perfect
development
of the whole man).
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
The consideration of this is them which bear an undoubtedly Aristotelian
taken up by Aristotle in the
stamp. (Compare Henschel, de Arist. Botan. Philos.
10. Three books on the Soul (Tepl yuxñs). After Vratislaviae, 1823. )
he has criticised the views of earlier investigators, Several anatomical works of Aristotle have been
he himself defines the soul to be “the internal lost. He was the first person who in any especial
formative principle of a body which may be per- manner advocated anatomical investigations, and
ceived by the senses, and is capable of life" (eloos shewed the necessity of them for the study of the
σώματος φυσικου δυνάμει ζωήν έχοντος). Such an natural sciences. He frequently refers to investi-
internal formative principle is an evrené Xela; (re- gations of his own on the subject. (Hist. Anim.
specting this expression, see Biese, Phil. des Arist. i. 17, extr. , ii. 2, vi. 10. ) Diog. Laërt. (v. 25)
pp. 355, 452, 479, &c. ); the soul is therefore the mentions eight books avatouaw, and one book
entelecheia of a body capable of life, or organized : ékdom dvatouwv, by Aristotle. According to
it is its essence (ovola), its lógos. This work has Aristotle's own intimations (de Gen. An. ii. 7, de
been edited by Trendelenburg, Jenae, 1833, 8vo. — Part. An. iv. 5), these writings were illustrated by
one of the most excellent editions of any separate | drawings. The treatise Εύδημος η περί ψυχής,
portion of Aristotle's writings in point of criticism a dialogue called after Eudemus of Cyprus, the
and explanation. With this work the following friend of the philosopher, has also been lost. In
treatises are connected, in which individual sub- this work, of which a considerable fragment has
jects are carried out :
been preserved by Plutarch (de Consol. ad Apollon.
11. On the Motion of Animals (tepl uw kivt. p. 115, b. ), Aristotle refuted the proposition, that
σεως).
the soul is no independent essence, but only the
12. Parva Naturalia, a series of essays, which, harmony of the body. Whether the treatise quoted
according to their plan, form an entire work (de by Diog. Laërt. , DEVELS Tepl yuxñs, belongs to this
Sensu, c. 1) on sense and the sensible. These class of works, is doubtful
. Respecting the lost
treatises come next in the following succession : medical works, see Buhle, loc. p. 102.
(a) On Memory and Recollection (Tepi uvjuns
και αναμνήσεως).
3. Practical Philosophy, or Politics.
(6) On Sleep and Waking (Tepl Útvou kal typn- All that falls within the sphere of practical phi-
γόρσεως).
losophy is comprehended in three principal works :
(c) On Dreams (περί ενυπνίων).
the Ethics, the Politics, and the Oeconomics. In
(d) Iepi tñs ka ünvou uartucíhs (de Divinatione them Aristotle treats of the sciences which have
per Somnum).
reference to the operation of the reason manifesting
(e) Nepi Makpob16TYTOS Kal Bpa x ubi67ntos (de itself in particular spheres. Their subject, there
Longitudine et Brevitute Vitae).
fore, is action, morulity with reference to the indi-
(f) nepi veoTnTOS Kal pipws (de Juventute et vidual, to the family, and to the state.
Next to
Senectute).
these we place the sciences which have for their
(9) lepl avanvons (de Respirutione).
object the exercise of the creative faculty (Forev),
(1) Περί ζωής και θανάτου («le Tita et Morte). i. e. Art.
With these treatises closes the circle of the Ethics. -- The principal work on this subject is
Aristotelian doctrine of animals and animal life. 1. 'Ηθικά Νικομάχεια, in 10 books. Aristotle
13. The treatise dc Sensu, according to Trendel here begins with the highest and most universal
enburg's conjecture, has come down to us in an end of life, for the individual as well as for the
incomplete form, and the extant fragment repl community in the state. This is happiness (evõas-
åkovotwv* probably belongs to it. The same is movia); and its conditions are, on the one hand,
probably the case with the treatise
perfect virtue exhibiting itself in the actor, and on
14. On Colours (Trepi xowuatwa), which, how the other band, corresponding bodily advantages
ever, Titze (1. c. p. 67) regards as a fragment of the and favourable external circumstances. Virtue is
lost work on Plants. The fragment nepi aveúuatos the readiness to act constantly and consciously
(de Spiritu), of doubtful authenticity, and, accord according to the laws of the rational nature of man
ing to recent investigations, the production of a (općòs Aóyos). The nature of virtue shews itself
Stoic, is connected, as regards its subject, with the in its appearing as the medium between two ex-
treatise tepi ávanvoñs. The treatise on Physio tremes. In accordance with this, the several vir-
gnomics (quoioyrwuiká) printed in Franz, Scriptores tues are enumerated and characterized. The
Physiognomici veteres, in like manner, is connected authenticity of the work, which an ancient tradi-
with the scientific consideration of animal life. tion ascribes to Nicomachus, the son of Aristotle,
is indubitable, though there is some dispute as to
• Preserved by Porphyrius, ad Ptolemaei Har- the proper arrangement of the several books. The
monica, printed in Patrit. Discuss. Perip. p. 85, &c. title Nikouáxela Milkpá, under which David (Pro
and in Wallis, Opp. Oxon. 1699, vol. iii. p. 246, &c. leg. ad Categ. p. 25, a. 40, Schol. ed. Berolin. )
+ See Arist. Ilist. Anim. v. 1, de Partil. Anim. quotes the work, has not yet been explained. The
ji. 10, de Jurent. et Sencet. vi. 1, de Generat. Auin. best editions are by Zell, Heidelberg, 1320, 2 vols.
i. ? , cxtr. i. 23, and in other passages.
8vo. ; Corais, Paris, 1022, 8vo. ; Cardwell, Oxon.
## p. 331 (#351) ############################################
ARISTOTELES.
331
ARISTOTELES.
1828, 2 vols. ; Michelet, Berlin, 1828, 2 vols. I best editions are by Schneider, Lips. 1815; and
Beside the Nicomachcan Ethics, we find' aniongst Göttling, Jenac, 1830.
the works of Aristotle
Among the lost writings of this pragmaty we
2. 'Hoikà Evdtuerch in seven books, of which have to mention,
only books i. ii. iii. ana vii. are independent, while 1. Nipot pentikos, an exhortation to the study of
the remaining books iv. v. and vi. agree word for philosophy.
word with books y, vi. and vii. of the Nicomachean 2. Tepl eúrevelas, on Nobility, which, however,
Ethics. This ethical work is perhaps a recension ancient critics (as Plut. Aristid. 27) already looked
of Aristotle's lectures, edited by Eudemus.
upon as spurious ; in which opinion most modern
3. 'Hound Méyana (in David, Lc. 'HO. Méy. scholars agree with them. (See Luzac. Lectt. Atticae,
Nikouexela) in two books, which Pansch (de Arist pp. 82—85; Welcker, ud Theognid. p. lix. &c. )
magnis moral. subditicio libro, 1841), has lately
B. HistoriCAL WORKS.
endeavoured to shew not to be a work of Aristotle,
but an abstract, and one too not made by a very Of the large number of writings, partly politico-
skilful hand; wköst another critic, Glaser (die historical, partly connected with the history of
Metaph. des Arist. pp. 53, 54), looks upon it as the literature, and partly antiquarian, belonging to this
authentic first sketch of the larger work.
class, only scanty fragments and solitary notices
4. The treatise Nepi dpetwv Kai Kaki@v, a collec- have been preserved. The extant treatise, de
tion of definitions, is of very doubtful origin, though | Xenophane, Zenone, et Gorgia, which is important
probably belonging to the later age of extracts. for an acquaintance with the Eleatic philosophy, is
The Ethics conduct us to the Politics. (See Elh. only a fragment of a more comprehensive work on
Nic. X. extr. ) The connexion between the two the history of philosophy. (Spalding, Comment. in
works is so close, that in the Ethics by the word prim. part. libelli de Xen. Zen. et Gorg. Berol. 1793. )
Üotepov reference is made by Aristotle to the Poli- The lost writings belonging to this pragmaty are
tics, and in the latter by apótepov to the Ethics. 1. The Polities (Toliteiai), a description and
The Aristotelian Politics (TOActiká; in Diogenes history of the constitutions, manners, and usages
Laërtius, v. 24, TOMITIKT) dxp. aois) in eight books, of 158 (Diog. Laërt. v. 27; according to others,
have for their object to shew how happiness is 250 or more) states, the historical foundation of
to be attained for the human community in the the Politics. The numerous fragments of this in-
state; for the object of the state is not merely valuable work have not yet been collected with
the external preservation of life, but happy sufficient care. The collection by Neumann (Hei-
life, as it is atiained by means of virtue” (dperă, delb. 1827) is quite unsatisfactory.
perfect development of the whole man). Hence 2. Νόμιμα βαρβαρικά, the Manners and Customs
also ethics form the first and most general founda- of the Barbarians.
tion of political life, because the state cannot attain 3. Ktigers, Legends of the foundings of Cities.
its highest object, if morality does not prevail 4. Περί ευρημάτων.
among its citizens. The house, the farnily, is the For poetical literature and chronology the fol-
element of the state. Accordingly Aristotle begins lowing treatises were important :
with the doctrine of domestic economy, then pro- 5. 'Ολυμπιονίκαι. (Πυθιονικών αναγραφή, Νίκαι
ceeds to a description of the different forms of ALOvvolakal, Diog. Laërt. v. 26. )
government, after which he gives an historico 6. Τα εκ του Τιμαίου και των Αρχυτείων, και
critical delineation of the most important Hellenic work the first part of which is preserved in Timaeus
constitutions,* and then investigates which of the Locrus (ale Anima Mundi), just as the second part,
constitutions is the best (the ideal of a state). on Archytas, is in the fragments preserved in Sto-
The doctrine concerning education, as the niost baeus under the name of Archytas. (0. F. Gruppe,
important condition of this best state, forms the | Ueber die Fragmente des Archytas, Berlin, 1840. )
conclusion. Doubts have been raised by scholars 7. Didascalia, a critico-chronological specification
respecting the arrangement of the several books; of the repertory of the Athenian stage. Diog.
and lately St. Hilaire, in the introduction to his Laërt. v. 26. )
edition (p. lxxvi. ), bas urged the adoption of a 8. Kúkdos tepl Fontwv. (Comp. Welcker,
transposition, in accordance with which the follow- über die Cyklischen Dichter, p. 48. ).
ing would be the original order of the books : i. ii. 9. 'Απορήματα Ομηρικά. (See Nitzsch, de Arist.
iii. vii. viii. iv. vi. v. On the other hand, Biese adv. Wolfunos, Kilae, 1831. )
(Phil. des Arist. ii. p. 400) has acutely defended 10. Περί Αλεξάνδρου, a work of doubtful au-
the old order.
thenticity.
The best editions of the Politics are by Schnei- We now turn to those writings of Aristotle
der, Francof. ad Viadr. 1809, 2 vols. ; Corais, Paris which, as belonging to the emothUN TONTT), have
1821 ; Göttling, Jenae, 1824; Stahr, with a Ger- for their subject the exercise of the creative faculty,
man translation, Lips. 1837; Barthélemy St. Hi- or Art. To these belong the Poetics and Rhetoric.
laire, with a French translation, and a very good 1. The Poetics (Tiepl Tointikńs). Aristotle pe-
introduction, Paris, 1837.
netrated deeper than any of the ancients, either
Of the work extant under Aristotle's name, the before or after him, into the essence of Hellenic
Oeconomics (oikovojird), in two books, only the art, and with the most comprehensive mind tra-
first book is genuine; the second is spurious. versed the region in which the intellectual life of
(Niebuhr, Kleine Schr. i. p. 412. ) The first book the Hellenes unfolded itself, and brought it under
is ascribed to Theophrastus in a fragment of Philo- the dominion of science. He is the father of the
demus. (Herculanens. vol. iii. pp. vii. xxvii. ) The aesthetics of poetry, as he is the completer of Greek
rhetoric as a science. The treatise itself is un-
* For this section Aristotle had made preparation doubtedly genuine; but the explanation of its pre-
by his collection of 158 Hellenic constitutions; of sent form is still a problem of criticism. Some
which hercafter.
(as Gottf. llermann and Bernhardy) look upon it
## p. 332 (#352) ############################################
332
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOTELES.
a
not
1
as the first sketch of an uncompleted work; others, inasmuch as earlier rhetoricians, as he says, had
as an extract from a larger work; others again, as treated this most important subject in an exceed-
the notes, taken by some hearer, of lectures deli- ingly superficial manner. The second main divi-
vered by Aristotle. Thus much, however, is clear, sion of the work treats of the production of that
that the treatise, as we have it at present, is an favourable disposition in the hearer, in consequence
independent whole, and, with the exception of a , of which the orator appears to him to be worthy of
few interpolations, the work of one author. Farther, credit. Yet it is not sufficient merely to know
that the lost work nepl Tointwv, a history of the what must be said, ---one must also say this in a
literature of poetry, must not be confounded with proper manner, if the speech is to produce the in-
the Poetics, to which it stands in the same relation tended effect. Therefore in the third part be
as the Polities do to the Politics. As regards the treats of oratorical expression and arrangement.
contents of the Poetics, Aristotle, like Plato, starts The best edition with a commentary is the one
from the principle of the imitation, or imitative re published at Oxford, 1820, 8vo. ; but a good critical
presentation (uiumous), either of a real object exist- and explanatory edition is still a desideratum.
ing in the external world, or of one produced by Among the writings of Aristotle we also find
the internal power of imagination. It is in accord- 3. A work on Rhetoric addressed to Alexander
ance with this view that the different species of (*PnTopino, após 'Anéfavopov); but it is spurious,
art generally, and of poetry in particular, assume and should probably be ascribed to Anaximenes
their definite forms. The activity of art is distin- of Lampsacus. Others consider its author to have
guished from practical activity in this respect : been Theodectes or Corax.
that in the case of the former the exercise of the
C. MISCELLANEOUS Works.
creative faculty, the production of a work, is the
main thing; and that the internal condition, the Among the writings which Aristotle left behind
disposition, of the person who exercises this crea- him, there was undoubtedly a large number of
tive faculty, is a matter of indifference. The Collectanea, which had grown up under the hand
greatest part of the treatise (cc. 6—22) contains a of the philosopher in the course of his extended
theory of tragedy; nothing else is treated of, with studies. To these writings, which were
the exception of the epos; comedy is merely al originally destined for publication, belong
luded to. The best editions of the work are by 1. The Problems (i pobanuara), in 36 sections,
Gottf. Hermann, Lips. 1802, with philological and questions on individual points in all the depart-
philosophical (Kantian) explanations ; Gräfenban, ments of knowledge, a treasure of the deepest and
Lips. 1821, an ill-arranged compilation; Bekker, most acute remarks, which has been far from being
Berol. 1832, 8vo. ; and Ritter, Colon. 1839, properly used and sifted. A good edition is a
8vo.
Ritter considers two-thirds of the Poetics desideratum. (Compare Chabanon, Trois Mémoires
to consist of the interpolations of a later and sur les Problèmes d'Arist, in the Mém. de l'Acad.
extremely silly editor; but his opinion has been des Inscript. vol. xlvi. p. 285, &c. , p. 326, &c.
almost universally rejected in Germany.
2. Θαυμάσια Ακούσματα, short notices and ac-
explanatory writings, besides Lessing's Ham- counts of various phaenomena, chietly connected
burgische Dramaturgie, we need mention only with natural history, of very unequal value, and
Miller, Gesch, der Theorie der Kunst bei den Alten, in part manifestly not of Aristotelian origin. The
pt. ii. pp. 1–181, and the German translation by best edition is by Westermann, in his Rerum
Knebel, Stuttgart, 1840.
Mirabil. script. Graeci, Bruns. 1839.
2. The Rhetoric (Téxin OnTopik), in three
books. Aristotle, in accordance with his method,
D. LETTERS.
as we have already observed in the case of the All those which are extant are spurious: the
Physics, Politics, and Poetics, before proceeding to genuine and copious collection of Aristotle's letters,
lay down a theory of rhetoric, prepared a safe which antiquity possessed, is lost. Those which
foundation by means of extensive studies. These were arranged by Andronicus of Rhodes filled 20
studies gave rise to a separate historical work books. (Pseudo-Demetrius, de Elocut. § 231. )
(entitled 7exvæv ouvaywyn), in which he collected A later collection by Artemon, a learned Christian
all the earlier theories of the rhetoricians from of the third century, consisted of 8 books. (See
Tisias and Corax onwards. From the latter work David, Categ. p. 24, a. 1. 27, ed. Berol. ) David
the Aristotelian rhetoric developed itself, a work of (p. 22, a. 21, Berol. ) praises the clear, simple,
which, as regards its leading features, the first noble style of Aristotle's letters, a description
sketch was drawn at an early period;-it has been which is quite at variance with the character of
already mentioned that the first lectures and those that are extant. Respecting Aristotle's will,
written works of Aristotle treated of rhetoric;--it which Diog. Laërt. (v. ll--16) has preserved,
was then carefully enlarged from time to time, we have spoken before. (p. 321, a. ]
and enriched with remarks drawn from the olm
servation of human life and knowledge through
E. POEMS AND SPEECHES.
many years.
The period of its composition is There are preserved
treated of by Max. Schmidt, De tempore quo al 1. The Scolion addressed to Hermias, which we
Arist. libri de Arte Rhetor. conscripti et editi sint, have already mentioned. (In Ilgen, Scolia, Jenae,
Halle, 1837.
1798, p. 137 ; Gräfenhan, Aristot. poeta, Mul-
Rhetoric, as a science, according to Aristotle, stands husae, 1831, 4to. ; Bergk, Poëtae Lyrici Graeci. )
side by side (áutiotpoqov) with Dialectics. That 2. Two epigrams, the one on a statue erected to
which alone makes a scientific treatment of rheto his friend Hermias, and one on an altar dedicated
ric possible is the argumentation which awakens to Plato.
conviction (αι γαρ πίστεις έντεχνόν έστι μόνον). The speeches of Aristotle which are lost, were
He therefore directs his chief attention to the | Απολογία ευσεβείας προς Ευρυμέδοντα, of which
theory of oratorical argumentation; and the more, we have already spoken ; an 'Eyku ulov TAOÚTou,
As
## p. 333 (#353) ############################################
ARISTOTELES.
333
ARISTOTELES.
and an 'Eykóklov asyov. Among the writings / which had been formed of Aristotle's philosophy
which were foisted upon Aristotle in the middle up to the time of Hegel, was, that Aristotle had
ages, there were the treatises (in Latin): 1. Mys- made what is called experience the principle of
licuc Aegyptiorum philosophiac libr. xiv. , a compila- knowledge and cognition. Accordingly the Aris
tion from Plotinus. (Clussical Journal, vol. xv. p. totelian philosophy, as realism in the most ordinary
279. ) 4. De Pomo (translated from the Hebrew sense of the word, was placed in direct opposition
by Manfred, son of the emperor Frederick 11. ), a to the Platonic idealism. This complete misap-
treatise on the immortality of the soul. 3. Secreta prehension of the Aristotelian philosophy proceed-
secretorum (doctrines on prudence and the art of ed from various causes. Firstly and chiefly, from
government), and others.
taken up by Aristotle in the
stamp. (Compare Henschel, de Arist. Botan. Philos.
10. Three books on the Soul (Tepl yuxñs). After Vratislaviae, 1823. )
he has criticised the views of earlier investigators, Several anatomical works of Aristotle have been
he himself defines the soul to be “the internal lost. He was the first person who in any especial
formative principle of a body which may be per- manner advocated anatomical investigations, and
ceived by the senses, and is capable of life" (eloos shewed the necessity of them for the study of the
σώματος φυσικου δυνάμει ζωήν έχοντος). Such an natural sciences. He frequently refers to investi-
internal formative principle is an evrené Xela; (re- gations of his own on the subject. (Hist. Anim.
specting this expression, see Biese, Phil. des Arist. i. 17, extr. , ii. 2, vi. 10. ) Diog. Laërt. (v. 25)
pp. 355, 452, 479, &c. ); the soul is therefore the mentions eight books avatouaw, and one book
entelecheia of a body capable of life, or organized : ékdom dvatouwv, by Aristotle. According to
it is its essence (ovola), its lógos. This work has Aristotle's own intimations (de Gen. An. ii. 7, de
been edited by Trendelenburg, Jenae, 1833, 8vo. — Part. An. iv. 5), these writings were illustrated by
one of the most excellent editions of any separate | drawings. The treatise Εύδημος η περί ψυχής,
portion of Aristotle's writings in point of criticism a dialogue called after Eudemus of Cyprus, the
and explanation. With this work the following friend of the philosopher, has also been lost. In
treatises are connected, in which individual sub- this work, of which a considerable fragment has
jects are carried out :
been preserved by Plutarch (de Consol. ad Apollon.
11. On the Motion of Animals (tepl uw kivt. p. 115, b. ), Aristotle refuted the proposition, that
σεως).
the soul is no independent essence, but only the
12. Parva Naturalia, a series of essays, which, harmony of the body. Whether the treatise quoted
according to their plan, form an entire work (de by Diog. Laërt. , DEVELS Tepl yuxñs, belongs to this
Sensu, c. 1) on sense and the sensible. These class of works, is doubtful
. Respecting the lost
treatises come next in the following succession : medical works, see Buhle, loc. p. 102.
(a) On Memory and Recollection (Tepi uvjuns
και αναμνήσεως).
3. Practical Philosophy, or Politics.
(6) On Sleep and Waking (Tepl Útvou kal typn- All that falls within the sphere of practical phi-
γόρσεως).
losophy is comprehended in three principal works :
(c) On Dreams (περί ενυπνίων).
the Ethics, the Politics, and the Oeconomics. In
(d) Iepi tñs ka ünvou uartucíhs (de Divinatione them Aristotle treats of the sciences which have
per Somnum).
reference to the operation of the reason manifesting
(e) Nepi Makpob16TYTOS Kal Bpa x ubi67ntos (de itself in particular spheres. Their subject, there
Longitudine et Brevitute Vitae).
fore, is action, morulity with reference to the indi-
(f) nepi veoTnTOS Kal pipws (de Juventute et vidual, to the family, and to the state.
Next to
Senectute).
these we place the sciences which have for their
(9) lepl avanvons (de Respirutione).
object the exercise of the creative faculty (Forev),
(1) Περί ζωής και θανάτου («le Tita et Morte). i. e. Art.
With these treatises closes the circle of the Ethics. -- The principal work on this subject is
Aristotelian doctrine of animals and animal life. 1. 'Ηθικά Νικομάχεια, in 10 books. Aristotle
13. The treatise dc Sensu, according to Trendel here begins with the highest and most universal
enburg's conjecture, has come down to us in an end of life, for the individual as well as for the
incomplete form, and the extant fragment repl community in the state. This is happiness (evõas-
åkovotwv* probably belongs to it. The same is movia); and its conditions are, on the one hand,
probably the case with the treatise
perfect virtue exhibiting itself in the actor, and on
14. On Colours (Trepi xowuatwa), which, how the other band, corresponding bodily advantages
ever, Titze (1. c. p. 67) regards as a fragment of the and favourable external circumstances. Virtue is
lost work on Plants. The fragment nepi aveúuatos the readiness to act constantly and consciously
(de Spiritu), of doubtful authenticity, and, accord according to the laws of the rational nature of man
ing to recent investigations, the production of a (općòs Aóyos). The nature of virtue shews itself
Stoic, is connected, as regards its subject, with the in its appearing as the medium between two ex-
treatise tepi ávanvoñs. The treatise on Physio tremes. In accordance with this, the several vir-
gnomics (quoioyrwuiká) printed in Franz, Scriptores tues are enumerated and characterized. The
Physiognomici veteres, in like manner, is connected authenticity of the work, which an ancient tradi-
with the scientific consideration of animal life. tion ascribes to Nicomachus, the son of Aristotle,
is indubitable, though there is some dispute as to
• Preserved by Porphyrius, ad Ptolemaei Har- the proper arrangement of the several books. The
monica, printed in Patrit. Discuss. Perip. p. 85, &c. title Nikouáxela Milkpá, under which David (Pro
and in Wallis, Opp. Oxon. 1699, vol. iii. p. 246, &c. leg. ad Categ. p. 25, a. 40, Schol. ed. Berolin. )
+ See Arist. Ilist. Anim. v. 1, de Partil. Anim. quotes the work, has not yet been explained. The
ji. 10, de Jurent. et Sencet. vi. 1, de Generat. Auin. best editions are by Zell, Heidelberg, 1320, 2 vols.
i. ? , cxtr. i. 23, and in other passages.
8vo. ; Corais, Paris, 1022, 8vo. ; Cardwell, Oxon.
## p. 331 (#351) ############################################
ARISTOTELES.
331
ARISTOTELES.
1828, 2 vols. ; Michelet, Berlin, 1828, 2 vols. I best editions are by Schneider, Lips. 1815; and
Beside the Nicomachcan Ethics, we find' aniongst Göttling, Jenac, 1830.
the works of Aristotle
Among the lost writings of this pragmaty we
2. 'Hoikà Evdtuerch in seven books, of which have to mention,
only books i. ii. iii. ana vii. are independent, while 1. Nipot pentikos, an exhortation to the study of
the remaining books iv. v. and vi. agree word for philosophy.
word with books y, vi. and vii. of the Nicomachean 2. Tepl eúrevelas, on Nobility, which, however,
Ethics. This ethical work is perhaps a recension ancient critics (as Plut. Aristid. 27) already looked
of Aristotle's lectures, edited by Eudemus.
upon as spurious ; in which opinion most modern
3. 'Hound Méyana (in David, Lc. 'HO. Méy. scholars agree with them. (See Luzac. Lectt. Atticae,
Nikouexela) in two books, which Pansch (de Arist pp. 82—85; Welcker, ud Theognid. p. lix. &c. )
magnis moral. subditicio libro, 1841), has lately
B. HistoriCAL WORKS.
endeavoured to shew not to be a work of Aristotle,
but an abstract, and one too not made by a very Of the large number of writings, partly politico-
skilful hand; wköst another critic, Glaser (die historical, partly connected with the history of
Metaph. des Arist. pp. 53, 54), looks upon it as the literature, and partly antiquarian, belonging to this
authentic first sketch of the larger work.
class, only scanty fragments and solitary notices
4. The treatise Nepi dpetwv Kai Kaki@v, a collec- have been preserved. The extant treatise, de
tion of definitions, is of very doubtful origin, though | Xenophane, Zenone, et Gorgia, which is important
probably belonging to the later age of extracts. for an acquaintance with the Eleatic philosophy, is
The Ethics conduct us to the Politics. (See Elh. only a fragment of a more comprehensive work on
Nic. X. extr. ) The connexion between the two the history of philosophy. (Spalding, Comment. in
works is so close, that in the Ethics by the word prim. part. libelli de Xen. Zen. et Gorg. Berol. 1793. )
Üotepov reference is made by Aristotle to the Poli- The lost writings belonging to this pragmaty are
tics, and in the latter by apótepov to the Ethics. 1. The Polities (Toliteiai), a description and
The Aristotelian Politics (TOActiká; in Diogenes history of the constitutions, manners, and usages
Laërtius, v. 24, TOMITIKT) dxp. aois) in eight books, of 158 (Diog. Laërt. v. 27; according to others,
have for their object to shew how happiness is 250 or more) states, the historical foundation of
to be attained for the human community in the the Politics. The numerous fragments of this in-
state; for the object of the state is not merely valuable work have not yet been collected with
the external preservation of life, but happy sufficient care. The collection by Neumann (Hei-
life, as it is atiained by means of virtue” (dperă, delb. 1827) is quite unsatisfactory.
perfect development of the whole man). Hence 2. Νόμιμα βαρβαρικά, the Manners and Customs
also ethics form the first and most general founda- of the Barbarians.
tion of political life, because the state cannot attain 3. Ktigers, Legends of the foundings of Cities.
its highest object, if morality does not prevail 4. Περί ευρημάτων.
among its citizens. The house, the farnily, is the For poetical literature and chronology the fol-
element of the state. Accordingly Aristotle begins lowing treatises were important :
with the doctrine of domestic economy, then pro- 5. 'Ολυμπιονίκαι. (Πυθιονικών αναγραφή, Νίκαι
ceeds to a description of the different forms of ALOvvolakal, Diog. Laërt. v. 26. )
government, after which he gives an historico 6. Τα εκ του Τιμαίου και των Αρχυτείων, και
critical delineation of the most important Hellenic work the first part of which is preserved in Timaeus
constitutions,* and then investigates which of the Locrus (ale Anima Mundi), just as the second part,
constitutions is the best (the ideal of a state). on Archytas, is in the fragments preserved in Sto-
The doctrine concerning education, as the niost baeus under the name of Archytas. (0. F. Gruppe,
important condition of this best state, forms the | Ueber die Fragmente des Archytas, Berlin, 1840. )
conclusion. Doubts have been raised by scholars 7. Didascalia, a critico-chronological specification
respecting the arrangement of the several books; of the repertory of the Athenian stage. Diog.
and lately St. Hilaire, in the introduction to his Laërt. v. 26. )
edition (p. lxxvi. ), bas urged the adoption of a 8. Kúkdos tepl Fontwv. (Comp. Welcker,
transposition, in accordance with which the follow- über die Cyklischen Dichter, p. 48. ).
ing would be the original order of the books : i. ii. 9. 'Απορήματα Ομηρικά. (See Nitzsch, de Arist.
iii. vii. viii. iv. vi. v. On the other hand, Biese adv. Wolfunos, Kilae, 1831. )
(Phil. des Arist. ii. p. 400) has acutely defended 10. Περί Αλεξάνδρου, a work of doubtful au-
the old order.
thenticity.
The best editions of the Politics are by Schnei- We now turn to those writings of Aristotle
der, Francof. ad Viadr. 1809, 2 vols. ; Corais, Paris which, as belonging to the emothUN TONTT), have
1821 ; Göttling, Jenae, 1824; Stahr, with a Ger- for their subject the exercise of the creative faculty,
man translation, Lips. 1837; Barthélemy St. Hi- or Art. To these belong the Poetics and Rhetoric.
laire, with a French translation, and a very good 1. The Poetics (Tiepl Tointikńs). Aristotle pe-
introduction, Paris, 1837.
netrated deeper than any of the ancients, either
Of the work extant under Aristotle's name, the before or after him, into the essence of Hellenic
Oeconomics (oikovojird), in two books, only the art, and with the most comprehensive mind tra-
first book is genuine; the second is spurious. versed the region in which the intellectual life of
(Niebuhr, Kleine Schr. i. p. 412. ) The first book the Hellenes unfolded itself, and brought it under
is ascribed to Theophrastus in a fragment of Philo- the dominion of science. He is the father of the
demus. (Herculanens. vol. iii. pp. vii. xxvii. ) The aesthetics of poetry, as he is the completer of Greek
rhetoric as a science. The treatise itself is un-
* For this section Aristotle had made preparation doubtedly genuine; but the explanation of its pre-
by his collection of 158 Hellenic constitutions; of sent form is still a problem of criticism. Some
which hercafter.
(as Gottf. llermann and Bernhardy) look upon it
## p. 332 (#352) ############################################
332
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOTELES.
a
not
1
as the first sketch of an uncompleted work; others, inasmuch as earlier rhetoricians, as he says, had
as an extract from a larger work; others again, as treated this most important subject in an exceed-
the notes, taken by some hearer, of lectures deli- ingly superficial manner. The second main divi-
vered by Aristotle. Thus much, however, is clear, sion of the work treats of the production of that
that the treatise, as we have it at present, is an favourable disposition in the hearer, in consequence
independent whole, and, with the exception of a , of which the orator appears to him to be worthy of
few interpolations, the work of one author. Farther, credit. Yet it is not sufficient merely to know
that the lost work nepl Tointwv, a history of the what must be said, ---one must also say this in a
literature of poetry, must not be confounded with proper manner, if the speech is to produce the in-
the Poetics, to which it stands in the same relation tended effect. Therefore in the third part be
as the Polities do to the Politics. As regards the treats of oratorical expression and arrangement.
contents of the Poetics, Aristotle, like Plato, starts The best edition with a commentary is the one
from the principle of the imitation, or imitative re published at Oxford, 1820, 8vo. ; but a good critical
presentation (uiumous), either of a real object exist- and explanatory edition is still a desideratum.
ing in the external world, or of one produced by Among the writings of Aristotle we also find
the internal power of imagination. It is in accord- 3. A work on Rhetoric addressed to Alexander
ance with this view that the different species of (*PnTopino, após 'Anéfavopov); but it is spurious,
art generally, and of poetry in particular, assume and should probably be ascribed to Anaximenes
their definite forms. The activity of art is distin- of Lampsacus. Others consider its author to have
guished from practical activity in this respect : been Theodectes or Corax.
that in the case of the former the exercise of the
C. MISCELLANEOUS Works.
creative faculty, the production of a work, is the
main thing; and that the internal condition, the Among the writings which Aristotle left behind
disposition, of the person who exercises this crea- him, there was undoubtedly a large number of
tive faculty, is a matter of indifference. The Collectanea, which had grown up under the hand
greatest part of the treatise (cc. 6—22) contains a of the philosopher in the course of his extended
theory of tragedy; nothing else is treated of, with studies. To these writings, which were
the exception of the epos; comedy is merely al originally destined for publication, belong
luded to. The best editions of the work are by 1. The Problems (i pobanuara), in 36 sections,
Gottf. Hermann, Lips. 1802, with philological and questions on individual points in all the depart-
philosophical (Kantian) explanations ; Gräfenban, ments of knowledge, a treasure of the deepest and
Lips. 1821, an ill-arranged compilation; Bekker, most acute remarks, which has been far from being
Berol. 1832, 8vo. ; and Ritter, Colon. 1839, properly used and sifted. A good edition is a
8vo.
Ritter considers two-thirds of the Poetics desideratum. (Compare Chabanon, Trois Mémoires
to consist of the interpolations of a later and sur les Problèmes d'Arist, in the Mém. de l'Acad.
extremely silly editor; but his opinion has been des Inscript. vol. xlvi. p. 285, &c. , p. 326, &c.
almost universally rejected in Germany.
2. Θαυμάσια Ακούσματα, short notices and ac-
explanatory writings, besides Lessing's Ham- counts of various phaenomena, chietly connected
burgische Dramaturgie, we need mention only with natural history, of very unequal value, and
Miller, Gesch, der Theorie der Kunst bei den Alten, in part manifestly not of Aristotelian origin. The
pt. ii. pp. 1–181, and the German translation by best edition is by Westermann, in his Rerum
Knebel, Stuttgart, 1840.
Mirabil. script. Graeci, Bruns. 1839.
2. The Rhetoric (Téxin OnTopik), in three
books. Aristotle, in accordance with his method,
D. LETTERS.
as we have already observed in the case of the All those which are extant are spurious: the
Physics, Politics, and Poetics, before proceeding to genuine and copious collection of Aristotle's letters,
lay down a theory of rhetoric, prepared a safe which antiquity possessed, is lost. Those which
foundation by means of extensive studies. These were arranged by Andronicus of Rhodes filled 20
studies gave rise to a separate historical work books. (Pseudo-Demetrius, de Elocut. § 231. )
(entitled 7exvæv ouvaywyn), in which he collected A later collection by Artemon, a learned Christian
all the earlier theories of the rhetoricians from of the third century, consisted of 8 books. (See
Tisias and Corax onwards. From the latter work David, Categ. p. 24, a. 1. 27, ed. Berol. ) David
the Aristotelian rhetoric developed itself, a work of (p. 22, a. 21, Berol. ) praises the clear, simple,
which, as regards its leading features, the first noble style of Aristotle's letters, a description
sketch was drawn at an early period;-it has been which is quite at variance with the character of
already mentioned that the first lectures and those that are extant. Respecting Aristotle's will,
written works of Aristotle treated of rhetoric;--it which Diog. Laërt. (v. ll--16) has preserved,
was then carefully enlarged from time to time, we have spoken before. (p. 321, a. ]
and enriched with remarks drawn from the olm
servation of human life and knowledge through
E. POEMS AND SPEECHES.
many years.
The period of its composition is There are preserved
treated of by Max. Schmidt, De tempore quo al 1. The Scolion addressed to Hermias, which we
Arist. libri de Arte Rhetor. conscripti et editi sint, have already mentioned. (In Ilgen, Scolia, Jenae,
Halle, 1837.
1798, p. 137 ; Gräfenhan, Aristot. poeta, Mul-
Rhetoric, as a science, according to Aristotle, stands husae, 1831, 4to. ; Bergk, Poëtae Lyrici Graeci. )
side by side (áutiotpoqov) with Dialectics. That 2. Two epigrams, the one on a statue erected to
which alone makes a scientific treatment of rheto his friend Hermias, and one on an altar dedicated
ric possible is the argumentation which awakens to Plato.
conviction (αι γαρ πίστεις έντεχνόν έστι μόνον). The speeches of Aristotle which are lost, were
He therefore directs his chief attention to the | Απολογία ευσεβείας προς Ευρυμέδοντα, of which
theory of oratorical argumentation; and the more, we have already spoken ; an 'Eyku ulov TAOÚTou,
As
## p. 333 (#353) ############################################
ARISTOTELES.
333
ARISTOTELES.
and an 'Eykóklov asyov. Among the writings / which had been formed of Aristotle's philosophy
which were foisted upon Aristotle in the middle up to the time of Hegel, was, that Aristotle had
ages, there were the treatises (in Latin): 1. Mys- made what is called experience the principle of
licuc Aegyptiorum philosophiac libr. xiv. , a compila- knowledge and cognition. Accordingly the Aris
tion from Plotinus. (Clussical Journal, vol. xv. p. totelian philosophy, as realism in the most ordinary
279. ) 4. De Pomo (translated from the Hebrew sense of the word, was placed in direct opposition
by Manfred, son of the emperor Frederick 11. ), a to the Platonic idealism. This complete misap-
treatise on the immortality of the soul. 3. Secreta prehension of the Aristotelian philosophy proceed-
secretorum (doctrines on prudence and the art of ed from various causes. Firstly and chiefly, from
government), and others.
