---Moralities are only the expression of local and limited orders of rank in this multifarious world of
instincts
which prevent man from perishing through their antag onism.
Nietzsche - Works - v15 - Will to Power - b
The individual case: how ironically we regard it when it has the bad taste to put on the airs of a rule!
-We love that which is naif, and naif people, but as spectators and higher creatures; we think Faust is just as simple as his Margaret.
---We have a low estimation of good people, because they are gregarious animals: we know how often an invaluable golden drop of goodness lies concealed beneath the most evil, the most malicious, and the hardest exterior, and that this single grain outweighs all the mere goody-goodi ness of milk-and-watery souls.
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---We don't regard a man of our kind as refuted by his vices, nor by his tomfooleries. We are well aware that we are not recognised with ease, and that we have every reason to make our foreground very prominent.
944
What is noble ? --The fact that one is constantly forced to be playing a part. That one is constantly searching for situations in which one is forced to put on airs. That one leaves happiness to the
greatest number: the happiness which consists of inner peacefulness, of virtue, of comfort, and of
I
? la Spencer. That one instinctively seeks for heavy responsi
Anglo-angelic-back-parlour-smugness,d
bilities. That one knows how to create enemies everywhere, at a pinch even in one's self. That one contradicts the greatest number, not in words at all, but by continually behaving diflerently from them.
945
Virtue (for instance, truthfulness) is our most noble and most dangerous luxury. We must not decline the disadvantages which it brings in its
train.
946
We refuse to be praised : we do what serves our purpose, what gives us pleasure, or what we are obliged to do.
947 -
What is chastity in a man? It means that his taste in sex has remained noble; that in eroticis
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he likes neither the brutal, the morbid, nor the clever.
948
The concept of honour is founded upon the belief in select society, in knightly excellences, in the Obligation of having continually to play a part. In essentials it means that one does not take one's life too seriously, that one adheres unconditionally to the most dignified manners in one's dealings with everybody (at least in so far as they do not belong to " us "); that one is neither familiar, nor
good-natured, nor hearty, nor modest, except inter pares; that one is always playing a part.
949
The fact that one sets one's life, one's health, and one's honour at stake, is the result of high spirits and of an overflowing and spendthrift will : it is not the result of philanthropy, but of the fact that every danger kindles our curiosity concern ing the measure Of our strength, and provokes our courage.
950.
" Eagles swoop down straight "--nobility of soul is best revealed by the magnificent and proud foolishness with which it makes its attacks.
95! .
War should be made against all namby-pamby ideas of nobility ! ---A certain modicum of brutality
358
'
? ? ? ? THE ORDER OF RANK.
359
cannot be dispensed with: no more than we can do without a 'certain approximation to criminality. "Self-satisfaction" must not be allowed; a man should look upon himself with an adventurous spirit; he should experiment with himself and run risks with himself--no beautiful soul-quackery should be tolerated. I want to give a more robust
ideal a chance of prevailing.
952
" Paradise is under the shadow of a swordsman " _--this is also a symbol and a test-word by which souls with noble and warrior-like origin betray and discover themselves.
953
The two paths. ---There comes a period when man has a surplus amount of power at his dis \
posal. Science aims at establishing the slavery/of nature.
Then man acquires the leisure in which to develop himself into something new and more lofty. A new aristocracy. It is then that a large number of virtues which are now conditions existence are superseded--Qualities which are no longer needed are on that account lost. We no longer need virtues: consequently we are losing them (likewise the morality of " one thing is needful," of the salvation of the soul, and of im mortality: these were means wherewith to make man capable of enormous self-tyranny, through the emotion of great fear! !
The different kinds of needs by means of whose
? '
of
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THE WILL TO POWER.
discipline man is formed: need teaches work, thought, and self-control.
*
Physiological purification and strengthening. The new aristocracy is in need of an opposing body which it may combat: it must be driven to ex tremities in order to maintain itself.
The two futures of mankind: (I) the conse
quence of a levelling-down to mediocrity; conscious aloofness and self-development.
A doctrine which would cleave a gulf: it main
tains the highest and the lowest species destroys
the intermediate).
The aristocracies, both spiritual and temporal,
which have existed hitherto prove nothing against the necessity of new aristocracy.
4. THE LORDs OF THE EARTH.
954
A certain question constantly recurs to us; perhaps seductive and evil question; may be whispered into the ears of those who have right to such doubtful problems--those strong souls of to-day whose dominion over themselves un swerving: not high time, now that the type " gregarious animal " developing ever more and more in Europe, to set about rearing, thoroughly, artificially, and consciously, an opposite type, and to attempt to establish the latter's virtues And would not the democratic movement itself find for
(2)
? ? ? ?
a
is
is it
is
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a
(it
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the first time a sort of goal, salvation, and justifi cation, if some one appeared who availed himself of it--so that at last, beside its new and sublime product, slavery (for this must be the end of European demOcracy), that higher species of ruling and Casarian spirits might also be produced, which would stand upon hold to and would
elevate themselves through it? This new race would climb aloft to new and hitherto impossible things, to broader vision, and to its task on earth.
955
The aspect of the European of to-day makes me very hopeful. A daring and ruling race here building itself up upon the foundation of an extremely intelligent, gregarious mass. It obvious that the educational movements for the latter are not alone prominent nowadays.
956
The same conditions which go to develop the
animal also force the development of the leaders.
957
The question, and at the same time the task, approaching with hesitation, terrible as Fate, but nevertheless inevitable: how shall the earth as whole be ruled? And to what end shall man as
whole--no longer as a people or as race--be reared and trained
Legislative moralities are the principal means
gregarious
36!
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a
a
it,
a is
is is
a
it,
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by which one can form mankind, according to the fancy ot a creative and profound will: provided, of course, that such an artistic will of the first order gets the power into its own hands, and can make its creative will/prevail over long periods in the form of legislation, religions, and morals. At present, and probably for some time to come, one
will seek such colossally creative men, such really great men, as I understand them, in vain: they will be lacking, until, after many disappointments, we are forced to begin to understand why it is
they are lacking, and that nothing bars with greater hostility their rise and development, at present and for some time to come, than that which is now called the morality in Europe.
? Just as if there were no other kind of morality, and
could be no other kind, than the one we have already characterised as herd-morality. It is this morality which is now striving with all its power to attain to that green-meadow happiness on earth, which consists in security, absence of danger, ease, facilities for livelihood, and, last but not least, "if
all goes well," even hopes to dispense with all kinds of shepherds and bell-wethers. The two doctrines which it preaches most universally are "equality of rights " and "pity for all sufferers "
and it even regards suffering itself as something which must be got rid of absolutely. That such ideas may be modern leads one to think very poorly Of modernity. He, however, who has re
flected deeply concerning the question, how and where the plant man has hitherto grown most
vigorously,
is forced to believe that this has
? ? ? dissembling powers
THE ORDER OF RANK.
363
always taken place under the opposite conditions; that to this end the danger of the situation has to increase enormously, his inventive faculty and
have to fight their way up under long oppression and compulsion, and his
will to life has to be increased to the uncon ditioned will to power, to over-power: he believes that danger, severity, violence, peril in the street and in the heart, inequality of rights, secrecy, stoicism, seductive art, and devilry of every kind-- in short, the opposite of all gregarious desiderata-- are necessary for the elevation of man. Such a morality with opposite designs, which would rear man upwards instead of to comfort and mediocrity ; , such a morality, with the intention of producing a ruling caste--the future lords of the earth--must,
in order to be taught at all, introduce itself as if it were in some way correlated to the prevailing moral law, and must come forward under the cover of the latter's words and forms. But seeing that, to this end, a host of transitionary and de ceptive measures must be discovered, and that the life of a single individual stands for almost nothing in view of the accomplishment of such lengthy tasks and aims, the first thing that must be done is to rear a new kind of man in whom the duration of the necessary will and the necessary instincts is guaranteed for many generations. This must be a new kind of ruling species and caste--this ought to be quite as clear as the somewhat lengthy and not easily expressed consequences of this thought. The aim should be to prepare a trans valuation of values for a particularly strong kind of
? ? ? ? 364
THE WILL TO POWER.
man, most highly gifted in intellect and will, and,
to this end, slowly and cautiously to liberate in rhim a whole host of slandered instincts hitherto held in check: whoever meditates about this
problem belongs to us, the free spirits--certainly not to that kind of " free spirit " which has existed hitherto: for these desired practically the reverse. To this order, it seems to me, belong, above all, the pessimists of Europe, the poets and thinkers of a revolted idealism, in so far as their discontent with existence in general must consistently at least have led them to be dissatisfied with the man of the present; the same applies to certain insati ably ambitious artists who courageously and un conditionally fight against the gregarious animal for the special rights of higher men, and subdue all herd-instincts and precautions of more ceptional minds by their seductive art. Thirdly and lastly, we should include in this group all those critics and historians by whom the dis covery of the Old World, which has begun so happily--this was the work of the new Columbus, of German intellect--will be courageously con tinued (for we still stand in the very first stages of this conquest). For in the Old World, as a matter of fact, a different and more lordly morality ruled than that of to-day ; and the man of antiquity, under the educational ban of his morality, was a stronger and deeper man than the man of to-day--up to the present he has been the only well-constituted man. The temptation, however, which from antiquity to the present day has always exercised its power on such lucky
? _ex
? ? ? _
From now henceforward there will be such favourable first conditions for greater ruling powers as have never yet been found on earth. And, this by no means the most important point. The establishment has been made possible of in ternational race unions which will set themselves the task of rearing ruling race, the future "lords of the earth "--a new, vast aristocracy based upon the most severe self-discipline, in which the will of philosophical men of power and artist-tyrants will
THE ORDER OF RANK.
365
strokes of Nature, i. e. on strong and enterprising souls, is, even at the present day, the most subtle and most effective of anti-democratic and anti Christian powers, just as was in the time of the Renaissance.
958.
am writing for race of men which does not yet exist: for " the lords of the earth. "
In Plato's heages the following passage will be found: "Every one of us would like possible to be master of mankind possible, a God. " This attitude of mind must be reinstated in our midst.
Englishmen, Americans, and Russians.
959
That primeval forest-plant " Man " always
? where the struggle for power has been waged longest. Great men.
appears
Primeval forest creatures, the Romans.
960.
? ? . . ~. "\ . c>> -. ~. . _----'-. --. ~ 3>>.
a
T
a
is
; if
it
if
I
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THE WILL To POWER.
be stamped upon thousands of years: a higher species of men which, thanks to their preponder ance of will, knowledge, riches, and influence, will avail themselves of democratic Europe as the most suitable and supple instrument they can
have for taking the fate of the earth into their own hands, and working as artists upon man him self. Enough! The time is coming for us to transform all our views on politics.
5. THE GREAT MAN.
961.
I will endeavour to see at which periods in history great men arise. The significance of despotic moralities that have lasted a long time: they strain the bow, provided they do not break it.
962.
A great man,--a man whom Nature has built up and invented in a grand style,--What. is such a' man? First, in his general course of action his consistency is so broad that owing to its very breadth it can be surveyed only with difficulty,
and consequently misleads; he possesses the capacity of extending his will over great stretches of his life, and 0f despising and rejecting all small things, whatever most beautiful and " divine" things of the world there may be among them. Second! , he is colder, harder, less cautious and more free from the fear of "public opinion " ; he does not
? ? ? ? THE ORDER OF RANK.
367
possess the virtues which are compatible with respectability and with being respected, nor any of those things which are counted among the " virtues of the herd. " If he unable to lead, he walks alone; he may then perchance grunt at many things which he meets on his way. Thirdly,
he asks for no "compassionate" heart, but servants, instruments; in his dealings with men his one aim to make something out of them. He knows that he cannot reveal himself to anybody: he
bad taste to become familiar; and as not familiar when people think he is.
thinks
rule he
When he
mask. He would rather lie than tell the truth, because lying requires more spirit and will. There
not talking to his soul, he wears
? a loneliness within his heart which neither praise nor blame can reach, because he his own judge from whom no appeal.
963
The great man necessarily sceptic do not mean to say by this that he must appear to be one), provided that greatness consists in this:
4v to will something great, together with the means thereto. Freedom from any kind of conviction factor in his strength of will. And thus
in keeping with that "enlightened form of des potism" which every great passion exercises. Such passion enlists intellect in its service; even has the courage for unholy means; creates without hesitation; allows itself con victions, even uses them, but never
submits
? ? a it
is
it it
is
it
a
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it
aa
it
is is
is (I
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is
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? 368 ~
to them. The need of faith and of anything un conditionally negative or affirmative is a proof of weakness ; all weakness is weakness of will. The man of faith, the believer, is necessarily an inferior
species
THE WILL T0 POWER.
of man. From this it follows that " all freedom of spirit," i. e. instinctive scepticism, is the prerequisite of greatness.
964.
The great man is conscious of his power over a people, and of the fact that he coincides temporarily with a people or with a century--this magnifying of his self-consciousness as causa and voluntas is
' misunderstood as " altruism ": he feels driven to means Of communication: all great men are in ventive in such means. They want to form great communities in their own image; they would fain give multiformity and disorder definite shape; it stimulates them to behold chaos.
The misunderstanding of love. There is a * slavish love which subordinates itself and gives itself away--which idealises and deceives itself; there
is a divine species of love which despises and loves at the same time, and which remodels and elevates the thing it loves.
The object is to attain that enormous energy of greatness which can model the man of the future by means of discipline and also by means of the
annihilation of millions of the bungled and botched, and which can yet avoid going to ruin at the sight of the suffering created thereby, the like of which has never been seen before.
? ? ? ? '
THE ORDER OF RANK.
965
The revolution, confusion, and distress of whole peoples in my opinion of less importance than the misfortunes which attend great individuals in their development. We must not allow ourselves to be deceived: the many misfortunes of all these small folk do not together constitute sum-total, except in the feelings of mighty men--To think of one's self in moments of great danger, and to draw , one's own advantage from the calamities of thou sands--in the case of the man who differs verylmuch from the cOmrnon ruck--may be sign of great character which able to master its feelings Of pity and justice.
966.
In contradistinction to the animal, man has developed such host of antagonistic instincts and
in himself, that he has become master of the earth by means of this synthesis.
---Moralities are only the expression of local and limited orders of rank in this multifarious world of instincts which prevent man from perishing through their antag onism. Thus masterful instinct so weakens and subtilises the instinct which opposes that becomes an impulse which provides the stimulus for the activity of the principal instinct.
The highest man would have the greatest multifariousness in his instincts, and he would possess these in the relatively strongest degree in which he able to' endure them. As matter Of
fact, wherever the plant, man, found VOL. 11. 2A
. _ impulses _-
e_
strong,
369
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mighty instincts are to be found opposing each other (cg. Shakespeare), but they are subdued.
957
Would one not be justified in reckoning all great men among the wicked? This is not so easy to demonstrate in the case of individuals. They are so frequently capable Of masterly dis simulation that they very often assume the airs and forms of great virtues. Often, too, they seriously reverence virtues, and in such a way as to be passionately hard towards themselves; but as the result of cruelty. Seen from a distance such things are liable to deceive. Many, on the other hand, misunderstand themselves; not infrequently, too, a great mission will call forth great qualities, e. g.
justice. The essential fact'is: the greatest men may also perhaps have great virtues, but then they also have the opposites of these virtues. I believe that it is precisely out Of the presence of these opposites and of the feelings they suscitate, that the great man arises,-. --for the great man is the broad arch which spans two banks lying far apart.
968.
370
? _
In great men we find the specific qualities ot life in their highest manifestation: injustice, false hood, exploitation. ' But inasmuch as their effect has always been overwhelming, their essential nature has been most thoroughly misunderstood,
? ? ? THE ORDER OF RANK.
and interpreted as goodness. The type of such an interpreter would be Carlyle. "
969.
Generally speaking, everything is worth no more and no less than one has paid for it. This 0! course does not hold good in the case of an isolated individual: the great capacities of the individual have no relation whatsoever to that which he has done, sacrificed, and suffered for them. But if one should examine the previous history of his race one would be sure to find the record of an
extraordinary storing up and capitalising of power by means of all kinds of abstinence, struggle, in dustry, and determination. It is because the great man has cost so much, and not because he stands there as a miracle, as a gift from heaven, or as an accident, that he became great: "Heredity" is a false notion. A man's ancestors have always paid the price of what he is.
970.
The danger of modesty. ---To adapt ourselves too early to duties, societies, and daily schemes of work in which accident may have placed us, at a time when neither our powers nor our aim in life has stepped peremptorily into our consciousness;
* This not only refers to Heroes and Hero-Worship, but doubtless to Carlyle's prodigious misunderstanding of Goethe --a misunderstanding which still requires to be put right by a critic untainted by PuritanisIIL--TR.
371
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the premature certainty of conscience and feeling of relief and *Of sociability which is acquired by this precocious, modest attitude, and which appears to our minds as a deliverance from those inner and outer disturbances Of our feelings--all this pampers and keeps a man down in the most dangerous fashion imaginable. To learn to respect things which people about us respect, as if we had no standard or right of our own to determine values; the strain of appraising things as others appraise them,'counter to the whisperings of our inner taste, which also has a conscience of its own, becomes a terribly subtle kind of constraint: and if in the end no explosion takes place which bursts all the bonds of love and morality at once, then such a spirit becomes withered, dwarfed, feminine, and objective. The reverse of this is bad enough, but still it is better than the foregoing: to suffer from one's environment, from its praise just as much as from its blame; to be wounded by it and to fester inwardly without betraying the fact; to defend one's self involuntarily and suspiciously against its love ; to learn to be silent, and perchance to conceal this by talking; to create nooks and safe, lonely hiding-places Where one can go and take breath for a moment, or shed tears of sublime comfort--
until at last one has grown strong enough to say: "What on earth have I to do with you? " and to
372
? go one's way alone.
'
971.
Those men who are in themselves destinies, and whose advent is the advent of fate, the whole race of
? ? ? THE ORDER OF RANK.
heroic bearers of burdens: oh how heartin and gladly would they have respite from themselves for once in while l--how they crave after stout hearts
- and shoulders, that they might free themselves,were but for an hour or two, from that which oppresses
them! And how fruitlessly they crave! . . They wait; they observe all that passes before their eyes: no man even cometh nigh to them with thousandth part of their suffering and passion no man guesseth to what end they have waited. .
At last, at last, they learn the first lesson of their life: to wait no longer; and forthwith they learn their second lesson: to be affable, to be modest; and from that time onwards to endure everybody and every kind of thing--in short, to endure still
little more than they had endured theretofore.
THE HIGHEST MAN as LAWGIVER OF THE FUTURE.
972.
The lawgivers of the future--After having tried for a long time in vain to attach particular meaning to the word " philosopher,"---for found many antagonistic traits,--I recognised that we can distinguish between two kinds of philosophers :--
(1) Those who desire to establish any large system of values (logical or moral);
(2) Those who are the lawgivers Of such valua tions.
The former try to seize upon the world of the present or the past, by embodying or abbreviating
373
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a 6.
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a
; . . . a
!
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the multifarious phenomena by means of signs: their object is to make it possible for us to survey, to reflect upon, to comprehend, and to utilise everything that has happened hitherto--they serve the purpose of man by using all past things to the benefit Of his future.
The second class, however, are commanders ; they say: " Thus shall it be I " They alone determine the " whither " and the " wherefore," and that which will be useful and beneficial to man; they have command over the previous work of scientific men, and all knowledge is to them only a means to their creations. This second kind of philosopher
seldom appears; and as a matter Of fact their situation and their danger is appalling. How often have they not intentionally blindfolded their eyes in order to shut out the sight of the small strip Of ground which separates them from the abyss and from utter destruction. _Plato, for instance, when he persuaded himself that " the good," as he wanted
was not Plato's good, but " the good in itself," the eternal treasure which certain man of the name of Plato had chanced to find on his way! This same will to blindness prevails in much coarser form in the case of the founders religion their "Thou shalt " must on no account sound to
their ears like "I will,"--they only dare to pursue their task as under the command of God; their legislation of values can only be burden they can bear they regard as "revelation," in this way their conscience not crushed by the responsi bility.
As soon as those two comforting expedients--
? ? ? is
it
if
a
if
of
a
;
a
it,
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375
that of Plato and that of Muhammed--have been overthrown, and no thinker can any longer relieve his conscience with the hypothesis " God " or " eternal values," the claim of the lawgiver to de termine new values rises to an awfulness which has not yet been experienced. Now those elect, on whom the faint light of such a duty is beginning to dawn, try and see whether they cannot escape it--as their greatest danger--by means of a timely side-spring: for instance,they try to persuade themselves that their taskis already accomplished, or that it defies accomplishment, or that their shoulders are not broad enough for such burdens, or that they are already taken up with burdens closer to hand, or even that this new and remote
is a temptation and a seduction, drawing them away from all other duties ; a disease, a kind of madness. Many, as a matter of fact, do succeed in evading the path appointed to them: throughout the whole of history we can see the traces of such de serters and their guilty consciences. In most cases, however, there comes to such men of destiny that hour of delivery, that autumnal season of maturity, in which they are forced to do that which they did not even " wish to do ": and that deed before which in the past they have trembled most, falls easily and unsought from the tree, as an involun tary deed, almost as a present.
973'
The human horizon--Philosophers may be con ceived as men who make the greatest efforts to
? duty
? ? ? 376
THE WILL TO POWER.
discover to what extent man can elevate himself-- this holds good more particularly of Plato: how far man's power can extend. But they do this as individuals; perhaps the instinct of Caesars and of all founders of states, etc. , was greater, for it pre occupied itself with the question how far man could be urged forward in development under " favourable circumstances. " 'What they did not sufficiently understand, however, was the nature of favourable circumstances. The great question : "Where has the plant ' man ' grown most magnificently heretofore? " In order to answer this, a comparative study of history is necessary.
974
Every fact and every work exercises a fresh persuasion over every age and every new species of man. History always enunciates new truths.
975
To remain objective, severe, firm, and hard while making a thought prevail is perhaps the best forte of artists ; but if for this purpose any one have to work upon human material (as teachers, states men, have to do, etc. ), then the repose, the coldness, and the hardness soon vanish. natures like Caesar and Napoleon we are able to divine something of the nature of " disinterestedness " in their work on their marble, whatever be the number of men that are sacrificed in the process. In this direction the future of higher men lies: to bear the greatest re sponsibilities and not to go to rack and ruin
? ? ? Iln
? (3)
(4)
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through them--Hitherto the deceptions of inspira tion have almost always been necessary for a man not to lose faith in his own hand, and in his right to his task.
976
The reason why philosophers are mostly failures. Because among the conditions which determine them there are qualities which generally ruin other men :--
(I) A philosopher must have an enormous multiplicity of qualities ; he must be a sort of ab breviation of man and have all man's high and base desires: the danger of the contrast within him, and of the possibility of his loathing him
self;
He must be inquisitive in an extraordinary number of ways: the danger of versatility;
He must be just and honest in the highest sense, but profound both in love and hate (and in injustice) ;
He must not only be a spectator but a law giver: a judge and defendant (in so far as he is an abbreviation of the world);
? (2)
He must be extremely multiform and yet firm and hard. He must be supple.
977
The really regal calling Of the philOsopher (according to the expression of Alcuin the Anglo Saxon): "Prava corrigere, et recta corroborare, et sancta sublimare. "
(5)
'
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THE WILL To POWER.
978
The new philosopher can only arise in conjunc tion with a ruling class, as the highest spiritualisa tion of the latter. Great politics, the rule of the earth, as a proximate contingency ; the total lack of
principles necessary thereto.
979
Fundamental concept : the new values must first be created --this remains our duty! The philoso
pher must be our lawgiver. New species.
the greatest species hitherto [for instance, the
(How
? were reared: this kind of accident must now be consciously striven for. )
980.
Supposing one thinks of the philosopher as an educator who, looking down from his lonely eleva tion, is powerful enough to draw long chains of generations up to him: then he must be granted the most terrible privileges of a great educator. An educator never says what he himself thinks;
but only that which he thinks it is good for those whom he is educating to hear upon any subject. This dissimulation on his part must not be found out; it is part of his masterliness that people should believe in his honesty, he must be capable of all
the means of discipline and education: there are
some natures which he will only be able to raise ~by means of lashing them with his scorn; others who are lazy, irresolute, cowardly, and vain, he will
Greeks]
? ? ? THE ORDER OF RANK.
379
be able to affect only with exaggerated praise. Such a teacher stands beyond good and evil, but nobody must know that he does.
981.
We must not make men " better," we must not talk to them about morality in any form as if "morality in itself," or an ideal kind of man in general, could be taken for granted; but we must create circumstances in which stronger men are
such as for their part will require a morality (or, better still: a bodily and spiritual
necessary,
? which makes men strong, and upon which they will consequently insist! As they will need one so badly, they will have it.
We must not let ourselves be seduced by blue eyes and heaving breasts: greatness of soul has
absolutely nothing romantic about it. And unfortu nately nothing whatever amiable either.
982.
From warriors we must learn: (I) to associate death with those interests for which we are fighting --that makes us venerable; (2) we must learn to sacrifice numbers, and to take our cause sufl'iciently seriously not to spare men; (3) we must practise inexorable discipline, and allow ourselves violence and cunning in war.
983.
The education which rears those ruling virtues that allow a man to become master of his benevo
discipline)
? ? ? 380
THE WILL TO POWER.
lence and his pity: the great disciplinary virtues (" Forgive thine enemies " is mere child's play beside them), and the passions of the creator, must be ele vated to the heights--we must cease from carving marble! The exceptional and powerful position of those creatures (compared with that of all princes hitherto): the Roman Caesar with Christ's souL
984.
We must not separate greatness of soul from intellectual greatness. For the former involves independence; but without intellectual greatness independence should not be allowed; all it does is to create disasters even in its lust of well-doing and of practising "justice. " Inferior spirits must obey, consequently they cannot be possessed of greatness.
985.
The more lofty philosophical man who is sur rounded by loneliness, not because he wishes to be alone, but because he is what he and cannot find his equal: what number of dangers and torments are reserved for him, precisely at the present time, when we have lost our belief in the order of rank,
and consequently no longer know how to under stand or honour this isolation! Formerly the sage almost sanctified himself in the consciences of the mob by going aside in this way tO-day the anchor-- ite sees himself as though enveloped in cloud of gloomydoubt and suspicions. And not alone by the
? ? ? a
;
a
is,
? THE ORDER OF RANK.
381
envious and the wretched : in every well-meant act that he experiences he is bound to discover mis understanding, neglect, and superficiality. He knows the crafty tricks of foolish pity which makes these people feel so good and holy when they attempt to save him from his own destiny, by giving him more comfortable situations and more decent and reliable society. Yes, he will even get to admire the unconscious lust of destruction with which all mediocre spirits stand up and oppose him, believing all the while that they have a holy right to do so! For men of such incomprehensible loneliness it is necessary to put a good stretch of
country between them and the ofiiciousness of their _ fellows: this is part of their prudence. For such a man to maintain himself uppermost to-day amid
the dangerous maelstroms of the age which threaten to draw him under, even cunning and disguise will be necessary. Every attempt he makes to order his life in the present and with the present, every time he draws near to these men and their modern desires, he will have to expiate as if it were an actual sin: and withal he may look with wonder
at the concealed wisdom of his nature, which after every one of these attempts immediately leads him back to himself by means of illnesses and painful
? accidents.
7
986.
" Maledetto colui " che contrista un spirto immortal!
MANZONI (Conte di Carmagnola, Act II. )
? ? ? 382
THE WILL TO POWER.
987
The most difficult and the highest form which man can attain is the most seldom successful: thus the history of philosophy reveals a super abundance of bungled and unhappy cases of man hood, and its march is an extremely slow one; whole centuries intervene and suppress what has
been achieved: and in this way the connecting link is always made to fail. It is an appalling history, this history of the highest men, of the sages--What is most Often damaged is precisely
the recollection Of great men, for the semi-successful and botched cases of mankind misunderstand them and overcome them by their " successes. " Whenever an " effect " is noticeable, the masses gather in a crowd round it; to hear the inferior
and the poor in spirit having their say is a terrible ear-splitting torment for him who knows and trembles at the thought, that the fate of man depends upon the success Of its highest types. -- From the days of my childhood I have reflected upon the sage's conditions of existence, and I will
not conceal my happy conviction that in Europe he has once more become possible--perhaps only for a short time.
988.
These new philosophers begin with a description of a systematic order of rank and difference Of value among men,---what they desire alas precisely the reverse of an assimilation and equalisation of man: they teach estrangement
? ? ? is,
? probably
THE ORDER' OF RANK.
383
in every sense, they cleave gulfs such as have never yet existed, and they would fain have man become more evil than he ever was. For the present they live concealed and estranged even from each other. For many reasons they will find it necessary to be anchorites and to wear masks-- they will therefore be of little use in the matter of seeking for their equals. They will live alone, and
know the torments of all the loneliest forms of loneliness.
-We love that which is naif, and naif people, but as spectators and higher creatures; we think Faust is just as simple as his Margaret.
---We have a low estimation of good people, because they are gregarious animals: we know how often an invaluable golden drop of goodness lies concealed beneath the most evil, the most malicious, and the hardest exterior, and that this single grain outweighs all the mere goody-goodi ness of milk-and-watery souls.
? ? ? THE ORDER OF RANK.
357
---We don't regard a man of our kind as refuted by his vices, nor by his tomfooleries. We are well aware that we are not recognised with ease, and that we have every reason to make our foreground very prominent.
944
What is noble ? --The fact that one is constantly forced to be playing a part. That one is constantly searching for situations in which one is forced to put on airs. That one leaves happiness to the
greatest number: the happiness which consists of inner peacefulness, of virtue, of comfort, and of
I
? la Spencer. That one instinctively seeks for heavy responsi
Anglo-angelic-back-parlour-smugness,d
bilities. That one knows how to create enemies everywhere, at a pinch even in one's self. That one contradicts the greatest number, not in words at all, but by continually behaving diflerently from them.
945
Virtue (for instance, truthfulness) is our most noble and most dangerous luxury. We must not decline the disadvantages which it brings in its
train.
946
We refuse to be praised : we do what serves our purpose, what gives us pleasure, or what we are obliged to do.
947 -
What is chastity in a man? It means that his taste in sex has remained noble; that in eroticis
? ? ? THE WILL TO POWER
he likes neither the brutal, the morbid, nor the clever.
948
The concept of honour is founded upon the belief in select society, in knightly excellences, in the Obligation of having continually to play a part. In essentials it means that one does not take one's life too seriously, that one adheres unconditionally to the most dignified manners in one's dealings with everybody (at least in so far as they do not belong to " us "); that one is neither familiar, nor
good-natured, nor hearty, nor modest, except inter pares; that one is always playing a part.
949
The fact that one sets one's life, one's health, and one's honour at stake, is the result of high spirits and of an overflowing and spendthrift will : it is not the result of philanthropy, but of the fact that every danger kindles our curiosity concern ing the measure Of our strength, and provokes our courage.
950.
" Eagles swoop down straight "--nobility of soul is best revealed by the magnificent and proud foolishness with which it makes its attacks.
95! .
War should be made against all namby-pamby ideas of nobility ! ---A certain modicum of brutality
358
'
? ? ? ? THE ORDER OF RANK.
359
cannot be dispensed with: no more than we can do without a 'certain approximation to criminality. "Self-satisfaction" must not be allowed; a man should look upon himself with an adventurous spirit; he should experiment with himself and run risks with himself--no beautiful soul-quackery should be tolerated. I want to give a more robust
ideal a chance of prevailing.
952
" Paradise is under the shadow of a swordsman " _--this is also a symbol and a test-word by which souls with noble and warrior-like origin betray and discover themselves.
953
The two paths. ---There comes a period when man has a surplus amount of power at his dis \
posal. Science aims at establishing the slavery/of nature.
Then man acquires the leisure in which to develop himself into something new and more lofty. A new aristocracy. It is then that a large number of virtues which are now conditions existence are superseded--Qualities which are no longer needed are on that account lost. We no longer need virtues: consequently we are losing them (likewise the morality of " one thing is needful," of the salvation of the soul, and of im mortality: these were means wherewith to make man capable of enormous self-tyranny, through the emotion of great fear! !
The different kinds of needs by means of whose
? '
of
? ? l).
? 360
THE WILL TO POWER.
discipline man is formed: need teaches work, thought, and self-control.
*
Physiological purification and strengthening. The new aristocracy is in need of an opposing body which it may combat: it must be driven to ex tremities in order to maintain itself.
The two futures of mankind: (I) the conse
quence of a levelling-down to mediocrity; conscious aloofness and self-development.
A doctrine which would cleave a gulf: it main
tains the highest and the lowest species destroys
the intermediate).
The aristocracies, both spiritual and temporal,
which have existed hitherto prove nothing against the necessity of new aristocracy.
4. THE LORDs OF THE EARTH.
954
A certain question constantly recurs to us; perhaps seductive and evil question; may be whispered into the ears of those who have right to such doubtful problems--those strong souls of to-day whose dominion over themselves un swerving: not high time, now that the type " gregarious animal " developing ever more and more in Europe, to set about rearing, thoroughly, artificially, and consciously, an opposite type, and to attempt to establish the latter's virtues And would not the democratic movement itself find for
(2)
? ? ? ?
a
is
is it
is
is
a
it it
a
(it
? THE ORDER OF RANK.
the first time a sort of goal, salvation, and justifi cation, if some one appeared who availed himself of it--so that at last, beside its new and sublime product, slavery (for this must be the end of European demOcracy), that higher species of ruling and Casarian spirits might also be produced, which would stand upon hold to and would
elevate themselves through it? This new race would climb aloft to new and hitherto impossible things, to broader vision, and to its task on earth.
955
The aspect of the European of to-day makes me very hopeful. A daring and ruling race here building itself up upon the foundation of an extremely intelligent, gregarious mass. It obvious that the educational movements for the latter are not alone prominent nowadays.
956
The same conditions which go to develop the
animal also force the development of the leaders.
957
The question, and at the same time the task, approaching with hesitation, terrible as Fate, but nevertheless inevitable: how shall the earth as whole be ruled? And to what end shall man as
whole--no longer as a people or as race--be reared and trained
Legislative moralities are the principal means
gregarious
36!
? ? ? ?
a
a
it,
a is
is is
a
it,
? 362
THE WILL To POWER.
by which one can form mankind, according to the fancy ot a creative and profound will: provided, of course, that such an artistic will of the first order gets the power into its own hands, and can make its creative will/prevail over long periods in the form of legislation, religions, and morals. At present, and probably for some time to come, one
will seek such colossally creative men, such really great men, as I understand them, in vain: they will be lacking, until, after many disappointments, we are forced to begin to understand why it is
they are lacking, and that nothing bars with greater hostility their rise and development, at present and for some time to come, than that which is now called the morality in Europe.
? Just as if there were no other kind of morality, and
could be no other kind, than the one we have already characterised as herd-morality. It is this morality which is now striving with all its power to attain to that green-meadow happiness on earth, which consists in security, absence of danger, ease, facilities for livelihood, and, last but not least, "if
all goes well," even hopes to dispense with all kinds of shepherds and bell-wethers. The two doctrines which it preaches most universally are "equality of rights " and "pity for all sufferers "
and it even regards suffering itself as something which must be got rid of absolutely. That such ideas may be modern leads one to think very poorly Of modernity. He, however, who has re
flected deeply concerning the question, how and where the plant man has hitherto grown most
vigorously,
is forced to believe that this has
? ? ? dissembling powers
THE ORDER OF RANK.
363
always taken place under the opposite conditions; that to this end the danger of the situation has to increase enormously, his inventive faculty and
have to fight their way up under long oppression and compulsion, and his
will to life has to be increased to the uncon ditioned will to power, to over-power: he believes that danger, severity, violence, peril in the street and in the heart, inequality of rights, secrecy, stoicism, seductive art, and devilry of every kind-- in short, the opposite of all gregarious desiderata-- are necessary for the elevation of man. Such a morality with opposite designs, which would rear man upwards instead of to comfort and mediocrity ; , such a morality, with the intention of producing a ruling caste--the future lords of the earth--must,
in order to be taught at all, introduce itself as if it were in some way correlated to the prevailing moral law, and must come forward under the cover of the latter's words and forms. But seeing that, to this end, a host of transitionary and de ceptive measures must be discovered, and that the life of a single individual stands for almost nothing in view of the accomplishment of such lengthy tasks and aims, the first thing that must be done is to rear a new kind of man in whom the duration of the necessary will and the necessary instincts is guaranteed for many generations. This must be a new kind of ruling species and caste--this ought to be quite as clear as the somewhat lengthy and not easily expressed consequences of this thought. The aim should be to prepare a trans valuation of values for a particularly strong kind of
? ? ? ? 364
THE WILL TO POWER.
man, most highly gifted in intellect and will, and,
to this end, slowly and cautiously to liberate in rhim a whole host of slandered instincts hitherto held in check: whoever meditates about this
problem belongs to us, the free spirits--certainly not to that kind of " free spirit " which has existed hitherto: for these desired practically the reverse. To this order, it seems to me, belong, above all, the pessimists of Europe, the poets and thinkers of a revolted idealism, in so far as their discontent with existence in general must consistently at least have led them to be dissatisfied with the man of the present; the same applies to certain insati ably ambitious artists who courageously and un conditionally fight against the gregarious animal for the special rights of higher men, and subdue all herd-instincts and precautions of more ceptional minds by their seductive art. Thirdly and lastly, we should include in this group all those critics and historians by whom the dis covery of the Old World, which has begun so happily--this was the work of the new Columbus, of German intellect--will be courageously con tinued (for we still stand in the very first stages of this conquest). For in the Old World, as a matter of fact, a different and more lordly morality ruled than that of to-day ; and the man of antiquity, under the educational ban of his morality, was a stronger and deeper man than the man of to-day--up to the present he has been the only well-constituted man. The temptation, however, which from antiquity to the present day has always exercised its power on such lucky
? _ex
? ? ? _
From now henceforward there will be such favourable first conditions for greater ruling powers as have never yet been found on earth. And, this by no means the most important point. The establishment has been made possible of in ternational race unions which will set themselves the task of rearing ruling race, the future "lords of the earth "--a new, vast aristocracy based upon the most severe self-discipline, in which the will of philosophical men of power and artist-tyrants will
THE ORDER OF RANK.
365
strokes of Nature, i. e. on strong and enterprising souls, is, even at the present day, the most subtle and most effective of anti-democratic and anti Christian powers, just as was in the time of the Renaissance.
958.
am writing for race of men which does not yet exist: for " the lords of the earth. "
In Plato's heages the following passage will be found: "Every one of us would like possible to be master of mankind possible, a God. " This attitude of mind must be reinstated in our midst.
Englishmen, Americans, and Russians.
959
That primeval forest-plant " Man " always
? where the struggle for power has been waged longest. Great men.
appears
Primeval forest creatures, the Romans.
960.
? ? . . ~. "\ . c>> -. ~. . _----'-. --. ~ 3>>.
a
T
a
is
; if
it
if
I
? 366
THE WILL To POWER.
be stamped upon thousands of years: a higher species of men which, thanks to their preponder ance of will, knowledge, riches, and influence, will avail themselves of democratic Europe as the most suitable and supple instrument they can
have for taking the fate of the earth into their own hands, and working as artists upon man him self. Enough! The time is coming for us to transform all our views on politics.
5. THE GREAT MAN.
961.
I will endeavour to see at which periods in history great men arise. The significance of despotic moralities that have lasted a long time: they strain the bow, provided they do not break it.
962.
A great man,--a man whom Nature has built up and invented in a grand style,--What. is such a' man? First, in his general course of action his consistency is so broad that owing to its very breadth it can be surveyed only with difficulty,
and consequently misleads; he possesses the capacity of extending his will over great stretches of his life, and 0f despising and rejecting all small things, whatever most beautiful and " divine" things of the world there may be among them. Second! , he is colder, harder, less cautious and more free from the fear of "public opinion " ; he does not
? ? ? ? THE ORDER OF RANK.
367
possess the virtues which are compatible with respectability and with being respected, nor any of those things which are counted among the " virtues of the herd. " If he unable to lead, he walks alone; he may then perchance grunt at many things which he meets on his way. Thirdly,
he asks for no "compassionate" heart, but servants, instruments; in his dealings with men his one aim to make something out of them. He knows that he cannot reveal himself to anybody: he
bad taste to become familiar; and as not familiar when people think he is.
thinks
rule he
When he
mask. He would rather lie than tell the truth, because lying requires more spirit and will. There
not talking to his soul, he wears
? a loneliness within his heart which neither praise nor blame can reach, because he his own judge from whom no appeal.
963
The great man necessarily sceptic do not mean to say by this that he must appear to be one), provided that greatness consists in this:
4v to will something great, together with the means thereto. Freedom from any kind of conviction factor in his strength of will. And thus
in keeping with that "enlightened form of des potism" which every great passion exercises. Such passion enlists intellect in its service; even has the courage for unholy means; creates without hesitation; allows itself con victions, even uses them, but never
submits
? ? a it
is
it it
is
it
a
is
it
aa
it
is is
is (I
__. /-,_ Lu. . .
is
is
a
is it is
? 368 ~
to them. The need of faith and of anything un conditionally negative or affirmative is a proof of weakness ; all weakness is weakness of will. The man of faith, the believer, is necessarily an inferior
species
THE WILL T0 POWER.
of man. From this it follows that " all freedom of spirit," i. e. instinctive scepticism, is the prerequisite of greatness.
964.
The great man is conscious of his power over a people, and of the fact that he coincides temporarily with a people or with a century--this magnifying of his self-consciousness as causa and voluntas is
' misunderstood as " altruism ": he feels driven to means Of communication: all great men are in ventive in such means. They want to form great communities in their own image; they would fain give multiformity and disorder definite shape; it stimulates them to behold chaos.
The misunderstanding of love. There is a * slavish love which subordinates itself and gives itself away--which idealises and deceives itself; there
is a divine species of love which despises and loves at the same time, and which remodels and elevates the thing it loves.
The object is to attain that enormous energy of greatness which can model the man of the future by means of discipline and also by means of the
annihilation of millions of the bungled and botched, and which can yet avoid going to ruin at the sight of the suffering created thereby, the like of which has never been seen before.
? ? ? ? '
THE ORDER OF RANK.
965
The revolution, confusion, and distress of whole peoples in my opinion of less importance than the misfortunes which attend great individuals in their development. We must not allow ourselves to be deceived: the many misfortunes of all these small folk do not together constitute sum-total, except in the feelings of mighty men--To think of one's self in moments of great danger, and to draw , one's own advantage from the calamities of thou sands--in the case of the man who differs verylmuch from the cOmrnon ruck--may be sign of great character which able to master its feelings Of pity and justice.
966.
In contradistinction to the animal, man has developed such host of antagonistic instincts and
in himself, that he has become master of the earth by means of this synthesis.
---Moralities are only the expression of local and limited orders of rank in this multifarious world of instincts which prevent man from perishing through their antag onism. Thus masterful instinct so weakens and subtilises the instinct which opposes that becomes an impulse which provides the stimulus for the activity of the principal instinct.
The highest man would have the greatest multifariousness in his instincts, and he would possess these in the relatively strongest degree in which he able to' endure them. As matter Of
fact, wherever the plant, man, found VOL. 11. 2A
. _ impulses _-
e_
strong,
369
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a
a
is
is
it it
a
a
a
is
. __. _?
a
\
? THE WILL TO- POWER.
mighty instincts are to be found opposing each other (cg. Shakespeare), but they are subdued.
957
Would one not be justified in reckoning all great men among the wicked? This is not so easy to demonstrate in the case of individuals. They are so frequently capable Of masterly dis simulation that they very often assume the airs and forms of great virtues. Often, too, they seriously reverence virtues, and in such a way as to be passionately hard towards themselves; but as the result of cruelty. Seen from a distance such things are liable to deceive. Many, on the other hand, misunderstand themselves; not infrequently, too, a great mission will call forth great qualities, e. g.
justice. The essential fact'is: the greatest men may also perhaps have great virtues, but then they also have the opposites of these virtues. I believe that it is precisely out Of the presence of these opposites and of the feelings they suscitate, that the great man arises,-. --for the great man is the broad arch which spans two banks lying far apart.
968.
370
? _
In great men we find the specific qualities ot life in their highest manifestation: injustice, false hood, exploitation. ' But inasmuch as their effect has always been overwhelming, their essential nature has been most thoroughly misunderstood,
? ? ? THE ORDER OF RANK.
and interpreted as goodness. The type of such an interpreter would be Carlyle. "
969.
Generally speaking, everything is worth no more and no less than one has paid for it. This 0! course does not hold good in the case of an isolated individual: the great capacities of the individual have no relation whatsoever to that which he has done, sacrificed, and suffered for them. But if one should examine the previous history of his race one would be sure to find the record of an
extraordinary storing up and capitalising of power by means of all kinds of abstinence, struggle, in dustry, and determination. It is because the great man has cost so much, and not because he stands there as a miracle, as a gift from heaven, or as an accident, that he became great: "Heredity" is a false notion. A man's ancestors have always paid the price of what he is.
970.
The danger of modesty. ---To adapt ourselves too early to duties, societies, and daily schemes of work in which accident may have placed us, at a time when neither our powers nor our aim in life has stepped peremptorily into our consciousness;
* This not only refers to Heroes and Hero-Worship, but doubtless to Carlyle's prodigious misunderstanding of Goethe --a misunderstanding which still requires to be put right by a critic untainted by PuritanisIIL--TR.
371
? ? ? ? THE WILL TO POWER.
the premature certainty of conscience and feeling of relief and *Of sociability which is acquired by this precocious, modest attitude, and which appears to our minds as a deliverance from those inner and outer disturbances Of our feelings--all this pampers and keeps a man down in the most dangerous fashion imaginable. To learn to respect things which people about us respect, as if we had no standard or right of our own to determine values; the strain of appraising things as others appraise them,'counter to the whisperings of our inner taste, which also has a conscience of its own, becomes a terribly subtle kind of constraint: and if in the end no explosion takes place which bursts all the bonds of love and morality at once, then such a spirit becomes withered, dwarfed, feminine, and objective. The reverse of this is bad enough, but still it is better than the foregoing: to suffer from one's environment, from its praise just as much as from its blame; to be wounded by it and to fester inwardly without betraying the fact; to defend one's self involuntarily and suspiciously against its love ; to learn to be silent, and perchance to conceal this by talking; to create nooks and safe, lonely hiding-places Where one can go and take breath for a moment, or shed tears of sublime comfort--
until at last one has grown strong enough to say: "What on earth have I to do with you? " and to
372
? go one's way alone.
'
971.
Those men who are in themselves destinies, and whose advent is the advent of fate, the whole race of
? ? ? THE ORDER OF RANK.
heroic bearers of burdens: oh how heartin and gladly would they have respite from themselves for once in while l--how they crave after stout hearts
- and shoulders, that they might free themselves,were but for an hour or two, from that which oppresses
them! And how fruitlessly they crave! . . They wait; they observe all that passes before their eyes: no man even cometh nigh to them with thousandth part of their suffering and passion no man guesseth to what end they have waited. .
At last, at last, they learn the first lesson of their life: to wait no longer; and forthwith they learn their second lesson: to be affable, to be modest; and from that time onwards to endure everybody and every kind of thing--in short, to endure still
little more than they had endured theretofore.
THE HIGHEST MAN as LAWGIVER OF THE FUTURE.
972.
The lawgivers of the future--After having tried for a long time in vain to attach particular meaning to the word " philosopher,"---for found many antagonistic traits,--I recognised that we can distinguish between two kinds of philosophers :--
(1) Those who desire to establish any large system of values (logical or moral);
(2) Those who are the lawgivers Of such valua tions.
The former try to seize upon the world of the present or the past, by embodying or abbreviating
373
? ? ? '. . _. . 4
a I
a 6.
it
a
; . . . a
!
? 374
THE WILL TO POWER.
the multifarious phenomena by means of signs: their object is to make it possible for us to survey, to reflect upon, to comprehend, and to utilise everything that has happened hitherto--they serve the purpose of man by using all past things to the benefit Of his future.
The second class, however, are commanders ; they say: " Thus shall it be I " They alone determine the " whither " and the " wherefore," and that which will be useful and beneficial to man; they have command over the previous work of scientific men, and all knowledge is to them only a means to their creations. This second kind of philosopher
seldom appears; and as a matter Of fact their situation and their danger is appalling. How often have they not intentionally blindfolded their eyes in order to shut out the sight of the small strip Of ground which separates them from the abyss and from utter destruction. _Plato, for instance, when he persuaded himself that " the good," as he wanted
was not Plato's good, but " the good in itself," the eternal treasure which certain man of the name of Plato had chanced to find on his way! This same will to blindness prevails in much coarser form in the case of the founders religion their "Thou shalt " must on no account sound to
their ears like "I will,"--they only dare to pursue their task as under the command of God; their legislation of values can only be burden they can bear they regard as "revelation," in this way their conscience not crushed by the responsi bility.
As soon as those two comforting expedients--
? ? ? is
it
if
a
if
of
a
;
a
it,
? THE ORDER OE RANK.
375
that of Plato and that of Muhammed--have been overthrown, and no thinker can any longer relieve his conscience with the hypothesis " God " or " eternal values," the claim of the lawgiver to de termine new values rises to an awfulness which has not yet been experienced. Now those elect, on whom the faint light of such a duty is beginning to dawn, try and see whether they cannot escape it--as their greatest danger--by means of a timely side-spring: for instance,they try to persuade themselves that their taskis already accomplished, or that it defies accomplishment, or that their shoulders are not broad enough for such burdens, or that they are already taken up with burdens closer to hand, or even that this new and remote
is a temptation and a seduction, drawing them away from all other duties ; a disease, a kind of madness. Many, as a matter of fact, do succeed in evading the path appointed to them: throughout the whole of history we can see the traces of such de serters and their guilty consciences. In most cases, however, there comes to such men of destiny that hour of delivery, that autumnal season of maturity, in which they are forced to do that which they did not even " wish to do ": and that deed before which in the past they have trembled most, falls easily and unsought from the tree, as an involun tary deed, almost as a present.
973'
The human horizon--Philosophers may be con ceived as men who make the greatest efforts to
? duty
? ? ? 376
THE WILL TO POWER.
discover to what extent man can elevate himself-- this holds good more particularly of Plato: how far man's power can extend. But they do this as individuals; perhaps the instinct of Caesars and of all founders of states, etc. , was greater, for it pre occupied itself with the question how far man could be urged forward in development under " favourable circumstances. " 'What they did not sufficiently understand, however, was the nature of favourable circumstances. The great question : "Where has the plant ' man ' grown most magnificently heretofore? " In order to answer this, a comparative study of history is necessary.
974
Every fact and every work exercises a fresh persuasion over every age and every new species of man. History always enunciates new truths.
975
To remain objective, severe, firm, and hard while making a thought prevail is perhaps the best forte of artists ; but if for this purpose any one have to work upon human material (as teachers, states men, have to do, etc. ), then the repose, the coldness, and the hardness soon vanish. natures like Caesar and Napoleon we are able to divine something of the nature of " disinterestedness " in their work on their marble, whatever be the number of men that are sacrificed in the process. In this direction the future of higher men lies: to bear the greatest re sponsibilities and not to go to rack and ruin
? ? ? Iln
? (3)
(4)
THE ORDER OF RANK.
377
through them--Hitherto the deceptions of inspira tion have almost always been necessary for a man not to lose faith in his own hand, and in his right to his task.
976
The reason why philosophers are mostly failures. Because among the conditions which determine them there are qualities which generally ruin other men :--
(I) A philosopher must have an enormous multiplicity of qualities ; he must be a sort of ab breviation of man and have all man's high and base desires: the danger of the contrast within him, and of the possibility of his loathing him
self;
He must be inquisitive in an extraordinary number of ways: the danger of versatility;
He must be just and honest in the highest sense, but profound both in love and hate (and in injustice) ;
He must not only be a spectator but a law giver: a judge and defendant (in so far as he is an abbreviation of the world);
? (2)
He must be extremely multiform and yet firm and hard. He must be supple.
977
The really regal calling Of the philOsopher (according to the expression of Alcuin the Anglo Saxon): "Prava corrigere, et recta corroborare, et sancta sublimare. "
(5)
'
? ? ? 378
THE WILL To POWER.
978
The new philosopher can only arise in conjunc tion with a ruling class, as the highest spiritualisa tion of the latter. Great politics, the rule of the earth, as a proximate contingency ; the total lack of
principles necessary thereto.
979
Fundamental concept : the new values must first be created --this remains our duty! The philoso
pher must be our lawgiver. New species.
the greatest species hitherto [for instance, the
(How
? were reared: this kind of accident must now be consciously striven for. )
980.
Supposing one thinks of the philosopher as an educator who, looking down from his lonely eleva tion, is powerful enough to draw long chains of generations up to him: then he must be granted the most terrible privileges of a great educator. An educator never says what he himself thinks;
but only that which he thinks it is good for those whom he is educating to hear upon any subject. This dissimulation on his part must not be found out; it is part of his masterliness that people should believe in his honesty, he must be capable of all
the means of discipline and education: there are
some natures which he will only be able to raise ~by means of lashing them with his scorn; others who are lazy, irresolute, cowardly, and vain, he will
Greeks]
? ? ? THE ORDER OF RANK.
379
be able to affect only with exaggerated praise. Such a teacher stands beyond good and evil, but nobody must know that he does.
981.
We must not make men " better," we must not talk to them about morality in any form as if "morality in itself," or an ideal kind of man in general, could be taken for granted; but we must create circumstances in which stronger men are
such as for their part will require a morality (or, better still: a bodily and spiritual
necessary,
? which makes men strong, and upon which they will consequently insist! As they will need one so badly, they will have it.
We must not let ourselves be seduced by blue eyes and heaving breasts: greatness of soul has
absolutely nothing romantic about it. And unfortu nately nothing whatever amiable either.
982.
From warriors we must learn: (I) to associate death with those interests for which we are fighting --that makes us venerable; (2) we must learn to sacrifice numbers, and to take our cause sufl'iciently seriously not to spare men; (3) we must practise inexorable discipline, and allow ourselves violence and cunning in war.
983.
The education which rears those ruling virtues that allow a man to become master of his benevo
discipline)
? ? ? 380
THE WILL TO POWER.
lence and his pity: the great disciplinary virtues (" Forgive thine enemies " is mere child's play beside them), and the passions of the creator, must be ele vated to the heights--we must cease from carving marble! The exceptional and powerful position of those creatures (compared with that of all princes hitherto): the Roman Caesar with Christ's souL
984.
We must not separate greatness of soul from intellectual greatness. For the former involves independence; but without intellectual greatness independence should not be allowed; all it does is to create disasters even in its lust of well-doing and of practising "justice. " Inferior spirits must obey, consequently they cannot be possessed of greatness.
985.
The more lofty philosophical man who is sur rounded by loneliness, not because he wishes to be alone, but because he is what he and cannot find his equal: what number of dangers and torments are reserved for him, precisely at the present time, when we have lost our belief in the order of rank,
and consequently no longer know how to under stand or honour this isolation! Formerly the sage almost sanctified himself in the consciences of the mob by going aside in this way tO-day the anchor-- ite sees himself as though enveloped in cloud of gloomydoubt and suspicions. And not alone by the
? ? ? a
;
a
is,
? THE ORDER OF RANK.
381
envious and the wretched : in every well-meant act that he experiences he is bound to discover mis understanding, neglect, and superficiality. He knows the crafty tricks of foolish pity which makes these people feel so good and holy when they attempt to save him from his own destiny, by giving him more comfortable situations and more decent and reliable society. Yes, he will even get to admire the unconscious lust of destruction with which all mediocre spirits stand up and oppose him, believing all the while that they have a holy right to do so! For men of such incomprehensible loneliness it is necessary to put a good stretch of
country between them and the ofiiciousness of their _ fellows: this is part of their prudence. For such a man to maintain himself uppermost to-day amid
the dangerous maelstroms of the age which threaten to draw him under, even cunning and disguise will be necessary. Every attempt he makes to order his life in the present and with the present, every time he draws near to these men and their modern desires, he will have to expiate as if it were an actual sin: and withal he may look with wonder
at the concealed wisdom of his nature, which after every one of these attempts immediately leads him back to himself by means of illnesses and painful
? accidents.
7
986.
" Maledetto colui " che contrista un spirto immortal!
MANZONI (Conte di Carmagnola, Act II. )
? ? ? 382
THE WILL TO POWER.
987
The most difficult and the highest form which man can attain is the most seldom successful: thus the history of philosophy reveals a super abundance of bungled and unhappy cases of man hood, and its march is an extremely slow one; whole centuries intervene and suppress what has
been achieved: and in this way the connecting link is always made to fail. It is an appalling history, this history of the highest men, of the sages--What is most Often damaged is precisely
the recollection Of great men, for the semi-successful and botched cases of mankind misunderstand them and overcome them by their " successes. " Whenever an " effect " is noticeable, the masses gather in a crowd round it; to hear the inferior
and the poor in spirit having their say is a terrible ear-splitting torment for him who knows and trembles at the thought, that the fate of man depends upon the success Of its highest types. -- From the days of my childhood I have reflected upon the sage's conditions of existence, and I will
not conceal my happy conviction that in Europe he has once more become possible--perhaps only for a short time.
988.
These new philosophers begin with a description of a systematic order of rank and difference Of value among men,---what they desire alas precisely the reverse of an assimilation and equalisation of man: they teach estrangement
? ? ? is,
? probably
THE ORDER' OF RANK.
383
in every sense, they cleave gulfs such as have never yet existed, and they would fain have man become more evil than he ever was. For the present they live concealed and estranged even from each other. For many reasons they will find it necessary to be anchorites and to wear masks-- they will therefore be of little use in the matter of seeking for their equals. They will live alone, and
know the torments of all the loneliest forms of loneliness.
