He
concluded
his official career in the 181).
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
).
Fabricius is dis- Prima, p.
11; Fabric.
Bibl.
Gr.
vol.
xi.
p.
656; Oudin,
posed to identify the authors of Nos. 1 and 3 ; and de Scriptor. et Scriptis Eccles. vol. iii. col. 2366. )
treats No. 2 as the work of another and unknown 77. JOSEPHUS. Theodoret (Dissert. MS. in
writer ; but Gallandius, from internal evidence, Prophetas et Editiones, and Quaestio trio. in Erod.
endeavours to show that Nos. 2 and 3 are written and Quaestio x. in Josuam) mentions a Joannes
by one person, but that No. 1. is by a different Josephus ('Iwárvos 'lontos) as having revised the
writer; and this seems to be the preferable opinion. Septuagint. Hody thinks it probable that he was
He thinks there is also internal evidence that No. 3 the same as Josephus, a Christian (Josephus, No.
was written in the year 770, and was subsequent | 12], and author of a work extant in MS. , entitled
to No. 2. (Fabric. Bill. Gr. vol. vii. p. 682 ; Gal- | 'TTOUUTIOTIKÒV, Hypomnesticum s. Commonitorium,
landius, Bibl. Patrum, vol. xiii. Prolegomena, c. 10, whom Cave (Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 397) places in the
15. )
year 420. (Hody, de Biblior. Textibus Originalibus,
75. Of Jerusalem (4), patriarch of Jerusalem, iv. 3. & 3; Usher, de Edit. LXX. Interprett
. c. vii.
author of a life of Joannes Damascenus, Blos Toù p. 78 ; Hottinger, Dissertationum Theologico-Philo
οσίου πατρός ημών Ιωάννου του Δαμασκηνού συγ- logicarum Fasciculus, Dis. ΙΙΙ. c. Ιx. 9; Fabric.
γραφείς παρά Ιωάννου πατριάρχου Ιεροσολύμων, | Bibl. Gr. vol. iii. p. 715; Care, 1. c. )
Vita sancti Patris nostri Joannis Damasceni a Joanne 78. ITALUS ('Italos), a philosopher and here-
Putriarcha Hierosolymitano conscripta. The life is a siarch in the reign of Alexis or Alexius I. Com-
translation from the Arabic, or at least founded upon nenus (A. D. 1081--1118) and his predecessors,
an Arabic biography; and was written a considerable derived his name from the country of his birth,
a
## p. 599 (#615) ############################################
"JOANNES.
699
JOANNES.
Italy. He was the son of an Italian, who engaged he is said to have succeeded in diffusing his heresies
as an auxiliary in an attempt of the Sicilians to among many of the nobles and officers of the palace,
withdraw from their subjection to the Byzantine to the great grief of the orthodox emperor. Not-
'emperor, and took with him his son, then a child, withstanding his enforced retractation, he still con-
who thus spent his early years, not in the schools, tinued to inculcate his sentiments, until, after a
but the camp. When the Byzantine commander, vain attempt by the emperor to restrain him, bo
George Maniaces, revolted against Constantine X. was himself sentenced to be anathematized ; but as
(GEORGIUS, Historical, No. 15), a. D. 1042, the he professed repentance, the anathema was not
father of Italus Aled back to Italy with his son, pronounced publicly, nor in all its extent. He
who after a time found his way to Constantinople. afterwards fully renounced his errors, and made the
He had already made some attainments, especially sincerity of his renunciation manifest. The above
in logic. At Constantinople he pursued his studies account rests on the authority of Anna Comnena
under several teachers, and last under Michael (Alexias. v. 8, 9, pp. 143—149, ed. Paris, pp. 115
Psellus the younger ; with whom, however, he soon - 119, ed. Venice, vol. i. pp. 256-267, ed. Bonn),
quarrelled, not being able, according to Anna whose anxiety to exalt the reputation of her father,
Comnena, to enter into the subtletics of his phi- and her disposition to disparage the people of West-
losophy, and being remarkable for his arrogance ern Europe, prevents our relying implicitly on her
and disputatious temper. He is described as statements, which, however, Le Beau (Bas Empire,
having a commanding figure, being moderately liv. Ixxxi. 49) has adopted to their full extent. The
tall and broad-chested, with a large head, a anathema pronounced on his opinions is published
prominent forehead, an open nostril, and well in the Greek ecclesiastical book Tpiádov, Triodium
knit limbs. He knew the Greek language well, (Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. Dissertatio Secunda, p. 38),
but spoke it with a foreign accent. He acquired and from this it is inferred by Du Cange (Nota in
the favour of the emperor Michael Ducas (A. D. Annae Comn. Alexiad. ), that bis views were not dis-
1071-1078) and his brothers ; and the emperor, similar to those of the western heretic Abailard.
when he was contemplating the recovery of the Some works of Italus are extant in MS. 1. 'Ex-
Byzantine portion of Italy, counting on the attach- oboets els diápopa Snahuate, Expositiones in varias
ment of Italus, and expecting to derive advantage quas varii proposuerunt Quaestiones, Cupp. rciii. s.
from his knowledge of that country, sent him to Responsa ad acii. Quaestiones philosophicas Miscel-
Dyrrachium; but having detected him in some acts laneas. The questions were proposed chiefly by the
of treachery, he ordered him to be removed. Italus, emperor Michael Ducas and his brother Andronicus.
aware of this, fled to Rome ; from whence, by 2. "Ekdodis eis od Tomik, Expositio Topicorum
feigning repentance, he obtained the emperor's per- Aristotelis. 3. IIepi dalektikſs, De Dialectica. 4.
mission to return to Constantinople, where he fixed Μέθοδος ρητορικής εκδοθείσα κατά σύνοψιν, Μe-
himself in the monastery of Pege. On the banish- thodus Synoptica Rhetoricae, an art of which Anna
ment of Psellus from the capital (A. D. 1077), Comnena says he was altogether ignorant. 5
and his enforced entrance on a monastic life, Epitome Aristotelis de Interpretatione. 6. Orationes,
Italas obtained the dignity of "Tratos TW DIAO 7. Synopsis quinque vocum Porphyrii. (Fabric. Bible
oopwr, or principal teacher of philosophy; and Gr. vol iii. pp. 213, 217, vol. vi. p. 131, vol. xi. pp.
filled that office with great appearance of learn- 646, 652; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. Oudin,
ing; though he was better skilled in logic and Commentar. de Scriptorib. et Scriptis Ecclesiasticis,
in the Aristotelian philosophy than in other parts vol. ii. col. 760; Lambecius, Commentar. de Biblioth.
of science, and had little acquaintance with gram- Caesar, ed. Kollar. lib. iii. col. 411, seq. note A. )
mar and rhetoric. He was passionate, and rude in 79. LAURENTIUS or Lydus (the Lydian), or
disputation, not abstaining even from personal vio- of PHILADELPHIA, or more fully JOANNES LAU-
lence; but eager to acknowledge bis impetuosity, Rentius of PuiladeLPHIA, the LYDIAN ('Iwávvas
and ask pardon for it, when the fit was over. His Navpévtis DiMaden peus Audós), a Byzantine
school was crowded with pupils, to whom he ex- writer of the sixth century. He was born at
pounded the writings of Proclus and Plato, Iam- Philadelphia, in the ancient Lydia, and the Roman
blichus, Porphyry, and Aristotle. His turbulence and province of Asia, A. D. 490. His parents appear
arrogance of spirit seem to have been infectious ; to have been of a respectable family, and of con-
for Anna Comnena declares that many seditious siderable wealth. At the age of twenty-one (A. D.
persons (Tupavvoús) arose among his pupils ; but 511) he went to Constantinople, and after deliber-
their names she could not remember: they were, ation determined to enter the civil service of the
however, before the accession of Alexis. The dis- government as a “memorialis ;” and either while
turbances which arose from the teachings of Italus waiting for a suitable vacancy, or in the intervals
attracted the emperor's attention apparently soon of his official duties, studied the Aristotelian, and a
after his accession ; and by his order, Italus, after little of the Platonic, philosophy, under Agapius,
a preliminary examination by Isaac, the sebasto the disciple of Proclus. By the favour of his
crator, the brother of Alexis, was cited before an ec- townsman Zoricus, praefect of the praetorium under
clesiastical court. Though protected by the patriarch the emperor Anastasius I. , he was appointed a
Eustratius, whose favour he had won, he narrowly tachygraphus or notarius, in the office of the prac
escaped death from the violence of the mob of fect, in which office his cousin Ammianus had
Constantinople ; and he was forced publicly and already obtained considerable advancement ; and
bareheaded to retract and anathematize eleven pro- though the praefecture of Zoticus lasted little more
positions, embodying the obnoxious sentiments than a year, he put Joannes in the way of making
which he was charged with holding. Cave places 1000 aurei, without any transgression of justice or
these transactions in A. d. 1084. He was charged moderation. Joannes gratefully addressed a poet-
with teaching the transmigration of souls, with ical panegyric to his patron, which obtained from
holding some erroneous opinions about ideas, and the latter a reward of an aureus per line. The
with ridiculing the use of images in worship ; and kindness of some official persons (Joannes calls
P.
154 ;
QQ4
## p. 600 (#616) ############################################
600
JOANNES.
JOANNES.
1
them “ ab actis") to whom Zoticus recommended | ambassador in that city, containing about nine-
him, procured for him, without purchase (a most tenths of the work De Magistratibus, three-fourths
unusual thing) the post of primus chartularius in of that De Ostentis, and two leaves, scarcely
their office, which he held with several other employ- legible, of the De Mensibus. From this MS. the
ments, labouring most assiduously in the fulfilment | De Maistratibus was published at the cost of M.
of his duties. During this period Zoticus, at the de Choiseul-Gouffier, and under the editorial care of
suggestion of Joannes' cousin, Animianus, obtained Dominic Fuss, with a Commentarius de Joanne
for him a wife of pre-eminent modesty and consider-Lydo ejusque Scriptis, by Ch. Benert. Hase, Paris,
able wealth.
He concluded his official career in the 181). The fragments of the De Ostentis, and the
office of matricularius or cornicularius, which was fragment of the De Mensibus, were published from
formerly so profitable as to be conferred as the the same MS. , but with some alterations, with a
reward of long service in subordinate situations; preface and a Latin version and notes, by C. B.
but the circumstances of the times and the ne- Hlase, 8vo. Paris, 1823. One of the fragments of
cessities of the state had diminished the emoluments the De Ostentis, containing a Greek version by
of the office, so thai Joannes was by no means Lydus, of the 'Epruepos BpovtoCKofia of P. Nigi-
satisfied with the pecuniary results of this longdius Figulus, had been published by Rutgersius
coveted climax of forty years' service. The disap- | (Lectiones Variue, lib. iii. p. 246, &c. ), and another
pointment of his hopes in this respect was, however, fragment, as already noticed, by Nic. Schow. All
somewhat alleviated by marks of distinction, and the extant portion of the works of Joannes Lydus,
flattering testimonials of his literary attainments with a text revised by Imman. Bekker (8vo. Bonn,
The latter part of his life seems to have been 1837), form one of the volumes of the reprint of the
wholly devoted to literature ; and he received two Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzuntinue. Photius
literary appointments from the emperor Justinian mentions the three works, tpayuateian, of Lydus ;
I. , one to compose and deliver a panegyrical address he criticises his style severely, as too stately and
to the emperor, in the presence of the chief persons elaborate where simplicity was required, and as
of the capital ; the other to write a history of the mean where greater elevation was appropriate. He
Persian war or campaign, in which the enemy suf- charges him also with barefaced tattery of the
fered a signal repulse before Dara. The foregoing living, and unjust censure on the dead : and inti-
particulars are gathered from Joannes' own state- mates that he was a beathen, yet spoke respectfully
ments (De Magistralibus, iii. 26-—30 ; comp. Hase, of Christianity, whether sincerely or not Photius
de Joanne Lydo ejusque Scriptis Commentarius). could not determine. (Photius, Biblioth. Cod. 180;
Joannes obtained reputation as a poet (De Ma- Suidas, s. v. 'Iwávons la EADEUS Avôós ; Hase,
gistrat. c. 27, 29), but his poetical compositions are 1. c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 155. )
all lost. His encomium on Zoticus and his com- 80. LECTOR. [ANAGNOSTEs, and above, No. 3. ]
plimentary address to Justinian are also lost; as 81. Of Lynda, of which city he was bishop
well as his history of the Persian war, if ever it A. D. 1194. His only extant work is given in the
was finished, which is not certain. His works, of Miscellanea of Baluze. (Lib. ii. p. 242, or rol, iji.
which many parts are extant, were all written in p. 90, ed. Mansi. ) It is a Latin letter or Latin
his old age, and are: 1. Tepl umvær ourypačn, version of a letter written by him to Michael, dean
De Mensibus Liber, of which there are two epitomae of Paris and patriarch elect of Jerusalem. (Care,
or summaries and a fragment extant. 2. Tepi Hist. Litt. vol. ii. p. 253. )
αρχών της Ρωμαίων πολιτείας, οι Περί αρχών 82. Lydus, the LYDIAN. (See No. 79. ]
πολιτικών, De Magistratibus Reipublicae Romanae 83. MALELAS or MALALAS. (MALALAS. ]
(s. De Magistratibus Politicis) Libri tres.
3. Περί 84. Marcus. A spurious work, Acta et Passio
doonuerâv, De Ostentis, the last written of his S. Barnabae in Cypro, professing to be written by
works. The work de Mensibus is an historical Joannes Marcus, or John Mark (Acts. xii. 12, 25,
commentary on the Roman calendar, with an ac- xiii. 5, 13, xv. 37, 39), is given with a Latin
count of its various festivals, their occasion and version in the Acta Sanctorum Junü, vol. i. p.
mode of celebration, derived from a great number 431, &c.
of authorities, most of which have perished. Of 85. MARO, 60 called from the monastery of St.
the two summaries of this curious work, the larger Maro on the Orontes, near Antioch, an eminent
one is by an unknown hand, the shorter one by ecclesiastic among the Maronites of Syria ; and ac-
Maximus Planudes. They were both published cording to some authors, Maronite patriarch of
by Nicolaus Schow (the shorter one inserted in Antioch. He is said to have enjoyed the favour of
brackets in the course of the larger), 8vo. Leipzig, the emperor Heraclius. He wrote in Syriac Com-
1794, with a fragment, Tepl gelouwv, De Terrae mentarius in Liturgiam S. Jacobi, of which many
Motibus, of the work De Ostentis. The Epitomae extracts have been published. (Cave, Hist. Liti.
in a revised text, and with the addition of a Latin vol. i. p. 537. )
version and variorum notes, were published by 86. MAUROPUS. (See No. 58. ]
Roether, 8vo. Leipzig and Darmstadt, 1827. The 87. MAXENTIUS. (MAXENTIUS. )
work De Magistratibus was thought to have 88. MONACHUS. (See No. 106. ]
perished, with the exception of a few glosses given 89. Moschus. (Moschus. ]
anonymously in the Glossarium ad Scriptores 90. NEPOS. (See No. 71. )
Mediae atque Infimae Graecitatis of Du Cange : 91. NESTEUTA. (See No. 28. )
for an extract, given as if from it, by Lambecius, 92. Of Nicaea (1). Joannes, archbishop of Nice
in his Animadversiones in Codinuin (p. 208, ed. | before the 11th century, wrote Epistola de Nativi-
Paris), is really from the De Mensibus. But in or tale Domini ad Zachariam Catholicum Armeniae,
about 1785 a MS. (known as the Codex Caseo- published with a Latin version in the Norum Auo-
linns) was discovered by J. B. d'Ansse de Villoison turium of Combéfis, vol. ii. p. 298. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr.
in the suburbs of Constantinople, and obtained by vol. x. p. 238; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ü. Dissertatio
the Le Comte de Choiseul-Gouffier, then French | Prima, p. 11. )
2
## p. 601 (#617) ############################################
JOANNES.
JOANNES.
601
a
· 93. Of NICABA (2). (See No. 21. )
103. PROTOSPATHARIUS, a writer of uncertain
94. Of NICOMEDEIA. Joannes, presbyter of the date, wrote for the use of his son 'Extrois pus
church of Nicomedeia in Bithynia, in the time of OKT Tê duepæv 'Hoiobov, a brief commentary on
Constantine the Great, wrote Maptúplov toll Szlov the Opera el Dies of Hesiod. We are not awaro
Beorhews &TIOKÓNov 'Auarelas, Acla Martyrii s. that it has been published. (Fabric. Bill. Gr. vol.
Basilei Episcopi Amasiae, which is given in the i. p. 576. ]
Acta Sanctorum of the Bollandists, Aprilis, vol. iii. ; 104. RAITHUENSIS, or RAITHENUS, i. e. of Rare
the Latin version in the body of the work (p. 417), THUS or RAITHU (TOû 'Paždou), hegumenos or abbot
with a preliminary notice, by Henschen, and the of a monastery at Elim, or the Seventy Springs, on
Greek original in the Appendix (p. 50). An ex- the western coast of the peninsula of Mount Sinai,
tract from the Latin version, containing the history lived in the sixth century, and was the friend of
of the female saint Glaphyra, had been given pre- Joannes, surnamed Climacus. [CLIMACUS. ] It
viously in the same work. (Januar, vol. 1. p. 771. ) was at the desire of Raithuensis that Climacus
The Latin version of the Acta Martyrii S. Basilei wrote the work Kaimat, Scala Paradisi, from which
had been already published by Aloysius Lippo- he derives his name, and to which Raithuensis
mani (Vitae Sanctor. Patrum, vol. vii. ) and by wrote a Commendatio and Scholia. The 'ETIOTOA
Surius. (De Probatis Sanctorum Vitis, α. d. 26 του αγίου Ιωάννου του ηγουμένου του Ραϊθου,
Aprilis. ) Basileus was put to death about the Litlerae Joannis Raithuensis, addressed to Climacus,
close of the reign of Licinius, A. D. 322 or 323; and requesting him to undertake the work, and the
Joanncs, who was then at Nicomedeia, professes to answer of Climacus, are given by Raderus in the
have conversed with him in prison. Cave thinks original Greek, with a Latin version, in his edition
that the Acta have been interpolated apparently by of the works of Climacus, fol.
posed to identify the authors of Nos. 1 and 3 ; and de Scriptor. et Scriptis Eccles. vol. iii. col. 2366. )
treats No. 2 as the work of another and unknown 77. JOSEPHUS. Theodoret (Dissert. MS. in
writer ; but Gallandius, from internal evidence, Prophetas et Editiones, and Quaestio trio. in Erod.
endeavours to show that Nos. 2 and 3 are written and Quaestio x. in Josuam) mentions a Joannes
by one person, but that No. 1. is by a different Josephus ('Iwárvos 'lontos) as having revised the
writer; and this seems to be the preferable opinion. Septuagint. Hody thinks it probable that he was
He thinks there is also internal evidence that No. 3 the same as Josephus, a Christian (Josephus, No.
was written in the year 770, and was subsequent | 12], and author of a work extant in MS. , entitled
to No. 2. (Fabric. Bill. Gr. vol. vii. p. 682 ; Gal- | 'TTOUUTIOTIKÒV, Hypomnesticum s. Commonitorium,
landius, Bibl. Patrum, vol. xiii. Prolegomena, c. 10, whom Cave (Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 397) places in the
15. )
year 420. (Hody, de Biblior. Textibus Originalibus,
75. Of Jerusalem (4), patriarch of Jerusalem, iv. 3. & 3; Usher, de Edit. LXX. Interprett
. c. vii.
author of a life of Joannes Damascenus, Blos Toù p. 78 ; Hottinger, Dissertationum Theologico-Philo
οσίου πατρός ημών Ιωάννου του Δαμασκηνού συγ- logicarum Fasciculus, Dis. ΙΙΙ. c. Ιx. 9; Fabric.
γραφείς παρά Ιωάννου πατριάρχου Ιεροσολύμων, | Bibl. Gr. vol. iii. p. 715; Care, 1. c. )
Vita sancti Patris nostri Joannis Damasceni a Joanne 78. ITALUS ('Italos), a philosopher and here-
Putriarcha Hierosolymitano conscripta. The life is a siarch in the reign of Alexis or Alexius I. Com-
translation from the Arabic, or at least founded upon nenus (A. D. 1081--1118) and his predecessors,
an Arabic biography; and was written a considerable derived his name from the country of his birth,
a
## p. 599 (#615) ############################################
"JOANNES.
699
JOANNES.
Italy. He was the son of an Italian, who engaged he is said to have succeeded in diffusing his heresies
as an auxiliary in an attempt of the Sicilians to among many of the nobles and officers of the palace,
withdraw from their subjection to the Byzantine to the great grief of the orthodox emperor. Not-
'emperor, and took with him his son, then a child, withstanding his enforced retractation, he still con-
who thus spent his early years, not in the schools, tinued to inculcate his sentiments, until, after a
but the camp. When the Byzantine commander, vain attempt by the emperor to restrain him, bo
George Maniaces, revolted against Constantine X. was himself sentenced to be anathematized ; but as
(GEORGIUS, Historical, No. 15), a. D. 1042, the he professed repentance, the anathema was not
father of Italus Aled back to Italy with his son, pronounced publicly, nor in all its extent. He
who after a time found his way to Constantinople. afterwards fully renounced his errors, and made the
He had already made some attainments, especially sincerity of his renunciation manifest. The above
in logic. At Constantinople he pursued his studies account rests on the authority of Anna Comnena
under several teachers, and last under Michael (Alexias. v. 8, 9, pp. 143—149, ed. Paris, pp. 115
Psellus the younger ; with whom, however, he soon - 119, ed. Venice, vol. i. pp. 256-267, ed. Bonn),
quarrelled, not being able, according to Anna whose anxiety to exalt the reputation of her father,
Comnena, to enter into the subtletics of his phi- and her disposition to disparage the people of West-
losophy, and being remarkable for his arrogance ern Europe, prevents our relying implicitly on her
and disputatious temper. He is described as statements, which, however, Le Beau (Bas Empire,
having a commanding figure, being moderately liv. Ixxxi. 49) has adopted to their full extent. The
tall and broad-chested, with a large head, a anathema pronounced on his opinions is published
prominent forehead, an open nostril, and well in the Greek ecclesiastical book Tpiádov, Triodium
knit limbs. He knew the Greek language well, (Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. Dissertatio Secunda, p. 38),
but spoke it with a foreign accent. He acquired and from this it is inferred by Du Cange (Nota in
the favour of the emperor Michael Ducas (A. D. Annae Comn. Alexiad. ), that bis views were not dis-
1071-1078) and his brothers ; and the emperor, similar to those of the western heretic Abailard.
when he was contemplating the recovery of the Some works of Italus are extant in MS. 1. 'Ex-
Byzantine portion of Italy, counting on the attach- oboets els diápopa Snahuate, Expositiones in varias
ment of Italus, and expecting to derive advantage quas varii proposuerunt Quaestiones, Cupp. rciii. s.
from his knowledge of that country, sent him to Responsa ad acii. Quaestiones philosophicas Miscel-
Dyrrachium; but having detected him in some acts laneas. The questions were proposed chiefly by the
of treachery, he ordered him to be removed. Italus, emperor Michael Ducas and his brother Andronicus.
aware of this, fled to Rome ; from whence, by 2. "Ekdodis eis od Tomik, Expositio Topicorum
feigning repentance, he obtained the emperor's per- Aristotelis. 3. IIepi dalektikſs, De Dialectica. 4.
mission to return to Constantinople, where he fixed Μέθοδος ρητορικής εκδοθείσα κατά σύνοψιν, Μe-
himself in the monastery of Pege. On the banish- thodus Synoptica Rhetoricae, an art of which Anna
ment of Psellus from the capital (A. D. 1077), Comnena says he was altogether ignorant. 5
and his enforced entrance on a monastic life, Epitome Aristotelis de Interpretatione. 6. Orationes,
Italas obtained the dignity of "Tratos TW DIAO 7. Synopsis quinque vocum Porphyrii. (Fabric. Bible
oopwr, or principal teacher of philosophy; and Gr. vol iii. pp. 213, 217, vol. vi. p. 131, vol. xi. pp.
filled that office with great appearance of learn- 646, 652; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. Oudin,
ing; though he was better skilled in logic and Commentar. de Scriptorib. et Scriptis Ecclesiasticis,
in the Aristotelian philosophy than in other parts vol. ii. col. 760; Lambecius, Commentar. de Biblioth.
of science, and had little acquaintance with gram- Caesar, ed. Kollar. lib. iii. col. 411, seq. note A. )
mar and rhetoric. He was passionate, and rude in 79. LAURENTIUS or Lydus (the Lydian), or
disputation, not abstaining even from personal vio- of PHILADELPHIA, or more fully JOANNES LAU-
lence; but eager to acknowledge bis impetuosity, Rentius of PuiladeLPHIA, the LYDIAN ('Iwávvas
and ask pardon for it, when the fit was over. His Navpévtis DiMaden peus Audós), a Byzantine
school was crowded with pupils, to whom he ex- writer of the sixth century. He was born at
pounded the writings of Proclus and Plato, Iam- Philadelphia, in the ancient Lydia, and the Roman
blichus, Porphyry, and Aristotle. His turbulence and province of Asia, A. D. 490. His parents appear
arrogance of spirit seem to have been infectious ; to have been of a respectable family, and of con-
for Anna Comnena declares that many seditious siderable wealth. At the age of twenty-one (A. D.
persons (Tupavvoús) arose among his pupils ; but 511) he went to Constantinople, and after deliber-
their names she could not remember: they were, ation determined to enter the civil service of the
however, before the accession of Alexis. The dis- government as a “memorialis ;” and either while
turbances which arose from the teachings of Italus waiting for a suitable vacancy, or in the intervals
attracted the emperor's attention apparently soon of his official duties, studied the Aristotelian, and a
after his accession ; and by his order, Italus, after little of the Platonic, philosophy, under Agapius,
a preliminary examination by Isaac, the sebasto the disciple of Proclus. By the favour of his
crator, the brother of Alexis, was cited before an ec- townsman Zoricus, praefect of the praetorium under
clesiastical court. Though protected by the patriarch the emperor Anastasius I. , he was appointed a
Eustratius, whose favour he had won, he narrowly tachygraphus or notarius, in the office of the prac
escaped death from the violence of the mob of fect, in which office his cousin Ammianus had
Constantinople ; and he was forced publicly and already obtained considerable advancement ; and
bareheaded to retract and anathematize eleven pro- though the praefecture of Zoticus lasted little more
positions, embodying the obnoxious sentiments than a year, he put Joannes in the way of making
which he was charged with holding. Cave places 1000 aurei, without any transgression of justice or
these transactions in A. d. 1084. He was charged moderation. Joannes gratefully addressed a poet-
with teaching the transmigration of souls, with ical panegyric to his patron, which obtained from
holding some erroneous opinions about ideas, and the latter a reward of an aureus per line. The
with ridiculing the use of images in worship ; and kindness of some official persons (Joannes calls
P.
154 ;
QQ4
## p. 600 (#616) ############################################
600
JOANNES.
JOANNES.
1
them “ ab actis") to whom Zoticus recommended | ambassador in that city, containing about nine-
him, procured for him, without purchase (a most tenths of the work De Magistratibus, three-fourths
unusual thing) the post of primus chartularius in of that De Ostentis, and two leaves, scarcely
their office, which he held with several other employ- legible, of the De Mensibus. From this MS. the
ments, labouring most assiduously in the fulfilment | De Maistratibus was published at the cost of M.
of his duties. During this period Zoticus, at the de Choiseul-Gouffier, and under the editorial care of
suggestion of Joannes' cousin, Animianus, obtained Dominic Fuss, with a Commentarius de Joanne
for him a wife of pre-eminent modesty and consider-Lydo ejusque Scriptis, by Ch. Benert. Hase, Paris,
able wealth.
He concluded his official career in the 181). The fragments of the De Ostentis, and the
office of matricularius or cornicularius, which was fragment of the De Mensibus, were published from
formerly so profitable as to be conferred as the the same MS. , but with some alterations, with a
reward of long service in subordinate situations; preface and a Latin version and notes, by C. B.
but the circumstances of the times and the ne- Hlase, 8vo. Paris, 1823. One of the fragments of
cessities of the state had diminished the emoluments the De Ostentis, containing a Greek version by
of the office, so thai Joannes was by no means Lydus, of the 'Epruepos BpovtoCKofia of P. Nigi-
satisfied with the pecuniary results of this longdius Figulus, had been published by Rutgersius
coveted climax of forty years' service. The disap- | (Lectiones Variue, lib. iii. p. 246, &c. ), and another
pointment of his hopes in this respect was, however, fragment, as already noticed, by Nic. Schow. All
somewhat alleviated by marks of distinction, and the extant portion of the works of Joannes Lydus,
flattering testimonials of his literary attainments with a text revised by Imman. Bekker (8vo. Bonn,
The latter part of his life seems to have been 1837), form one of the volumes of the reprint of the
wholly devoted to literature ; and he received two Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzuntinue. Photius
literary appointments from the emperor Justinian mentions the three works, tpayuateian, of Lydus ;
I. , one to compose and deliver a panegyrical address he criticises his style severely, as too stately and
to the emperor, in the presence of the chief persons elaborate where simplicity was required, and as
of the capital ; the other to write a history of the mean where greater elevation was appropriate. He
Persian war or campaign, in which the enemy suf- charges him also with barefaced tattery of the
fered a signal repulse before Dara. The foregoing living, and unjust censure on the dead : and inti-
particulars are gathered from Joannes' own state- mates that he was a beathen, yet spoke respectfully
ments (De Magistralibus, iii. 26-—30 ; comp. Hase, of Christianity, whether sincerely or not Photius
de Joanne Lydo ejusque Scriptis Commentarius). could not determine. (Photius, Biblioth. Cod. 180;
Joannes obtained reputation as a poet (De Ma- Suidas, s. v. 'Iwávons la EADEUS Avôós ; Hase,
gistrat. c. 27, 29), but his poetical compositions are 1. c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 155. )
all lost. His encomium on Zoticus and his com- 80. LECTOR. [ANAGNOSTEs, and above, No. 3. ]
plimentary address to Justinian are also lost; as 81. Of Lynda, of which city he was bishop
well as his history of the Persian war, if ever it A. D. 1194. His only extant work is given in the
was finished, which is not certain. His works, of Miscellanea of Baluze. (Lib. ii. p. 242, or rol, iji.
which many parts are extant, were all written in p. 90, ed. Mansi. ) It is a Latin letter or Latin
his old age, and are: 1. Tepl umvær ourypačn, version of a letter written by him to Michael, dean
De Mensibus Liber, of which there are two epitomae of Paris and patriarch elect of Jerusalem. (Care,
or summaries and a fragment extant. 2. Tepi Hist. Litt. vol. ii. p. 253. )
αρχών της Ρωμαίων πολιτείας, οι Περί αρχών 82. Lydus, the LYDIAN. (See No. 79. ]
πολιτικών, De Magistratibus Reipublicae Romanae 83. MALELAS or MALALAS. (MALALAS. ]
(s. De Magistratibus Politicis) Libri tres.
3. Περί 84. Marcus. A spurious work, Acta et Passio
doonuerâv, De Ostentis, the last written of his S. Barnabae in Cypro, professing to be written by
works. The work de Mensibus is an historical Joannes Marcus, or John Mark (Acts. xii. 12, 25,
commentary on the Roman calendar, with an ac- xiii. 5, 13, xv. 37, 39), is given with a Latin
count of its various festivals, their occasion and version in the Acta Sanctorum Junü, vol. i. p.
mode of celebration, derived from a great number 431, &c.
of authorities, most of which have perished. Of 85. MARO, 60 called from the monastery of St.
the two summaries of this curious work, the larger Maro on the Orontes, near Antioch, an eminent
one is by an unknown hand, the shorter one by ecclesiastic among the Maronites of Syria ; and ac-
Maximus Planudes. They were both published cording to some authors, Maronite patriarch of
by Nicolaus Schow (the shorter one inserted in Antioch. He is said to have enjoyed the favour of
brackets in the course of the larger), 8vo. Leipzig, the emperor Heraclius. He wrote in Syriac Com-
1794, with a fragment, Tepl gelouwv, De Terrae mentarius in Liturgiam S. Jacobi, of which many
Motibus, of the work De Ostentis. The Epitomae extracts have been published. (Cave, Hist. Liti.
in a revised text, and with the addition of a Latin vol. i. p. 537. )
version and variorum notes, were published by 86. MAUROPUS. (See No. 58. ]
Roether, 8vo. Leipzig and Darmstadt, 1827. The 87. MAXENTIUS. (MAXENTIUS. )
work De Magistratibus was thought to have 88. MONACHUS. (See No. 106. ]
perished, with the exception of a few glosses given 89. Moschus. (Moschus. ]
anonymously in the Glossarium ad Scriptores 90. NEPOS. (See No. 71. )
Mediae atque Infimae Graecitatis of Du Cange : 91. NESTEUTA. (See No. 28. )
for an extract, given as if from it, by Lambecius, 92. Of Nicaea (1). Joannes, archbishop of Nice
in his Animadversiones in Codinuin (p. 208, ed. | before the 11th century, wrote Epistola de Nativi-
Paris), is really from the De Mensibus. But in or tale Domini ad Zachariam Catholicum Armeniae,
about 1785 a MS. (known as the Codex Caseo- published with a Latin version in the Norum Auo-
linns) was discovered by J. B. d'Ansse de Villoison turium of Combéfis, vol. ii. p. 298. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr.
in the suburbs of Constantinople, and obtained by vol. x. p. 238; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ü. Dissertatio
the Le Comte de Choiseul-Gouffier, then French | Prima, p. 11. )
2
## p. 601 (#617) ############################################
JOANNES.
JOANNES.
601
a
· 93. Of NICABA (2). (See No. 21. )
103. PROTOSPATHARIUS, a writer of uncertain
94. Of NICOMEDEIA. Joannes, presbyter of the date, wrote for the use of his son 'Extrois pus
church of Nicomedeia in Bithynia, in the time of OKT Tê duepæv 'Hoiobov, a brief commentary on
Constantine the Great, wrote Maptúplov toll Szlov the Opera el Dies of Hesiod. We are not awaro
Beorhews &TIOKÓNov 'Auarelas, Acla Martyrii s. that it has been published. (Fabric. Bill. Gr. vol.
Basilei Episcopi Amasiae, which is given in the i. p. 576. ]
Acta Sanctorum of the Bollandists, Aprilis, vol. iii. ; 104. RAITHUENSIS, or RAITHENUS, i. e. of Rare
the Latin version in the body of the work (p. 417), THUS or RAITHU (TOû 'Paždou), hegumenos or abbot
with a preliminary notice, by Henschen, and the of a monastery at Elim, or the Seventy Springs, on
Greek original in the Appendix (p. 50). An ex- the western coast of the peninsula of Mount Sinai,
tract from the Latin version, containing the history lived in the sixth century, and was the friend of
of the female saint Glaphyra, had been given pre- Joannes, surnamed Climacus. [CLIMACUS. ] It
viously in the same work. (Januar, vol. 1. p. 771. ) was at the desire of Raithuensis that Climacus
The Latin version of the Acta Martyrii S. Basilei wrote the work Kaimat, Scala Paradisi, from which
had been already published by Aloysius Lippo- he derives his name, and to which Raithuensis
mani (Vitae Sanctor. Patrum, vol. vii. ) and by wrote a Commendatio and Scholia. The 'ETIOTOA
Surius. (De Probatis Sanctorum Vitis, α. d. 26 του αγίου Ιωάννου του ηγουμένου του Ραϊθου,
Aprilis. ) Basileus was put to death about the Litlerae Joannis Raithuensis, addressed to Climacus,
close of the reign of Licinius, A. D. 322 or 323; and requesting him to undertake the work, and the
Joanncs, who was then at Nicomedeia, professes to answer of Climacus, are given by Raderus in the
have conversed with him in prison. Cave thinks original Greek, with a Latin version, in his edition
that the Acta have been interpolated apparently by of the works of Climacus, fol.
