forward
Hephaestion
held the sole command of that | 12.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
It is, however, remarkable, that that town, he was informed that Baldwin, without
neither Livy, Dionysius, nor Plutarch, mention waiting for the arrival of his brother, had impru-
Hemina by name among their several authorities ; dently engaged a pitched battle with the Bulgarian
nor does Cicero include him in his catalogue of the king, Joannicus or Calo-Joannes, that the imperial
early annalists and historians of Rome. (De Or. troops had suffered a severe defeat, and that no-
ii. 12, De Leg. 1, 2. ) From the frequent citations body knew what had become of the emperor (15th
of Hemina by the grammarians Nonius, Priscian, of April, 1205). In this emergency, Henry left
and Servius, his diction would seem to bave been his army, and hastening alone to the field of battle
at least idiomatic, and he furnished the antiquarians near Adrianople, arrived in time to save the im-
and encyclopaedists, Macrobius (Sat. i. 13, 16, iii. perial army from utter destruction. The fate of
4), Gellius (xvii
. 21. 9 3), Pliny (H. N. xii. 13, Baldwin being entirely unknown, Henry was
xviii
. 2, xix. 1, xxix. 1, xxxii. 2), and Solinus (8), chosen regent, and he conducted his forces back to
with some curious traditions of the past. The Constantinople. The Bulgarian king followed in
fragments of Hemina's history are collected and his steps, burnt Philippopolis, and ravaged all
arranged by Krause (Vit. et Fragm. Vet. Hist. Thrace in a most savage manner. He reckoned
Rom. pp. 155–166).
(W. B. D. ] upon the assistance of the discontented Greeks,
HEMI'THEON ('Huibéwr), a Sybarite of the and, had they joined him, the fate of the new
vilest character, and the author of an obscene work. Latin empire of Constantinople would have been
He is mentioned by Lucian (Adv. Indoctum, c. 23, sealed; but his unheard-of cruelties showed the
and, according to the conjecture of Solanus, Pseu-Greeks that among their foreign masters the Bul-
dolog. c. 3). It is thought that he is the writer re- garian was the worst ; and the inhabitants of
ferred to in a passage of Ovid (Trist. ii. 417), and, Adrianople, after having defended their town
if the common reading of the passage is correct, he against Henry as an usurper and tyrant, now
appears to have flourished not long before that poet. opened their gates, and received him within their
But Heinsius (ad loc. ) conjectures that for nu- walls with acclamations of joy. This was in
per” we should read “ turpem," in which case, the 1206. It was then known that the emperor Bald-
age of Hemitheon remains undetermined. If it is win was a prisoner of the king of Bulgaria, and in
to him that Ovid refers, it may be gathered that the summer of 1206 the news came of his melan-
his work was a poem, entitled Sylaritis. (Politian, choly death. Henry, known as a skilful general,
Miscellanea, c. 15; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. viii. p. endeared to most of the Latin barons for having
159. )
[J. C. M. ] saved them after the defeat of Adrianople, and
HENI'OCHE ("Hv16X), a daughter of Creon moreover next of kin to his brother, was unani-
of Thebes, to whom, and to whose sister Pyrrha, mously chosen emperor, and crowned at Constanti-
statues were erected at the entrance of the temple nople on the 20th of August, 1206. At the same
of the Ismenian Apollo at Thebes. (Paus. ix. 10. time Theodore Lascaris was recognised by a large
$ 3. ) The wife of Creon, whom Sophocles calls number of towns and villages as lawful emperor,
Eurydice, is likewise called by Hesiod (Scut. 83) and took up his residence at Nicaea. From that
Henioche.
(L. S. ] time down to 1261, there was a Latin-Byzantine
HENI'OCHUS ("Hvíoxos), an Athenian comic and a Greek-Byzantine empire, to which we must
poet of the middle comedy, whose plays, as men- add a third, the Greek empire of the Comneni at
tioned by Suidas, were: Tpoxiaos, Erikampos, Trebizond. An alliance between the king of Bul-
Γοργόνες, Πολυπράγμων, Θωρύκιον, Πολύευκτος, garia and Theodore Lascaris placed Henry in great
Pétaipos, als étatatouevos, a few fragments of danger. He kept the field in Thrace and Asia
which are preserved by Athenæus (vi. p. 271, a. with great bravery, and found additional strength
ix. p. 296, d. p. 408, a. xi. p. 483, e. ) and Stobaeus in an alliance with the Marquis of Montferrat, lord
(Serm. xlii. 27). Suidas (s. v. TOUEUKTOS) has or king of Thessalonica, whose daughter Agnes he
made a curious blunder, calling Heniochus a play married ; but he lost her soon afterwards. In
by the comic poet Polyeuctus. The Polyeuctus, 1207 Joannicus died, and Henry concluded a po-
who gave the title to the play of Heniochus, was an litical marriage with his daughter, which led to a
## p. 382 (#398) ############################################
382
HEPHAESTION.
HEPHAESTION.
lasting state of peace with Phrorilas, the brother childhood, as we find no mention of him among
and successor of Joannicus. He also made a truce those who shared with Alexander the instruction
with Theodore Lascaris, who was hard pressed by and society of Aristotle. Nor does the name of
David, the gallant brother and general of Alexis I. , Hephaestion occur amidst the intrigues and dis-
the new emperor of Trebizond. In 1214, Theo- sensions between Alexander and his father, which
dore Lascaris formed a most advantageous peace agitated the close of the reign of Philip. The first
with Alexis, and now suddenly invaded Bithynia, occasion on which he is mentioned is that of Aler-
surprised the troops of Henry which were sta- ander's visit to Troy, when Hephaestion is said to
tioned there, and conquered them in a pitched have paid the same honours to the tomb of Patro
battle. To avenge this defeat, Henry crossed the clus that were bestowed by the king himself on
Bosporus with a chosen army, and laid siege to that of Achilles, -an apt type of the relation
Pemanene. The town surrendered after an obsti- subsisting between the iwo. (Arr. Anab. i. 12.
nate resistance, which so roused the resentment of $2; Ael. v. H. xii. 6. ) For it is equally to the
Henry, that he ordered the three principal officers credit of Hephaestion and Alexander, that though
of the garrison to be put to death, viz. Dermocaitus, the former undoubtedly owed his elevation to the
Andronicus Palaeologus, the brother-in-law of personal favour and affection of the king, rather
Theodore Lascaris, and a brother of Theodore Las- than to any abilities or achievements of his owI. ,
caris, whose name is not mentioned, but who was he never allowed himself to degenerate into the
undoubtedly the brave Constantine Lascaris, who position of a flatterer or mere favourite, and the in-
defended Constantinople with so much gallantry tercourse between the two appears to have been
against the Latins in 1204. The issue of the uniformly characterised by the frankness and sin-
campaign, however, was not very favourable to cerity of a true friendship. It is unnecessary to do
Henry, for he obtained peace only on condition of more than allude to such well-known anecdotes as
ceding to his rival all the territories situate east of the visit paid by the king and Hephaestion to the
a line drawn from Sardis to Nicaea, and to leave tent of Dareius after the battle of Issus, or the deli-
Theodore Lascaris in possession of those which he cate reproof conveyed by Alexander to his friend
had conquered west of that line in Bithynia pre when he found him reading over his shoulder a
vious to the truce mentioned above. In 1215 the letter from Olympias. If we can trust the er-
fourth Lateran council was assembled by pope In- pression of Plutarch, on the latter occasion, that it
nocent III. , and a kind of mock union was formed was no more than he was accustomed to do (aue Toù
between the Roman and Greek churches within | Ηφαιστίωνος, ώσπερ είώθει, συναναγινώσκοντος),
the narrow dominions of Henry. Gervasius was there cannot well be a stronger proof of the complete
made patriarch of Constantinople, and recognised familiarity subsisting between them. (Arr. Arab.
by both Henry and the pope, who besides declared ii. 12 ; Curt. iii. 12; Diod. xvii. 37; Plut. Alex.
Constantinople the first see of Christendom after 39, Apophth. p. 180, d. , De fort. Alex. Or. i. 11. )
Rome. In the following year (1216), Henry set But it appears that Alexander's attachment to
out to wage war with his former friend Theodore, Hephaestion never blinded him to the fact that his
despot of Epeirus and Aetolia, but died suddenly, friend was not possessed of abilities that qualified
before any hostilities of consequence had taken him to take the sole command of important enter-
place. It is said that he died by poison, and both prises, and that he would not in fact have attained
the Greeks and the Latins are charged with the to eminence by his own exertions alone. On one
murder ; but the fact is doubtful. Henry left no occasion, indeed, he is said to have expressed this
male issue, and was succeeded by Peter of Courte truth in the strongest manner, when finding his
nay.
favourite engaged in an open quarrel with Craterus,
In spite of the perpetual wars into which he was he exclaimed that Hephaestion must be mad if he
driven by circumstances, and which he carried on were not aware that without Alexander he would
with insufficient means, Henry found time to ame- be nothing. Throughout his life he appears to bave
liorate the condition of his subjects by several wise retained a just sense of their different merits; and
laws and a careful and impartial administration. while he loved Hephaestion the most, he yet re-
Towards the Greeks he showed great impartiality, garded Craterus with the greater reverence: the
admitting them to the highest offices of the state, one, he often observed, was his own private friend
and never giving any preference to his own country- (pilarétardpos), the other that of the king (oua
men or other foreigners ; and there are many pas- taoilevs). (Plut. Alex. 47. )
sages in the Greek writers which prove that the During the first years of Alexander's expedition
Greeks really loved him. To make a nation forget in Asia we scarcely find any mention of Hephaes
a foreign yoke is, however, no easy task, and no tion as employed in any military capacity. Curtius,
ruler has ever succeeded in it but by displaying in indeed, tells us (iv. 5. $ 10) that he was appointed
equal proportions valour, energy, prudence, wis- to command the fleet which accompanied the army
dom, and humanity. For these qnalities great of Alexander along the coast of Phoenicia, in B. C.
praise has been bestowed upon Henry, and he 332, but this was at a time when there was little
well deserved it. (Gregoras, lib. i. ii. ; Nicetas, p. fear of hostility. In the following year, however,
410, &c. , ed. Paris ; Acropolita, c. 6, &c. ; Ville- he served with distinction at the battle of Arbela,
hardouin, De la Conqueste de Constantinoble, ed. where he was wounded in the arm. (Art. Arab.
Paulin Paris, Paris, 1838. )
[W. P. ) ü. . 15 ; Curt. iv. 16. & 32 ; Diod. xvii. 61. ) On
HEPHAESTION ('H¢alotſwv), son of Amyn- this occasion be is called by Diodorus the chief of
tor, a Macedonian of Pella, celebrated as the com- the body-guards. We have no account of the time
panion and friend of Alexander the Great. We when he obtained this important post, but it is cer-
are told that he was of the same age with the tain that he was one of the seven select officers
great conqueror himself, and that he had been who, under the title of body-guards (Wuatopú
brought up with him (Curt. iii. 12); but the latter Rakes), were in close attendance upon the king's
statement apparently refers only to the period of person. (Arr. Anab. vi. 28. $ 6. ) After the deatb
1
:
## p. 383 (#399) ############################################
HEPHAESTION
383
| HEPHAESTUS.
:
of Philotas (B. C. 330), the command of the select also refused to appoint a successor to him in his
cavalry called étaipos, or horse-guards, was divided military command, and ordered that the division of
for a time between Hephaestion and Cleitus, but cavalry of which he had been chiliarch should con-
it does not appear that on the death of the latter tinue to bear his name. (Arr. Anab. vii. 14; Diod.
any one was appointed to succeed him, and thence- iii. 110, 114, 115; Plut Alex. 72 ; Justin, xii.
forward Hephaestion held the sole command of that | 12. )
important corps,-a post which was regarded as It was fortunate for Hephaestion that his prema-
the highest dignity in the whole army. (Art. Anab. ture death saved him from encountering the
iii. 27, vii. 14, ap. Phot. p. 69, Q. ; Diod. xviii. 3. ) troubles and dissensions which followed that of
From this time forward-whether Alexander trust Alexander, and in which he was evidently ill
ed to experience having supplied any original defi- qualified to compete with the sterner and more
ciency of military talent, or that he had really seen energetic spirits that surrounded him. Even during
occasion for placing greater confidence in his fa- the lifetime of the king, the enmity between him
vourite--we find Hephaestion frequently entrusted and Eumenes, as well as that already adverted to
with separate commands of importance, during the with Craterus, bad repeatedly broken out, with a
campaigns in Bactria and Sogdiana, and still more vehemence which required the utmost exertions of
during the expedition to India. Thus he was not Alexander to repress them; and it is but justice to
only charged by Alexander with the care of found the latter to observe, that his authority was em-
ing new cities and colonies, with preparing the ployed on these occasions without any apparent
bridge over the Indus, and with the construction of partiality to his favourite. (Plut. Alex. 47, Eum.
the fleet on the Acesines, which was to descend 2 ; Arr. Anab. vii. 13, 14. ) If, indeed, we cannot
that river and the Indus, but was detached on refuse this obnoxious name to Hephaestion, nor
several occasions with a large force for strictly affirm that he was altogether exempt from the
military objects. When Alexander approached the weaknesses and faults incident to such a position,
Indus in B. C. 327, Hephaestion was ordered to it may yet be fairly asserted that history affords
advance, together with Perdiccas and the Indian few examples of a favourite who abused his ad-
king Taxiles, by the direct line down the valley of vantages so little.
(E. H. B. )
the Cophen, while the king was engaged in sub- HEPHAEʻSTION ('Hpalotla). 1. A Greek
duing the warlike tribes farther north; and on grammarian, who instructed the emperor Verus in
reaching the Indus, he reduced an important Greek, and accordingly lived about the middle
fortress, after a siege of thirty days. Again, after of the second century after Christ. (Capitolin.
the passage of the Acesines, and the defeat of Verus Imp. 2. ) It is commonly supposed that
Porus, the task of subduing the other king of that he is the same as the Hephaestion whom Suidas
name was assigned to Hephaestion, a service of calls an Alexandrian grammarian. This latter He.
which he acquitted himself with much distinction. phaestion wrote versified manuals on grammatical
After this he was appointed to conduct one division subjects. Suidas, who mentions several works be-
of the army along the left bank of the river, while sides, speaks of one entitled uétpwr Nedlopol,
Craterus led the other on the opposite side ; and which is believed to be the same as the 'Eyxes-
throughout the descent of the Indus, and the sub-piolov Tepl métpwv, which has come down to us
sequent march through Gedrosia, the command of under the name of Hephaestion, and is a tolerably
the main body of the army, whenever it was sepa- complete manual of Greek metres, forming, in fact,
rated from the king, devolved upon Hephaestion, the basis of all our knowledge on that subject.
either singly or in conjunction with Craterus. This little work is of great value, not only on
(Art. Anab. iv. 16, 22, v. 21, 29, vi. 2, 4, 6, 13, account of the information it affords us on the
17, 18, 20—22, 28, Ind. 19 ; Diod. xvii. 91, 93, subject it treats of, but also on account of the
96 ; Curt. viii. 1, 2, 10, ix. 1, 10. ) By his ser- numerous quotations it contains from other writers,
vices during this period Hephaestion earned the especially poets. The first edition of this Enchi.
distinction of being among those rewarded by Alex- ridion appeared at Florence, 1526, 8vo. , together
ander with crowns of gold on his arrival at Susa with the Greek grammar of Theodorus Gaza. It
(B. C. 324): a still higher honour was conferred was followed by the editions of Hadr. Turnebus
on him at the same time by Alexander's giving (Paris, 1553, 4to. , with some Greek scholia), and
him in marriage Drypetis, the daughter of Dareius of J. Corn. de Pauw. (Traject. ad Rhen. 1726,
and sister of his own bride Stateira (Arr. Anab. 4to. ) The best edition is that of Th. Gaisford (Ox-
vii. 4 ; Diod. rvii. 107. ) Hephaestion now found ford, 1810, 8vo. , reprinted at Leipzig, 1832, 8vo. )
himself in possession of the highest power and dis- There is an English translation of it with prolego-
tinction to which a subject could aspire ; but he mena and notes by Th. Foster Barham, Cam-
was not destined long to enjoy these accumulated bridge, 1843, 8vo.
honours. From Susa he accompanied Alexander, 2. A person who seems to have made it his busi-
towards the close of the year 325, to Ecbatana, ness to publish other men's works under his own
where he was attacked by a fever, which carried name. Thus he is said to have published one Nepi
him off, after an illness of only seven days. Alex-Toll tapd 'Avaxpéovti dvylvou otepávov, and an-
ander's grief for his loss was passionate and vio- other which was the production of the Aristotelian
lent, and found a vent in the most extravagant de- | Adrantus. (Athen. xv. p. 673. ) [L. S. )
monstrations. A general mouming was ordered HEPHAEʻSTION, a Greek sculptor, the son of
throughout the empire, and a funeral pile and mo- Myron ; but whether of the great sculptor, Myron,
nument erected to him at Babylon (whither his or not, is unknown. His name occurs in an in-
body had been conveyed from Ecbatana), at a cost, scription. (Spon. Misc. Erud. Ant. p. 126 ; Bracci,
it is said, of 10,000 talents. Orders were at the vol. ii. p. 268. )
[P. S. )
same time given to pay honours to the deceased as HEPHAESTUS (HPALOTOS), the god of fire,
to a hero a piece of dattery which is said to have was, according to the Homeric account, the son of
been dictated by the oracle of Ammon. Alexander | Zeus and Hera. (1l. i. 578, xiv. 338, xviii. 396,
a
## p. 384 (#400) ############################################
384
HEPHAESTUS.
HEPHAESTUS.
xxi. 332, Od. viii. 312. ) Later traditions state his work shop, with the anvil, and twenty bellows
that he had no father, and that Hera gave birth to which worked spontaneously at his bidding. (11
him independent of Zeus, as she was jealous of xviii. 370, &c. ). It was there that he made all his
Zeus having given birth to Athena independent beautiful and marvellous works, utensils, and arms,
of her. (Apollod. i. 3. & 5; Hygin. Fub. Pracf. ) both for gods and men. The ancient poets and
This, however, is opposed to the common story, mythographers abound in passages describing works
that Hephaestus split the head of Zeus, and thus of exquisite workmanship which had been manu-
assisted him in giving birth to Athens, for le factured by Hephaestus. In later accounts, the
phaestus is there represented as older than Athena Cyclopes, Brontes, Steropes, Pyracmon, and others,
A further development of the later tradition is, are his workmen and servants, and his workshop
that Hephaestus sprang from the thigh of Hera, is no longer represented as in Olympus, but in the
and, being for a long time kept in ignorance of his interior of some volcanic isle. (Virg. Aen. viii.
parentage, he at length had recourse to a stratagem, 416, &c. ) The wife of Hephaestus also lived in
for the purpose of finding it out. He constructed a his palace: in the Iliad she is called a Charis, in
chair, to which those who sat upon it were fastened, the Odyssey Aphrodite (Il. xviii. 382, Od. vii.
and having thus entrapped Hera, he refused allow- 270), and in Hesiod's Theogony (945) she is named
ing her to rise until she had told him who his Aglaia, the youngest of the Charites. The story of
parents were. (Serv. ad Aen. viii. 454, Eclog. iv. Aphrodite's faithlessness to her husband, and of the
62. ) For other accounts respecting his origin, see manner in which he surprised her, is exquisitely
Cicero (de Nat. Deor. iii. 22), Pausanias (viii. 53. described in Od. viii. 266–358. The Homeric
$ 2), and Eustathius (ad Hom. p. 987).
poems do not mention any descendants of He
Hephaestus is the god of fire, especially in so far phaestus, but in later writers the number of his
as it manifests itself as a power of physical nature children is considerable. In the Trojan war he
in volcanic districts, and in so far as it is the indis- was on the side of the Greeks, but he was also
pensable means in arts and manufactures, whence worshipped by the Trojans, and on one occasion
fire is called the breath of Hephaestus, and the he saved a Trojan from being killed by Diomedes
name of the god is used both by Greek and Roman (N. v. 9, &c. ).
poets as synonymous with fire. As a flame arises His favourite place on earth was the island of
out of a little spark, so the god of fire was delicate Lemnos, where he liked to dwell among the Sin-
and weakly from his birth, for which reason he was tians (Od. viii. 283, &c. , N. i. 593; Ov. Fast. viii.
80 much disliked by his mother, that she wished to 82); but other volcanic islands also, such as Lipara,
get rid of him, and dropped him fron Olympus. Hiera, Imbros, and Sicily, are called his abodes or
But the marine divinitięs, Thetis and Eurynome, workshops. (Apollon. Rhod. iii. 41; Callim. Hymn.
received him, and he dwelt with them for nine in Dian. 47; Serv. ad Aen. viii. 416; Surab. p. 275;
P.
years in a grotto, surrounded by Oceanus, making Plin. H. N. iii. 9; Val. Flacc. ï. 96. )
for them a variety of ornaments. (Hom. N. xviii.
neither Livy, Dionysius, nor Plutarch, mention waiting for the arrival of his brother, had impru-
Hemina by name among their several authorities ; dently engaged a pitched battle with the Bulgarian
nor does Cicero include him in his catalogue of the king, Joannicus or Calo-Joannes, that the imperial
early annalists and historians of Rome. (De Or. troops had suffered a severe defeat, and that no-
ii. 12, De Leg. 1, 2. ) From the frequent citations body knew what had become of the emperor (15th
of Hemina by the grammarians Nonius, Priscian, of April, 1205). In this emergency, Henry left
and Servius, his diction would seem to bave been his army, and hastening alone to the field of battle
at least idiomatic, and he furnished the antiquarians near Adrianople, arrived in time to save the im-
and encyclopaedists, Macrobius (Sat. i. 13, 16, iii. perial army from utter destruction. The fate of
4), Gellius (xvii
. 21. 9 3), Pliny (H. N. xii. 13, Baldwin being entirely unknown, Henry was
xviii
. 2, xix. 1, xxix. 1, xxxii. 2), and Solinus (8), chosen regent, and he conducted his forces back to
with some curious traditions of the past. The Constantinople. The Bulgarian king followed in
fragments of Hemina's history are collected and his steps, burnt Philippopolis, and ravaged all
arranged by Krause (Vit. et Fragm. Vet. Hist. Thrace in a most savage manner. He reckoned
Rom. pp. 155–166).
(W. B. D. ] upon the assistance of the discontented Greeks,
HEMI'THEON ('Huibéwr), a Sybarite of the and, had they joined him, the fate of the new
vilest character, and the author of an obscene work. Latin empire of Constantinople would have been
He is mentioned by Lucian (Adv. Indoctum, c. 23, sealed; but his unheard-of cruelties showed the
and, according to the conjecture of Solanus, Pseu-Greeks that among their foreign masters the Bul-
dolog. c. 3). It is thought that he is the writer re- garian was the worst ; and the inhabitants of
ferred to in a passage of Ovid (Trist. ii. 417), and, Adrianople, after having defended their town
if the common reading of the passage is correct, he against Henry as an usurper and tyrant, now
appears to have flourished not long before that poet. opened their gates, and received him within their
But Heinsius (ad loc. ) conjectures that for nu- walls with acclamations of joy. This was in
per” we should read “ turpem," in which case, the 1206. It was then known that the emperor Bald-
age of Hemitheon remains undetermined. If it is win was a prisoner of the king of Bulgaria, and in
to him that Ovid refers, it may be gathered that the summer of 1206 the news came of his melan-
his work was a poem, entitled Sylaritis. (Politian, choly death. Henry, known as a skilful general,
Miscellanea, c. 15; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. viii. p. endeared to most of the Latin barons for having
159. )
[J. C. M. ] saved them after the defeat of Adrianople, and
HENI'OCHE ("Hv16X), a daughter of Creon moreover next of kin to his brother, was unani-
of Thebes, to whom, and to whose sister Pyrrha, mously chosen emperor, and crowned at Constanti-
statues were erected at the entrance of the temple nople on the 20th of August, 1206. At the same
of the Ismenian Apollo at Thebes. (Paus. ix. 10. time Theodore Lascaris was recognised by a large
$ 3. ) The wife of Creon, whom Sophocles calls number of towns and villages as lawful emperor,
Eurydice, is likewise called by Hesiod (Scut. 83) and took up his residence at Nicaea. From that
Henioche.
(L. S. ] time down to 1261, there was a Latin-Byzantine
HENI'OCHUS ("Hvíoxos), an Athenian comic and a Greek-Byzantine empire, to which we must
poet of the middle comedy, whose plays, as men- add a third, the Greek empire of the Comneni at
tioned by Suidas, were: Tpoxiaos, Erikampos, Trebizond. An alliance between the king of Bul-
Γοργόνες, Πολυπράγμων, Θωρύκιον, Πολύευκτος, garia and Theodore Lascaris placed Henry in great
Pétaipos, als étatatouevos, a few fragments of danger. He kept the field in Thrace and Asia
which are preserved by Athenæus (vi. p. 271, a. with great bravery, and found additional strength
ix. p. 296, d. p. 408, a. xi. p. 483, e. ) and Stobaeus in an alliance with the Marquis of Montferrat, lord
(Serm. xlii. 27). Suidas (s. v. TOUEUKTOS) has or king of Thessalonica, whose daughter Agnes he
made a curious blunder, calling Heniochus a play married ; but he lost her soon afterwards. In
by the comic poet Polyeuctus. The Polyeuctus, 1207 Joannicus died, and Henry concluded a po-
who gave the title to the play of Heniochus, was an litical marriage with his daughter, which led to a
## p. 382 (#398) ############################################
382
HEPHAESTION.
HEPHAESTION.
lasting state of peace with Phrorilas, the brother childhood, as we find no mention of him among
and successor of Joannicus. He also made a truce those who shared with Alexander the instruction
with Theodore Lascaris, who was hard pressed by and society of Aristotle. Nor does the name of
David, the gallant brother and general of Alexis I. , Hephaestion occur amidst the intrigues and dis-
the new emperor of Trebizond. In 1214, Theo- sensions between Alexander and his father, which
dore Lascaris formed a most advantageous peace agitated the close of the reign of Philip. The first
with Alexis, and now suddenly invaded Bithynia, occasion on which he is mentioned is that of Aler-
surprised the troops of Henry which were sta- ander's visit to Troy, when Hephaestion is said to
tioned there, and conquered them in a pitched have paid the same honours to the tomb of Patro
battle. To avenge this defeat, Henry crossed the clus that were bestowed by the king himself on
Bosporus with a chosen army, and laid siege to that of Achilles, -an apt type of the relation
Pemanene. The town surrendered after an obsti- subsisting between the iwo. (Arr. Anab. i. 12.
nate resistance, which so roused the resentment of $2; Ael. v. H. xii. 6. ) For it is equally to the
Henry, that he ordered the three principal officers credit of Hephaestion and Alexander, that though
of the garrison to be put to death, viz. Dermocaitus, the former undoubtedly owed his elevation to the
Andronicus Palaeologus, the brother-in-law of personal favour and affection of the king, rather
Theodore Lascaris, and a brother of Theodore Las- than to any abilities or achievements of his owI. ,
caris, whose name is not mentioned, but who was he never allowed himself to degenerate into the
undoubtedly the brave Constantine Lascaris, who position of a flatterer or mere favourite, and the in-
defended Constantinople with so much gallantry tercourse between the two appears to have been
against the Latins in 1204. The issue of the uniformly characterised by the frankness and sin-
campaign, however, was not very favourable to cerity of a true friendship. It is unnecessary to do
Henry, for he obtained peace only on condition of more than allude to such well-known anecdotes as
ceding to his rival all the territories situate east of the visit paid by the king and Hephaestion to the
a line drawn from Sardis to Nicaea, and to leave tent of Dareius after the battle of Issus, or the deli-
Theodore Lascaris in possession of those which he cate reproof conveyed by Alexander to his friend
had conquered west of that line in Bithynia pre when he found him reading over his shoulder a
vious to the truce mentioned above. In 1215 the letter from Olympias. If we can trust the er-
fourth Lateran council was assembled by pope In- pression of Plutarch, on the latter occasion, that it
nocent III. , and a kind of mock union was formed was no more than he was accustomed to do (aue Toù
between the Roman and Greek churches within | Ηφαιστίωνος, ώσπερ είώθει, συναναγινώσκοντος),
the narrow dominions of Henry. Gervasius was there cannot well be a stronger proof of the complete
made patriarch of Constantinople, and recognised familiarity subsisting between them. (Arr. Arab.
by both Henry and the pope, who besides declared ii. 12 ; Curt. iii. 12; Diod. xvii. 37; Plut. Alex.
Constantinople the first see of Christendom after 39, Apophth. p. 180, d. , De fort. Alex. Or. i. 11. )
Rome. In the following year (1216), Henry set But it appears that Alexander's attachment to
out to wage war with his former friend Theodore, Hephaestion never blinded him to the fact that his
despot of Epeirus and Aetolia, but died suddenly, friend was not possessed of abilities that qualified
before any hostilities of consequence had taken him to take the sole command of important enter-
place. It is said that he died by poison, and both prises, and that he would not in fact have attained
the Greeks and the Latins are charged with the to eminence by his own exertions alone. On one
murder ; but the fact is doubtful. Henry left no occasion, indeed, he is said to have expressed this
male issue, and was succeeded by Peter of Courte truth in the strongest manner, when finding his
nay.
favourite engaged in an open quarrel with Craterus,
In spite of the perpetual wars into which he was he exclaimed that Hephaestion must be mad if he
driven by circumstances, and which he carried on were not aware that without Alexander he would
with insufficient means, Henry found time to ame- be nothing. Throughout his life he appears to bave
liorate the condition of his subjects by several wise retained a just sense of their different merits; and
laws and a careful and impartial administration. while he loved Hephaestion the most, he yet re-
Towards the Greeks he showed great impartiality, garded Craterus with the greater reverence: the
admitting them to the highest offices of the state, one, he often observed, was his own private friend
and never giving any preference to his own country- (pilarétardpos), the other that of the king (oua
men or other foreigners ; and there are many pas- taoilevs). (Plut. Alex. 47. )
sages in the Greek writers which prove that the During the first years of Alexander's expedition
Greeks really loved him. To make a nation forget in Asia we scarcely find any mention of Hephaes
a foreign yoke is, however, no easy task, and no tion as employed in any military capacity. Curtius,
ruler has ever succeeded in it but by displaying in indeed, tells us (iv. 5. $ 10) that he was appointed
equal proportions valour, energy, prudence, wis- to command the fleet which accompanied the army
dom, and humanity. For these qnalities great of Alexander along the coast of Phoenicia, in B. C.
praise has been bestowed upon Henry, and he 332, but this was at a time when there was little
well deserved it. (Gregoras, lib. i. ii. ; Nicetas, p. fear of hostility. In the following year, however,
410, &c. , ed. Paris ; Acropolita, c. 6, &c. ; Ville- he served with distinction at the battle of Arbela,
hardouin, De la Conqueste de Constantinoble, ed. where he was wounded in the arm. (Art. Arab.
Paulin Paris, Paris, 1838. )
[W. P. ) ü. . 15 ; Curt. iv. 16. & 32 ; Diod. xvii. 61. ) On
HEPHAESTION ('H¢alotſwv), son of Amyn- this occasion be is called by Diodorus the chief of
tor, a Macedonian of Pella, celebrated as the com- the body-guards. We have no account of the time
panion and friend of Alexander the Great. We when he obtained this important post, but it is cer-
are told that he was of the same age with the tain that he was one of the seven select officers
great conqueror himself, and that he had been who, under the title of body-guards (Wuatopú
brought up with him (Curt. iii. 12); but the latter Rakes), were in close attendance upon the king's
statement apparently refers only to the period of person. (Arr. Anab. vi. 28. $ 6. ) After the deatb
1
:
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HEPHAESTION
383
| HEPHAESTUS.
:
of Philotas (B. C. 330), the command of the select also refused to appoint a successor to him in his
cavalry called étaipos, or horse-guards, was divided military command, and ordered that the division of
for a time between Hephaestion and Cleitus, but cavalry of which he had been chiliarch should con-
it does not appear that on the death of the latter tinue to bear his name. (Arr. Anab. vii. 14; Diod.
any one was appointed to succeed him, and thence- iii. 110, 114, 115; Plut Alex. 72 ; Justin, xii.
forward Hephaestion held the sole command of that | 12. )
important corps,-a post which was regarded as It was fortunate for Hephaestion that his prema-
the highest dignity in the whole army. (Art. Anab. ture death saved him from encountering the
iii. 27, vii. 14, ap. Phot. p. 69, Q. ; Diod. xviii. 3. ) troubles and dissensions which followed that of
From this time forward-whether Alexander trust Alexander, and in which he was evidently ill
ed to experience having supplied any original defi- qualified to compete with the sterner and more
ciency of military talent, or that he had really seen energetic spirits that surrounded him. Even during
occasion for placing greater confidence in his fa- the lifetime of the king, the enmity between him
vourite--we find Hephaestion frequently entrusted and Eumenes, as well as that already adverted to
with separate commands of importance, during the with Craterus, bad repeatedly broken out, with a
campaigns in Bactria and Sogdiana, and still more vehemence which required the utmost exertions of
during the expedition to India. Thus he was not Alexander to repress them; and it is but justice to
only charged by Alexander with the care of found the latter to observe, that his authority was em-
ing new cities and colonies, with preparing the ployed on these occasions without any apparent
bridge over the Indus, and with the construction of partiality to his favourite. (Plut. Alex. 47, Eum.
the fleet on the Acesines, which was to descend 2 ; Arr. Anab. vii. 13, 14. ) If, indeed, we cannot
that river and the Indus, but was detached on refuse this obnoxious name to Hephaestion, nor
several occasions with a large force for strictly affirm that he was altogether exempt from the
military objects. When Alexander approached the weaknesses and faults incident to such a position,
Indus in B. C. 327, Hephaestion was ordered to it may yet be fairly asserted that history affords
advance, together with Perdiccas and the Indian few examples of a favourite who abused his ad-
king Taxiles, by the direct line down the valley of vantages so little.
(E. H. B. )
the Cophen, while the king was engaged in sub- HEPHAEʻSTION ('Hpalotla). 1. A Greek
duing the warlike tribes farther north; and on grammarian, who instructed the emperor Verus in
reaching the Indus, he reduced an important Greek, and accordingly lived about the middle
fortress, after a siege of thirty days. Again, after of the second century after Christ. (Capitolin.
the passage of the Acesines, and the defeat of Verus Imp. 2. ) It is commonly supposed that
Porus, the task of subduing the other king of that he is the same as the Hephaestion whom Suidas
name was assigned to Hephaestion, a service of calls an Alexandrian grammarian. This latter He.
which he acquitted himself with much distinction. phaestion wrote versified manuals on grammatical
After this he was appointed to conduct one division subjects. Suidas, who mentions several works be-
of the army along the left bank of the river, while sides, speaks of one entitled uétpwr Nedlopol,
Craterus led the other on the opposite side ; and which is believed to be the same as the 'Eyxes-
throughout the descent of the Indus, and the sub-piolov Tepl métpwv, which has come down to us
sequent march through Gedrosia, the command of under the name of Hephaestion, and is a tolerably
the main body of the army, whenever it was sepa- complete manual of Greek metres, forming, in fact,
rated from the king, devolved upon Hephaestion, the basis of all our knowledge on that subject.
either singly or in conjunction with Craterus. This little work is of great value, not only on
(Art. Anab. iv. 16, 22, v. 21, 29, vi. 2, 4, 6, 13, account of the information it affords us on the
17, 18, 20—22, 28, Ind. 19 ; Diod. xvii. 91, 93, subject it treats of, but also on account of the
96 ; Curt. viii. 1, 2, 10, ix. 1, 10. ) By his ser- numerous quotations it contains from other writers,
vices during this period Hephaestion earned the especially poets. The first edition of this Enchi.
distinction of being among those rewarded by Alex- ridion appeared at Florence, 1526, 8vo. , together
ander with crowns of gold on his arrival at Susa with the Greek grammar of Theodorus Gaza. It
(B. C. 324): a still higher honour was conferred was followed by the editions of Hadr. Turnebus
on him at the same time by Alexander's giving (Paris, 1553, 4to. , with some Greek scholia), and
him in marriage Drypetis, the daughter of Dareius of J. Corn. de Pauw. (Traject. ad Rhen. 1726,
and sister of his own bride Stateira (Arr. Anab. 4to. ) The best edition is that of Th. Gaisford (Ox-
vii. 4 ; Diod. rvii. 107. ) Hephaestion now found ford, 1810, 8vo. , reprinted at Leipzig, 1832, 8vo. )
himself in possession of the highest power and dis- There is an English translation of it with prolego-
tinction to which a subject could aspire ; but he mena and notes by Th. Foster Barham, Cam-
was not destined long to enjoy these accumulated bridge, 1843, 8vo.
honours. From Susa he accompanied Alexander, 2. A person who seems to have made it his busi-
towards the close of the year 325, to Ecbatana, ness to publish other men's works under his own
where he was attacked by a fever, which carried name. Thus he is said to have published one Nepi
him off, after an illness of only seven days. Alex-Toll tapd 'Avaxpéovti dvylvou otepávov, and an-
ander's grief for his loss was passionate and vio- other which was the production of the Aristotelian
lent, and found a vent in the most extravagant de- | Adrantus. (Athen. xv. p. 673. ) [L. S. )
monstrations. A general mouming was ordered HEPHAEʻSTION, a Greek sculptor, the son of
throughout the empire, and a funeral pile and mo- Myron ; but whether of the great sculptor, Myron,
nument erected to him at Babylon (whither his or not, is unknown. His name occurs in an in-
body had been conveyed from Ecbatana), at a cost, scription. (Spon. Misc. Erud. Ant. p. 126 ; Bracci,
it is said, of 10,000 talents. Orders were at the vol. ii. p. 268. )
[P. S. )
same time given to pay honours to the deceased as HEPHAESTUS (HPALOTOS), the god of fire,
to a hero a piece of dattery which is said to have was, according to the Homeric account, the son of
been dictated by the oracle of Ammon. Alexander | Zeus and Hera. (1l. i. 578, xiv. 338, xviii. 396,
a
## p. 384 (#400) ############################################
384
HEPHAESTUS.
HEPHAESTUS.
xxi. 332, Od. viii. 312. ) Later traditions state his work shop, with the anvil, and twenty bellows
that he had no father, and that Hera gave birth to which worked spontaneously at his bidding. (11
him independent of Zeus, as she was jealous of xviii. 370, &c. ). It was there that he made all his
Zeus having given birth to Athena independent beautiful and marvellous works, utensils, and arms,
of her. (Apollod. i. 3. & 5; Hygin. Fub. Pracf. ) both for gods and men. The ancient poets and
This, however, is opposed to the common story, mythographers abound in passages describing works
that Hephaestus split the head of Zeus, and thus of exquisite workmanship which had been manu-
assisted him in giving birth to Athens, for le factured by Hephaestus. In later accounts, the
phaestus is there represented as older than Athena Cyclopes, Brontes, Steropes, Pyracmon, and others,
A further development of the later tradition is, are his workmen and servants, and his workshop
that Hephaestus sprang from the thigh of Hera, is no longer represented as in Olympus, but in the
and, being for a long time kept in ignorance of his interior of some volcanic isle. (Virg. Aen. viii.
parentage, he at length had recourse to a stratagem, 416, &c. ) The wife of Hephaestus also lived in
for the purpose of finding it out. He constructed a his palace: in the Iliad she is called a Charis, in
chair, to which those who sat upon it were fastened, the Odyssey Aphrodite (Il. xviii. 382, Od. vii.
and having thus entrapped Hera, he refused allow- 270), and in Hesiod's Theogony (945) she is named
ing her to rise until she had told him who his Aglaia, the youngest of the Charites. The story of
parents were. (Serv. ad Aen. viii. 454, Eclog. iv. Aphrodite's faithlessness to her husband, and of the
62. ) For other accounts respecting his origin, see manner in which he surprised her, is exquisitely
Cicero (de Nat. Deor. iii. 22), Pausanias (viii. 53. described in Od. viii. 266–358. The Homeric
$ 2), and Eustathius (ad Hom. p. 987).
poems do not mention any descendants of He
Hephaestus is the god of fire, especially in so far phaestus, but in later writers the number of his
as it manifests itself as a power of physical nature children is considerable. In the Trojan war he
in volcanic districts, and in so far as it is the indis- was on the side of the Greeks, but he was also
pensable means in arts and manufactures, whence worshipped by the Trojans, and on one occasion
fire is called the breath of Hephaestus, and the he saved a Trojan from being killed by Diomedes
name of the god is used both by Greek and Roman (N. v. 9, &c. ).
poets as synonymous with fire. As a flame arises His favourite place on earth was the island of
out of a little spark, so the god of fire was delicate Lemnos, where he liked to dwell among the Sin-
and weakly from his birth, for which reason he was tians (Od. viii. 283, &c. , N. i. 593; Ov. Fast. viii.
80 much disliked by his mother, that she wished to 82); but other volcanic islands also, such as Lipara,
get rid of him, and dropped him fron Olympus. Hiera, Imbros, and Sicily, are called his abodes or
But the marine divinitięs, Thetis and Eurynome, workshops. (Apollon. Rhod. iii. 41; Callim. Hymn.
received him, and he dwelt with them for nine in Dian. 47; Serv. ad Aen. viii. 416; Surab. p. 275;
P.
years in a grotto, surrounded by Oceanus, making Plin. H. N. iii. 9; Val. Flacc. ï. 96. )
for them a variety of ornaments. (Hom. N. xviii.
