No More Learning

The first Philippic and the Olynthiacs of Demosthenes / with introduction
and critical and explanatory notes by John Edwin Sandys.
Demosthenes.
London : Macmillan, 1910.
http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841
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? (Illazziral fining
THE FIRST PHILIPPIC & THE OLYNTHIACS
OF
DEMOSTHENES
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? 8* *. **
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? A H M O 26 E N O T Z
KATA ? 1Alnno'r A oA'rNelAKol A B r
THE FIRST PHILIPPIC
AND
THE OLYNTHIACS
OF
DEMOSTHENES
WTTHINTRODUQHUN
AND CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
BY
JOHN EDWIN SANDYS, LITT. D. , F. B. A.
FELLOW AND LATE TUTOR OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE
AND PUBLIC ORATOR IN THE UNl'VERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
HON. LITT. D. DUBLIN ; HON. LL. D. EDINBURGH
MACMILLAN AND 00. , LIMITED
ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON
1910
1:7 a i' "
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? First 5112711111 1897. Refirz'nted 1898, 1905
Revised and reprinted 1910
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? PREFACE
THE Philippic Orations of Demosthenes, so far as they
are certainly genuine, are eight in number, all of
them belonging to the ten years between 351 and
341 B. C. These eight orations fall into two groups,
parted from one another by the Peace of Philocrates
in 346. The first group contains the First Philippic
and the Three Olynthiacs ; the second, the Speech 0n
the Peace, the Second Philippic, the Speech 0n the
Chersonesus, and the Third Philippic.
The present work is a first instalment of an
edition of the eight Philippic Orations which I under-
took to prepare in February 1895. Nearly the
whole of this volume was prepared for the press
in the Long Vacation of 1896. It has since been
revised and completed during a course of College
lectures given in the subsequent Michaelmas Term.
It is now published in the hope of its proving useful
to students, whether in the Universities or in the
higher forms of public Schools.
The Introduction includes a sketch of the geography
and early history of Macedonia ; a brief review of the
careers of Demosthenes and Philip down to the date
of the First Philippic ; and an analysis and summary
of that Speech and of the Three Olynthiacs, with some
discussion of the date of the former and the order of
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? vi PREFA OE
the latter. It also touches on the textual criticism
of Demosthenes, with special reference to the evidence
of the MSS, the degree of importance to be attached
to citations and imitations by later writers, and to
certain laws of oratorical composition. It closes with
a conspectus of the literature of the subject, in the
form of a select list of editions, dissertations, and
works of reference.
The text, though founded mainly on that of Dindorf
as revised by Blass in the Teubner edition of 1885,
not unfrequently departs from it, not only in cases
where the editor has himself abandoned it, but also
in others where the evidence of the MSS seems too
strong to be overruled. Special attention has been
paid to the punctuation; and, in OZ. 3 ? 6, rmer
cee? Nel and To AYNATo'N has been printed for the
first time in a distinctive type, to show that it is
virtually a quotation and not the language of Demo-
sthenes himself.
The critical notes aim at supplying a conspectus of
the more important various readings and of other
evidence bearing on the text. It is hardly necessary
to state that much has been done for the textual
criticism of Demosthenes since the publication of the
Ziirich edition by Baiter and Sauppe in 1850. In
preparing these notes I have used the facsimile of the
Paris MS, also the critical edition of Voemel (1857),
and the Cmnmentarius Criticus of Blass in the three
volumes of the Teubner text (1885--9). In the
present speeches there is little room for conjectural
emendation. In OZ. 1 ? 3 I have proposed O'dJeTep [--
0'711'GL Kai rapaowroioil'rat fOI' the probably COI'I'llpt
Tpe? l/fq'l'al. wk, but neither this proposal, nor one
due to a Greek correspondent at Athens, is as satis-
factory as a more recent suggestion, Kama--rpe? 'pqmi.
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? PREFACE vii
In writing the explanatory notes I have constantly
consulted the French edition of Weil and the German
editions of \Vestermann and Rehdantz as revised by
Rosenberg and Blass respectively. After completing
the first draft of my commentary, I have occasionally
referred to several other editions, and mentioned any
points that appeared to deserve notice in them.
Except in points of rhetoric, which are a distinctive
feature of the commentary of Rehdantz, but are
perhaps best reserved for oral exposition, I have
aimed at giving rather more space to points of detail
than is customary in the current editions. Special
attention has naturally been paid to the distinctive
characteristics Of the Greek of Demosthenes and
to the citation of parallel passages from the Attic
Orators in general. For the Syntax of the Greek
Verb references are given to Goodwin's Moods and
Tenses (ed. 1889), and the results of some recent
investigations on points of Demosthenic Syntax have
been summarised and made accessible to English
readers. Notes intended mainly for advanced
students are usually printed in smaller type.
Among these is a suggestive note on the festival-
fund (OZ. 1 ? 19) for which I am indebted to Mr.
Leonard Whibley, Fellow and Lecturer of Pembroke
College, Cambridge. I may here add that, in the
final revision of the proofs in general, I owe much
to the skill and accuracy of the Reader on the staff
of Messrs. R. & R. Clark of Edinburgh.
On the general history of the period, While I am
fully conscious of the varied merits of the works of
Thirlwall, Curtius, Holm and Beloch, I have found
no better guide than Grote, whose judgment on
political and economic questions at Athens gains
additional weight from his experience as a banker
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? viii PR EFA OE
and as a Member of Parliament. Readers of his
I/ife may remember that, writing to Sir George
Cornewall Lewis in July 1852, he says: 'I am now
in the midst of the Philippics and Olg/nthiacs of Demo-
sthenes. No part of the History has been more
irksome to write, because of the total want of good
historical witnesses. ' In matters of chronology and
other questions bearing on the life and times of the
orator, I have naturally made much use of the more
recent work of Arnold Schaefer, Demosthenes und seine
Zeil. But I hold (with others) that the Athenian
expedition to Euboea which he assigns to 350 13. 0.
is better placed two years later, i. e. after instead of
before the date usually assigned for the delivery of
the Olynthiacs (349 B. C. ) I may here recall with
gratitude the help and the encouragement in the
study of the Attic Orators that I have derived not
only from scholars at home, such as Professor J ebb,
but also from scholars abroad, Rudolf Rauchenst-ein
of Aarau (1798-1879), Arnold Schaefer of Bonn
(1819--1883), Friedrich Blass, now of Halle, and
M. Rodolphe Dareste of Paris.
The deliberative or parliamentary speeches of
Demosthenes, though prompted in each case by the
immediate crisis, are all alike pervaded by one
dominant idea, that Athens was the natural leader
of Hellas, that she was bound to guard Hellenic
interests against foreign aggression, and that her
imperial position could only be maintained by
personal sacrifices and personal service on the part
of her citizens. Of the political speeches which the
orator delivered between 340 and 338 13. 0. , when
he had attained the height of his power, and actually
succeeded in uniting Athens and Thebes against
Philip, not one has survived. The public utterances
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? PREFA CE ix
of this period were immediately translated into acts,
and in the storm and stress of a time of crisis, there
was little opportunity, and perhaps no political need,
for their preservation, when they had once accom-
plished their purpose. It is the parliamentary -
speeches of the earlier time,- when the orator was
gradually winning his way to a commanding position--
speeches which were in general not crowned by any
practical result--that have descended to posterity,
probably because they were reproduced immediately
after their delivery, and widely circulated with a
view to the formation of public opinion on the great
questions of the day.
Though as a rule unsuccessful in their immediate
purpose, these speeches have been universally recog-
nised as masterpieces of eloquence. Nor are they
wanting in the element of abiding interest in
modern times. The earliest work of Niebuhr was
an anonymous translation of the First Philippic,
published at Hamburg in 1805 with a dedication
to the Tzar of Russia and a comparison of Philip
to Napoleon Bonaparte.