No More Learning

SS 1, 2, 18. & 9, 10, 19. SS 1
Cicero, at the request of Pompey. In B. c. 51 he 9, 20. § 1, iii. 1; Tac. Hist. v. 10 ; Suet. Vesp.
was staying in Greece, perhaps as praetor of the 4. )
(E. E. )
province of Achaia, for Cicero, who then went to GALLUS, CONSTANTIUS, or, with his full
Cilicia, saw him at Athens. During the civil war name, Flavius CLAUDIUS (Julius) CONSTAN-
between Caesar and Pompey, Caninius Gallus aptius Gallus, the son of Julius Constantius and
pears to have remained neutral. He died in B. C. Galla, grandson of Constantius Chlorus, nephew of
44. He had been connected in friendship with Constantine the Great, and elder brother, by a
Cicero and M. Terentius Varro, whence we may different mother, of Julian the Apostate. (See
infer that he was a man of talent and acquire- Genealogical Table, vol. I. p. 832. ) Having been
ments. (Cic. ad Q. Frat. ii. 2, 6, ad Fum. i. 2, 4, spared, in consequence of his infirm health, in the
7, ii. 8, vii. 1, ix. 2, 3, 6, ad Att. xv. 13, xvi. 14; general massacre of the more dangerous members
Val. Max. iv. 2. § 6; Dion Cass. xxxix. 16; of the imperial family, wbich followed the death of
Plut. Pomp. 49, where he is wrongly called Ca- his uncle, and in which his own father and an
nidius. )
elder brother were involved, he was, in A. D. 351,
2. L. CANINIUS, L. f. Gallus, a son of No. 1, named Caesar by Constantius II. , and left in the
was consul in B. C. 37 with M. Agrippa. He is east to repel the incursions of the Persians. The
mentioned in the coin annexed, which belongs to principal events of his subsequent career, and the
B. c. 18 as a triumvir monetalis. The obverse re manner of his death, which happened A. D. 354,
presents the head of Augustus, and the reverse a are detailed elsewhere. [CONSTANTIUS II. , p. 848. ]
Parthian kneeling, presenting a standard, with The appellation of Gallus was dropped upon his
L. CANINIVS Gallvs NIVIR. (Fasti ; Dion Cass. elevation to the rank of Caesar (Victor, de Caes.
Index, lib. 48, and xlviii. 49 ; Borghesi, in the 42), and hence numismatologists have experienced
Giornale Arcadico, vol. xxvi, p. 66, &c. )
considerable difficulty in separating the medals of
this prince from those of his cousin, Constantius
II. , struck during the lifetime of Constantine the
Great, since precisely the same designation, Con-
STANTIUS CAESAR, is found applied to both.
Several of the coins of Gallus, however, hare the
epithet IVN. (junior) appended by way of dis-
tinction, and others are known by FL. CL. , or
FL. IVL, being prefixed, since these names do not
appear to have been ever assumed by the elder
3. L. CANINIUS Gallus was consul suffectus Constantius. For more delicate methods of discri-
in B. C. 2, in the place of M. Plautius Silvanus. mination where the above tests fail, see Eckhel,
(Fasti. )
[L. S. ] vol. viii. p. 124.
[W. R. ]
GALLUS, C. CEÄSTIUS, with the agnomen GALLUS, C. CORNEʻLIUS (Eutropius, vii.
Camerinus, a Roman senator of the time of the 10, erroneously calls him Cneius), a contemporary
emperor Tiberius, was consul in A. D. 35, with M. of Augustus, who distinguished himself as a ge-
Servilius Nonianus. (Tac. Ann. iii. 36, vi. 7, 31; neral, and still more as a poet and an orator. He
Dion Cass. lviii. 25 ; Plin. H. N. x. 43. ) [L. S. ] was a native of Forum Juli (Frejus), in Gaul,
GALLUS, CE’STIUS, a son of the preceding, and of very humble origin, perhaps the son of some
the governor of Syria (legatus, A. D. 64, 65), under freedman either of Sulla or Cinna. Hieronymus, in
whom the Jews broke out into the rebellion which Eusebius, states that Gallus died at the age of forty
ended in the destruction of their city and temple (others read forty-three); and as we know from
by Titus. Maddened by the tyranny of Gessius Dion Cassius (liii. 23) that he died in B. c. 26, he
Florus, they applied to Gallus for protection ; must have been born either in B. c. 66 or 69. He
but, though he sent Neapolitanus, one of his appears to have gone to Italy at an early age, and
NI
SALLE
ISA


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GALLUS.
227
GALLUS.
There are
it would seem that he was instructed by the Epi- | ing himself upon his own sword, B. c. 26. Other
curean Syron, together with Varus and Virgil, writers mention as the cause of his fall merely the
both of whom became greatly attached to him. disrespectful way in which he spoke of Augustus,
(Virg. Eclog. vi. 64, &c. ) He began his career as or that he was suspected of forming a conspiracy,
a poet about the age of twenty, and seems thereby or that he was accused of extortion in his province.
to have attracted the attention and won the friend (Comp. Suet. Aug. 66, de IUustr. Gram. 16; Serv,
ship of such men as Asinius Pollio. (Cic. ad Fam. ad Virg. Eclog. x. 1 ; Donat. Vit. Virg. 39 ; Amm.
x. 32. ) When Octavianus, after the murder of Marc. xvii. 4; Ov. Trist. ii. 445, Amor. iii. 9, 63;
Caesar, came to Italy from Apollonia, Gallus must Propert. ii. 34. 91. )
have embraced his party at once, for henceforth he The intimate friendship existing between Gallus
appears as a man of great influence with Octavia- and the most eminent men of the time, as Asinius
nus, and in B. C. 41 he was one of the triumviri Pollio, Virgil, Varus, and Ovid, and the high praise
appointed by Octavianus to distribute the land in they bestow upon him, sufficiently aticbt that
the north of Italy among his veterans, and on that Gallus was a man of great intellectual powers and
occasion be distinguished himself by the protection acquirements. Ovid (Trist
. iv. 10. 5) assigns to
he afforded to the inhabitants of Mantua and to him the first place among the Roman elegiac poets ;
Virgil, for he brought an accusation against Alfe- and we know that he wrote a collection of elegies
nus Varus, who, in his measurements of the land, in four books, the principal subject of which was
was unjust towards the inhabitants. (Serv. ad his love of Lycoris. But all his productions have
Virg. Eclog. ix. 10; Donat. Vit. Virg. 30, 36. ) perished, and we can judge of his merits only by
Gallus afterwards accompanied Octavianus to the what his contemporaries state about him. A col-
battle of Actium, B. C. 31, when he commanded a lection of six elegies was published under his name
detachment of the army. After the battle, when by Pomponius Gauricus (Venice, 1501, 4to), but it
Octavianus was obliged to go from Samos to Italy, was soon discovered that they belonged to a much
to suppress the insurrection among the troops, he later age, and were the productions of Maximianus,
sent Gallus with the army to Egypt, in pursuit of a poet of the fifth century of our era.
Antony. In the neighbourhood of Cyrene, Pina- in the Latin Anthology four epigrams (Nos. 869,
rius Scarpus, one of Antony's legates, in despair, 989, 1003, and 1565, ed. Meyer), which were for-
surrendered, with four legions, to Gallus, who then merly attributed to Gallus, but none of them can
took possession of the island of Pbarus, and attacked have been the production of a contemporary of
Paraetonium. When this town and all its trea- Augustus. Gallus translated into Latin the
poems
sures had fallen into the hands of Gallus, Antony of Euphorion of Chalcis, but this translation is also
hastened thither, hoping to recover what was lost, lost. Some critics attribute to him the poem
either by bribery or by force ; but Gallus thwarted Ciris, usually printed among the works of Virgil,
his schemes, and, in an attack which he made on but the arguments do not appear satisfactory.
Of
Antony's fleet in the harbour of Paraetonium, he his oratory too not a triice bas come down to us ;
sunk and burnt many of the enemy's ships, where and how far the judgment of Quintilian (x. 1.
upon Antony withdrew, and soon after made away $ 93 ; comp. i. 5. § 8) is correct, who calls him
with himself. Gallus and Proculeius then assisted durior Gallus, we cannot say. The Greek Antho-
Octavianus in securing Cleopatra, and guarded her logy contains two epigranis under the name of
as a prisoner in her palace. After the death of Gallus, but who their author was is altogether un-
Cleopatra, Octavianus constituted Egypt as a Ro certain. Some writers ascribe to C. Cornelius
man province, with peculiar regulations, and testi- Gallus a work on the expedition of Aelius Gallus
fied his esteem for and confidence in Gallus by into Arabia, but he cannot possibly have written
making him the first prefect of Egypt. (Strab. any such work, because he died before that expedi-
xvii. p. 819 ; Dion Cass. li. 9, 17. ) He had to tion was undertaken. (Fontanini, Hist. Lit. Aqui
suppress a revolt in the Thebais, where the people lejae, lib. i. ; C. C. C. Völker, Commentat. de C.
resisted the severe taxation to which they were Corneli Galli Forojuliensis Vita et Scriptis, part i. ,
subjected. He remained in Egypt for nearly four Bonn, 1840, 8vo. , containing the history of his life,
years, and seems to have made various useful regu- and part ii. , Elberfeld, 1844, on the writings of
lations in his province ; but the elevated position to Gallus). A. W. Becker, in his work entitled
which he was raised appears to have rendered him Gallus, has lately made use of the life of Corn.
giddy and insolent, whereby he drew upon himself Gallus for the purpose of explaining the most im-
the hatred of Augustus. The exact nature of his portant points of the private life of the Romans in
offence is not certain. According to Dion Cassius the time of Augustus. An English translation of
(liii. 23), he spoke of Augustus in an offensive and this work was published in 1844. (L. S. )
insulting manner ; he erected numerous statues of GALLUS, A. DI'DIUS, was curator aquarum
himself in Egypt, and had his own exploits in- in the reign of Caligula, A. D. 40. In the reign of
scribed on the pyranids. This excited the hostility Claudius, A. D. 50, he commanded a Roman army
of Valerius Largus, who had before been his in- in Bosporus, and subsequently he was appointed
timate friend, but now denounced him to the em- by the same emperor to succeed Ostonius in Britain,
peror. Augustus deprived him of his post, which where, however, he confined himself to protecting
was given to Petronius, and forbade him to stay in what the Romans had gained before, for he was
any of his provinces. As the accusation of Valerius then at an advanced age, and governed his pro-
had succeeded thus far, one accuser after another vince through his legates. In his earlier years he
came forward against him, and the charges were seems to have been a man of great ambition, and of
referred to the senate for investigation and de- some eminence as an orator. (Frontin, de Aquaed.
cision. In consequence of these things, the senate 102; Tac. Ann. xii. 15, 40, xiv. 29, Agric. 14;
deprived Gallus of his estates, and sent him into Quintil
. vi. 3. $ 68. ).
(L. S. )
exile; but, unable to bear up against these reverses GALLUS, FA'DIUS. 1. M. Fadius GALLUS,
of fortune, he put an end to his life by throw- an intimate friend of Cicero and. Atticus, appears
а
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228
GALLUS.
GALLUS.
to have been a man of great nequirements and of L. F. Q. N. GALLUR, was consul in B. c. 269 with
an amiable character. Among Cicero's letters there C. Fabius Pictor, and carried on a war against the
are several (ad Fam. vii. 23—27) which are ad. Picentes, which, however, was not brought to a
dressed to M. Fadius. It seems that during the close till the year after. This consulship is re-
civil war he belonged to the party of Caesar, and markable in the history of Rome as being the year
fought under him as legate in Spain in B. c. 49. in which silver was first coined at Rome. In
He was a follower of Epicurus in his philosophical B. C 257 Q. Ogulnius was appointed dictator for
views, but nevertheless wrote an eulogy on M. the purpose of conducting the feriae Latinae. (F. u-
Porcius Cato Uticensis, which is lost It should trop. ii. 16; Liv. Epit. 15; Plin. H. N. xxxiii.
be observed that in most editions of Cicero his 13. )
name is wrongly given as M. Fabius Gallus. (Cic. 2. M. OGULNIUS GALLUS, was praetor in B. C
ad Fam. ii. 14, vii. 24, ix. 25, xiii. 59, xv. 14, ad | 181, with the jurisdiction in the city. (Liv. xxxix.
Att. vii. 3, viii. 3, 12, xiii. 49. )
56, xl. 1. )
(L. S. )
2. Q. Fabius Gallus, a brother of No. 1. In GALLUS, L. PLO'TIUS, a native of Cisalpine
B. C. 46 the two brothers had a dispnite, and on Gaul, was the first person that ever set up a school
that occasion Cicero recommended M. Fadius at Rome for the purpose of teaching Latin and
Gallus to Paetus. Cicero calis Q. Fadius a homo rhetoric, about B. C. 88. Cicero in his boyhood
ron sapicns. (De Fin, ii. 17, 18, ad Fam. ix. 25. ) knew him, and would have liked to receive instruc-
3. T. Fadius GALLUS, was quaestor of Cicero tion from him in Latin, but his friends prevented
in his consulship, B. c. 63, and tribune of the people it, thinking that the study of Greek was a better
in B. C. 67, in which year he exerted himself with training for the intellect. L. Plotius lived to a very
others to effect the recal of Cicero from exile. At advanced age, and was regarded by later writers
a later period T. Fadius himself appears to have as the father of Roman rhetoric. (Sueton, De clar.
lived in exile, and Cicero in a letter still extant Rhet. 2; Hieron. in Euseb. Chron. OL. 173, 1;
(ad Fam. v. 18) consoled him in his misfortune. Quintil. ii. 4. § 44 ; Senec. Controv. ii. prooem. )
(Cic. ad Q. Frat. i. 4, ad Att. iii. 23, post Red, in Besides a work de Gestu (Quintil. xi. 3 $ 143),
Senat. 8, ad Fam. vii. 27. )
(L. S. ] he wrote judicial orations for other persons, as for
GALLUS, FLAVIUS, was tribune of the Atratinus, who in B. C. 56 accused M. Coelius
soldiers under Antony in his unfortunate campaign Rufus. (Comp. Cic. Fragm. p. 461 ; Schol. Bob.
against the Parthians in B. c.