threatened
an attack, but nothing was done this
The year A.
The year A.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
of whom all that is known is contained in the
The last editor, J. C. Müller, is of opinion that following inscription : D. 0. M. FLAMINIO VACCAB
Isaac Tzetzes first published a commentary on Ly- SCULPTORI ROMANO QUI IN OPERIBUS QUAE
cophron, and that Joannes Tzetzes subsequently FECIT NUNQUAM SIBI SATISFECIT. (Montfaucon,
published an enlarged and improved edition of it. Diar. Ital. p. 105 ; Welcker, Rhein. Mus. 1848,
Of this he finds traces in the manuscripts, some of | vol. vi. p. 383. )
[P. S. ]
PHVS
VERIM
AURE
Con
MS. AV
COIN OF VABALATHUS.
VOL. ILL.
4 H
## p. 1202 (#1218) ##########################################
1202
VALENS.
VALENS.
VACCUS, M. VITRUʻVIUS, a citizen of fearing him as a rival, and hating him as a private
Fundi, was the leader of the revolt of the Fundani foe, despatched an emissary [Piso, No. 33), to put
and Privernates against Rome in B. C. 330. He him to death. Valens, upon receiving intelligence of
was a man of considerable reputation both in his this design, conceived that he might best avoid the
own state and also at Rome, where he had a house threatened danger by assuming the purple. Ac-
on the Palatine. The consul L. Plautius Venno cordingly he was proclaimed emperor, and was
was sent to quell the revolt, which he effected soon after murdered by his soldiers. (Trebell.
without difficulty. On the capture of Privernum, Poll. Trig. Tyrann. xviii. )
(W. R. )
Vaccus fell into the consul's hands, and was put to VALENS, the maternal granduncle or uncle of
death after his triumph. His property was con- the preceding, rebelled in Illyria during the reign
fiscated to the state, his house on the Palatine de. of Gallienus, and perished after having held sway
stroyed, and the site on which it stood was ever for a few days. He also, as well as his nephew, is
after called the Vacci Prata. (Liv, viii. 19, 20 ; pressed into the list of the thirty tyrants by Pollio.
Cic. pro Dom. 38. )
(Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyrann. xix. ) (W. R. )
VACU'NA, a Sabine divinity identical with VALENS, emperor of the East A. D. 364—378,
Victoria. She had an ancient sanctuary near the brother of Valentinian (VALENTINIANUS I. ),
Horace's villa at Tibur, and another at Rome. was born about A. D. 328. The name of his wife
The Romans however derived the name from Va- was Albia Dominica, by whom he had a son and
cuus, and said that she was a divinity to whom two daughters. Under Julian he was one of the
the country people offered sacrifices when the la- Domestici. He was made emperor of the East by
bours of the field were over, that is, when they his brother on the 28th of March a. D. 364, as is
were at leisure, vacui. (Schol. ad llorat. Epist. told in the article VALENTINIANUS.
i. 10. 49; Ov. Fast. vi. 307; Plin. H. N. ii. 17. ) Valens had in his service the Prefect Sallustius,
From the Scholiast on Horace, we also learn that and the generals Lupicinus, Victor, and Arinthaeus.
some identified her with Diana, Ceres, Venus, or By a constitution of the 16th of December of this
Minerva.
(L. S. ) year, he forbade the practice of giving presents to
VALA, NUMONIUS. 1. C. NomoNIus those who carried to the provinces important news,
Vala, known only from coins, from which it ap- such as the accession of an emperor or his assump-
pears that he had obtained renown by storming a tion of the consulship: he allowed the carriers of
vallum, and had hence obtained the surname of such news to receive the presents which persons of
Vala, which, according to the usual custom, be- property or condition might choose to give, but not
came hereditary in his family. The coins were to exact anything from those who were not in easy
struck by one of his descendants in commemoration circumstances. The Goths are spoken of as baving
of the exploit. The one annexed has on the ob- made their appearance in Thrace in this year, but
verse the head of Numonius, with C. NVMONIVS they were induced to retire, probably by money.
Vaala, and on the reverse a man storming the Valens left Constantinople in the spring of a. D.
vallum of a camp, which is defended by two others, 365, for Asia Minor, and he was at Caesarea in
with VAALA. Vaala is an ancient form of Vala, Cappadocia in the month of July, when the great
just as on the coins of Sulla we find Feelix instead earthquake happened, which shook all the country
of Felix. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 263. )
round the Mediterranean. The revolt of Procopius
for a time rendered the throne of Valens insecure.
Procopius assumed the imperial title at Constan-
tinople, on the 28th of September, A. D. 365, and
Valens received the intelligence as he was going to
leave Caesarea. (PROCOPIUS). After the death
of Procopius, A. D. 366, Valens treated the partisans
of the rebel with great clemency according to
VAALA
Themistius ; but Ammianus and Zosimus say that
he punished many innocent persons. The fact of
some persons being punished is certain : the nature
and degree of their participation in the revolt may
2. NUMONIUS VALA, to whom Horace addresses be doubtful. The emperor had sworn to demolish
one of his Epistles (i. 15), appears to have had estates the walls of Chalcedon for the share which it had
in the neighbourhood of Velia and Salernum, since taken in the insurrection, but at the prayer of the
the poet makes inquiries of Vala about the climate people of Nicaea, Nicomedia, and Constantinople,
of those places, as he intended to pass the winter he satisfied his superstition by pulling down some
in one of them. As this poem was probably small portion of the walls and rebuilding it. Pro-
written about B. c. 22, the friend of Horace was bably about this time he did Constantinople the
most likely the father of No. 3, if not the same service of improving the supply of water by building
person.
an aqueduct.
3. NUMONIUS VALA, legate of Quintilius Varus The year A. n. 367 is memorable in the reign
in a. D. 9, left the infantry when they were at- of Valens for an extraordinary event, the diminu-
tacked by the enemy in the fatal battle of that tion of the taxes by one fourth, a measure which
year, and fled with the cavalry to the Rhine, but rarely happens in the history of a nation, the
was overtaken in his flight and slain. (Vell. Pat. general rule being progressive taxation till people
ii. 119. )
can pay no more. The diminution was the less
VALENS, one of the thirty tyrants enumerated expected as a war with the Goths was imminent.
by Trebellius Pollio (see AUREOLUS], was nomi- | These barbarians had for some time hung on the
nated proconsul of Achaia by Gallienus in conse- northern frontier, and occasionally pillaged the
quence of his high character as a soldier, and a Roman lands. Three thousand Goths, who had
statesman. The usurper Macrianus (MACRIANUS] | been sent by Athanaric to aid Procopius, were
COIN OF C. NUMONIUS VALA.
## p. 1203 (#1219) ##########################################
VALENS.
1203
VALENS.
VALENS.
al, and hating him w a prina2
emissary (Pisa, No. 33), 10 m
ne, upon receiving inteligence si
rd ibat be might best avoid the
by assuming the purple. As
proclaimed en perir, and 12
ed by his soldiers. (Trebel
ITUL) [TR]
material grandonde a urce of
Led in llistia during the rega
erished after baring beld svar
e aisa, as well as his Depåer, 33
of the thirty tyrans tp Pasa
7. Tyrann, xir. )
eror of the East A. D. 36–371
entirian (VALENTINIANUS I;
D. 328. The name on
by whom he had a suo ad
nder Juizan be was one of use
28 made emperor of the Eas by
28th of Jach A. D. 364, WI
VALENTINIANUS
(WR]
his age.
is service the Prefect Set,
picinus. Victor, and Assets
{ the 16th of December of this
e practice of giring presezi u
to the provinces important sens,
on of an emperor of 23 20
aip: be allowed the carriers de
re the presents which parces of
an mizbe choose to give, bet Det
Tom those who were not in any
e Goihs are spoken of as bar*
nce in Thrace in this year, bu
to retire, probably by DDET,
itinople in the sprig of 1. 1
, and he was at Caesares is
month of July, sten bestemt
1, which shook all the couch
jean. The revolt of Pracao
i he throne of Talens netts
the imperial title at Care
of September, a. D. 31, and
intelligence as he 928 **
6, Valens treated the partisans
great elemency surti
compelled to surrender after the death of the rebel, padocia into two provinces, and made Tyana the
and were distributed in the towns along the capital of the second.
Danube and kept under surveillance. The Gothic In A, D. 372 Modestus, the Praefect, and Arin-
king, Ermenric, demanded these Goths back, butthaeus were consuls. Arinthaeus, who was a man
Valens refused them, and resolved on war, as he of extraordinary stature, and of perfect form, of
bad nothing else to do.
great courage and superior military skill, had been
Before undertaking the war, for which he made employed both by Julian and Jovian, and he had
great preparation, Valens received the rite of bap-served Valens well in the war against Procopius.
tism from Eudoxus, the chief of the Arians who On the 13th of April, Valens was at Antioch in
was then seated in the chair of Constantinople. Syria, whither he had gone to conduct the war
Thus, says Tillemont," he began by an act which against Sapor king of Persia. Sapor had made a
involved him in a thousand mishaps, and finally treaty with Jovian, in which it seems that Ar-
precipitated his body and his soul to death. ” The menia was comprehended. However this may be,
emperor posted his troops on the Danube, and fixed Sapor had set his mind on getting posscasion of
his camp at Marcianopolis, the capital of Lower Arnenia, and about A. D. 369, having prevailed on
Maesia. He was ably assisted by Auxonius, who Arsaces, the Armenian king, to come to an enter-
was made Praefectus Practorio in place of Sallus- tainment, he made him prisoner, put out his
tius, who was relieved of his office on account of eyes, and finally ordered him to be executed. He
Valens crossed the Danube, and finding gave the government of Armenia to Cylax and
no resistance, ravaged the country of the enemy. Artabanus, two natives, and creatures of his.
He was again at Marcianopolis in January A. D. Olympias, the wife of Arsaces, escaped with her
368, where he appears to have passed the winter. son Para and her treasures to a strong place, wbich
An incursion of the Isaurians, who extended their Cylax and Artabanus with some Persian troops
ravages to Cilicia and Pamphylia, and cut to pieces made an unsuccessful attempt to take: it is said
Musonius, the Vicarius of Asia, and his troops, may that Cylax and Artabanus were treacherous to their
perhaps be referred to this year.
Persian allies.
The military events of the year A. D. 368 were Para implored the assistance of Valens, who
unimportant. Valens was unable to cross the supported him at New Caesarea in Pontus, in
Danube, and he passed the winter again at Mar- a manner suitable to his rank, and he sent Comes
cianopolis
. On the 10th of October, the city of Terentius to put him in possession of Armenia
Nicaea was destroyed by an earthquake. On the but without conferring on him the insignia of
3d of May, A. D. 369, Valens left Marcianopolis royalty, which, it was supposed, might be taken
for Noviodunum, where he crossed the Danube and as an infraction of the treaty with the Persians.
entered the country of the Goths. The Goths On hearing of this Sapor sent troops into Armenia,
sustained considerable loss ; and Valens also de- who drove Para into the mountains. Sapor, not
feated Athanaric, who opposed him with a nume- being able to seize Para, made a show of recon-
rous army. He returned to Marcianopolis, intending ciliation and Para of submission, one of the tokens
to pass another winter there, but the Goths sued of which was the heads of Cylax and Artabanus,
for
peace, which was granted on the condition that for which Sapor had asked, on the ground that
they should not cross the Danube, and should only they were rather the masters than the servants of
be allowed to trade at two towns on the river. The Para. Valens upon this sent Arinthaeus into Ar-
treaty between Valens and Athanaric was concluded menia, who checked the approach of the Persian
on vessels in the Danube, for Athanaric refused to troops. Sapor complained, but Valens paid no at-
set his foot on the Roman territory. At the end tention to his complaints. The Persian king
of this year, Valens was at Constantinople.
threatened an attack, but nothing was done this
The year A. D. 370 is memorable for the cruel year, though Valens appears to have advanced into
punishment of eighty ecclesiastics. The Arians Mesopotamia.
were persecuted by the Catholics at Constantinople, In the following year A. D. 373, the Roman and
and the Catholics sent a deputation of eighty eccle. the Persian armies met ; the Romans, commanded
siastics to Valens, who was then at Nicomedia. by Comes Trajanus and Vadomariis, formerly a
It is said that Valens ordered them to be put to king of the Allemanni. (Amm. Marc. xxix. 1. )
death, and that his order was executed by Modestus, Mesopotamia was apparently the seat of the war.
Praefectus Praetorio, by placing them in a vessel Sapor was defeated, and retired to Ctesiphon after
on the sea, and setting fire to it. “This inhumanity,” a truce was agreed on. Valens spent the winter
observes Tillemont, was punished by a famine at Antioch.
which desolated Phrygia and the neighbouring During this winter there was a conspiracy to as-
country ;” but the pious historian does not explain sassinate Valens, to which some persons, said to be
how the sufferings of the innocent are to be con- pagans, were encouraged by believing that some
sidered as a punishment on the guilty.
person whose name began with Theod, was des-
Valens spent the early part of A. D. 371 at Con- tined to succeed Valens. This was learned by the
stantinople, whence he moved to Caesarea in Cap- application of certain magical arts, and the person
padocia, where he probably spent the winter. pointed out as the successor of the emperor was
About this time he lost his only son. When the Theodorus, one of the notarii or secretaries of the
youth was taken ill, the emperor who had enter- emperor. This affair is told at length by Am-
tained a design of banishing Basilius, bishop of mianus (xxix. 1). Theodorus and many other
Caesarea, applied to him for his help, and the persons were put to death, some innocent and
bishop promised that the boy should recover, if the others guilty, for the existence of a plot appears
emperor would allow him to be baptized by Catholic probable enough. Sozomen says that all persons
priests : “but Valens caused him to be baptized of rank who bore a name beginning with Theod
by Arians, and the child immediately died. ” It were put to death, which is not credible. He
was about this time also that Valens divided Cap. ) also assigns this as the cause of the death of
4 H 2
ROCOPICs). After the end
mianus and Zosimus sir
pocent persons. The fact
inished is certain : the site
rticipation in the revok 2
peror bad sworn to dead
for the share sich *
, but at the prayer et
omedia, and Consansack
sition by pulling down
wils and
rebuiding it Pro
he did Constanta ca să
supply of water by been
is memorable in aber
dinars erent, ese er
e fourth, a Deasure in
history of a man, #
essire taratia 67 ml
diminuzioa vas kbe isi
the Goths was SL
some time baza
occasionally pad
housand Guiža ia ta
to aid Proers 595
i
## p. 1204 (#1220) ##########################################
1204
VALENS.
VALENS.
a
Theodosiolus or Theodosius, a grandee of Spain, over the country on the borders of the Danube.
and it seems that he must mean Theodosius, the Their chiefs were Alavif and Fritigern.
father of the emperor Theodosius, who was exe- Valens was still at Antioch (A. D. 377).
It was
cuted at Carthage, A. D. 376. However, many the policy of the Romans to draw away the Goths
persons were executed who had dealt in magic; from the immediate banks of the Danube, who
Maximus, once the teacher of the emperor Julian, had not moved off, because they were not supplied
Simonides, Hilarius and others. Buoks of magic with provisions, as the emperor had ordered. Lu-
were diligently sought after, and all that could be picinus, Comes of Thrace and Maximus, who held
found were burnt. Chrysostom, then a young man, the rank of Dux, are accused of irritating the bar-
who by chance found í book of magic, expected barians by their treatment, and of driving them to
and feared to share the fate of those who had dealt arms. Lupicinus attempted to make the Goths
in this wicked art.
leave the Danube, and employed for that purpose
The sainc year in which Gabinius in the W'est the soldiers who were stationed on the river ; but
fell a victim to Roman treachery (A. v. 371), Para as soon as the Greuthingi, under Saphrar and
perished by the same shameful means. Para, it Alatheus, saw the banks unprotected, they crossed
appears, was established on the throne of Armenia, over, having previously been refused permission.
but Valens was for some reason dissatisfied with The Greuthingi joined Fritigern and his Goths at
him, and sent for him to Tarsus under some pre- Marcianopolis. Lupicinus invited Alavif and Fri-
text, leaving him to wait there, until Para, sus. tigern to a feast, but instead of a reconciliation, this
pecting that it was intended to keep him prisoner, brought about a quarrel, and a battle, in which
made his escape to Armenia. Valens commissioned Lupicinus was defeated. Some Goths, who were
Coines Trajanus, the commander of the Roman already encamped near Hadrianople, were ordered
forces in Armenia, to put him to death, and Tra- to cross the Hellespont, but they asked for two
junus executed the order by inviting Para to a days' delay and supplies for the journey. The
banquet and assassinating him.
chief magistrate of the city, being irritated at some
Negotiations for peace were still going on with damage done by the Goths to a country-house of
Sapor°(A. D. 375), but they resulted in nothing. his, attacked them, and had the worst in the com-
The emperor spent this year at Antioch, taking bat. These Goths soon joined Fritigem, who had
little care of the administration, and allowing his advanced as far as Hadrianople, and they besieged
ministers to enrich themselves by unjust means. the city. They could not take Hadrianople, but
Ammianus (xxx. 4) has a chapter on these mat- they were masters of all the country, which they
ters. The pretext for these odious inquisitions was pillaged.
the vague charge of treason against the emperor.
Valens was at Antioch when he heard this news,
The events of A. D. 376 were unimportant. and he sent forward Profuturus and Trajanus with
Valens was consul for the fifth time with Valen- the legions from Armenia to bring the Goths to
tinianus, junior, who with his elder brother Gra- obedience. These two generals were joined by
tianus had succeeded their father Valentinianus I. , Ricimer, who brought some help from Gratian.
who died at the close of A. D. 375. Valens was The Romans found the main body of the Goths at
preparing for war against the Persians, and he as- a place called Salices or the Willows, supposed to
sembled a great force, but there is no record of be in the tract called Scythia Parva between the
what was the result of all this preparation. Sapor lower course of the Danube and the sea, where a
made conquests in Iberia and Armenia, which Valens great battle was fought, apparently with no ad-
could not prevent. Valens sent Victor to Persia to vantage to the Romans, for they returned to Mar-
come to terms with the Persian king, and peace cianopolis. The further operations of this campaign
was made on terms, as it appears, not advantageons led to no decisive result, and there was loss on both
to the Romans.
sides. The Goths appear to have spread them-
At this time the Romans became acquainted selves all over the country between the Danube
with the name of the Huns. The Huns, after at- and the Archipelago, and to have advanced even to
tacking various tribes and the Alans, who in the suburbs of Constantinople. Valens reached
habited the banks of the Tanais, fell upon the Constantinople on the 30th of May, A. D. 378. He
Goths called Greuthingi or Eastern Goths, and so deprived Trajanus of the command of the infantry,
alarmed them that Ermenric, their king, killed which he gave to Sebastianus, to whom he entrusted
himself. Vithimis, his successor, fell in battle the conduct of the war. “ It was,” says Tillemont,
against the Huns, and Alatheus and Saphrax, the “ worthy of an Arian emperor to entrust his troops
guardians of his son Vitheric, retreated before this to a Manichaean. It was he who with the em.
formidable enemy, to the country between the peror determined on the unfortunate battle where
Borysthenes and the Danube. Athanaric and his they perished, against the advice of the most pru-
Goths attempted a useless resistance to the Huns dent, and principally Victor, general of the cavalry,
on the banks of the Dniester. The Goths, and a man altogether Catholic. ” Valens left Con.
Among them were some of the people of Athanaric, stantinople on thellth of June, with evil omens. A
to the number of about 200,000, appeared on the solitary named Isaac, whose cell was near Constan-
banks of the Danube and asked for permission to tinople, threatened him with the vengeance of God.
enter the Roman territories. Valens was then at Restore,” he said, “ to the flocks their holy pas.
Antioch, and the Goths sent a deputation to him tors, and you will gain a victory without trouble :
at the head of which was their bishop Ulphilas. if you fight before you have done it, you will lose
Valens granted the request of the Goths, but your army and yon will never return. “
ordered that their children should be carried over The emperor encamped with a powerful army
to Asia as hostages, and that the Goths should near Hadrianople. Trajanus, it appears, was re-
not bring their arms with them ; but the last part stored to his command, or held some command ;
of the order was imperfectly executed. Accordingly but the advice of Sebastianus prevailed with the
the Guths were received into Thrace and spread ) emperor over that of Victor and the other generals,
6
## p. 1205 (#1221) ##########################################
l
VALENS.
VALENS.
1205
and a battle was resolved on. It was on the 9th of VALENS, the name of probably two phy.
August, A. D. 378, and some few hours from Ha- sicians:
drianople, where the Romans sustained a defcat so 1. VECTIUs Valens, one of the paramours of
bloody, that none can be compared with it in the Messallina, who was put to death, A. D. 48. (Tac
Annals of Rome except the fight of Cannae. Am Ann. xi. 30, 31, 35 ; Sen. Apocol. c. 13. ) He is
mianus (xxxi. 13) has given a laboured descrip- said by Pliny (H. N. xxix. 5) to have given somo
tion of the battle, not particularly clear. The attention to the study of eloquence, and to have
Theuringi under Fritigern, and the Greuthungi founded a new sect. Haller (Bibl. Meilic. Pract.
under Alatheus and Saphrax, destroyed two-thirds vol. i. ) and Sprengel (Ilist. de la Mú. vol. ii. )
of the Imperial army. Trajanus, Sebastianus, state that he was one of the followers of Themison,
Valerianus Comes Stabuli, and Equitius, fell. but they give no authority for this assertion.
Valens was never seen after the battle. He was 2. TERENTIUS VALENS, one of whose medical
wounded by an arrow, and, as some say, died on the formulae is quoted by (apparently) Andromachus
ficld. According to another story, he was carried the younger (ap. Gal. De Compos. Medicam. sec.
to a peasant's house, to which the barbarians set Loc. ix. 4, vol. xiii. p. 279), must have lived some
fire without knowing who was in it, and Valens time in or before the first century after Christ.
was burnt Though the mode of his death is not He may be supposed to be the same person who
certain, all authorities agree in saying that his body is clsewhere quoted by Andromachus and Galen
was never found. The commentary of Orosius on (ibid. vii. 6, ix. 4, 5, pp. 115, 285, 292); but it
the death of Valens is instructive (vii. 33): “ The is quite uncertain whether he was the Valens who
Goths some time before sent ambassadors to Valens is said by Scribonius Largus (De Compos. Medi-
to pray that bishops (episcopi) might be sent to cam, c. 22. § 94, p. 208) to have been one of his
them to teach them the rule of Christian faith. fellow pupils under Appuleius Celsus ; or the
Valens, through pestiferous depravity, sent teachers “Valens physicus,” whose third book of “ Cura-
of the Arian dogma. The Goths retained the in- tiones” is quoted by Caclius Aurelianus. (De
struction in their first faith, which they received. Morb. Acut. iii. 1. p. 180. )
Therefore by the just judgment of God the very Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. xiii. p. 440, ed. vet. )
persons burnt him alive, who through him, even and Haller (Bibl. Medic. Pract. vol. i. p. 294)
after death, are destined to burn on account of the mention another Valens, who (as they state) is
vice of their error. "
said by Marcellus Empiricus (De Medicam. c. 16.
The reign of Valens is important in the history p. 310) to have been his tutor ; but this is an
of the empire on account of the admission of the error that has arisen from their not having noticed
Goths into the countries south of the Danube, the that the passage referred to in Marcellus is either
commencement of the decline of the Roman power. quoted by him, or interpolated by some modern
The furious contests between the rival creeds of transcriber, from the chapter of Scribonius Largus
the Catholics and the Arians, and the persecution referred to above.
[W. A. G. )
of the Catholics by Valentinian, also characterize VALENS, ABURNUS, also called ABUR-
this reign. These religious quarrels, which we NIUS, a Sabinian, is one of the jurists who are
might otherwise view with indifference, are not to excerpted in the Digest. As Valens cites Javo.
be overlooked in forming our judgment of this lenus (Dig. 33.
The last editor, J. C. Müller, is of opinion that following inscription : D. 0. M. FLAMINIO VACCAB
Isaac Tzetzes first published a commentary on Ly- SCULPTORI ROMANO QUI IN OPERIBUS QUAE
cophron, and that Joannes Tzetzes subsequently FECIT NUNQUAM SIBI SATISFECIT. (Montfaucon,
published an enlarged and improved edition of it. Diar. Ital. p. 105 ; Welcker, Rhein. Mus. 1848,
Of this he finds traces in the manuscripts, some of | vol. vi. p. 383. )
[P. S. ]
PHVS
VERIM
AURE
Con
MS. AV
COIN OF VABALATHUS.
VOL. ILL.
4 H
## p. 1202 (#1218) ##########################################
1202
VALENS.
VALENS.
VACCUS, M. VITRUʻVIUS, a citizen of fearing him as a rival, and hating him as a private
Fundi, was the leader of the revolt of the Fundani foe, despatched an emissary [Piso, No. 33), to put
and Privernates against Rome in B. C. 330. He him to death. Valens, upon receiving intelligence of
was a man of considerable reputation both in his this design, conceived that he might best avoid the
own state and also at Rome, where he had a house threatened danger by assuming the purple. Ac-
on the Palatine. The consul L. Plautius Venno cordingly he was proclaimed emperor, and was
was sent to quell the revolt, which he effected soon after murdered by his soldiers. (Trebell.
without difficulty. On the capture of Privernum, Poll. Trig. Tyrann. xviii. )
(W. R. )
Vaccus fell into the consul's hands, and was put to VALENS, the maternal granduncle or uncle of
death after his triumph. His property was con- the preceding, rebelled in Illyria during the reign
fiscated to the state, his house on the Palatine de. of Gallienus, and perished after having held sway
stroyed, and the site on which it stood was ever for a few days. He also, as well as his nephew, is
after called the Vacci Prata. (Liv, viii. 19, 20 ; pressed into the list of the thirty tyrants by Pollio.
Cic. pro Dom. 38. )
(Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyrann. xix. ) (W. R. )
VACU'NA, a Sabine divinity identical with VALENS, emperor of the East A. D. 364—378,
Victoria. She had an ancient sanctuary near the brother of Valentinian (VALENTINIANUS I. ),
Horace's villa at Tibur, and another at Rome. was born about A. D. 328. The name of his wife
The Romans however derived the name from Va- was Albia Dominica, by whom he had a son and
cuus, and said that she was a divinity to whom two daughters. Under Julian he was one of the
the country people offered sacrifices when the la- Domestici. He was made emperor of the East by
bours of the field were over, that is, when they his brother on the 28th of March a. D. 364, as is
were at leisure, vacui. (Schol. ad llorat. Epist. told in the article VALENTINIANUS.
i. 10. 49; Ov. Fast. vi. 307; Plin. H. N. ii. 17. ) Valens had in his service the Prefect Sallustius,
From the Scholiast on Horace, we also learn that and the generals Lupicinus, Victor, and Arinthaeus.
some identified her with Diana, Ceres, Venus, or By a constitution of the 16th of December of this
Minerva.
(L. S. ) year, he forbade the practice of giving presents to
VALA, NUMONIUS. 1. C. NomoNIus those who carried to the provinces important news,
Vala, known only from coins, from which it ap- such as the accession of an emperor or his assump-
pears that he had obtained renown by storming a tion of the consulship: he allowed the carriers of
vallum, and had hence obtained the surname of such news to receive the presents which persons of
Vala, which, according to the usual custom, be- property or condition might choose to give, but not
came hereditary in his family. The coins were to exact anything from those who were not in easy
struck by one of his descendants in commemoration circumstances. The Goths are spoken of as baving
of the exploit. The one annexed has on the ob- made their appearance in Thrace in this year, but
verse the head of Numonius, with C. NVMONIVS they were induced to retire, probably by money.
Vaala, and on the reverse a man storming the Valens left Constantinople in the spring of a. D.
vallum of a camp, which is defended by two others, 365, for Asia Minor, and he was at Caesarea in
with VAALA. Vaala is an ancient form of Vala, Cappadocia in the month of July, when the great
just as on the coins of Sulla we find Feelix instead earthquake happened, which shook all the country
of Felix. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 263. )
round the Mediterranean. The revolt of Procopius
for a time rendered the throne of Valens insecure.
Procopius assumed the imperial title at Constan-
tinople, on the 28th of September, A. D. 365, and
Valens received the intelligence as he was going to
leave Caesarea. (PROCOPIUS). After the death
of Procopius, A. D. 366, Valens treated the partisans
of the rebel with great clemency according to
VAALA
Themistius ; but Ammianus and Zosimus say that
he punished many innocent persons. The fact of
some persons being punished is certain : the nature
and degree of their participation in the revolt may
2. NUMONIUS VALA, to whom Horace addresses be doubtful. The emperor had sworn to demolish
one of his Epistles (i. 15), appears to have had estates the walls of Chalcedon for the share which it had
in the neighbourhood of Velia and Salernum, since taken in the insurrection, but at the prayer of the
the poet makes inquiries of Vala about the climate people of Nicaea, Nicomedia, and Constantinople,
of those places, as he intended to pass the winter he satisfied his superstition by pulling down some
in one of them. As this poem was probably small portion of the walls and rebuilding it. Pro-
written about B. c. 22, the friend of Horace was bably about this time he did Constantinople the
most likely the father of No. 3, if not the same service of improving the supply of water by building
person.
an aqueduct.
3. NUMONIUS VALA, legate of Quintilius Varus The year A. n. 367 is memorable in the reign
in a. D. 9, left the infantry when they were at- of Valens for an extraordinary event, the diminu-
tacked by the enemy in the fatal battle of that tion of the taxes by one fourth, a measure which
year, and fled with the cavalry to the Rhine, but rarely happens in the history of a nation, the
was overtaken in his flight and slain. (Vell. Pat. general rule being progressive taxation till people
ii. 119. )
can pay no more. The diminution was the less
VALENS, one of the thirty tyrants enumerated expected as a war with the Goths was imminent.
by Trebellius Pollio (see AUREOLUS], was nomi- | These barbarians had for some time hung on the
nated proconsul of Achaia by Gallienus in conse- northern frontier, and occasionally pillaged the
quence of his high character as a soldier, and a Roman lands. Three thousand Goths, who had
statesman. The usurper Macrianus (MACRIANUS] | been sent by Athanaric to aid Procopius, were
COIN OF C. NUMONIUS VALA.
## p. 1203 (#1219) ##########################################
VALENS.
1203
VALENS.
VALENS.
al, and hating him w a prina2
emissary (Pisa, No. 33), 10 m
ne, upon receiving inteligence si
rd ibat be might best avoid the
by assuming the purple. As
proclaimed en perir, and 12
ed by his soldiers. (Trebel
ITUL) [TR]
material grandonde a urce of
Led in llistia during the rega
erished after baring beld svar
e aisa, as well as his Depåer, 33
of the thirty tyrans tp Pasa
7. Tyrann, xir. )
eror of the East A. D. 36–371
entirian (VALENTINIANUS I;
D. 328. The name on
by whom he had a suo ad
nder Juizan be was one of use
28 made emperor of the Eas by
28th of Jach A. D. 364, WI
VALENTINIANUS
(WR]
his age.
is service the Prefect Set,
picinus. Victor, and Assets
{ the 16th of December of this
e practice of giring presezi u
to the provinces important sens,
on of an emperor of 23 20
aip: be allowed the carriers de
re the presents which parces of
an mizbe choose to give, bet Det
Tom those who were not in any
e Goihs are spoken of as bar*
nce in Thrace in this year, bu
to retire, probably by DDET,
itinople in the sprig of 1. 1
, and he was at Caesares is
month of July, sten bestemt
1, which shook all the couch
jean. The revolt of Pracao
i he throne of Talens netts
the imperial title at Care
of September, a. D. 31, and
intelligence as he 928 **
6, Valens treated the partisans
great elemency surti
compelled to surrender after the death of the rebel, padocia into two provinces, and made Tyana the
and were distributed in the towns along the capital of the second.
Danube and kept under surveillance. The Gothic In A, D. 372 Modestus, the Praefect, and Arin-
king, Ermenric, demanded these Goths back, butthaeus were consuls. Arinthaeus, who was a man
Valens refused them, and resolved on war, as he of extraordinary stature, and of perfect form, of
bad nothing else to do.
great courage and superior military skill, had been
Before undertaking the war, for which he made employed both by Julian and Jovian, and he had
great preparation, Valens received the rite of bap-served Valens well in the war against Procopius.
tism from Eudoxus, the chief of the Arians who On the 13th of April, Valens was at Antioch in
was then seated in the chair of Constantinople. Syria, whither he had gone to conduct the war
Thus, says Tillemont," he began by an act which against Sapor king of Persia. Sapor had made a
involved him in a thousand mishaps, and finally treaty with Jovian, in which it seems that Ar-
precipitated his body and his soul to death. ” The menia was comprehended. However this may be,
emperor posted his troops on the Danube, and fixed Sapor had set his mind on getting posscasion of
his camp at Marcianopolis, the capital of Lower Arnenia, and about A. D. 369, having prevailed on
Maesia. He was ably assisted by Auxonius, who Arsaces, the Armenian king, to come to an enter-
was made Praefectus Practorio in place of Sallus- tainment, he made him prisoner, put out his
tius, who was relieved of his office on account of eyes, and finally ordered him to be executed. He
Valens crossed the Danube, and finding gave the government of Armenia to Cylax and
no resistance, ravaged the country of the enemy. Artabanus, two natives, and creatures of his.
He was again at Marcianopolis in January A. D. Olympias, the wife of Arsaces, escaped with her
368, where he appears to have passed the winter. son Para and her treasures to a strong place, wbich
An incursion of the Isaurians, who extended their Cylax and Artabanus with some Persian troops
ravages to Cilicia and Pamphylia, and cut to pieces made an unsuccessful attempt to take: it is said
Musonius, the Vicarius of Asia, and his troops, may that Cylax and Artabanus were treacherous to their
perhaps be referred to this year.
Persian allies.
The military events of the year A. D. 368 were Para implored the assistance of Valens, who
unimportant. Valens was unable to cross the supported him at New Caesarea in Pontus, in
Danube, and he passed the winter again at Mar- a manner suitable to his rank, and he sent Comes
cianopolis
. On the 10th of October, the city of Terentius to put him in possession of Armenia
Nicaea was destroyed by an earthquake. On the but without conferring on him the insignia of
3d of May, A. D. 369, Valens left Marcianopolis royalty, which, it was supposed, might be taken
for Noviodunum, where he crossed the Danube and as an infraction of the treaty with the Persians.
entered the country of the Goths. The Goths On hearing of this Sapor sent troops into Armenia,
sustained considerable loss ; and Valens also de- who drove Para into the mountains. Sapor, not
feated Athanaric, who opposed him with a nume- being able to seize Para, made a show of recon-
rous army. He returned to Marcianopolis, intending ciliation and Para of submission, one of the tokens
to pass another winter there, but the Goths sued of which was the heads of Cylax and Artabanus,
for
peace, which was granted on the condition that for which Sapor had asked, on the ground that
they should not cross the Danube, and should only they were rather the masters than the servants of
be allowed to trade at two towns on the river. The Para. Valens upon this sent Arinthaeus into Ar-
treaty between Valens and Athanaric was concluded menia, who checked the approach of the Persian
on vessels in the Danube, for Athanaric refused to troops. Sapor complained, but Valens paid no at-
set his foot on the Roman territory. At the end tention to his complaints. The Persian king
of this year, Valens was at Constantinople.
threatened an attack, but nothing was done this
The year A. D. 370 is memorable for the cruel year, though Valens appears to have advanced into
punishment of eighty ecclesiastics. The Arians Mesopotamia.
were persecuted by the Catholics at Constantinople, In the following year A. D. 373, the Roman and
and the Catholics sent a deputation of eighty eccle. the Persian armies met ; the Romans, commanded
siastics to Valens, who was then at Nicomedia. by Comes Trajanus and Vadomariis, formerly a
It is said that Valens ordered them to be put to king of the Allemanni. (Amm. Marc. xxix. 1. )
death, and that his order was executed by Modestus, Mesopotamia was apparently the seat of the war.
Praefectus Praetorio, by placing them in a vessel Sapor was defeated, and retired to Ctesiphon after
on the sea, and setting fire to it. “This inhumanity,” a truce was agreed on. Valens spent the winter
observes Tillemont, was punished by a famine at Antioch.
which desolated Phrygia and the neighbouring During this winter there was a conspiracy to as-
country ;” but the pious historian does not explain sassinate Valens, to which some persons, said to be
how the sufferings of the innocent are to be con- pagans, were encouraged by believing that some
sidered as a punishment on the guilty.
person whose name began with Theod, was des-
Valens spent the early part of A. D. 371 at Con- tined to succeed Valens. This was learned by the
stantinople, whence he moved to Caesarea in Cap- application of certain magical arts, and the person
padocia, where he probably spent the winter. pointed out as the successor of the emperor was
About this time he lost his only son. When the Theodorus, one of the notarii or secretaries of the
youth was taken ill, the emperor who had enter- emperor. This affair is told at length by Am-
tained a design of banishing Basilius, bishop of mianus (xxix. 1). Theodorus and many other
Caesarea, applied to him for his help, and the persons were put to death, some innocent and
bishop promised that the boy should recover, if the others guilty, for the existence of a plot appears
emperor would allow him to be baptized by Catholic probable enough. Sozomen says that all persons
priests : “but Valens caused him to be baptized of rank who bore a name beginning with Theod
by Arians, and the child immediately died. ” It were put to death, which is not credible. He
was about this time also that Valens divided Cap. ) also assigns this as the cause of the death of
4 H 2
ROCOPICs). After the end
mianus and Zosimus sir
pocent persons. The fact
inished is certain : the site
rticipation in the revok 2
peror bad sworn to dead
for the share sich *
, but at the prayer et
omedia, and Consansack
sition by pulling down
wils and
rebuiding it Pro
he did Constanta ca să
supply of water by been
is memorable in aber
dinars erent, ese er
e fourth, a Deasure in
history of a man, #
essire taratia 67 ml
diminuzioa vas kbe isi
the Goths was SL
some time baza
occasionally pad
housand Guiža ia ta
to aid Proers 595
i
## p. 1204 (#1220) ##########################################
1204
VALENS.
VALENS.
a
Theodosiolus or Theodosius, a grandee of Spain, over the country on the borders of the Danube.
and it seems that he must mean Theodosius, the Their chiefs were Alavif and Fritigern.
father of the emperor Theodosius, who was exe- Valens was still at Antioch (A. D. 377).
It was
cuted at Carthage, A. D. 376. However, many the policy of the Romans to draw away the Goths
persons were executed who had dealt in magic; from the immediate banks of the Danube, who
Maximus, once the teacher of the emperor Julian, had not moved off, because they were not supplied
Simonides, Hilarius and others. Buoks of magic with provisions, as the emperor had ordered. Lu-
were diligently sought after, and all that could be picinus, Comes of Thrace and Maximus, who held
found were burnt. Chrysostom, then a young man, the rank of Dux, are accused of irritating the bar-
who by chance found í book of magic, expected barians by their treatment, and of driving them to
and feared to share the fate of those who had dealt arms. Lupicinus attempted to make the Goths
in this wicked art.
leave the Danube, and employed for that purpose
The sainc year in which Gabinius in the W'est the soldiers who were stationed on the river ; but
fell a victim to Roman treachery (A. v. 371), Para as soon as the Greuthingi, under Saphrar and
perished by the same shameful means. Para, it Alatheus, saw the banks unprotected, they crossed
appears, was established on the throne of Armenia, over, having previously been refused permission.
but Valens was for some reason dissatisfied with The Greuthingi joined Fritigern and his Goths at
him, and sent for him to Tarsus under some pre- Marcianopolis. Lupicinus invited Alavif and Fri-
text, leaving him to wait there, until Para, sus. tigern to a feast, but instead of a reconciliation, this
pecting that it was intended to keep him prisoner, brought about a quarrel, and a battle, in which
made his escape to Armenia. Valens commissioned Lupicinus was defeated. Some Goths, who were
Coines Trajanus, the commander of the Roman already encamped near Hadrianople, were ordered
forces in Armenia, to put him to death, and Tra- to cross the Hellespont, but they asked for two
junus executed the order by inviting Para to a days' delay and supplies for the journey. The
banquet and assassinating him.
chief magistrate of the city, being irritated at some
Negotiations for peace were still going on with damage done by the Goths to a country-house of
Sapor°(A. D. 375), but they resulted in nothing. his, attacked them, and had the worst in the com-
The emperor spent this year at Antioch, taking bat. These Goths soon joined Fritigem, who had
little care of the administration, and allowing his advanced as far as Hadrianople, and they besieged
ministers to enrich themselves by unjust means. the city. They could not take Hadrianople, but
Ammianus (xxx. 4) has a chapter on these mat- they were masters of all the country, which they
ters. The pretext for these odious inquisitions was pillaged.
the vague charge of treason against the emperor.
Valens was at Antioch when he heard this news,
The events of A. D. 376 were unimportant. and he sent forward Profuturus and Trajanus with
Valens was consul for the fifth time with Valen- the legions from Armenia to bring the Goths to
tinianus, junior, who with his elder brother Gra- obedience. These two generals were joined by
tianus had succeeded their father Valentinianus I. , Ricimer, who brought some help from Gratian.
who died at the close of A. D. 375. Valens was The Romans found the main body of the Goths at
preparing for war against the Persians, and he as- a place called Salices or the Willows, supposed to
sembled a great force, but there is no record of be in the tract called Scythia Parva between the
what was the result of all this preparation. Sapor lower course of the Danube and the sea, where a
made conquests in Iberia and Armenia, which Valens great battle was fought, apparently with no ad-
could not prevent. Valens sent Victor to Persia to vantage to the Romans, for they returned to Mar-
come to terms with the Persian king, and peace cianopolis. The further operations of this campaign
was made on terms, as it appears, not advantageons led to no decisive result, and there was loss on both
to the Romans.
sides. The Goths appear to have spread them-
At this time the Romans became acquainted selves all over the country between the Danube
with the name of the Huns. The Huns, after at- and the Archipelago, and to have advanced even to
tacking various tribes and the Alans, who in the suburbs of Constantinople. Valens reached
habited the banks of the Tanais, fell upon the Constantinople on the 30th of May, A. D. 378. He
Goths called Greuthingi or Eastern Goths, and so deprived Trajanus of the command of the infantry,
alarmed them that Ermenric, their king, killed which he gave to Sebastianus, to whom he entrusted
himself. Vithimis, his successor, fell in battle the conduct of the war. “ It was,” says Tillemont,
against the Huns, and Alatheus and Saphrax, the “ worthy of an Arian emperor to entrust his troops
guardians of his son Vitheric, retreated before this to a Manichaean. It was he who with the em.
formidable enemy, to the country between the peror determined on the unfortunate battle where
Borysthenes and the Danube. Athanaric and his they perished, against the advice of the most pru-
Goths attempted a useless resistance to the Huns dent, and principally Victor, general of the cavalry,
on the banks of the Dniester. The Goths, and a man altogether Catholic. ” Valens left Con.
Among them were some of the people of Athanaric, stantinople on thellth of June, with evil omens. A
to the number of about 200,000, appeared on the solitary named Isaac, whose cell was near Constan-
banks of the Danube and asked for permission to tinople, threatened him with the vengeance of God.
enter the Roman territories. Valens was then at Restore,” he said, “ to the flocks their holy pas.
Antioch, and the Goths sent a deputation to him tors, and you will gain a victory without trouble :
at the head of which was their bishop Ulphilas. if you fight before you have done it, you will lose
Valens granted the request of the Goths, but your army and yon will never return. “
ordered that their children should be carried over The emperor encamped with a powerful army
to Asia as hostages, and that the Goths should near Hadrianople. Trajanus, it appears, was re-
not bring their arms with them ; but the last part stored to his command, or held some command ;
of the order was imperfectly executed. Accordingly but the advice of Sebastianus prevailed with the
the Guths were received into Thrace and spread ) emperor over that of Victor and the other generals,
6
## p. 1205 (#1221) ##########################################
l
VALENS.
VALENS.
1205
and a battle was resolved on. It was on the 9th of VALENS, the name of probably two phy.
August, A. D. 378, and some few hours from Ha- sicians:
drianople, where the Romans sustained a defcat so 1. VECTIUs Valens, one of the paramours of
bloody, that none can be compared with it in the Messallina, who was put to death, A. D. 48. (Tac
Annals of Rome except the fight of Cannae. Am Ann. xi. 30, 31, 35 ; Sen. Apocol. c. 13. ) He is
mianus (xxxi. 13) has given a laboured descrip- said by Pliny (H. N. xxix. 5) to have given somo
tion of the battle, not particularly clear. The attention to the study of eloquence, and to have
Theuringi under Fritigern, and the Greuthungi founded a new sect. Haller (Bibl. Meilic. Pract.
under Alatheus and Saphrax, destroyed two-thirds vol. i. ) and Sprengel (Ilist. de la Mú. vol. ii. )
of the Imperial army. Trajanus, Sebastianus, state that he was one of the followers of Themison,
Valerianus Comes Stabuli, and Equitius, fell. but they give no authority for this assertion.
Valens was never seen after the battle. He was 2. TERENTIUS VALENS, one of whose medical
wounded by an arrow, and, as some say, died on the formulae is quoted by (apparently) Andromachus
ficld. According to another story, he was carried the younger (ap. Gal. De Compos. Medicam. sec.
to a peasant's house, to which the barbarians set Loc. ix. 4, vol. xiii. p. 279), must have lived some
fire without knowing who was in it, and Valens time in or before the first century after Christ.
was burnt Though the mode of his death is not He may be supposed to be the same person who
certain, all authorities agree in saying that his body is clsewhere quoted by Andromachus and Galen
was never found. The commentary of Orosius on (ibid. vii. 6, ix. 4, 5, pp. 115, 285, 292); but it
the death of Valens is instructive (vii. 33): “ The is quite uncertain whether he was the Valens who
Goths some time before sent ambassadors to Valens is said by Scribonius Largus (De Compos. Medi-
to pray that bishops (episcopi) might be sent to cam, c. 22. § 94, p. 208) to have been one of his
them to teach them the rule of Christian faith. fellow pupils under Appuleius Celsus ; or the
Valens, through pestiferous depravity, sent teachers “Valens physicus,” whose third book of “ Cura-
of the Arian dogma. The Goths retained the in- tiones” is quoted by Caclius Aurelianus. (De
struction in their first faith, which they received. Morb. Acut. iii. 1. p. 180. )
Therefore by the just judgment of God the very Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. xiii. p. 440, ed. vet. )
persons burnt him alive, who through him, even and Haller (Bibl. Medic. Pract. vol. i. p. 294)
after death, are destined to burn on account of the mention another Valens, who (as they state) is
vice of their error. "
said by Marcellus Empiricus (De Medicam. c. 16.
The reign of Valens is important in the history p. 310) to have been his tutor ; but this is an
of the empire on account of the admission of the error that has arisen from their not having noticed
Goths into the countries south of the Danube, the that the passage referred to in Marcellus is either
commencement of the decline of the Roman power. quoted by him, or interpolated by some modern
The furious contests between the rival creeds of transcriber, from the chapter of Scribonius Largus
the Catholics and the Arians, and the persecution referred to above.
[W. A. G. )
of the Catholics by Valentinian, also characterize VALENS, ABURNUS, also called ABUR-
this reign. These religious quarrels, which we NIUS, a Sabinian, is one of the jurists who are
might otherwise view with indifference, are not to excerpted in the Digest. As Valens cites Javo.
be overlooked in forming our judgment of this lenus (Dig. 33.
