(De bodies
composed
of homogeneous parts (óporouepñ).
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
1842 ; Explanations thereon
first class. The principle to be kept in view in in German, Berlin, 1842, 8vo. -Weinholtz, De
the division of these works must be determined finibus et pretio logices Arist. Rostochii, 1824. -
from what Aristotle says himself. According to Brandis, Uëber die Reihenfolge der Bücher des Or-
him, every kind of knowledge has for its object ganon, &c. , in the Abhandl. d. Berl. Akad. , 1835,
either, 1, Merely the ascertainment of truth, or p. 249, &c. -- Biese, die Philosophie des Aristot. i. pp.
2. Besides this, an operative activity. The latter 45-318. –J. Barthélemy St. Hilaire, De la Logique
has for its result either the production of a work d'Aristote, Mémoire couronnée par l'Institut, Paris,
(Tolewv), or the result is the act itself, and its pro- 1838, 2 vols. 8vo.
cess (Tpártev). Accordingly every kind of know- The usual succession of the logical writings in
ledge is either I. Productive, poetic (én 10thun the editions is as follows:
ποιητική); or II. Practical (επιστήμη πρακτική); 1. The Katnyopla. (Praedicamenta). In this
or III. Theoretical (émlothun Dewanting). * Theo work Aristotle treats of the (ten) bighest and most
retical knowledge has three main divisions (pido comprehensive generic ideas, under which all the
Copiat, a payuarciai), namely : 1. Physical science attributes of things may be subordinated as species.
(επιστήμη φυσική); 2. Mathematics (επ. μαθημα- These are esseng or substanc (ή ουσία), φuantity
TIK"); 3. The doctrine of absolute existence (in (Tógov), quality (nolov), rciation (após Ti), piace
Aristotle η πρώτη φιλοσοφία, οι επιστήμη θεολο- 1 (που), time (πότε), situation (κείσθαι), possession or
having (ěxeiv), action (Troleiv), suffering náoyev).
Metaph. K. 6, p. 226, Brandis, E. 1 and 2 ;
Elh. Nic. vi. 3 and 4.
Mctaj hys. E. 1, K. 1, L. ).
i
## p. 328 (#348) ############################################
328
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOTELES.
sions.
The origin of these categories, according to Tren- of Rhodes. Out of this pragmaty there have been
delenburg's investigation, is of a linguistic-grammati- lost the writings Nepl pidocopias, in three books,
cal nature. (Trend. de Arist. Categ. Berol. 1833, containing the first sketch of metaphysics, and a
8vo. )
description of the Pythagorean and Platonic philo
2. Tepl épurvelas (de Elocutione oratoria), i. e. sophy; and Nepi ideas, in at least four books, a
concerning the expression of thoughts by means of polemic representation of the Platonic doctrine of
speech. By épunvela Aristotle understands the ideas. (See Brandis, Diatribe de perd. Arist.
import of all the component parts of judgments libr. 21. 14. )
and conclusions. As the Categories are of a gram- Literature of the Metaphysics. The edition by
matical origin, so also this small treatise, which Brandis, Berlin, 1823, of which hitherto only the
was probably not quite completed, was, as it were, first vol. , containing the text, has appeared. Scho
the first attempt at a philosophical system of gram- lia Gracca in Arist. Met. ed. Brandis, Berol. 1837,
mar. (See Classen, de Grammaticae Graecae Pri- 8vo. iv. 1 ; Biese, die Philosophie des Arist. i. pp.
mordiis, Bonnae, 1829, p. 52; K. E. Geppert, 310--661; Michelet, Eramen critique de la Mé-
Darstellung der Grammatischen Kategorien, Berlin, taph. d'Arist. , Paris, 1836; Ravaisson, Sur la
1836, p. 11. )
Métaph. d'Arist. , Paris, 1838 ; Glaser, die Metapi.
After these propaedeutical treatises, in which des Arist. nach Composition, Inhalt, und Methode.
definitions (őpoi) and propositions (Apotásels) are Berlin, 1841; Vater, Vindiciae theologiae Ariston
treated of, there follow, as the first part of Logic, telis, Lips. 1795 ; Brandis, Ditrile de perd. Arist.
properly so called, 3. The two books 'Avalutirà libr. de Ideis et de Bono, sive de Philosophia, Bon-
pótepa ( Analytica priora), the theory of conclu- nae, 1823, and Rheinisches Museum, ii. 2, p. 208,
The title is derived from the resolution of &c. , 4, p. 558, &c. ; Trendelenburg, Platonis de Ideis
the conclusion into its fundamental component et Numeris Doctrina er Aristotele illustrata, Lips.
parts (avalvewv). The word "pótepa, appended to 1826 ; Starke, de Arist. de Intelligentia, sive de
the title, is from a later hand. 4. The two books, Mente Sententia, Neo-Ruppini, 1833, 410. ; Bonitz,
Avalutind votepa (also Seútepa, méyana), treat, Observationes criticae in Aristotelis libros metaphy-
the first of demonstrable (apodeictic) knowledge, sicos, Berol. 1842.
the second of the application of conclusions to proof. Mathematics, the second science in the sphere of
5. The eight books TOTIKWv embrace Dialectics, Theoretical Philosophy, is treated of in the follow-
i. e. the logic of the probable according to Aristotle. ing writings of Aristotle :-
It is the method of arriving at farther conclusions 1. Περί ατόμων γραμμών, ίc. concerning indi-
on every problem according to probable propositions visible lines, intended as a proof of the doctrine of
and general points of view. From these last, the infinite divisibility of magnitudes. This work
(TÓT01, sedes et fontes argumentorum, loci, Cic. Top. was attributed by several ancient critics to Theo
c. 2, Orat. c. 14,) the work takes its name. We phrastus. Ed. princeps by Stephanus, 1557.
must regard as an appendix to the Topica the 2. Μηχανικά προβλήματα, Mechanical Problems,
treatise, 6. ſep. GODIOTIKWV eneyxwv, concerning critically and exegetically edited by Van Capelle,
the fallacies which only apparently prove something Amstelod. 1812. The Roman writer Vitruvius
Published separately by Winckelmann, made diligent use of this treatise.
Leipzig, 1833, as an appendix to his edition of We now come to the third main division of
Plato's Euthydemus.
Theoretical Philosophy, viz. Physics or Natural
science (πραγματεία και μέθοδος φυσική, επιστήμη
2. Theoretical Philosophy.
περί φύσεως, ιστορία περί φύσεως, Phys. i. 1 ; de
Caelo, iii. 1. ) According to the way in which it
Its three parts are Physics, Mathematics, and is treated of by Aristotle, it exhibits the following
Metaphysics. " In Physics, theoretical philosophy division and arrangement: The science of Physics
considers material substances, which have the considers as well the universal causes and relations
source of motion in themselves (τα όντα ή κινού- of entire nature, as the individual natural bodies.
ueva). In mathematics the subject is the attri. The latter are either simple and therefore eternal
butes of quantity and extension (tò aboov kal to and imperishable, as the heaven, the heavenly
ouvezés), which are external to motion indeed, bodies, and the fundamental powers of the elements
but not separate from things (xwplotá), though (warm, cold, moist, dry); or they are compound,
they are still independent, kalº avrà uévouta earthly, and perishable. The compound physical
Metaphysics (in Arist. TrpáTY, QI0Oopía, copiam substances are, 1. such as are formed immediately
θεολογία, θεολογική επιστήμη, or φιλοσοφία | by the above-mentioned fundamental forces, as the
simply) have to do with eristence in itself and as elements—fire, air, water, earth ; 2. collections of
such (To ovo šv, Met. T. 1, E. 1), which in like homogeneous matter (óuolouepa, similaria), which
manner is external to motion ; but at the same are compounded of the elements, e. 9. stones, blood,
time exists by itself separably from individual bones, flesh; 3. heterogeneous component parts (ava
things (Tò xwpordy kal rò exívntov). Their wolomepa, dissimilariu), as e. o. head, hand, &c. ,
subject therefore is the universal, the ultimate which are compounded of different homogeneous
causes of things, the best, the first (TÒ Kabónov, constituent parts, as of bones, blood, fiesh, &c. ;
τα αιτία, το άριστον, τα πρώτα, περί αρχάς επισ- 4. organized objects compounded of such hetero-
tņun), absolute existence, and the one. To this geneous constituent parts : animals, plants. The
last branch belong
course of observation and investigation proceeds
The Metaphysics, in 14 books (TWV metà tà from the whole and universal to the particular and
puolá, A-N), which probably originated after individual; but in the case of each individual
Aristotle's death in the collection of originally in- portion of the representation, from the cognoscent
dependent treatises.
The title also is of late observation of the external appearance to the in-
origin. It occurs first in Plutarch (Alex. c. 7), vestigation of the causes. (Phys. i. 1, i. l; de
and must probably be traced back to Andronicus l'artit. Animal, i. 5; Ilist. Anim. i. 6. § 4, Schnei-
to us.
1
## p. 329 (#349) ############################################
ARISTOTELES.
329
ARISTOTELES.
der. ) In the latter the most important thing is the small fragınent on the local names of several
the investigation of the purpose (το ου ένεκα, | winds (ανέμων θέσεις και προσηγορίαι, out of the
causa finalis), by means of which one arrives at larger work nepi onueww xelucvwv, Diog. L. v.
the idea of the thing (abyos, or to ti fv elvai). 26; printed in Arist. Opp. , ed. Du Val. vol. ii. p.
Aristotle reproaches the older investigators with 848), and a fragment extant only in a Latin form,
having neglected to penetrate into the purpose and De Nili Incremento.
idea (τέλος and λόγος) of the individual sides and The close of the fourth book of the Meteorologics
parts of nature, and with having always sought conducts us to the consideration of earthly natural
merely for the material cause of things.
(De bodies composed of homogeneous parts (óporouepñ).
Generatione, v. ), ii. 6. ) In this investigation of Separate treatises on the inorganic bodies of the
the purpose, the leading idea is always to shew, same class, e. g. Tepl metaAww (Olympiod. ad
that the natural object, which forms the subject of Arist. Meteorol. i. 5, vol. i. p. 133, Ideler), and
investigation, corresponds most completely in the Tepl tñs Aldov (Diog. L. v. 26), have perished.
way in which it exists to the idea intended to be Among the works on organic natural bodies, Aris-
realized, and accordingly best fulfils its purpose. totle himself (Meteor. i. 1) places first those on
(De Partib. Anim. i. 5; Phys. i. 8; De Incessu the animal kingdom, to the scientific consideration
Anim. 2. )
of which he devoted, according to Pliny (H. N.
According to this mode of considering the writ- viii. 17), fifty, according to Antigonus Carystius
ings of this pragmaty, they will be arranged in the (c. 66), seventy treatises. Respecting the scien-
following manner :-
tific arrangenient of the extant works of this
1. The eight books of Physics (Puoint) åkpoaois, pragmaty see Trendelenburg, ad Arist. de Anima
called also by others repl åpxwv; the last three Procem. p. 114, &c. The work which we must
books are likewise entitled repl kivhoews by Sim- place first is
plicius, Prooem. ad Phys. and ad vi. pp. 404-5, 6. The History of Animals (Tepl Suwv iotopía
ed. Berol. ) In these Aristotle develops the called by Aristotle himself ai tepi tà Śwa ioto-
general principles of natural science. (Cosmology. ) piai and Swimti iotoplam De Partibus, iii. 14. $ 5)
The investigation of the principles of the uni- in nine books. In this work Aristotle treats,
verse is naturally succeeded by the consideration chiefly in the way of description, of all the peculi-
of the principal parts of it, the heaven, the heavenly arities of this division of the natural kingdom,
bodies, and the elements. There follows accord according to genera, classes, and species ; making
ingly,
it his chief endeavour to give all the characteristics
2. The work concerning the Heaven (tepl oupa of each animal according to its external and in-
voù), in four books, which is entitled repl koomov ternal vital functions ; according to the manner of
by Alexander of Aphrodisias. (Fabric. Bill. Gr. its copulation, its mode of life, and its character.
iii. p. 230, Harl. ) According to an astronomical This enormous work, partly the fruit of the kingly
notice in i. 12, the work was composed after the liberality of Alexander, has not reached us quite
year B. c. 357. See Keppler, Astron. opt. p. 357; complete. On the other hand, respecting a tenth
Bailly, Histoire de l'Astronomie, p. 244.
book appended in the MSS. , which treats of the
3. The two books on Production and Destruction conditions of the productive power, scholars are not
(sep! gevérews kal peopâs, de Generatione et Cor- agreed. Scaliger wants to introduce it between
ruptione), develop the general laws of production the 7th and 8th books ; Camus regards it as the
and destruction, which are indicated more definitely treatise spoken of by Diogenes Laërtius: Únep
in the process of formation which goes on in Toù uti yevvav; Schneider doubts its authenticity.
inorganic nature, or in meteorological phaenomena According to a notice in several MSS. (p. 633, ed.
The consideration of this forms the contents of the Berolin. ), it originates in the Latin recension of
4. Four books on Meteorology (Metewpodoyund, the writings of Aristotle. Respecting the plan,
de Meteoris). This work, which is distinguished contents, history, and editions of the work, Schnei-
by the clearness and ease of its style, was com- der treats at length in the Epimetra in the first
posed after B. C. 341, and before the time when an vol. of his edition. The best edition is by Schnei-
acquaintance with India was obtained by Alex- der, in four vols. 8vo. , Lips. 1811.
ander's expedition. (St. Croix, Eaamen critique This work, the observations in which are the
des Hist. d'Alex. p. 703 ; Ideler, Meteorologia ret. triumph of ancient sagacity, and have been con-
Graecor. et Rom. , Berol. 1832. ) It contains the firmed by the results of the most recent investiga-
groundwork of a physical geography. It has been tions (Cuvier), is followed by
edited by Ideler, Lips. 1834, 2 vols. , with a pro- 7. The four books on the Parts of Animals (Tepl
fuse commentary. This work is commonly fol. Šuw yopiwv), in which Aristotle, after describing
lowed in the editions by the treatise
the phaenomena in each species develops the causes
5. On the Universe (Tepi koopov, de Mundo), a of these phaenomena by means of the idea to be
letter to Alexander, which treats the subject of the formed of the purpose which is manifested in the
last two works in a popular tone and a rhetorical formation of the animal. According to Titze (de
style altogether foreign to Aristotle. The whole Arist. Opp. Serie, pp. 55–58), the first book of this
is probably a translation of a work with the same work forms the introduction to the entire preceding
title by Appuleius, as Stabr (Arist. bei den Römern, work on animals, and was edited by him under
p. 165, &c. ) has endeavoured to prove. Osann | the title Λόγος περί φύσεως μάλιστα μεθοδικός,
ascribes it to the Stoic Chrysippus (Beiträge zur Prag. 1819, and Leipzig, 1823, 8vo. , with a Ger-
Griech. u. Röm. Litt. Gesch. , Darmstadt, 1835, vol. i. man translation and remarks. This work, too, as
pp. 141-283. ) The latest editor of Appuleius regards its form, belongs to the most complete and
(Hildebrand, Prolegg. ad Appul. vol. i. p. xli. , &c. ), attractive of the works of Aristotle. There is a
on the contrary, looks upon the Latin work as the separate work in five books
translation.
8. On the Gencration of Animals (Tepl uwr
To the same division of this pragmaty belongs gevénews), which treats of the generation of ani-
## p. 330 (#350) ############################################
330
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOTELES.
mals and the organs of generation. The fifth book The organization of plants had been treated of
howerer does not belong to this work, but is a by Aristotle in a separate work (Tepi Outwv).
treatise on the changes which the several parts of The extant
the body suffer.
15. Two books Nep! Autwv (de Plantis), accord-
9. De Incessu Animalium (mepl Suwv nopelas), ! ing to a remark in the preface, are a translation
the close of which (c. 19. p. 713, ed. Bekk. ), after from a Latin translation, which again was founded
the external phaenomena of the animal kingdom on an Arabic version of the original. In spite of
and of animal organization have been treated of, all the doubts which have been raised against their
Icads us to the consideration of the internal cause authenticity, there are many expressions found in
of these, the soul. The consideration of this is them which bear an undoubtedly Aristotelian
taken up by Aristotle in the
stamp. (Compare Henschel, de Arist. Botan. Philos.
10. Three books on the Soul (Tepl yuxñs). After Vratislaviae, 1823. )
he has criticised the views of earlier investigators, Several anatomical works of Aristotle have been
he himself defines the soul to be “the internal lost. He was the first person who in any especial
formative principle of a body which may be per- manner advocated anatomical investigations, and
ceived by the senses, and is capable of life" (eloos shewed the necessity of them for the study of the
σώματος φυσικου δυνάμει ζωήν έχοντος). Such an natural sciences. He frequently refers to investi-
internal formative principle is an evrené Xela; (re- gations of his own on the subject. (Hist. Anim.
specting this expression, see Biese, Phil. des Arist. i. 17, extr. , ii. 2, vi. 10. ) Diog. Laërt. (v. 25)
pp. 355, 452, 479, &c. ); the soul is therefore the mentions eight books avatouaw, and one book
entelecheia of a body capable of life, or organized : ékdom dvatouwv, by Aristotle. According to
it is its essence (ovola), its lógos. This work has Aristotle's own intimations (de Gen. An. ii. 7, de
been edited by Trendelenburg, Jenae, 1833, 8vo. — Part. An. iv. 5), these writings were illustrated by
one of the most excellent editions of any separate | drawings. The treatise Εύδημος η περί ψυχής,
portion of Aristotle's writings in point of criticism a dialogue called after Eudemus of Cyprus, the
and explanation. With this work the following friend of the philosopher, has also been lost. In
treatises are connected, in which individual sub- this work, of which a considerable fragment has
jects are carried out :
been preserved by Plutarch (de Consol. ad Apollon.
11. On the Motion of Animals (tepl uw kivt. p. 115, b. ), Aristotle refuted the proposition, that
σεως).
the soul is no independent essence, but only the
12. Parva Naturalia, a series of essays, which, harmony of the body. Whether the treatise quoted
according to their plan, form an entire work (de by Diog.
first class. The principle to be kept in view in in German, Berlin, 1842, 8vo. -Weinholtz, De
the division of these works must be determined finibus et pretio logices Arist. Rostochii, 1824. -
from what Aristotle says himself. According to Brandis, Uëber die Reihenfolge der Bücher des Or-
him, every kind of knowledge has for its object ganon, &c. , in the Abhandl. d. Berl. Akad. , 1835,
either, 1, Merely the ascertainment of truth, or p. 249, &c. -- Biese, die Philosophie des Aristot. i. pp.
2. Besides this, an operative activity. The latter 45-318. –J. Barthélemy St. Hilaire, De la Logique
has for its result either the production of a work d'Aristote, Mémoire couronnée par l'Institut, Paris,
(Tolewv), or the result is the act itself, and its pro- 1838, 2 vols. 8vo.
cess (Tpártev). Accordingly every kind of know- The usual succession of the logical writings in
ledge is either I. Productive, poetic (én 10thun the editions is as follows:
ποιητική); or II. Practical (επιστήμη πρακτική); 1. The Katnyopla. (Praedicamenta). In this
or III. Theoretical (émlothun Dewanting). * Theo work Aristotle treats of the (ten) bighest and most
retical knowledge has three main divisions (pido comprehensive generic ideas, under which all the
Copiat, a payuarciai), namely : 1. Physical science attributes of things may be subordinated as species.
(επιστήμη φυσική); 2. Mathematics (επ. μαθημα- These are esseng or substanc (ή ουσία), φuantity
TIK"); 3. The doctrine of absolute existence (in (Tógov), quality (nolov), rciation (após Ti), piace
Aristotle η πρώτη φιλοσοφία, οι επιστήμη θεολο- 1 (που), time (πότε), situation (κείσθαι), possession or
having (ěxeiv), action (Troleiv), suffering náoyev).
Metaph. K. 6, p. 226, Brandis, E. 1 and 2 ;
Elh. Nic. vi. 3 and 4.
Mctaj hys. E. 1, K. 1, L. ).
i
## p. 328 (#348) ############################################
328
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOTELES.
sions.
The origin of these categories, according to Tren- of Rhodes. Out of this pragmaty there have been
delenburg's investigation, is of a linguistic-grammati- lost the writings Nepl pidocopias, in three books,
cal nature. (Trend. de Arist. Categ. Berol. 1833, containing the first sketch of metaphysics, and a
8vo. )
description of the Pythagorean and Platonic philo
2. Tepl épurvelas (de Elocutione oratoria), i. e. sophy; and Nepi ideas, in at least four books, a
concerning the expression of thoughts by means of polemic representation of the Platonic doctrine of
speech. By épunvela Aristotle understands the ideas. (See Brandis, Diatribe de perd. Arist.
import of all the component parts of judgments libr. 21. 14. )
and conclusions. As the Categories are of a gram- Literature of the Metaphysics. The edition by
matical origin, so also this small treatise, which Brandis, Berlin, 1823, of which hitherto only the
was probably not quite completed, was, as it were, first vol. , containing the text, has appeared. Scho
the first attempt at a philosophical system of gram- lia Gracca in Arist. Met. ed. Brandis, Berol. 1837,
mar. (See Classen, de Grammaticae Graecae Pri- 8vo. iv. 1 ; Biese, die Philosophie des Arist. i. pp.
mordiis, Bonnae, 1829, p. 52; K. E. Geppert, 310--661; Michelet, Eramen critique de la Mé-
Darstellung der Grammatischen Kategorien, Berlin, taph. d'Arist. , Paris, 1836; Ravaisson, Sur la
1836, p. 11. )
Métaph. d'Arist. , Paris, 1838 ; Glaser, die Metapi.
After these propaedeutical treatises, in which des Arist. nach Composition, Inhalt, und Methode.
definitions (őpoi) and propositions (Apotásels) are Berlin, 1841; Vater, Vindiciae theologiae Ariston
treated of, there follow, as the first part of Logic, telis, Lips. 1795 ; Brandis, Ditrile de perd. Arist.
properly so called, 3. The two books 'Avalutirà libr. de Ideis et de Bono, sive de Philosophia, Bon-
pótepa ( Analytica priora), the theory of conclu- nae, 1823, and Rheinisches Museum, ii. 2, p. 208,
The title is derived from the resolution of &c. , 4, p. 558, &c. ; Trendelenburg, Platonis de Ideis
the conclusion into its fundamental component et Numeris Doctrina er Aristotele illustrata, Lips.
parts (avalvewv). The word "pótepa, appended to 1826 ; Starke, de Arist. de Intelligentia, sive de
the title, is from a later hand. 4. The two books, Mente Sententia, Neo-Ruppini, 1833, 410. ; Bonitz,
Avalutind votepa (also Seútepa, méyana), treat, Observationes criticae in Aristotelis libros metaphy-
the first of demonstrable (apodeictic) knowledge, sicos, Berol. 1842.
the second of the application of conclusions to proof. Mathematics, the second science in the sphere of
5. The eight books TOTIKWv embrace Dialectics, Theoretical Philosophy, is treated of in the follow-
i. e. the logic of the probable according to Aristotle. ing writings of Aristotle :-
It is the method of arriving at farther conclusions 1. Περί ατόμων γραμμών, ίc. concerning indi-
on every problem according to probable propositions visible lines, intended as a proof of the doctrine of
and general points of view. From these last, the infinite divisibility of magnitudes. This work
(TÓT01, sedes et fontes argumentorum, loci, Cic. Top. was attributed by several ancient critics to Theo
c. 2, Orat. c. 14,) the work takes its name. We phrastus. Ed. princeps by Stephanus, 1557.
must regard as an appendix to the Topica the 2. Μηχανικά προβλήματα, Mechanical Problems,
treatise, 6. ſep. GODIOTIKWV eneyxwv, concerning critically and exegetically edited by Van Capelle,
the fallacies which only apparently prove something Amstelod. 1812. The Roman writer Vitruvius
Published separately by Winckelmann, made diligent use of this treatise.
Leipzig, 1833, as an appendix to his edition of We now come to the third main division of
Plato's Euthydemus.
Theoretical Philosophy, viz. Physics or Natural
science (πραγματεία και μέθοδος φυσική, επιστήμη
2. Theoretical Philosophy.
περί φύσεως, ιστορία περί φύσεως, Phys. i. 1 ; de
Caelo, iii. 1. ) According to the way in which it
Its three parts are Physics, Mathematics, and is treated of by Aristotle, it exhibits the following
Metaphysics. " In Physics, theoretical philosophy division and arrangement: The science of Physics
considers material substances, which have the considers as well the universal causes and relations
source of motion in themselves (τα όντα ή κινού- of entire nature, as the individual natural bodies.
ueva). In mathematics the subject is the attri. The latter are either simple and therefore eternal
butes of quantity and extension (tò aboov kal to and imperishable, as the heaven, the heavenly
ouvezés), which are external to motion indeed, bodies, and the fundamental powers of the elements
but not separate from things (xwplotá), though (warm, cold, moist, dry); or they are compound,
they are still independent, kalº avrà uévouta earthly, and perishable. The compound physical
Metaphysics (in Arist. TrpáTY, QI0Oopía, copiam substances are, 1. such as are formed immediately
θεολογία, θεολογική επιστήμη, or φιλοσοφία | by the above-mentioned fundamental forces, as the
simply) have to do with eristence in itself and as elements—fire, air, water, earth ; 2. collections of
such (To ovo šv, Met. T. 1, E. 1), which in like homogeneous matter (óuolouepa, similaria), which
manner is external to motion ; but at the same are compounded of the elements, e. 9. stones, blood,
time exists by itself separably from individual bones, flesh; 3. heterogeneous component parts (ava
things (Tò xwpordy kal rò exívntov). Their wolomepa, dissimilariu), as e. o. head, hand, &c. ,
subject therefore is the universal, the ultimate which are compounded of different homogeneous
causes of things, the best, the first (TÒ Kabónov, constituent parts, as of bones, blood, fiesh, &c. ;
τα αιτία, το άριστον, τα πρώτα, περί αρχάς επισ- 4. organized objects compounded of such hetero-
tņun), absolute existence, and the one. To this geneous constituent parts : animals, plants. The
last branch belong
course of observation and investigation proceeds
The Metaphysics, in 14 books (TWV metà tà from the whole and universal to the particular and
puolá, A-N), which probably originated after individual; but in the case of each individual
Aristotle's death in the collection of originally in- portion of the representation, from the cognoscent
dependent treatises.
The title also is of late observation of the external appearance to the in-
origin. It occurs first in Plutarch (Alex. c. 7), vestigation of the causes. (Phys. i. 1, i. l; de
and must probably be traced back to Andronicus l'artit. Animal, i. 5; Ilist. Anim. i. 6. § 4, Schnei-
to us.
1
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ARISTOTELES.
329
ARISTOTELES.
der. ) In the latter the most important thing is the small fragınent on the local names of several
the investigation of the purpose (το ου ένεκα, | winds (ανέμων θέσεις και προσηγορίαι, out of the
causa finalis), by means of which one arrives at larger work nepi onueww xelucvwv, Diog. L. v.
the idea of the thing (abyos, or to ti fv elvai). 26; printed in Arist. Opp. , ed. Du Val. vol. ii. p.
Aristotle reproaches the older investigators with 848), and a fragment extant only in a Latin form,
having neglected to penetrate into the purpose and De Nili Incremento.
idea (τέλος and λόγος) of the individual sides and The close of the fourth book of the Meteorologics
parts of nature, and with having always sought conducts us to the consideration of earthly natural
merely for the material cause of things.
(De bodies composed of homogeneous parts (óporouepñ).
Generatione, v. ), ii. 6. ) In this investigation of Separate treatises on the inorganic bodies of the
the purpose, the leading idea is always to shew, same class, e. g. Tepl metaAww (Olympiod. ad
that the natural object, which forms the subject of Arist. Meteorol. i. 5, vol. i. p. 133, Ideler), and
investigation, corresponds most completely in the Tepl tñs Aldov (Diog. L. v. 26), have perished.
way in which it exists to the idea intended to be Among the works on organic natural bodies, Aris-
realized, and accordingly best fulfils its purpose. totle himself (Meteor. i. 1) places first those on
(De Partib. Anim. i. 5; Phys. i. 8; De Incessu the animal kingdom, to the scientific consideration
Anim. 2. )
of which he devoted, according to Pliny (H. N.
According to this mode of considering the writ- viii. 17), fifty, according to Antigonus Carystius
ings of this pragmaty, they will be arranged in the (c. 66), seventy treatises. Respecting the scien-
following manner :-
tific arrangenient of the extant works of this
1. The eight books of Physics (Puoint) åkpoaois, pragmaty see Trendelenburg, ad Arist. de Anima
called also by others repl åpxwv; the last three Procem. p. 114, &c. The work which we must
books are likewise entitled repl kivhoews by Sim- place first is
plicius, Prooem. ad Phys. and ad vi. pp. 404-5, 6. The History of Animals (Tepl Suwv iotopía
ed. Berol. ) In these Aristotle develops the called by Aristotle himself ai tepi tà Śwa ioto-
general principles of natural science. (Cosmology. ) piai and Swimti iotoplam De Partibus, iii. 14. $ 5)
The investigation of the principles of the uni- in nine books. In this work Aristotle treats,
verse is naturally succeeded by the consideration chiefly in the way of description, of all the peculi-
of the principal parts of it, the heaven, the heavenly arities of this division of the natural kingdom,
bodies, and the elements. There follows accord according to genera, classes, and species ; making
ingly,
it his chief endeavour to give all the characteristics
2. The work concerning the Heaven (tepl oupa of each animal according to its external and in-
voù), in four books, which is entitled repl koomov ternal vital functions ; according to the manner of
by Alexander of Aphrodisias. (Fabric. Bill. Gr. its copulation, its mode of life, and its character.
iii. p. 230, Harl. ) According to an astronomical This enormous work, partly the fruit of the kingly
notice in i. 12, the work was composed after the liberality of Alexander, has not reached us quite
year B. c. 357. See Keppler, Astron. opt. p. 357; complete. On the other hand, respecting a tenth
Bailly, Histoire de l'Astronomie, p. 244.
book appended in the MSS. , which treats of the
3. The two books on Production and Destruction conditions of the productive power, scholars are not
(sep! gevérews kal peopâs, de Generatione et Cor- agreed. Scaliger wants to introduce it between
ruptione), develop the general laws of production the 7th and 8th books ; Camus regards it as the
and destruction, which are indicated more definitely treatise spoken of by Diogenes Laërtius: Únep
in the process of formation which goes on in Toù uti yevvav; Schneider doubts its authenticity.
inorganic nature, or in meteorological phaenomena According to a notice in several MSS. (p. 633, ed.
The consideration of this forms the contents of the Berolin. ), it originates in the Latin recension of
4. Four books on Meteorology (Metewpodoyund, the writings of Aristotle. Respecting the plan,
de Meteoris). This work, which is distinguished contents, history, and editions of the work, Schnei-
by the clearness and ease of its style, was com- der treats at length in the Epimetra in the first
posed after B. C. 341, and before the time when an vol. of his edition. The best edition is by Schnei-
acquaintance with India was obtained by Alex- der, in four vols. 8vo. , Lips. 1811.
ander's expedition. (St. Croix, Eaamen critique This work, the observations in which are the
des Hist. d'Alex. p. 703 ; Ideler, Meteorologia ret. triumph of ancient sagacity, and have been con-
Graecor. et Rom. , Berol. 1832. ) It contains the firmed by the results of the most recent investiga-
groundwork of a physical geography. It has been tions (Cuvier), is followed by
edited by Ideler, Lips. 1834, 2 vols. , with a pro- 7. The four books on the Parts of Animals (Tepl
fuse commentary. This work is commonly fol. Šuw yopiwv), in which Aristotle, after describing
lowed in the editions by the treatise
the phaenomena in each species develops the causes
5. On the Universe (Tepi koopov, de Mundo), a of these phaenomena by means of the idea to be
letter to Alexander, which treats the subject of the formed of the purpose which is manifested in the
last two works in a popular tone and a rhetorical formation of the animal. According to Titze (de
style altogether foreign to Aristotle. The whole Arist. Opp. Serie, pp. 55–58), the first book of this
is probably a translation of a work with the same work forms the introduction to the entire preceding
title by Appuleius, as Stabr (Arist. bei den Römern, work on animals, and was edited by him under
p. 165, &c. ) has endeavoured to prove. Osann | the title Λόγος περί φύσεως μάλιστα μεθοδικός,
ascribes it to the Stoic Chrysippus (Beiträge zur Prag. 1819, and Leipzig, 1823, 8vo. , with a Ger-
Griech. u. Röm. Litt. Gesch. , Darmstadt, 1835, vol. i. man translation and remarks. This work, too, as
pp. 141-283. ) The latest editor of Appuleius regards its form, belongs to the most complete and
(Hildebrand, Prolegg. ad Appul. vol. i. p. xli. , &c. ), attractive of the works of Aristotle. There is a
on the contrary, looks upon the Latin work as the separate work in five books
translation.
8. On the Gencration of Animals (Tepl uwr
To the same division of this pragmaty belongs gevénews), which treats of the generation of ani-
## p. 330 (#350) ############################################
330
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOTELES.
mals and the organs of generation. The fifth book The organization of plants had been treated of
howerer does not belong to this work, but is a by Aristotle in a separate work (Tepi Outwv).
treatise on the changes which the several parts of The extant
the body suffer.
15. Two books Nep! Autwv (de Plantis), accord-
9. De Incessu Animalium (mepl Suwv nopelas), ! ing to a remark in the preface, are a translation
the close of which (c. 19. p. 713, ed. Bekk. ), after from a Latin translation, which again was founded
the external phaenomena of the animal kingdom on an Arabic version of the original. In spite of
and of animal organization have been treated of, all the doubts which have been raised against their
Icads us to the consideration of the internal cause authenticity, there are many expressions found in
of these, the soul. The consideration of this is them which bear an undoubtedly Aristotelian
taken up by Aristotle in the
stamp. (Compare Henschel, de Arist. Botan. Philos.
10. Three books on the Soul (Tepl yuxñs). After Vratislaviae, 1823. )
he has criticised the views of earlier investigators, Several anatomical works of Aristotle have been
he himself defines the soul to be “the internal lost. He was the first person who in any especial
formative principle of a body which may be per- manner advocated anatomical investigations, and
ceived by the senses, and is capable of life" (eloos shewed the necessity of them for the study of the
σώματος φυσικου δυνάμει ζωήν έχοντος). Such an natural sciences. He frequently refers to investi-
internal formative principle is an evrené Xela; (re- gations of his own on the subject. (Hist. Anim.
specting this expression, see Biese, Phil. des Arist. i. 17, extr. , ii. 2, vi. 10. ) Diog. Laërt. (v. 25)
pp. 355, 452, 479, &c. ); the soul is therefore the mentions eight books avatouaw, and one book
entelecheia of a body capable of life, or organized : ékdom dvatouwv, by Aristotle. According to
it is its essence (ovola), its lógos. This work has Aristotle's own intimations (de Gen. An. ii. 7, de
been edited by Trendelenburg, Jenae, 1833, 8vo. — Part. An. iv. 5), these writings were illustrated by
one of the most excellent editions of any separate | drawings. The treatise Εύδημος η περί ψυχής,
portion of Aristotle's writings in point of criticism a dialogue called after Eudemus of Cyprus, the
and explanation. With this work the following friend of the philosopher, has also been lost. In
treatises are connected, in which individual sub- this work, of which a considerable fragment has
jects are carried out :
been preserved by Plutarch (de Consol. ad Apollon.
11. On the Motion of Animals (tepl uw kivt. p. 115, b. ), Aristotle refuted the proposition, that
σεως).
the soul is no independent essence, but only the
12. Parva Naturalia, a series of essays, which, harmony of the body. Whether the treatise quoted
according to their plan, form an entire work (de by Diog.
