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to this goddess. The opinion that the Samothra- (Liv. i. 7. ) He is usually called a son of Vulcan,
cian gods were the same as the Roman Penates, and Ovid, who gives his story with considerable
seems to have arisen with those writers who en- embellishments, describes Cacus as a fearful giant,
deavoured to trace every ancient Roman institution who was the terror of the whole land. (Ov. Fast.
to Troy, and thence to Samothrace.
i. 554; comp. Virg. Aen. viii. 190, &c. ; Propert.
The places where the worship of the Cabeiri oc- iv. 9; Dionys. i. 32, 43; Aurel. Vict. De Oriy.
curs, are chiefly Samothrace, Lemnos, and Imbros. Gent. Rom. 6. ) Evander, who then ruled over the
Some writers have maintained, that the Samo- country in which Cacus had resided, shewed bis
thracian and Lemnian Cabeiri were distinct ; gratitude to the conqueror of Cacus by dedicating
but the contrary is asserted by Strabo (x. p. to him a sanctuary, and appointing the Potitii and
466). Besides the Cabeiri of these three islands, Pinarii as his priests. The common opinion res-
we read of Boeotian Cabeiri. Near the Neïtian pecting the original character of Cacus is, that he
gate of Thebes there was a grove of Demeter was the personification of some evil daemon, and
Cabeiria and Cora, which none but the initiated this opinion is chiefly founded upon the descrip-
were allowed to enter; and at a distance of seven tions of him given by the Roman poets
. Hartung
stadia from it there was a sanctuary of the Cabeiri. (Die Relig. d. Rom. i. p. 318, &c. ), however, thinks
(Paus. ix. 25. & 5. ) Here mysteries were cele that Cacus, whom he identifies with Cacius (Diod.
brated, and the sanctity of the temple was great as iv. 21 ; Solin. i. 1), and his sister Caca were Ro.
late as the time of Pausanias. (Comp. iv. 1. $ 5. ) | man penates, whose names he connects with waiw,


## p. 524 (#544) ############################################

524
CADMUS.
CADMUS.
aleo, and coquo.
There were at Rome various ticulars, agrees with the stories in Hyginus (Fah.
things connected with the legends about Cacus. 178) and Pausanias (ix. 5. § 1, 10. 8 1, 12. $ 1,&c. ).
On the side of the Palatine hill, not far from the There are, however, many points in the story of
hut of Faustulus, there was a foot-path leading up Cadmus in which the various traditions present
the hill, with a wooden ladder called "the ladder considerable differences.
His native country is
of Cacus," and the ancient cave of Cacus, which is commonly stated to have been Phoenicia, as in
still shewn at Rome, was in the Salina, near the Apollodorus (comp. Diod. iv. 2; Strab. vii. p. 321,
Porta Trigemina. (Diod. , Solin. , U. cc. ; Klausen, ix. p. 401); but he is sometimes called a Tyrian
Aeneas u. die Penaten, p. 768, &c. ; Bunsen, Besch- (Herod. ii. 49; Eurip. Phoen. 039), and sometimes
reib. der Stadt Rom, i. p. 134, iii. 1. p. 407. ) [L. S. ] a Sidonian. (Eurip. Bucch. 171; Ov. Met. iv. 571. )
CA'DIUS RUFUS. [Rufus. )
Others regarded Cadmus as a native of Thebes in
CA'DMILUS, CA'SMILUS, or CADMUS Egypt (Diod. i. 23; Paus. ix. 12. & 2), and his
(Kaðuinos, Kaouiros, or Káðuos), according to parentage is modified accordingly; for he is also
Acusilaus (ap. Strab. x. p. 472) a son of Hephaestus called a son of Antiope, the daughter of Belus, or
and Cabeiro, and father of the Samothracian Ca- of Argiope, the daughter of Neilus. (Schol. ad
beiri and the Cabeirian nymphs. Others consider | Eurip. Phoen. 5, with Valck. note; Hygin. Fab.
Cadmilus himself as the fourth of the Samothracian 6, 178, 179. ) He is said to have introduced into
Cabeiri. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 917; comp. Greece from Phoenicia or Egypt an alphabet of
CABEIRI. )
[L. S. ) sixteen letters (Herod. v. 58, &c. ; Diod. ii. 67,
CADMUS (Káguos), a son of Agenor and Tele- v. 57; Plin. H. N. vii
. 56; Hygin. Fab. 277), and
phassa, and brother of Europa, Phoenix, and Cilix. to have been the first who worked the mines of
When Europa was carried off by Zeus to Crete, mount Pangaeon in Thrace. The teeth of the
Agenor sent out his sons in search of their sister, dragon whom Cadmus slew were sown, according
enjoining them not to return without her. Tele to some accounts, by Athena herself; and the spot
phassa accompanied her sons. All researches being where this was done was shewn, in aftertimes, in
fruitless, Cadmus and Telephassa settled in Thrace. the neighbourhood of Thebes. (Schol. ad Eurip.
Here Telephassa died, and Cadmus, after burying Plwen. 670; Paus. ix. 10. § 1. ) Half of the teeth
her, went to Delphi to consult the oracle respecting were given by Athena to Aeëtes, king of Colchis.
bis sister. The god commanded him to abstain (Apollon. Rhod. iii. 1183; Apollod. i. 9. & 23;
from further seeking, and to follow a cow of a cer- Serv. ad Virg. Georg. ii. 141. ) The account of his
tain kind, and to build a town on the spot where quitting Thebes also was not the same in all tradi-
the cow should sink down with fatigue. (Schol. ad tions; for some related, that he was expelled by
Eurip. Phoen. 638, ad Aristoph. Ran. 1256; Paus. | Amphion and Zethus, or by Dionysus. (Syncell.
ix. 12. & 1. ) Cadmus found the cow described by p. 296, ed. Dindorf. ) A tradition of Brasiae stated,
the oracle in Phocis among the herds of Pelagon, that Cadmus, after discovering the birth of Diony-
and followed her into Boeotia, where she sank sus by his daughter Semele, sbut up the mother
down on the spot on which Cadmus built Thebes, and her child in a chest, and threw them into the
with the acropolis, Cadmea. As he intended to sea. (Paus. iii. 24. § 3. ) According to the opinion
sacrifice the cow here to Athena, he sent some per- of Herodotus (ii. 49), however, Melampus leamed
sons to the neighbouring well of Ares to fetch wa- and received the worship of Dionysus from Cadmus,
This well was guarded by a dragon, a son of and other traditions too represent Cadmus as wor-
Ares, wbo killed the men sent by Cadmus. Here shipping Dionysus. (e. g. Eurip. Bacch. 181. ) AC-
upon, Cadmus slew the dragon, and, on the advice cording to Euripides, Cadmus resigned the govern-
of Athena, sowed the teeth of the monster, out of ment of Thebes to his grandson, Pentheus; and
which armed men grew up, who slew each other, after the death of the latter, Cadmus went to Illy-
with the exception of five, Echion, Udaeus, Chtho ria, where he built Buthoë (Bacch 43, 1331, &c. ),
nius, Hyperenor, and Pelor, who, according to the in the government of which he was succeeded by
Theban legend, were the ancestors of the Thebans. his son Illyrius or Polydorus.
Cadmus was punished for having slain the dragon The whole story of Cadmus, with its manifold
by being obliged to serve for a certain period of time, poetical embellishments, seems to suggest the im-
some say one year, others eight years. After this migration of a Phoenician or Egyptian colony into
Athena assigned to him the government of Thebes, Greece, by means of which civilisation (the alpha-
and Zeus gave him Harmonia for his wife. The bet, art of mining, and the worship of Dionysus)
marriage solemnity was honoured by the presence came into the country. But the opinion formed on
of all the Olympian gods in the Cadmea Cadmus this point must depend upon the view we take of
gave to Harmonia the famous métos and necklace the early influence of Phoenicia and Egypt in ge-
which he had received from Hephaestus or from neral upon the early civilisation of Greece. While
Europa, and became by her the father of Autonoë, Buttmann and Creuzer admit such an influence,
Ino, Semele, Agave, and Polydorus. Subsequently C. 0. Müller denies it altogether, and regards
Cadmus and Harmonia quitted Thebes, and went Cadmus as a Pelasgian divinity. Cadmus was
to the Cencheliang This people was at war with worshipped in various parts of Greece, and at
the Illyrians, and had received an oracle which Sparta he had a heroum. (Paus. iii. 15. $ 6; comp.
promised them victory if they took Cadmus as Buttmann, Mytholog. ii. p. 171; Müller, Orchom.
their commander. The Cenchelians accordingly p. 113, &c. )
(L. S. ]
made Cadmus their king, and conquered the ene- CADMUS (Káduos), the son of Scythes, a man
my. After this, Cadmus had another son, whom renowned for his integrity, was sent by Gelon to
he called Illyrius. In the end, Cadmus and Har- Delphi, in B. C. 480, with great treasures, to await
monia were changed into dragons, and were re- the issue of the battle between the Greeks and
moved by Zeus to Elysium.
Persians, and with orders to give them to the Per-
This is the account given by Apollodorus (iii. 1. sians if the latter conquered, but to bring them
§ 1, &c. ), which, with the exception of some par- back to Sicily iſ the Greeks prevailed. After tho
ter.


## p. 525 (#545) ############################################

CADMUS.
525
CAECILIA
defeat of Xerxes, Cadmus returned to Sicily with m:18 of Miletus introduced into Greece the alpha-
the treasures, though he might easily have appro- bet which the Phoenicians had invented. (Comp.
priated them to his own use. (Herod. vii. 163, Clinton, Fast. Hell, ii. p. 454, 3rd edition. )
164. ) Herodotus calls Cadmus a Coan, and states 2. Of Miletus, the Younger, is mentioned only
further, tbat he received the tyranny of Cos from by Suidas, according to whom he was a son of Ar-
his father, but gave the state its liberty of his own chelaus, and a Greek historian, concerning whose
accord, merely from a sense of justice ; and that time nothing is said. Suidas ascribes to him two
after this he went over to Sicily and dwelt along works, one on the history of Attica, in sixteen
with the Samians at Zancle, afterwards called books, and the second on the deliverance from the
Messenc. Müller (Dor. i. 8. § 4, note q. ) thinks sufferings of love, in fourteen books. (L. S. )
that this Cadmus was the son of the Scythes, CAECILIA, CAIA, is said to have been the
tyrant of Zancle, who was driven out by the Sa- genuine Roman name for Tanaquil, the wife of
mians (B. C. 497), and who fled to the court of Tarquinius Priscus. (Plin. 1. N. viji. 74; Val. Max.
Persia, where he died. (Herod. vi. 23. ) In reply Epit. de Praen. in fin. ; Festus, s. v. Gaia; Plut.
to the objection, that Herodotus speaks of Cadmus Quaest. Rom. p. 271, e. ) Both her names, Caia and
having inherited the tyranny from his father, but of Caecilia, are of the same root as Caeculus, and the
Scythes having died in Persia, Müller remarks that Roman Caecilii are supposed to have derived their
the government of Cos was probably given to his origin from the Praenestine Caeculus, (Fest. s. v.
father by the Persians, but that he notwithstand- | Cueculus. ) The story of Caia Caecilia is related
ing continued to reside in Persia, as we know was under TANAQUIL; and it is sufficient to say here,
the case with Histiaeus. If this conjecture is that she appears in the early legends of Rome as a
correct, Cadmus probably resigned the tyranny of woman endowed with prophetic powers, and closely
Cos through desire of returning to his native town, connected with the worship of the god of the hearth.
Zancle. He was accompanied to Sicily by the That she was, at the same time, looked upon as a
poet Epicharmus. (Suidas, s. v. 'Enixapuos. ) model of domestic life, may be inferred from the
CADMUS (Káduos). 1. Of Miletus, a son of fact, that a newly married woman, before entering
Pandion, and in all probability the earliest Greek the house of her husband, on being asked what her
historian or logographer. He lived, according to name was, answered, “My name is Caia. ” (Val.
the vague statement of Josephus (c. Apion. i. 2; Max. l. c. ; Plut. Quaest
. Rom. p. 271, e. ) [L. S. ]
comp. Clem. Alex. Strom. vi. p. 267), very shortly CAECI'LIA, the daughter of T. Pomponius
before the Persian invasion of Greece; and Suidas Atticus, who is called Caecilia, because her father
makes the singular statement, that Cadmus was took the name of his uncle, Q. Caecilius, by whom
only a little younger than the mythical poet Or- he was adopted. She was married to M. Vipsanius
pheus, which arises from the thorough confusion of Agrippa. (ATTICUS, p. 415, a. )
the mythical Cadmus of Phoenicia and the historian CAECI'LIA or METELLA, 1. and 2. Daugh-
Cadmus. But there is every probability that Cad-ters of Q. Caecilius Jetellus Macedonicus, consul
mus lived about B. c. 540. Strabo (i. p. 18) places B. c. 143, one of whom married C. Servilius Vatia,
Cadmus first among the three authors whom he and was by him the mother of P. Servilius Vatia
calls the earliest prose writers among the Greeks: Isauricus, consul in 79, and the other P. Cornelius
viz. Cadmus, Pherecydes, and Hecataeus ; and Scipio Nasica, consul in 1ll, and was the grand-
from this circumstance we may infer, that Cadmus mother of Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, consul in 52.
was the most ancient of the three-an inference (Cic. pro Dom. 47, post Red. ad Quir. 3, Brut. 58. )
which is also confirmed by the statement of Pliny 3. The daughter of L. Caecilius Metellus Calvus,
(H. N. v. 31), who calls Cadmus the first that ever consul in B. c. 142, and the brother of Metellus Nu-
wrote (Greek) prose. When, therefore, in another midicus, consul in 109, was married to L. Licinius
passage (vii. 56) Pliny calls Pherecydes the most Lucullus, praetor in 103, and was by him the
ancient prose writer, and Cadmus of Miletus sim- mother of the celebrated Lucullus, the conqueror of
ply the earliest historian, we have probably to re- Mithridates. Her moral character was in bad re
gard this as one of those numerous inconsistencies pute. (Plut. Lucull. 1; Cic. in Ver. iv. 66; Aurel.
into which Pliny fell by following different autho Vict. de Vir. IU. 62. )
rities at different times, and forgetting what he 4. Daughter of Q. Caecilius Metellus Balearicus,
had said on former occasions. All, therefore, we consul in B. c. 123, was the wife of Ap. Claudius Pul-
can infer from his contradicting himself in this case cher, consul in 79, and the mother of Ap. Claudius
is, that there were some ancient authorities who Pulcher, consul in 54, and of P. Clodius Pulcher,
made Pherecydes the earliest Greek prose writer, tribune of the plebs in 58. (Cic. de Div. i. 2, 44,
and not Cadmus; but that the latter was the ear- pro Rosc. Am. 10, 50: in the former of the two
liest Greek historian, seems to be an undisputed latter passages she is erroneously called Nepotis
fact. Cadmus wrote a work on the foundation of filia instead of Nepotis soror. ) Her brother was
Miletus and the earliest history of Ionia generally, Q. Metellus Nepos, consul in 98, and we accord-
in four books (Kalous Minutou Kal This ans 'Iwvías). ingly find bis two sons, Metellus Celer and Metel-
This work appears to have been lost at a very lus Nepos, called the fratres (cousins) of her sons
early period, for Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Jud. Ap. Claudius and P. Clodius. (Cic. ad Att. iv. 3,
de Thucyd. 23) expressly mentions, that the work ad Fam. v. 3, pro Cael. 24. )
known in his time under the name of Cadmus was
Cicero relates (de Div. ll. cc. ), that in conse-
considered a forgery. When Suidas and others quence of a dream of Caecilia's in the Marsic war,
(Bekker's Anecd. p. 781), call Cadmus of Miletus the temple of Juno Sospita was restored.