No More Learning

that his cognomen Geminus is a mistake. C. Ser-
Servilius Silanus, in A. D. 189, thus occupying a vilius obtained Etruria as his province, and from
prominent
position in the Roman state for nearly thence marched into Cisalpine Gaul, where he re-
seven hundred years. The Servilii were divided leased his father from captivity, as has been al-
into numerous families ; of these the names in the ready related. Livy mentions that a rogatio was
republican period are: —Ahala, AxiLLA, CAEPIO, proposed to the people to release Servilius from the
Casca, GEMINUS, GLAUCLA, GLOBULUS, Priscus consequences (ne C. Servilio fraudi esset) of having
(with the agnomen Filenas), Rullus, Structus, acted contrary to the laws in having been tribune
Tucca, Vatia (with the agnomen Isauricus) of the plebs and aedile of the plebs, while his



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794
SERVIUS.
SESOSTRIS.
father was alive, who had sat in the curule chair, minally, at least, still extant; but from the widely
inasmuch as he was ignorant of the existence of his different forms which it assumes in different MSS. ,
father (Liv. xxx. 19, comp. xxvii. 1). No other it is clear that it must have been changed and in-
ancient writer mentions any law which forbade terpolated to such an extent by the transcribers of
such an election : the conjectures of modern writers the middle ages, that it is impossible to determine
on the point are given at length in Duker's note how much belongs to Servius and how much to
on the passage of Livy (xxx. 19). In B. c. 202, the later hands by whom his performance has been
Servilius was appointed dictator by the consul overlaid. Even in its present condition, however,
M. Servilius Geminus for the purpose of holding it contains so many quotations from lost works,
the comitia, being the last person who was named and so much curious information on abstruse points
dictator till the usurpation of the office by Sulla connected with history, antiquities, and mythology,
In B. c. 201, he was one of the decemviri for dis- that it is deservedly regarded as the most important
tributing lands to the veterans who had fought in and valuable of all the Latin Scholia. It is at-
Africa under P. Scipio, and in B. c. 183 he was tached to many of the earlier impressions of the
elected pontifex maximus in the place of P. Li-poet, and by comparing a few of these the dis-
cinius Crassus. He died in B. c. 180. (Liv. xxv. crepancies alluded to above will be at once per-
15, xxvii. 6, 21, 33, 36, xxviii. 10, 46, xxix. ceived. Much was done to improve and purify the
38, xxx. 1, 19, 39, xxxi. 4, xxxix. 46, xl. 37, text by R. Stephens (Paris, fol. 1532), and by
42. )
Masvicius (Virgilii Opera, 4to. Leovard. 1717),
3. Q. Servilius, proconsul, was slain by the but it will be found under its best form in the
inhabitants of Asculum on the breaking out of celebrated edition of Virgil by Burmann. The
the Social War, in B. C. 90. He is erroneously recension by Lion (2 vols. 8vo. Gotting. 1825) is
called Servius by some writers. (Appian, B. C. i. not of any particular value.
38 ; Liv. Epit. 72; Vell. Pat. ii. 15; Oros. v. 18. ) We possess also the following treatises which
4. P. Servilius, a Roman eques, the magister bear the name of Servius Maurus Honoratus.
of one of the companies that farmed the taxes in 2. In secundam Donati Lditionem Interpretatio,
Sicily during the administration of Verres. (Cic. printed by Jo. Theodoricus Belloracus, in his
Verr. iii. 71. )
** Grammatici illustres X 11. " fol. Paris, 1516; by
5. C. SERVILIUS, a Roman citizen in Sicily, Adamus Petri, in his collection, 8vo. Basel, 1527,
publicly scourged by Verres. (Cic. Verr. v. 54. ) and included by Putschius in his “ Grammaticae
6. M. Servilius, accused of repetundae in B. C. Latinae Auctores Antiqui,” 4to. Hannov. 1605,
51. (Cael. ad Fam. viii. 8. $ 3; Cic. ad Att. vi. 3. pp. 1779—1799. Some additions will be found in
§ 10. )
Endlicher, Analecta Grammatica, p. 512.
7. M. SERVILIUS, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 44, 3. De Ratione ultimarum Syllabarum ad Aqui-
is praised by Cicero as vir fortissimus. (Cic. ad linum Liber, first printed along with the Centi-
Fum. xii. 7, Philipp. iv. 6. )
metrum (see below) by Robertus de Fano and
SERVI'LIUS BA'REA SORA'NUS. [BA- Bernardinus de Bergomo, 4to. Call. 1476, and con-
REA. )
tained in Putschius, p. 1799–1815. See also
SERVI'LIUS DAMOʻCRATES. [Damo- | Endlicher, p. 491, where we have the title de
CRATES. ]
Finalibus.
SERVI’LIUS NONIA'NUS. (NONIANUS. ] 4. Ars de centum Metris 6. Centimetrum, ad-
SERVI’LIUS PUDENS. [Pudens. ] dressed to Albinus, first printed in the “ de
SERVI'LIUS SILA NUS. (SILANUS. ] Schemate et Tropo ” of Beda, 4to. Mediol. 1473,
SEʻRVIUS, a common Roman praenomen, also contained in Putschius, pp. 1815—1826, and to be
occurs as the gentile name of a few persons, though found under its best form in Gaisford's “ Scriptores
even in the case of these persons the gentile name Latini Rei Metricae,” 8vo. Oxon. 1837, p. 363.
may have been dropped, and Servius be simply a (Macrob. Sat. i. 2, 24, vi. 6, 7, vii. ll; Heyne, de
praenomen.
Antig. Virg. Interpr. Burmann, Praef. ) [W. R. )
SE'RVIUS. A tract, divided into eleven sec- SERVIUS POLA. [Pola. )
tions, entitled Servii Ars Grammatica, or more SE'RVIUS RUFUS. [Rufus. ]
fully, Erpositio Magistri Servië super Partes Mi- SEÄRVIUS TU'LLIUS. [TULLIUS. ]
nores, was published, for the first time, from a SESOSTRIS (Séowotpis), or, as Diodorus calls
Berlin MS. , by Lindemann, and annexed to his him, ŞESOOSIS (Pegówois), was the name given
edition of “ Pompeii Commentum Artis Donati,” | by the Greeks to the great king of Egypwho is
8vo. Lips. 1820. The author is altogether un- called in Manetho and on the monuments Ramses
known.
[W. R. ) or Ramesses. Not only do Manetho and the mo-
SERVIUS MAURUS HONORA'TUS, or numents prove that Sesostris is the same as Ramses,
SEʻRVIUS MARIUS HONORATUS, as the but it is evident from Tacitus (Ann. ii. 59) that
name is variously written, the arrangement of its the Egyptian priests themselves identified Ramses
constituent parts being, moreover, varied in every with Sesostris in the account which they gave to
possible way, was a celebrated Latin grammarian, Germanicus of the victories of their great monarch.
contemporary with Macrobius, for we cannot reason- Ramses is a name common to several kings of the
ably doubt that he is the Servius introduced among eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth dynasties ;
the dramatis personae of the Saturnalia, and who but Sesostris must be identified with Ramses, the
is frequently mentioned with the greatest respect | third king of the nineteenth dynasty, the son of
in that work, a warm tribute being paid not only Seti, and the father of Menephthah, according to
to his learning and his talents, but also to his the restoration of the lists of Manetho by Bunsen.
amiable disposition and unaffected modesty. His This king is frequently called Ramses II. , or
most celebrated production was an elaborate com- Ramses the Great, to distinguish him from Ramses,
mentary upon Virgil, compiled from the labours of the first king of the nineteenth dynasty. It was
a multitude of earlier annotators. This is, no- | under the kings of the eighteenth and nineteenth


## p. 795 (#811) ############################################

SESOSTRIS.
798
SESTIUS.
dynasties that Egypt obtained her greatest splen- / rated the exploits of Ramses-Sesostris, and pro-
dour, and of these monarchs Ramses-Sesostris bably attributed to him the achievements of many
obtained the most celebrity. Herodotus relates successive monarchs, yet it is evident, from the
that sailing with his fleet from the Arabian gulph, numerous monuments bearing his name still extant
or Red Sea, Sesostris subdued the people dwelling in Egypt, that he was a great warrior, and had
on the coasts of the Erythraean Sea, until he came extended his conquests far beyond the boundaries
to a sea which was no longer navigable on account of Egypt. His conquest of Ethiopia is attested by
of the shallow On his return to Egypt he levied his numerous monuments found in that country,
a mighty army, with which he made an expedition and memorials of him still exist throughout the
by land, subduing all the nations that came in his whole of Egypt, from the mouth of the Nile to
way, till at length he crossed from Asia into Europe, the south of Nubia. In the remains of his palace-
where he conquered the Thracians and Scythians. temple at Thebes we see his victories and conquests
In all the countries which he subdued he erected represented on the walls, and we can still traco
stelue, on which he inscribed his own name and there some of the nations of Africa and Asia whom
those of his country, and how he had conquered he subdued. We have, moreover, another strik-
the people by his might. The history of Sesostris ing corroboration of the Asiatic conquests of this
is related more at length by Diodorus. According monarch, as well as of the trustworthiness of that
to his account the father of Sesostris ordered all prince of travellers, Herodotus. The latter writer
the male children who were born on the same day relates that most of the stelae which Sesostris set
as his son to be educated along with him and up in the countries he conquered, were no longer
trained in martial exercises, that they might prove extant in his time, but that he had himself seen
brave warriors and faithful companions to him in those in Palestine of Syria, with the inscriptions
his future conquest of the world. As soon as they upon them. He also adds that he had been in
were grown up the monarch sent them, along with lonia two figures (TÚTOI) of the same king, cut in
his son, with an army into Arabia, which they con- the rock ; one on the road from Ephesus to Phocaea,
quered, and next into the western parts of Africa, and another on the road from Sardis to Smyrna.
which they also subdued. As soon as Sesostris Now it so happens that one of the stelae which
bad ascended the throne, he divided all Egypt Herodotus saw in Syria has been discovered in
into thirty-six nomes or provinces, and appointed modern times on the side of the road leading to
a governor over each, and then began to make Beirut (the ancient Berytus), near the mouth of
preparations for the conquest of the world. He the river Lycus ; and though the hieroglyphics
is said to have raised an army of 600,000 foot, are much effaced, we can still decipher the name of
24,000 horse, and 27,000 war-chariots, and like Ramses. The monument, too, which Herodotus
wise to have caused a fleet of 400 ships to be saw on the road from Sardis to Smyrna, has like
built and equipped on the Red Sea.
After first wise been discovered near Nymphi, the ancient
subduing Ethiopia, he conquered all Asia, even Nymphaeum ; and although some modern critics
beyond the Ganges, and extended his con- maintain that the latter is a Scythian monument,
quests further than those of Alexander the Great: we can hardly believe that Herodotus could have
he then crossed over into Europe, where he subdued been mistaken in the point. (Wilkinson, Manners
the Thracians ; and eventually returned to Egypt, and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, vol. i. p.
after an absence of nine years. On arriving at | 98 ; Lepsius, in Anal. dell. Instit. di Corrisp.
Pelusium he was nearly destroyed by the treachery Archeol. vol. x. p. 12; Classical Museum, vol. i.
of his brother Armais, whom he had left regent in pp. 82, 23), where a drawing is given of the monu-
bis absence, and who attempted to burn him with ment near Nymphi. )
his wife and children. The countless captives The name of Sesostris is not found on monu-
whom he brought back with him he employed in ments, and it was probably a popular surname
public works, many of which are specified both by given to the great hero of the nineteenth dynasty,
Diodorus and Herodotus. Thus he is said to have and borrowed from Sesostris, one of the renowned
surrounded many of his cities with high mounds, kings of the twelfth dynasty, or perhaps from Se-
to protect them from the inundations of the Nile, sorthus, a king of the third dynasty. It appears
traces of which are still visible ; and also to from Manetho, that Ramses-Sesostris was also
have dug numerous canals to irrigate the country. called Sethosis, which Bunsen maintains ought to
He further erected splendid monuments in different be read Se-sothis, and that its meaning is the son
parts of Egypt, in token of gratitude to the gods of Sethos or Seti. (Bunsen, Aegyptens Stelle in
for the victories he had gained. Many of the der Weltgeschichte, vol. iii. pp. 97–114. )
great works of Egypt, the authors of which were SE'STIA GENS, originally patrician, after-
unknown, are ascribed to this king. Thus he was wards plebeian also. This name is frequently
said by the Egyptian priests to have built a wall confounded with that of Sextius, and the two
on the east side of Egypt, from Pelusium to Helio names may originally have been the same ; but
polis, according to Diodorus (i. 57), but which the ancient writers evidently regard them as two
appears to have been continued as far as Syene, distinct names, and they are accordingly so given
and many traces of which may still be seen. Ser in this work (Sextia GENS). The only member
Bostris is said by Manetho to have reigned sixty of the gens who obtained the consulship under the
six years, and we find on monuments the sixty- republic, was P. Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus in
second year of his reign. He is reported to have B. C. 452, who was also decemvir in the next year ;
put an end to his own life in consequence of be- and no other person of this name appears on the
coming blind. (Herod. ii. 102–111; Diod. i. consular Fasti except L. Sestius, who was consul
Strab. xv. p. 686, xvi. Pp. 769, 790 ; suffectus in B. C. 23. Coins of the Sestia gens
Joseph. C. Apion. i. 15; Tac. Ann. ii. 59 ; Plin. are extant, of which some specimens are given
H. N. vi. 29. B. 33, 34, xxxiii. 15, xxxvi. 9. s. 14. ) below.
Although the Egyptian priests evidently exagge- SE'STIUS. 1. P. SESTIUS CAPITOLINUS VA.
53—59;


## p. 796 (#812) ############################################

796
SESTIUS.
SESTIUS.
TICANUS, consul B. C. 452, is spoken of under his behalf contrary to the expectation of many ;
CAPITOLINUS ( Vol. I. p. 606, a. ), where he is er- but although Cicero thought he had grounds of
roneously called Sextius.
offence against Sestius, he did not like to incur
2. P. Sestius, called by Livy a man of a pa- the reproach of ingratitude which would have
trician gens, but a different person from the pre- been brought against him, if he had refused to
ceding, was accused by C. Julius Julus, one of the assist the tribune who had proposed his recal
decemvirs, in B. C. 451 (Liv. iii. 33; for further from banishment; and as Pompey was still at
particulars, see JULUS, No. 2. )
enmity with Clodius, he required Cicero to under-
3. P. Sestius, quaestor B. C. 414. (Liv. iv. take the defence of the accused. Cicero could not
50. )
deny the fact that Sestius had broken the public
4. L. Sestius, the father of No. 5, did not peace ; but he maintained that his client deserved
obtain any higher dignity than that of tribune of praise and not punishment, because he had taken
the plebs. (Cic. pro Sest. 3. )
up arms in defence of himself, the saviour of the
5. P. Sestius, also written P. Sextius in many Roman state, and consequently in defence of the
MSS. and editions of Cicero, the son of No. 4, was state itself. Sestius was unanimously acquitted on
defended by Cicero in B. c. 56, in an oration which the 14th of March, chiefly, no doubt, in con-
is extant. Although the ancestors of Sestius had sequence of the powerful influence of Pompey.
not gnined any distinction in the state, he formed (Cic. pro P. Sestio, passim ; Cic. in Cat. i. 8, ad
matrimonial alliances with two of the noblest fa. Fam. v. 6, ad Alt. i. 19, 20, 23, ad Q. Fr. i. 4,
milies at Rome. His first wife was Postumia, ad Att. iv. 3, pro Mil. 14, post Red. in Sen. 8, post
the daughter of C. Postumius Albinus, by whom Red. ad Quir. 6, ad Q. Fr. ii. 3, 4; Drumann,
he had two children, a daughter and a son. On Geschichte Roms, vol. v. p. 664, &c. )
the death of Postumia he married a second time In B. c. 53, Sestius was praetor, and it appears
Cornelia, the daughter of L. Scipio Asiaticus, who from a passage of Cicero, in which he speaks (ad
was consul in B. C. 83, when his troops deserted Fam. v. 20. § 5) of Sestius having taken soine
to Sulla. He lived in exile at Massilia, where his money which L. Mescinius Rufus, Cicero's quaestor
daughter and Sestius paid him a visit Sestius in Cilicia, had deposited in a temple, that Sestius
began public life in B. C. 63 as quaestor to C. An- afterwards obtained the province of Cilicia as pro-
tonius, Cicero's colleague in the consulship. He praetor. On the breaking out of the civil war in
warmly co-operated with Cicero in the suppression B. C. 49, Sestius was with Pompey in Italy, and
of the Catilinarian conspiracy. He defeated at wrote Pompey's reply to the propositions of Caesar,
Capua the attempts of the conspirators, and from at which Cicero expresses great vexation on ac-
thence hastened to Rome at Cicero's summons, count of the miserable style in which Sestius was
who feared fresh commotions when the new tri- accustomed to write, and declares that he never
bunes entered upon their office on the 10th of read any thing onotwdéotepov than the document
December. But when this danger passed away, which went forth in Pompey's name (Cic. ad Att.
Sestius followed C. Antonius into Etruria, and it vii, 17, comp. ad Fam. vii. 32, “ omnia omnium
was chiefly owing to him and M. Petreius that dicta, in his etiam Sestiana, in me conferri ais ").
Catiline's army was defeated. On the conclusion of He subsequently deserted the Pompeian party and
the war, he accompanied Antonius to Macedonia joined Caesar, who sent him, in B. c. 48, into
as proquaestor, and there distinguished himself, Cappadocia, where it appears that he remained
according to Cicero, by his upright administration. some time. He was alive in B. C. 43, as appears
In B. c. 57, he was tribune, and took an actire from Cicero's correspondence. (Hirt. B. Alex. 34 ;
part in obtaining Cicero's recal from banishment. Cic. ad Atl. xiii. 2, 7, xv. 17, 27 xvi. 4, ad Fam.
Like Milo, he kept a band of armed retainers xiii. 8. )
to oppose P. Clodius and his partizans ; and 6. L. SESTius, the son of No.