The
senators
were astonished at so singular an appli-
cation; but young Papirius modestly explained the
cause, and the fathers, in admiration of his ready tact,
passed a decree, that for the future boys should not be
allowed to come to the senate with their fathers, ex-
cept Papirius alone.
cation; but young Papirius modestly explained the
cause, and the fathers, in admiration of his ready tact,
passed a decree, that for the future boys should not be
allowed to come to the senate with their fathers, ex-
cept Papirius alone.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
In 830 Gregory IV.
dedicated
it to all the saints. This consecration of the edifice,
however, seems to have afforded it no defence against
the subsequent spoliations, both of emperors and popes.
The plates of gilded bronze that covered the roof, the
? ? bronze bassi relievi of the pediment, and the silver that
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? PAP
PAP
fragments lound in the collection of the works of Tle-
ocritus, but which others attribute to Pisander. Both
parties, however, agree in regarding them as worthy
of a writer of the first merit, and above the strength of
Theocritus. Hermann, however, does not adopt this
Opinion. He recognises, it is true, in these pieces an
iniitaticn of Homer; but he discovers in the prosody
certain licenses which were unknown to the epic poets,
and or. l? introduced by the bucolic ones. (Orphita,
rf. Hermann, p. 691. ) Besides, these pieces are writ-
Mil in Doric, whereas Panyasis made use of the Ionic
dialect. According to Suidas, he also composed Ele-
gies entitled 'luvtuii. There exist, likewise, some oth-
er fragments of Panyasis. They are all found in the
collections of Winterton, Gaisford, and Boissonade.
(Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 121. -- Miiller, Die
Doner, vol. 3, p. 471, German work. )
PaphIa, I. a surname of Venus, because worship-
ped at Paphos. --II. An ancient name of the island of
Cyprus.
PapiilaognTa (TlafXayovia), a province of Asia
Minor, also called Pylsinenia, according to Pliny (6,
2). It was bounded on the north by the Euxine, on
the south by the part of Phrygia afterward called Ga-
lalia, on the oast by Pontus, and on the west by Bi-
thynia. It was separated from Bithynia by the river
Parthenius, and from Pontus by the Halys, which was
also its eastern boundary in the time of Herodotus (1,
6). Paphlagonia is described by Xenophon (Anab. , 5,
6,6) as a country having very beautiful plains and very
high mountains. It is traversed by two chains of
mountains ranning parallel to one another from west
to east. The higher and more southerly of these
chains, called Olgasays by Ptolemy, is a continuation of
toe great mountain chain which extends from the Hel-
lespont to Armenia, and was known to the ancients
under the names of Ida and Tcmnon in Mysia, and
Olympus in the neighbourhood of Prusias. Strabo,
however, appears to give the name of Olgassys to the
chain of mountains in the northern part of Paphlago-
nia, on which the Paphlagonians had built many tem-
ples. The country between these two chains is drain-
ed by the Animas, which flows into the Halys. The
only river of importance, besides the Amnias and the
Halys, was the Parthenius, which is said by Xenophon
to be impassable (Anab. , 5, 6, 9). In the neighbour-
hood of Pompeiopolis, in the central part of the prov-
ince, was a mountain called Sandaracurgium, where,
according to Strabo (562), sandaraca was obtained in
mines, which were worked by criminals, who died in
great numbers on account of the unhealthiness of the
labour. The sandaraca spoken of by Strabo was
probably the same as sinopis, which was a kind of red
ochre, obtained by the Greeks from Sinope, from
which place it derived its name. --The Paphlagonians
are said by Homer (27. . 2, 851, acq. ) to have come to
the assistance of the Trojans under the command of
Pylamenes, from the country of the Hcneti. This
mention of the Hencti in connexion with the Paphla-
gonians seems to have puzzled some of the ancient
writers. Several explanations of the passage were
given; but the one which appeared most probable to
Strabo (544) was, that the Heneti were a Paphlago-
ni in people, who followed Pylasmenes to Troy, and
after the death of their leader emigrated to Thrace,
? i-d at length wandered to Italy, where they settled
under the name of Veneti. Pliny (6, 2) also connects
? ? the Heneti of Homer with the Veneti of Italy, upon
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? PAP
TAP
(Mamutt. Gcogr. , vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 584, seqq. )--II.
Neapaphoa (New Paphos), a city of Cyprus, on the
western coast of the island, and north of Pala? paphos.
According to Strabo (683), the distance between the
two places was sixty stadia, while the Peutinger Ta-
bles gi>><<>> eleven miles. The place had a good har-
bour, was adorned with handsome temples, and was
the capital of a. separate principality. (Diod. Sic. ,
SO. 21. ) Under the Roman sway, it was the chief
eik. ' of the whole western coast. Strabo and Pali-
lalias (8, 5) make the Arcadian Agapenor to have
been the founder of the place, having been driven
hither by a storm on his return from Troy. Stcpha-
nus of Byzantium asserts, that the previous name of
this city was Erythra; and, if he be correct, Agape-
nor could only have enlarged and strengthened it.
Paphos suffered severely from earthquakes, and partic-
ularly from one in the reign of Augustus. That em-
peror not only aided the suffering inhabitants, but also
directed the city, when rebuilt, to be called by his name.
The earlier appellation, however, eventually prevailed.
Strabo and Ptolemy make no mention of any Augus-
ta, but merely of a city called Paphos. It appears
from Tacitus, that the worship of Venus was yet re-
maining in the reign of Titus, who visited Paphos,
and made many inquiries about the rites and customs
of the place. (Tacit. , Hist. , 2, 2. --IU, Ann. , 3, 62.
--Sucton. , Vit. Tit, 5. ) Paphos appears in later wri-
tings, both civil and ecclesiastical, as an episcopal
town, and one of the most noted in the island. The
site is yet marked by some ruins, and the name of
Baffo serves sufficiently to attest their identity. (Cra-
mer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 376. --Manner! , Geogr. ,
vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 585. ) For an account of the remains
of antiquity in this quarter, consult Turner's Tour in
the Levant, vol. 2, p. 557.
Paha Lkx, I. de percgrinis, by C. Papius Celsus,
tribune of the commons, A. U. C. 638, which required
that all foreigners should depart from Koine, excepting
those who were inhabitants of Italia Propria. (Dio
Cass. , 37, 9. --Cic. . de Off. , 3. U. --Heinecc, Antiq.
Rom. , p. 345, ed. Haubold)--II. Another, called Pa-
via l'oppaa, because it was proposed by the consuls
Papius and Poppasus, A. U. C. 762. It was passed at
the desire of Augustus, and enforced and enlarged the
Julian law for promoting population, and repairing the
desolation occasioned by the civil wars. (Vid. Julia
lex de maritandis ordinibus. )
Papias, one of the early Christian writers in the
Greek language, was bishop of Hierapolis in Asia at
the beginning of the second century. According to
Cave, he flourished in the year 110; according to
others, in 115 or 116. lie wrote a work in five books,
entitled "An Explanation of the Words (or Oracles)
t>f the Lord," which is now lost. In a passage of this
work, quoted by Eusebius, Papias professes to have
taken great pains to gain information respecting Chris-
tianity from those who had known the Apostles, and
dome remarkable statements of his respecting the
Apostles and Evangelists are still preserved. Ac-
:ording to Irenanii, he was himself a hearer of John
ind a companion of Polycarp. He is said by Euse-
Oius to have been a Millenarian, and a man of little
mind, " as appears," savs Fuscbius, "from his own
writings. " (Euseb. , Hist. Eecles. , 3, 39. -- Cave,
Hist. Lit. , s. v. --Lardner's Credibility, pt. 2, c. 9. )
Papinianus, ^Emilius, a celebrated Roman lawyer.
? ? He was born A. D. 175, and was a pupil of the jurist
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? PAP
PA R
iu* senators nor those of the father of J'abijs, who
had been dictator and three limes consul, could induce
Papirius to pardon him, the father of Fabius appealed
to the people, and at length, at the earnest entreaties
of the people and the tribunes of the commons, the
life of Fabius was spared. Papirius named a new
master of the horse, snd, on his return to the army,
defeated the Samnites, and put an end to the war at
the time. {Lit. , 8, 29, seqq ) Papirius was elected
consul a second time, with Q. Publius Philo, in B. C.
S20. and again defeated the Samnites; and apparently
a third time in the following year, though there appears
to be some doubt upon the latter point. (Lit. , 9, 7,
teqq. ) He was consul for the fourth time in B. C.
315 [Lir , 9, 22), and for the fifth time in B. C. 313.
(Lit , 9, 38. ) He was again named dictator in B. C.
3119, to carry on the war against his old enemies the
Samnites, whom he defeated with great slaughter, and
obtained, on account of his victory, the honours of a
triumph (Liv. , 9, 38, stqq. ); after which time we find
no more mention of him. Papirius Cursor, says I,ivy
(9,16), was considered the most illustrious man of his
age, and it was thought he would have been equal to
contend with Alexander the Great, if the latter, after
the conquest of Asia, had turned his arms against Eu-
rope. (Encycl. Use. Knoicl. , vol. 17, p. 218. )--II.
One of this family received the surname of Pralexta-
tus, from an action of his while still wearing the pra-
texta, or youthful gown, and before he had assumed the
toga viriiis, or gown of manhood. It was customary
in those days for fathers to take their young sons to
the senate-house when anything important was under
discussion, in order tbst they might sooner become
familiarized with public affairs. The father of young
Papirius took him on one of these occasions, while a
matter of considerable moment was pending; and it
having been deemed advisable to adjourn the debate
onto the morrow, an injunction of secrecy was lsid
upon all who were present. The mother of young Pa-
Eirius wished to know what had passed in the senate;
ut the son, unwilling to betray the secrets of that as-
sembly, amused his parent by telling her that it had
been debated whe'. her it would be more advantageous
to the republic to give two wives to one husband, or
two huabands to one wife. The mother of Papirius
was alarmed, and she communicated the secret to the
other Roman matrons, and on the morrow they assem-
bled in large numbers before the senate-house, bathed
in tears, and earnestly entreating that one woman might
have two husbands rather than one husband two wives.
The senators were astonished at so singular an appli-
cation; but young Papirius modestly explained the
cause, and the fathers, in admiration of his ready tact,
passed a decree, that for the future boys should not be
allowed to come to the senate with their fathers, ex-
cept Papirius alone. This regulation continued until
the time of Augustus, who rescinded it. (Macrob. ,
1,6)
Pappus, a celebrated mathematician of Alexandrea,
who lived towards the end of the fourth century. He
is known by his Mathematical Collections (UlaJSn/taTi-
Kai awayuyai), in eight books, and by other works,
among which were a Commentary on Ptolemy'a Al-
magest, a work on Geography, a Treatise on Military
Engines, a Commentary on Aristarchus of Samoa, &c.
His Collection* have chiefly come down to ua; of
bis other productions we have merely some fragments.
? ? The last five books of the Collections remain entire;
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? PAR
PAR
tticier. Farsang, which is pronounced in modem Per-
sian FirMcng. It has been changed in Arabic into
Farsakh. Various etymologies have been proposed
tor the tenn. The latter part of the word is thought
to be th 1 Persian seng, " a stone," and the term might
thus l>6 Icrivcd from the stones which were placed to
mark t'. ie distances in the road. Bohlen (quoted by
Rddigcr) supposes the firtt part of the word to be
the pi spoaition fera, and compares the word with the
Ls'. in ad lapidem. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol. 17, p.
Ml. )
P*Rc<e. the Fates, called also Fain, and in Greek
Holpai (Moira). In the Iliad, with the exception of
one passage (20, 49), the Moira is spoken of in the
singular number, and as a person, almost exactly as we
use the word Fale. But in the Odyssey this word is
employed as a common substantive, followed by a gen-
itive of tho person, and signifying decree. The Thc-
ogony of Hesiod limits the Fates, like so many other
goddesses, to three, and gives them Jupiter and The-
mis for their parents. (TAeog-. , 904. ) In an interpo-
lated passage of the same poem (v. 217) they are class-
ed among the children of Night; and Plato, on his
part, makes them the daughters of Necessity. (Rep. ,
10, 617. ) Their names in Hesiod are Clotho (Spin-
tier), Lachcsis (Alloltcr), and Atropos (Unchange-
able); but he docs not speak of their spinning the
destinies of men. This office of theirs is, however,
noticed in both the Iliad and Odyssey. It is probable
that Homer, in accordance with the sublime fiction in
the Theogony, regarded the Fates as the otfspring of
Jupiter and Order, for in him they are but the minis-
ters of Jupiter, in whose hands are the issues of all
things. (Nitzch, ad Od, 8, 236. ) jEschylus makes
even Jupiter himself subject to the Fates. (Pram.
Vinct. , 515. --Kcightley's Mythology, p. 195. )--Ac-
cording to the popular mythology, Ciotho held the dis-
taff, Lachcsis span each one's portion of the thread of
existence, and Atropos cut it off: hence the well-
kr. own line expressing their respective functions:
"Clotho celum rctinel, Lachcsis net, et Atropos occal. "
The more correct explanation, however, is to make
Clotho spii, Lachesis mark out each one's portion,
and Atropos sever it. --The Latin writers indulge in
various views of the functions of the Parca, as sug-
gested by their own ingenuity of elucidation. Thus
Apuleius (De Mundo, sub fin. ) makes Clotho preside
over the present, Atropos the past, and Lachesis the
future; an idea probably borrowed from Plato, who
introduces the Moira singing ru yeyovora, ra ovra,
ra uiiXovra. (Rep. , 10, 617. ) So in the Scandina-
vian mythology, the Norns or Destinies, who are also
three in number, are called Urdur, Verdandi, end
Skuld, or " Past," " Present," and "Futures'--Ac-
cording to Fulgentius (Mythol. , 1, 7), Clotho presides
over nativity, Atropos over death, and Lachesis over
each one's lot in life. --The term Moira (Moipa) comes
from peipu, "to divide1" or "portion out. " Tho or-
dinary etymology for the word Parca deduces' it by
antiphrasis from parco, "to spare," because they never
spared. (Serv. ad JEn , 1, 26. --Martian. Capell --
ponat. --Diomed, ap. Voss, Etymol. ) Varro derives
it " a pariendo," because they presided over the birth
of men (Aul. Gcll. , 3, 16); or, to quote his own words,
"Parca,immulata litera una,a partu nominaia. " Scal-
iger makes it come from parco, " to spare," in a dif-
ferent sense from Servius and tho other grammarians
? ? Suotcd above; because, according to him, only one of
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? t kK
PAR
towever, whicl prompted the enterprise, was a wish
to obtain, in the person of Helen, then the fairest
woman of her time, a fulfilment of what Venus had
altered him when he was deciding the contest of
beauty. Arriving at Sparta, where Menelaus. the hus-
of Helen, was reigning, he met with an hospitable re-
caption; hut, Menelaus soon after having sailed away
to Crete, the Trojan prince availed himself of his ab-
sence, seduced the affections of Helen, and bore her
may to his native city, together with a large portion
of the wealth of her husband. (Consult remarks under
the article Helena ) Hence ensued the war of Troy,
which ended in the total destruction of that ill-fated
city. {Vid. Troja. ) Paris, though represented in
general as effeminate and vain of his personal appear-
ance, yet distinguished himself during the siege of
Troy by wounding Dioinedc, Machaon, Antilochus,
and Palamedes, and subsequently by discharging the
dart which proved fatal to Achilles. Venus took him
under her special protection, and, in the single com-
bat with Menelaus, rescued him from the vengeance
of the latter. The circumstances of his death are
mentioned under the article CEnone. . (Did. Cret. , 1,
i i. -- Apollod. , 3, 12. -- Hygin. , fab. , 92, 273 --
Ttets. ad Lycophr. , 57, 61, 63, 86, &c. )
ParIsi, a British nation lying to the north of the
Coritani, and occupying the district which is called
Jloldemess, or, according to Camden, the whole East-
Riding of Yorkshire. They are supposed to have de-
rived their name from the two British words paur isa,
which signify low pasture, and which are descriptive
of the situation and uses of their country. Their cap-
ital was Petuaria. (Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 2, pt. 2,
p. 187. )
Parish, a people and city of Gaul, now Paris, the
capital of the kingdom of France. (Vid. Lutetia. --
Cits. , B. G. , 6, 3. )
Pabisus, a river of Paunonia, falling into the Dan-
ube; according to Mannerl, the Mur, in the Hungarian
part of its course. (Mannerl, Geogr. , vol. 3, p. 489. )
Pabiuh, now Camanar, a town of Asia Minor, in
Mysia Minor, on the Propontis, southwest of Linus,
and northeast from Paesus. It was founded by the
Milesians and Parians. (I'lin. , 5, 32. -- Paul. Lex. ,
>>ni. , de Censib. )
Parma, a city of Italy, south of the Po, on the small
river Parma. It was founded by the Etrurians, taken
by a tribe of Gauls called the Boii, and at last colon-
ized by the Romans, A. U. C. 569. (Liv. , 39, 55. )
From Cicero it may be inferred that Parma suffered
from the adverse factions in the civil wars. (Ep. ad.
Fern. , 10, 33. --Id. ibid. , 12. 5-- Id, Philipp. , 14,
3. ) It was probably recolonized under Augustus, as
some inscriptions give it the title of Colonia Julia Au-
gusta Parma. Strabo (216) speaks of it as a city of
note. From Martial we learn that its wool was highly
prized (14, 53; 5, 13). In the ages that immedi-
ately succeeded the fall of the Roman empire, we find
this rity distinguished also by the appellation of Chry-
sopolis (Gold-city), but are unacquainted with the
causes that led-to the adoption of the name. (Geogr.
Ravenna*, 4, 33. --Donizo, Vit. Machtildis, 1, 10. )
The modern name is Parma. (Mannert, Gecgr. , vol.
9, pt. 1, p. 218. )
Parmenides (napprvidne), the second in the series
? f the Elcatic philosophers, was a native of Elea. He
* as descended from a noble family, and is said to have
? ? been induced to study philosophy by Aminias. (Diog.
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? PAR
PAR
bom Lis capital on some expedition, together with itM
of his having won the prize at the Olympic games.
Philip, while preparing to invade the Persian empire,
aent a considerable force into Aaia as an advanced
guard, and he chose Parmenio and Attains as the lead-
en of the expedition. These commanders began by
expelling the Persian garrisons from several Greek
towns of Aaia Minor. Parmenio took Grynsjum in
iEolis, the inhabitants of which, having aided with the
Persians, and fought against the Macedonians, were
sold as slaves. When Alexander set out on his Asi-
atic expedition, Parmenio had one of the chief com-
mands in the army. At the head of the Thessalian cav-
alry he contributed much to the victory of the Grani-
cus; and at Issue he had the command of the cavalry
on the left wing, which was placed near the scacoast,
and had to sustain for a time the principal attack of
the Persians. At Arbela he advised Alexander not to
S've battle until he bad well reconnoitred the ground,
eing in command of the left wing, he was attacked
in flank by the Penians, and was lor a time in some
danger, until Alexander, who had been successful in
another part of the field, came to his assistance. Par-
menio afterward pursued the fugitives, and took pos-
session of the Persian camp, with the elephants, cam-
els, and all the baggage. When Alexander marched
beyond the Caspian gates in pursuit of Darius and
Bessus, he left Parmenio, who was now advanced in
years, in Media, at the head of a considerable force.
Some time after, while Alexander was encamped at
Artacoana, a conspiracy is said to have been discovered
against his life, in which Philotas, the son of Parme-
nio, was accused of being implicated. He was, in con-
sequence, put to the torture, and, after enduring dread-
ful agonies, confessed, though in vague terms, that he
had conspired against the life of Alexander, and that
his father Parmenio was cognizant of it. This being
considered sufficient evidence, Philotas was stoned to
death, and Alexander despatched a messenger to Me-
dia, with secret orders to Oleander and other officers
who were serving under Parmenio, to put their com-
mander to death. The unsuspecting veteran, while
conversing with his officers, was run through the body
by Oleander. This is the substance of the account of
Ourtius (lib. 6 ct 7). Arrian'a account is somewhat
different (lib. 3). Whatever may be thought of the
trial and execution of Philotas, and it appears to have
been at least a summary and unsatisfactory proceed-
ing, the murder of Parmenio, and the manner of it, form
one of the darkest blots in Alexander's character.
Parmenio was evidently sacrificed in cold blood to
what have been styled, in after ages, "reasons of
state. " He was seventy years of age; he had lost
two sons in the campaigns of Alexander, and Philotas
was the last one remaining to him. Parmenio appears
to have been a steady, brave, and prudent command-
er. (Eneycl. Ut. Knowl. , vol. 17, p. 283, seq. )
Parnassus (Kapvaaadc), I. the name of a mount-
ain-chain in Phocia, which extends in a northeasterly
direction from the country of the Locn Ozole to
Mount (Eta, and in a southwesterly direction through
the middle of Phocis, till it joins Mount Helicon on
the borders of Bosotia. Si ratio (316) says that Par-
nassus divided Phocis into two parts; but the name
was more usually restricted to the lofty mountain upon
which Delphi was situated. According to Stephanus
of Byzantium, it was anciently called Larnassus, be-
?
it to all the saints. This consecration of the edifice,
however, seems to have afforded it no defence against
the subsequent spoliations, both of emperors and popes.
The plates of gilded bronze that covered the roof, the
? ? bronze bassi relievi of the pediment, and the silver that
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? PAP
PAP
fragments lound in the collection of the works of Tle-
ocritus, but which others attribute to Pisander. Both
parties, however, agree in regarding them as worthy
of a writer of the first merit, and above the strength of
Theocritus. Hermann, however, does not adopt this
Opinion. He recognises, it is true, in these pieces an
iniitaticn of Homer; but he discovers in the prosody
certain licenses which were unknown to the epic poets,
and or. l? introduced by the bucolic ones. (Orphita,
rf. Hermann, p. 691. ) Besides, these pieces are writ-
Mil in Doric, whereas Panyasis made use of the Ionic
dialect. According to Suidas, he also composed Ele-
gies entitled 'luvtuii. There exist, likewise, some oth-
er fragments of Panyasis. They are all found in the
collections of Winterton, Gaisford, and Boissonade.
(Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 121. -- Miiller, Die
Doner, vol. 3, p. 471, German work. )
PaphIa, I. a surname of Venus, because worship-
ped at Paphos. --II. An ancient name of the island of
Cyprus.
PapiilaognTa (TlafXayovia), a province of Asia
Minor, also called Pylsinenia, according to Pliny (6,
2). It was bounded on the north by the Euxine, on
the south by the part of Phrygia afterward called Ga-
lalia, on the oast by Pontus, and on the west by Bi-
thynia. It was separated from Bithynia by the river
Parthenius, and from Pontus by the Halys, which was
also its eastern boundary in the time of Herodotus (1,
6). Paphlagonia is described by Xenophon (Anab. , 5,
6,6) as a country having very beautiful plains and very
high mountains. It is traversed by two chains of
mountains ranning parallel to one another from west
to east. The higher and more southerly of these
chains, called Olgasays by Ptolemy, is a continuation of
toe great mountain chain which extends from the Hel-
lespont to Armenia, and was known to the ancients
under the names of Ida and Tcmnon in Mysia, and
Olympus in the neighbourhood of Prusias. Strabo,
however, appears to give the name of Olgassys to the
chain of mountains in the northern part of Paphlago-
nia, on which the Paphlagonians had built many tem-
ples. The country between these two chains is drain-
ed by the Animas, which flows into the Halys. The
only river of importance, besides the Amnias and the
Halys, was the Parthenius, which is said by Xenophon
to be impassable (Anab. , 5, 6, 9). In the neighbour-
hood of Pompeiopolis, in the central part of the prov-
ince, was a mountain called Sandaracurgium, where,
according to Strabo (562), sandaraca was obtained in
mines, which were worked by criminals, who died in
great numbers on account of the unhealthiness of the
labour. The sandaraca spoken of by Strabo was
probably the same as sinopis, which was a kind of red
ochre, obtained by the Greeks from Sinope, from
which place it derived its name. --The Paphlagonians
are said by Homer (27. . 2, 851, acq. ) to have come to
the assistance of the Trojans under the command of
Pylamenes, from the country of the Hcneti. This
mention of the Hencti in connexion with the Paphla-
gonians seems to have puzzled some of the ancient
writers. Several explanations of the passage were
given; but the one which appeared most probable to
Strabo (544) was, that the Heneti were a Paphlago-
ni in people, who followed Pylasmenes to Troy, and
after the death of their leader emigrated to Thrace,
? i-d at length wandered to Italy, where they settled
under the name of Veneti. Pliny (6, 2) also connects
? ? the Heneti of Homer with the Veneti of Italy, upon
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? PAP
TAP
(Mamutt. Gcogr. , vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 584, seqq. )--II.
Neapaphoa (New Paphos), a city of Cyprus, on the
western coast of the island, and north of Pala? paphos.
According to Strabo (683), the distance between the
two places was sixty stadia, while the Peutinger Ta-
bles gi>><<>> eleven miles. The place had a good har-
bour, was adorned with handsome temples, and was
the capital of a. separate principality. (Diod. Sic. ,
SO. 21. ) Under the Roman sway, it was the chief
eik. ' of the whole western coast. Strabo and Pali-
lalias (8, 5) make the Arcadian Agapenor to have
been the founder of the place, having been driven
hither by a storm on his return from Troy. Stcpha-
nus of Byzantium asserts, that the previous name of
this city was Erythra; and, if he be correct, Agape-
nor could only have enlarged and strengthened it.
Paphos suffered severely from earthquakes, and partic-
ularly from one in the reign of Augustus. That em-
peror not only aided the suffering inhabitants, but also
directed the city, when rebuilt, to be called by his name.
The earlier appellation, however, eventually prevailed.
Strabo and Ptolemy make no mention of any Augus-
ta, but merely of a city called Paphos. It appears
from Tacitus, that the worship of Venus was yet re-
maining in the reign of Titus, who visited Paphos,
and made many inquiries about the rites and customs
of the place. (Tacit. , Hist. , 2, 2. --IU, Ann. , 3, 62.
--Sucton. , Vit. Tit, 5. ) Paphos appears in later wri-
tings, both civil and ecclesiastical, as an episcopal
town, and one of the most noted in the island. The
site is yet marked by some ruins, and the name of
Baffo serves sufficiently to attest their identity. (Cra-
mer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 376. --Manner! , Geogr. ,
vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 585. ) For an account of the remains
of antiquity in this quarter, consult Turner's Tour in
the Levant, vol. 2, p. 557.
Paha Lkx, I. de percgrinis, by C. Papius Celsus,
tribune of the commons, A. U. C. 638, which required
that all foreigners should depart from Koine, excepting
those who were inhabitants of Italia Propria. (Dio
Cass. , 37, 9. --Cic. . de Off. , 3. U. --Heinecc, Antiq.
Rom. , p. 345, ed. Haubold)--II. Another, called Pa-
via l'oppaa, because it was proposed by the consuls
Papius and Poppasus, A. U. C. 762. It was passed at
the desire of Augustus, and enforced and enlarged the
Julian law for promoting population, and repairing the
desolation occasioned by the civil wars. (Vid. Julia
lex de maritandis ordinibus. )
Papias, one of the early Christian writers in the
Greek language, was bishop of Hierapolis in Asia at
the beginning of the second century. According to
Cave, he flourished in the year 110; according to
others, in 115 or 116. lie wrote a work in five books,
entitled "An Explanation of the Words (or Oracles)
t>f the Lord," which is now lost. In a passage of this
work, quoted by Eusebius, Papias professes to have
taken great pains to gain information respecting Chris-
tianity from those who had known the Apostles, and
dome remarkable statements of his respecting the
Apostles and Evangelists are still preserved. Ac-
:ording to Irenanii, he was himself a hearer of John
ind a companion of Polycarp. He is said by Euse-
Oius to have been a Millenarian, and a man of little
mind, " as appears," savs Fuscbius, "from his own
writings. " (Euseb. , Hist. Eecles. , 3, 39. -- Cave,
Hist. Lit. , s. v. --Lardner's Credibility, pt. 2, c. 9. )
Papinianus, ^Emilius, a celebrated Roman lawyer.
? ? He was born A. D. 175, and was a pupil of the jurist
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? PAP
PA R
iu* senators nor those of the father of J'abijs, who
had been dictator and three limes consul, could induce
Papirius to pardon him, the father of Fabius appealed
to the people, and at length, at the earnest entreaties
of the people and the tribunes of the commons, the
life of Fabius was spared. Papirius named a new
master of the horse, snd, on his return to the army,
defeated the Samnites, and put an end to the war at
the time. {Lit. , 8, 29, seqq ) Papirius was elected
consul a second time, with Q. Publius Philo, in B. C.
S20. and again defeated the Samnites; and apparently
a third time in the following year, though there appears
to be some doubt upon the latter point. (Lit. , 9, 7,
teqq. ) He was consul for the fourth time in B. C.
315 [Lir , 9, 22), and for the fifth time in B. C. 313.
(Lit , 9, 38. ) He was again named dictator in B. C.
3119, to carry on the war against his old enemies the
Samnites, whom he defeated with great slaughter, and
obtained, on account of his victory, the honours of a
triumph (Liv. , 9, 38, stqq. ); after which time we find
no more mention of him. Papirius Cursor, says I,ivy
(9,16), was considered the most illustrious man of his
age, and it was thought he would have been equal to
contend with Alexander the Great, if the latter, after
the conquest of Asia, had turned his arms against Eu-
rope. (Encycl. Use. Knoicl. , vol. 17, p. 218. )--II.
One of this family received the surname of Pralexta-
tus, from an action of his while still wearing the pra-
texta, or youthful gown, and before he had assumed the
toga viriiis, or gown of manhood. It was customary
in those days for fathers to take their young sons to
the senate-house when anything important was under
discussion, in order tbst they might sooner become
familiarized with public affairs. The father of young
Papirius took him on one of these occasions, while a
matter of considerable moment was pending; and it
having been deemed advisable to adjourn the debate
onto the morrow, an injunction of secrecy was lsid
upon all who were present. The mother of young Pa-
Eirius wished to know what had passed in the senate;
ut the son, unwilling to betray the secrets of that as-
sembly, amused his parent by telling her that it had
been debated whe'. her it would be more advantageous
to the republic to give two wives to one husband, or
two huabands to one wife. The mother of Papirius
was alarmed, and she communicated the secret to the
other Roman matrons, and on the morrow they assem-
bled in large numbers before the senate-house, bathed
in tears, and earnestly entreating that one woman might
have two husbands rather than one husband two wives.
The senators were astonished at so singular an appli-
cation; but young Papirius modestly explained the
cause, and the fathers, in admiration of his ready tact,
passed a decree, that for the future boys should not be
allowed to come to the senate with their fathers, ex-
cept Papirius alone. This regulation continued until
the time of Augustus, who rescinded it. (Macrob. ,
1,6)
Pappus, a celebrated mathematician of Alexandrea,
who lived towards the end of the fourth century. He
is known by his Mathematical Collections (UlaJSn/taTi-
Kai awayuyai), in eight books, and by other works,
among which were a Commentary on Ptolemy'a Al-
magest, a work on Geography, a Treatise on Military
Engines, a Commentary on Aristarchus of Samoa, &c.
His Collection* have chiefly come down to ua; of
bis other productions we have merely some fragments.
? ? The last five books of the Collections remain entire;
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? PAR
PAR
tticier. Farsang, which is pronounced in modem Per-
sian FirMcng. It has been changed in Arabic into
Farsakh. Various etymologies have been proposed
tor the tenn. The latter part of the word is thought
to be th 1 Persian seng, " a stone," and the term might
thus l>6 Icrivcd from the stones which were placed to
mark t'. ie distances in the road. Bohlen (quoted by
Rddigcr) supposes the firtt part of the word to be
the pi spoaition fera, and compares the word with the
Ls'. in ad lapidem. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol. 17, p.
Ml. )
P*Rc<e. the Fates, called also Fain, and in Greek
Holpai (Moira). In the Iliad, with the exception of
one passage (20, 49), the Moira is spoken of in the
singular number, and as a person, almost exactly as we
use the word Fale. But in the Odyssey this word is
employed as a common substantive, followed by a gen-
itive of tho person, and signifying decree. The Thc-
ogony of Hesiod limits the Fates, like so many other
goddesses, to three, and gives them Jupiter and The-
mis for their parents. (TAeog-. , 904. ) In an interpo-
lated passage of the same poem (v. 217) they are class-
ed among the children of Night; and Plato, on his
part, makes them the daughters of Necessity. (Rep. ,
10, 617. ) Their names in Hesiod are Clotho (Spin-
tier), Lachcsis (Alloltcr), and Atropos (Unchange-
able); but he docs not speak of their spinning the
destinies of men. This office of theirs is, however,
noticed in both the Iliad and Odyssey. It is probable
that Homer, in accordance with the sublime fiction in
the Theogony, regarded the Fates as the otfspring of
Jupiter and Order, for in him they are but the minis-
ters of Jupiter, in whose hands are the issues of all
things. (Nitzch, ad Od, 8, 236. ) jEschylus makes
even Jupiter himself subject to the Fates. (Pram.
Vinct. , 515. --Kcightley's Mythology, p. 195. )--Ac-
cording to the popular mythology, Ciotho held the dis-
taff, Lachcsis span each one's portion of the thread of
existence, and Atropos cut it off: hence the well-
kr. own line expressing their respective functions:
"Clotho celum rctinel, Lachcsis net, et Atropos occal. "
The more correct explanation, however, is to make
Clotho spii, Lachesis mark out each one's portion,
and Atropos sever it. --The Latin writers indulge in
various views of the functions of the Parca, as sug-
gested by their own ingenuity of elucidation. Thus
Apuleius (De Mundo, sub fin. ) makes Clotho preside
over the present, Atropos the past, and Lachesis the
future; an idea probably borrowed from Plato, who
introduces the Moira singing ru yeyovora, ra ovra,
ra uiiXovra. (Rep. , 10, 617. ) So in the Scandina-
vian mythology, the Norns or Destinies, who are also
three in number, are called Urdur, Verdandi, end
Skuld, or " Past," " Present," and "Futures'--Ac-
cording to Fulgentius (Mythol. , 1, 7), Clotho presides
over nativity, Atropos over death, and Lachesis over
each one's lot in life. --The term Moira (Moipa) comes
from peipu, "to divide1" or "portion out. " Tho or-
dinary etymology for the word Parca deduces' it by
antiphrasis from parco, "to spare," because they never
spared. (Serv. ad JEn , 1, 26. --Martian. Capell --
ponat. --Diomed, ap. Voss, Etymol. ) Varro derives
it " a pariendo," because they presided over the birth
of men (Aul. Gcll. , 3, 16); or, to quote his own words,
"Parca,immulata litera una,a partu nominaia. " Scal-
iger makes it come from parco, " to spare," in a dif-
ferent sense from Servius and tho other grammarians
? ? Suotcd above; because, according to him, only one of
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? t kK
PAR
towever, whicl prompted the enterprise, was a wish
to obtain, in the person of Helen, then the fairest
woman of her time, a fulfilment of what Venus had
altered him when he was deciding the contest of
beauty. Arriving at Sparta, where Menelaus. the hus-
of Helen, was reigning, he met with an hospitable re-
caption; hut, Menelaus soon after having sailed away
to Crete, the Trojan prince availed himself of his ab-
sence, seduced the affections of Helen, and bore her
may to his native city, together with a large portion
of the wealth of her husband. (Consult remarks under
the article Helena ) Hence ensued the war of Troy,
which ended in the total destruction of that ill-fated
city. {Vid. Troja. ) Paris, though represented in
general as effeminate and vain of his personal appear-
ance, yet distinguished himself during the siege of
Troy by wounding Dioinedc, Machaon, Antilochus,
and Palamedes, and subsequently by discharging the
dart which proved fatal to Achilles. Venus took him
under her special protection, and, in the single com-
bat with Menelaus, rescued him from the vengeance
of the latter. The circumstances of his death are
mentioned under the article CEnone. . (Did. Cret. , 1,
i i. -- Apollod. , 3, 12. -- Hygin. , fab. , 92, 273 --
Ttets. ad Lycophr. , 57, 61, 63, 86, &c. )
ParIsi, a British nation lying to the north of the
Coritani, and occupying the district which is called
Jloldemess, or, according to Camden, the whole East-
Riding of Yorkshire. They are supposed to have de-
rived their name from the two British words paur isa,
which signify low pasture, and which are descriptive
of the situation and uses of their country. Their cap-
ital was Petuaria. (Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 2, pt. 2,
p. 187. )
Parish, a people and city of Gaul, now Paris, the
capital of the kingdom of France. (Vid. Lutetia. --
Cits. , B. G. , 6, 3. )
Pabisus, a river of Paunonia, falling into the Dan-
ube; according to Mannerl, the Mur, in the Hungarian
part of its course. (Mannerl, Geogr. , vol. 3, p. 489. )
Pabiuh, now Camanar, a town of Asia Minor, in
Mysia Minor, on the Propontis, southwest of Linus,
and northeast from Paesus. It was founded by the
Milesians and Parians. (I'lin. , 5, 32. -- Paul. Lex. ,
>>ni. , de Censib. )
Parma, a city of Italy, south of the Po, on the small
river Parma. It was founded by the Etrurians, taken
by a tribe of Gauls called the Boii, and at last colon-
ized by the Romans, A. U. C. 569. (Liv. , 39, 55. )
From Cicero it may be inferred that Parma suffered
from the adverse factions in the civil wars. (Ep. ad.
Fern. , 10, 33. --Id. ibid. , 12. 5-- Id, Philipp. , 14,
3. ) It was probably recolonized under Augustus, as
some inscriptions give it the title of Colonia Julia Au-
gusta Parma. Strabo (216) speaks of it as a city of
note. From Martial we learn that its wool was highly
prized (14, 53; 5, 13). In the ages that immedi-
ately succeeded the fall of the Roman empire, we find
this rity distinguished also by the appellation of Chry-
sopolis (Gold-city), but are unacquainted with the
causes that led-to the adoption of the name. (Geogr.
Ravenna*, 4, 33. --Donizo, Vit. Machtildis, 1, 10. )
The modern name is Parma. (Mannert, Gecgr. , vol.
9, pt. 1, p. 218. )
Parmenides (napprvidne), the second in the series
? f the Elcatic philosophers, was a native of Elea. He
* as descended from a noble family, and is said to have
? ? been induced to study philosophy by Aminias. (Diog.
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? PAR
PAR
bom Lis capital on some expedition, together with itM
of his having won the prize at the Olympic games.
Philip, while preparing to invade the Persian empire,
aent a considerable force into Aaia as an advanced
guard, and he chose Parmenio and Attains as the lead-
en of the expedition. These commanders began by
expelling the Persian garrisons from several Greek
towns of Aaia Minor. Parmenio took Grynsjum in
iEolis, the inhabitants of which, having aided with the
Persians, and fought against the Macedonians, were
sold as slaves. When Alexander set out on his Asi-
atic expedition, Parmenio had one of the chief com-
mands in the army. At the head of the Thessalian cav-
alry he contributed much to the victory of the Grani-
cus; and at Issue he had the command of the cavalry
on the left wing, which was placed near the scacoast,
and had to sustain for a time the principal attack of
the Persians. At Arbela he advised Alexander not to
S've battle until he bad well reconnoitred the ground,
eing in command of the left wing, he was attacked
in flank by the Penians, and was lor a time in some
danger, until Alexander, who had been successful in
another part of the field, came to his assistance. Par-
menio afterward pursued the fugitives, and took pos-
session of the Persian camp, with the elephants, cam-
els, and all the baggage. When Alexander marched
beyond the Caspian gates in pursuit of Darius and
Bessus, he left Parmenio, who was now advanced in
years, in Media, at the head of a considerable force.
Some time after, while Alexander was encamped at
Artacoana, a conspiracy is said to have been discovered
against his life, in which Philotas, the son of Parme-
nio, was accused of being implicated. He was, in con-
sequence, put to the torture, and, after enduring dread-
ful agonies, confessed, though in vague terms, that he
had conspired against the life of Alexander, and that
his father Parmenio was cognizant of it. This being
considered sufficient evidence, Philotas was stoned to
death, and Alexander despatched a messenger to Me-
dia, with secret orders to Oleander and other officers
who were serving under Parmenio, to put their com-
mander to death. The unsuspecting veteran, while
conversing with his officers, was run through the body
by Oleander. This is the substance of the account of
Ourtius (lib. 6 ct 7). Arrian'a account is somewhat
different (lib. 3). Whatever may be thought of the
trial and execution of Philotas, and it appears to have
been at least a summary and unsatisfactory proceed-
ing, the murder of Parmenio, and the manner of it, form
one of the darkest blots in Alexander's character.
Parmenio was evidently sacrificed in cold blood to
what have been styled, in after ages, "reasons of
state. " He was seventy years of age; he had lost
two sons in the campaigns of Alexander, and Philotas
was the last one remaining to him. Parmenio appears
to have been a steady, brave, and prudent command-
er. (Eneycl. Ut. Knowl. , vol. 17, p. 283, seq. )
Parnassus (Kapvaaadc), I. the name of a mount-
ain-chain in Phocia, which extends in a northeasterly
direction from the country of the Locn Ozole to
Mount (Eta, and in a southwesterly direction through
the middle of Phocis, till it joins Mount Helicon on
the borders of Bosotia. Si ratio (316) says that Par-
nassus divided Phocis into two parts; but the name
was more usually restricted to the lofty mountain upon
which Delphi was situated. According to Stephanus
of Byzantium, it was anciently called Larnassus, be-
?
