No More Learning

) M. Geganjus, came to the assistance of the opti-
CLOEʻLIA, a Roman virgin, who was one of mates, drew lines around the Volscians, and did
the hostages given to Porsena with other maidens not allow them to march out till they had surren-
and boys, is said to have escaped from the Etruscan dered their general, Cloelius, who adorned the
camp, and to have swum across the Tiber to Rome. triumph of the consul at Rome. (Liv. iv. 9, 10. )
She was sent back by the Romans to Porsena, Comp. COELIUS GRACCHUS.
who was so struck with her gallant deed, that he CLOEʼLIUS GRACCHUS, the leader of the
not only set her at liberty, but allowed her to take Aequians in B. C. 458, surrounded the consul L.
with her a part of the hostages: she chose those Minucius Augurinus, who had through fear shut
who were under age, as they were most exposed himself up in his camp on Mount Algidus; but
to ill-treatment. Porsena also rewarded her with Coelius was ir. his turn surrounded by the dictator
a horse adorned with splendid trappings, and the L. Quinctius Capitolinus, who had come to relieve
Roman people with the statue of a female on horse Minucius, and was delivered up by his own troops
back, which was erected in the Sacred Way. An- to the dictator. (Liv. iii. 25-28; Dionys. x. 22
other tradition, of far less celebrity, related, that --24. ) The legendary nature of this story as told
all the hostages were massacred by Tarquinius by Liry has been pointed out by Niebuhr (vol. i.
with the exception of Valeria, who swum over the p. 268), who remarks, that the Aequian general,
Tiber and escaped to Rome, and that the equestrian Coelius is again surrounded and taken prisoner
statue was erected to her, and not to Cloelia. (Liv. twenty years after at Ardea-a circumstance quite
ii. 13; Dionys. v. 33; Plut. Poplic. 19, Ilustr. impossible, as no one who had been led in triumph
Fem. s. vv. Valeria et Cloelia; Flor. i. 10; Val. in those days ever escaped execution.
Max. ü. 2. § 2; Aurel. Vict. de Vir. Ill. 13; Dion CLOELIUS TULLUS, a Roman ambassador,
Cass. in Bekker's Anecd. i. p. 133. 8; Plin. H. N. who was killed with his three colleagues by the
xxxiv. 6. s. 13; Virg. Aen. viii. 65); Juv. viii. Fidenates, in B. C. 438, upon the instigation of
265. )
Lar Tolumnius, king of the Veientes. Statues of
CLOELIA or CLUI'LIA GENS, patrician, all four were placed on the Rostra. Cicero calls.
of Alban origin, was one of the gentes minores, him Tullus Cluilius. (Liv. iv. 17; Cic. Phil. ix. 2;
and was said to have derived its name from Clolius, Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 6. s. 11. )
a companion of Aeneas. (Festus, s. v. Cloclia. ) CLONAS (Klovas), a poet, and one of the
The name of the last king of Alba is said to have earliest musicians of Greece, was claimed by the
been C. Cluilius or Cloelius. He led an army | Arcadians as a native of Tegea, but by the Boeo-
against Rome in the time of Tullus Hostilius, tians as a native of Thebes. His age is not quite
pitched his camp five miles from the city, and sur- certain ; but he probably lived a little later than
rounded his encampment with a ditch, which con- Terpander, or he was his younger contemporary
tinued to be called after him, in subsequent ages (about 620 B. C. ). He excelled in the music of the
Fossa Cluilia, Fossae Cluiliac, or Fossae Cloeliae. Aute, which he is thought by some to have intro-
While here, he died, and the Albans chose Mettus duced into Greece from Asia. As might be ex-
Fuffetius as dictator, in consequence of whose pected from the connexion between elegiac poetry
treachery the Romans destroyed Alba. Niebuhr, and the flute music, he is reckoned among the
however, remarks, that though the Fossa Cluilia elegiac poets. Among the pieces of music which
WAS undoubtedly the work of an Alban prince he composed was one called Elegos. To him are
called Cluilius, yet that the story of the Alban ascribed the invention of the Apothetos und


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806
CLUENTIUS.
CLUENTIUS.
Schoenium, and of Ilpoowolai. Mention is made of | Junius during a period when a strong feeling pre
a choral song in which he used all the three ancient vailed with regard to the venality of the criminal
modes of music, so that the first strophe was Do judices, who were at that epoch selected from the
rian, the second Phrygian, and the third Lydian. senate exclusively. Shortly before the trial, a re-
(Plut. de Mus. 3. p. 1132, c. , 5. p. 1133, in, 8. port was spread abrond, and gained general credit,
p. 1134, a. b. , 17. p. 1136, f. ; Heracl. Pont. p. that bribery had been extensively practised by
140; Paus. x. 7. “ 3. )
[P. S. ) those interested in the result. Accordingly, when
CLO'NIUS (Klóvios). 1. The leader of the a verdict of guilty was pronounced by a very small
Boeotians in the war against Troy, was slain by majority, including several individuals of 'notori-
Agenor. (Hom. Il. . 495, xv. 340 ; Diod. iv. ously bad character, when it became known that
67 ; Hygin. Fab. 97. )
one of the concilium had been irregularly intro-
2. Two companions of Aeneas, the one of whom duced, and had voted against the defendant with-
was slain by Turnus, and the other by Messapus. out hearing the evidence, and when, above all, it
(Virg. Aen. ix. 574, x. 749. ) There is a fourth was ascertained beyond a doubt that one of the
mythical personage of this name. (Apollod. in. 12. most infamous of the judices who had condemned
$ 5. )
(L. S. ] Oppianicus had actually received a large sum of
CLOTHO. (Moirae. ]
money for distribution among his fellows, the be-
CLUENTIA. l. Sister of the elder A. Cluen- lief became universal that Cluentius had by the
tius Habitus. She was one of the numerous wives foulest practices obtained the conviction of an in-
of Statius Albius Oppianicus, and, according to the nocent man. Indignation being thus strongly ex-
representation of Cicero, was poisoned by her hus cited, it was exhibited most unequivocally. No
band (pro Cluent. 10). This Cluentia, in Orelli's opportunity was allowed to pass of inflicting con-
Onomasticon Tullianum, seems to be confounded dign punishment on the obnoxious judices. Junius,
with her niece. (No. 2. )
the judex quaestionis, a man rising rapidly to emi-
2. Daughter of the elder A. Cluentius Habitus. nence, was forced by the popular clamour to retire
Soon after her father's death she married her first from public life; Cluentius and many others of
cousin A. Aurius Melinus, from whom she was those concerned were disgraced by the censors, and
soon divorced in order to make way for her own the Judicium Junianum or Albianum Judicium
mother, Sassia, who had conceived a passion for the became a by-word for a corrupt and unrighteous
husband of her daughter. (Pro Cluent. 5. ) (W. R. ] judgment, no one being more ready to take advan-
L. CLUE'NTIUS, called A. Cluentius by Eu- tage of the outery than Cicero himself, when in-
tropius (v. 3), was one of the generals of the Ita- sisting, at the trial of Verres, on the necessity of
lians in the Social War. He gained a victory obliterating the foul stain which had thus sullied
over Sulla in the neighbourhood of Pompeii, but the reputation of the Roman courts. (In Verr. act.
was soon after defeated with great loss by Sulla, i. 10, 13–61, pro Caecin. 10; Pseudo-Ascon. in
B. C. 89. Thirty thousand of his men are said to Verr. act. i. p. 141 ; Schol. Gronov. p. 395, ed.
have fallen in their flight towards Nola, and twenty Orelli. )
thousand, among whom was Cluentius himself, be- Eight years after these events, in B. C. 66, Clu-
fore the walls of that town, as the inhabitants entius was himself accused by young Oppianicus,
would admit them by only one gate, for fear lest son of Statius Albius who had died the interval,
Sulla’s troops should rush in with them.
(Appian, of three distinct acts of poisoning, two of which, it
B. C. i. 50; Eutrop. l. c. ; comp. Cic. de Div. i. 33; was alleged, had proved successful. The attack
Val. Max. i. 6. $ 4; Plin. H. N. xxii. 6. ) was conducted by T. Accius Pisaurensis; the de
A. CLUE'NTIUS HA'BITUS. 1. A native fence was undertaken by Cicero, at that time
of Larinum, highly respected and esteemed not praetor. It is perfectly clear, from the whole te
only in his own municipium but in the whole sur- nor of the remarkable speech delivered upon this
rounding country, on account of his ancient des occasion, from the small space devoted to the refu-
cent, unblemished reputation, and great moral tation of the above charges, and from the meagre
worth. He married Sassia, and died in B. C. 88, and defective evidence by which they were sup-
learing one son and one daughter. (Pro Cluent. 5. ) ported, that comparatively little importance was
In modern editions of Cicero the cognomen attached to them by the prosecutor, that they were
Aritus uniformly appears instead of Habitus, hav- merely employed as a plausible pretext for bring-
ing been first introduced, in opposition to all the ing Cluentius before a Roman court, and that his
best MSS. both of Cicero and Quintilian, by Lam- enemies grounded their hopes of success almost
binus at the suggestion of Cujaccius, who main entirely upon the prejudice which was known to
tained, that Habitus must in every case be consi- exist in men's minds on account of the Judicium
dered as a corruption of the transcribers, and ap- Junianum,-a prejudice which had already proved
pealed for the confirmation of his opinion to the the ruin of many others when arraigned of various
Florentine MS. of the Digest (48. tit. 19. 8. 39), offences. Hence it would appear that the chief
where, however, upon examination the reading is object kept in view by Accius in his opening ad-
found to be Abitus. Accordingly, Orelli, following dress was to refresh the memories of his hearers,
Niebuhr and Classen, has restored the ancient to recall to their recollections all the circumstances
forin in his Onomasticon, although not in the text connected with the previous trial, and the punish-
of the oration. (Rheinisches Museum for 1827, ments which had been inflicted on the guilty
judices. Consequently, the greater portion of the
2. Son of the foregoing and his wife Sassia, was reply is devoted to the same topics; the principal
also a native of Larinum, born about B. C. 103. aim of Cicero was to undeceive his audience with
(Pro Cluent. 5. ) In B. c. 74, being at Rome, he regard to the real state of the facts, to draw a
accused his own step-father, Statius Albius Oppia- vivid picture of the life and crimes of the elder
nicus, of having attempted to procure his death by Oppianicus and Sassia, proving them to be mon-
poison. The cause was heard before a certain č. / sters of guilt, and thus to remove the “inveterata
p. 223. )


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CLUVII.
807
CLYMENE.
invidia" which had taken such deep root against 3. C. Cluvius, legate in B. c. 168 to the consul
his client. Following the example of his antago- L. Aemilius Paullus in Macedonia. (Liv. xliv. 40. )
nist, he divides the subject into two heads : 1. The 4. C. Cluvius, a Ronian knight, a contempo-
invidia or prejudice which prevailed. 2. The crimen rary of Cicero, was judex in a suit between C,
or specific offences libelled; but while five-sixths Fannius Chaerea and Q. Flavius, about B. c. 76.
of the pleading are devoted to removing the for- (Cic. pro Rosc. Com. xiv. 14--16. )
mer, the latter is dismissed shortly and contemp- 5. M. Cluvius, a wealthy banker of Puteoli,
tuously as almost unworthy of notice. A critical with whom Cicero was on intimate terms. In B. C.
analysis of the whole will be found in the well-51, Cicero gave him a letter of introduction to
known lectures of Blair upon rhetoric and belles- Thermus, who was propraetor in Asia, whither
lettres, who has selected the oration as an excel-Cluvius was going to collect some debts due to him
lent example of managing at the bar a complex and from various cities and individuals. In his will
intricate cause with order, elegance, and force. he bequeathed part of his property to Cicero. (Cic.
And certainly nothing can be more admirable than ad Att. vi. 2, ad Fam. xiii. 56, ad Au. xiii. 46,
the distinct and lucid exposition by which we are xiv. 9. )
made acquainted with all the details of a most in- 6. Ć. Cluvius, made consul suffectus in B. c. 29
volved and perplexing story, the steady precision by Augustus. (Dion Cass. lii. 42. ) It was pro-
with which we are guided through a frightful and bably this Cluvius who in B. C. 45 was appointed
entangled labyrinth of domestic crime, and the by Caesar to superintend the assignment of lands
apparently plain straightforward simplicity with in Gallia Cisalpina, when Cicero wrote to bim on
which every circumstance is brought to bear upon behalf of the town of Atella. (Ad Fam. xii. 7. )
the exculpation of the impeached. We are told This same Cluvius also is probably referred to in
(Quintil. ii. 17. $ 21), that Cicero having procured a funeral oration of the age of Augustus. (Orelli,
an acquittal by his eloquence, boasted that he had Inscr. No. 4859. )
spread a mist before the judices; but so artfully The annexed coin, struck in the third dictator-
are all the parts connected and combined, that it is ship of Caesar, seems to belong to this Cluvius.
very difficult, in the absence of the evidence, to Its obverse represents the head of Victory, with
discover the suspicious and weak points of the CAESAR Dic. TER. ; its reverse Pallas, with C.
narrative. In one place only do we detect a so- Clovi PRAEF.
phism in the reasoning, which may involve impor-
tant consequences. It is freely confessed that
bribery had been extensively employed at the trial
of Oppianicus; it is admitted with ostentatious
candour that this bribery must have been the work
either of Cluentius or of Oppianicus; it is fully
proved that the latter had tampered with Staienus,
who had undertaken to suborn a majority of those
associated with him; and then the conclusion is
triumphantly drawn, that since Oppianicus was
guilty, Cluentius must have been innocent. But
another contingency is carefully kept out of view, 7. M. Cluvius Rufus, consul suffectus in A. D.
namely, that both may have been guilty of the 45. (Joseph. Antiq. ü. 1; Suet. Ner. 21; Dion
attemps, although one only was successful; and Cass. Ixiii. 14. ) He was governor of Hispania in
that this was really the truth appears not only the time of Galba, B. c. 69. (Tac. Hist. i. 8. ) On
probable in itself, but had been broadly asserted the death of Galba he first swore allegiance to
by Cicero himself a few years before. (In Verr. Otho, but soon afterwards he appears as a partisan
Act. i. 13. ) Indeed, one great difficulty under of Vitellius. Hilarius, a freedman of Vitellius,
which he laboured throughout arose from the sen- having accused him of aspiring to the independent
timents which he had formerly expressed with so government of Spain, Cluvius went to Vitellius,
little reserve; and Accius did not fail to twit him who was then in Gallia, and succeeded in clearing
with this inconsistency, while great ingenuity is himself. He remained in the suite of the emperor,
displayed in his struggles to escape from the di- though he still retained the government of his pro-
lemma. Taken as a whole, the speech for Cluen- vince. (Tac. Hist. ii. 65. ), Tacitus speaks of him
tius must be considered as one of Cicero's highest (Hist, iv. 43) as distinguished alike for his wealth
efforts. (Comp. Quintil. xi. 1. $ 61. ) [W. R. ] and for his eloquence, and says, that no one in the
CLUÌLIUS. [Cloelia Gens and CLOELIUS. ] time of Nero had been endangered by him. In
CLU'VIA, FAU'CULA [Cluva), a Capuan the games in which Nero made his appearance,
courtezan, who lived in the time of the second Cluvius acted as herald. (Suet. Ner. 21 ; Dion
Punic war. She earned the good-will of the Ro-Cass. lxiii. 14. ) It is probably this same Cluvius
mans by secretly supplying the Roman prisoners whom we find mentioned as an historian. He
with food. When Capua was taken, B. c. 210, wrote an account of the times of Nero, Galba,
her property and liberty were restored to her by Otho, and Vitellius. (Tac. Ann. xii. 20, xiv. 2;
a special decree of the senate. (Liv. xxvi. 33, Plin. Ep. ix. 19. $ 5. )
[C. P. M. ]
34.