. acc. : 1) _to take, hold, seize, undertake_: pret. sg. nam
þā mid handa hige-þīhtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. wē . . . nīode nāman,
2117. --2) _to take, take away, deprive of_: pres. sg. sē þe hine dēað nimeð
(_he whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 447; nymeð, 1847; nymeð nȳd-bāde,
599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on
Ongenþīo īren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom hē . . . māðm-ǣhta mā (_he took no more of
the rich treasures_), 1613; pret. part. þā wæs . . . sēo cwēn numen (_the
queen carried off_), 1154.
be-niman, _to deprive of_: pret. sg. oð þæt hine yldo benam mægenes wynnum
(_till age bereft him of joy in his strength_), 1887.
for-niman, _to carry off_: pres. sg. þē þā dēað for-nam (_whom death
carried off_), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat.
for acc. : pret. pl. him īrenna ecge fornāmon, 2829.
ge-niman: 1) _to take, seize_: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (_clasped
him around the neck, embraced him_), 1873. --2) _to take, take away_: pret.
on reste genam þrītig þegna, 122; hēo under heolfre genam cūðe folme, 1303;
segn ēac genom, 2777; þā mec sinca baldor . . . æt mīnum fæder genam (_took
me at my father's hands, adopted me_), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167.
ge-nip, st.
. . . dēor, 1934; acc. sg. nǣnigne . . . hord-māððum, 1199.
nǣre, from ne-wǣre (_were not, would not be_). See wesan.
ne, simple neg. , _not_, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc. ; before imper. ne sorga!
1385; ne gȳm! 1761, etc. Doubled =_certainly not, not even that_: nē gē
. . . gearwe ne wisson (_ye certainly have not known_, etc. ), 245; so, 863;
ne ic . . . wihte ne wēne (_nor do I at all in the least expect_), 2923; so,
182. Strengthened by other neg. : nōðer . . . ne, 2125; swā hē ne mihte nō . . .
(_so that he absolutely could not_), 1509.
nē . . . nē, _not . . . and not, nor; neither . . . nor_, 154-157, 511,
1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, nō
. . . ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc. ; nǣfre . . . ne, 583-584; nalles
. . . nē, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ǣr nē siððan
(_neither before nor after, before nor since_), 719; sūð nē norð (_south
nor north_), 859; ādl nē yldo (_neither illness nor old age_), 1737; wordum
nē worcum (_neither by word nor deed_), 1101; wiston and ne wēndon (_knew
not and weened not_), 1605.
nefa, w. m. , _nephew, grandson_: nom. sg. nefa (_grandson_), 1204; so,
1963; (_nephew_), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 2207; dat. sg. nefan
(_nephew_), 882.
nefne, næfne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj. : a) with depend.
clause = _unless_: nefne him wītig god wyrd forstōde (_if fate, the wise
God, had not prevented him_), 1057; nefne god sylfa . . . sealde (_unless God
himself_, etc. ), 3055; næfne him his wlite lēoge (MS. nǣfre) (_unless his
face belie him_), 250; næfne hē wæs māra (_except that he was huger_),
1354; nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655. --b) w.
follow. substantive = _except, save, only_: nefne sin-frēa (_except the
husband_), 1935; ic lȳt hafo hēafod-māga nefne Hygelāc þec (_have no near
kin but thee_), 2152; nis þæt ēower (gen. pl. ) sīð . . . nefne mīn ānes,
2534. --2) Prep. with dat. , _except_: nemne fēaum ānum, 1082.
ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe.
nelle, from ne-wille (_I will not_). See willan.
nemnan, w. v. w. acc. : 1) _to name, call_: pres. pl. þone yldestan
ōret-mecgas Bēowulf nemnað (_the warriors call the most distinguished one
Bēowulf_), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355. --2) _to
address_, as in
be-nemnan, _to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell_: pret. sg. Fin
Hengeste . . . āðum be-nemde þæt (_asserted, promised under oath that_ . . . ),
1098; pret. pl. swā hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas mǣre (_put
under a curse_), 3070.
nemne. See nefne.
nerian, ge-nerian, w. v. , _to save, rescue, liberate_: pres. sg. Wyrd oft
nereð unfǣgne eorl, 573; pret. part. hæfde . . . sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið
nīðe (_saved from hostility_), 828.
ge-nesan, st. v. : 1) intrans. , _to remain over, be preserved_: pret. sg.
hrōf āna genæs ealles ansund (_the roof alone was quite sound_), 1000. --2)
w. acc. , _to endure successfully, survive, escape from_: pret. sg. sē þā
sæcce ge-næs, 1978; fela ic . . . gūð-rǣsa ge-næs, 2427; pret. part. swā hē
nīða gehwane genesen hæfde, 2398.
net, st. n. , _net_: in comp. brēost-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.
nēdla, w. m. , _dire necessity, distress_: in comp. þrēa-nēdla.
nēðan (G. nanþjan), w. v. , _to venture, undertake boldly_: pres. part.
nearo nēðende (_encountering peril_), 2351; pret. pl. þǣr git . . . on dēop
water aldrum nēðdon (_where ye two risked your lives in the deep water_),
510; so, 538.
ge-nēðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ȳða gewin aldre ge-nēðan, 1470.
With depend. clause: nǣnig þæt dorste genēðan þæt (_none durst undertake
to_ . . . ), 1934; pret. sg. hē under hārne stān āna genēðde frēcne dǣde (_he
risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock_), 889; (ic)
wigge under wætere weorc genēðde earfoð-līce (_I with difficulty stood the
work under the water in battle_, i. e. could hardly win the victory), 1657;
ic genēðde fela gūða (_ventured on, risked, many contests_), 2512; pres.
pl. (of majesty) wē . . . frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes (_we have boldly
risked, dared, the monster's power_), 961.
nēh. See nēah.
ge-neahhe, adv. , _enough, sufficiently_, 784, 3153; superl. genehost brægd
eorl Bēowulfes ealde lāfe (_many an earl of B. 's_), 795.
nealles (from ne-ealles), adv. , _omnino non, not at all, by no means_:
nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc. ; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles,
338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc. ; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales,
1812.
nearo, st. n. , _strait, danger, distress_: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595.
nearo, adj. , _narrow_: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410.
nearwe, adv. , _narrowly_, 977.
nearo-cræft, st. m.
, _art of rendering difficult of access? ,
inaccessibility_ (see 2214 seqq. ): instr. pl. nearo-cræftum, 2244.
nearo-fāh, m. , _foe that causes distress, war-foe_: gen. sg. nearo-fāges,
2318.
nearo-þearf, st. f. , _dire need, distress_: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, 422.
ge-nearwian, w. v. , _to drive into a corner, press upon_: pret. part.
genearwod, 1439.
nēah, nēh: 1) adj. , _near, nigh_: nom. sg. nēah, 1744, 2729. In superl.
also = _last_: instr. sg. nȳhstan sīðe (_for the last time_), 1204;
nīehstan sīðe, 2512.
2) adv. , _near_: feor and (oððe) nēah, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, sǣ-grunde nēah,
564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme nēh, 2412. Compar. nēar, 746.
nēan, adv. , _near by, (from) close at hand_, 528; (neon, MS. ), 3105;
feorran and nēan, 840; nēan and feorran, 1175, 2318.
ge-nēat, st. m. , _comrade, companion_: in comp. bēod-, heorð-genēat.
nioðor. See niðer.
neowol, adj. , _steep, precipitous_: acc. pl. neowle, 1412.
nēod, st. f. , _polite intercourse regulated by etiquette? , hall-joy? _: acc.
sg. nīode, 2117; inst. (= _joy_), 2216.
nēod-laðu, st. f. , _polite invitation; wish_: dat. sg. æfter nēod-laðu
(_according to his wishes_), 1321.
nēosan, nēosian, w. v. w. gen. , _to seek out, look for; to attack_: inf.
nēosan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; nīosan, 2389, 2672; nēosian, 115,
1126; nīosian, 3046; pret. sg. nīosade, 2487.
nēotan, st. v. , _to take, accept_, w. gen. ; _to use, enjoy_: imper. sg.
nēot, 1218.
be-nēotan, w. dat. , _to rob, deprive of_: inf. hine aldre be-nēotan, 681;
pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-nēat (_deprived the king of life_), 2397.
nicor, st. m. , _sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster_ (cf. Bugge in Zacher's
Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl.
nicera, 846.
nicor-hūs, st. n. , _house_ or _den of sea-monsters_: gen. pl. nicor-hūsa,
1412.
nið st. m. , _man, human being_: gen. pl. niðða, 1006; niða? (passage
corrupt), 2216.
niðer, nyðer, neoðor, adv. , _down, downward_: niðer, 1361; nioðor, 2700;
nyðer, 3045.
nið-sele, st. m. , _hall, room, in the deep_ (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nið-sele
nāt-hwylcum, 1514.
nigen, num. , _nine_: acc. nigene, 575.
niht, st. f. _night_: nom. sg. , 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht,
135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (_yester-night_), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575,
684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwīlum (_sometimes at night, in
the hours of the night_), 3045; as adv. = _of a night, by night_, G.
nachts, 422, 2274; dæges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht
(_se'nnight, seven days_, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum
nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366. --Comp. :
middel-, sin-niht.
niht-bealu, st. n. , _night-bale, destruction by night_: gen. pl.
niht-bealwa, 193.
niht-helm, st. m. , _veil_ or _canopy of night_: nom. sg. , 1790.
niht-long, adj. , _lasting through the night_: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst
(_space of a night_), 528.
niht-weorc, st. n. , _night-work, deed done at night_: instr. sg.
niht-weorce, 828.
niman, st. v. w. acc. : 1) _to take, hold, seize, undertake_: pret. sg. nam
þā mid handa hige-þīhtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. wē . . . nīode nāman,
2117. --2) _to take, take away, deprive of_: pres. sg. sē þe hine dēað nimeð
(_he whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 447; nymeð, 1847; nymeð nȳd-bāde,
599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on
Ongenþīo īren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom hē . . . māðm-ǣhta mā (_he took no more of
the rich treasures_), 1613; pret. part. þā wæs . . . sēo cwēn numen (_the
queen carried off_), 1154.
be-niman, _to deprive of_: pret. sg. oð þæt hine yldo benam mægenes wynnum
(_till age bereft him of joy in his strength_), 1887.
for-niman, _to carry off_: pres. sg. þē þā dēað for-nam (_whom death
carried off_), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat.
for acc. : pret. pl. him īrenna ecge fornāmon, 2829.
ge-niman: 1) _to take, seize_: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (_clasped
him around the neck, embraced him_), 1873. --2) _to take, take away_: pret.
on reste genam þrītig þegna, 122; hēo under heolfre genam cūðe folme, 1303;
segn ēac genom, 2777; þā mec sinca baldor . . . æt mīnum fæder genam (_took
me at my father's hands, adopted me_), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167.
ge-nip, st.
