No More Learning

body, — the life of mere seminal production, which in the senses the soul found the necessary instru-
is common to all things ; vegetable life ; animal ments for its activity ; though the certainty of
life ; and intellect or reason (Theol. Arithm. 4, p. knowledge was derived exclusively from number
22 ; Bockh, p. 159. ) It was only in reference to and its relations. (Stob. p. 8 ; Sext. Emp. alv.
the principia, and not absolutely in point of time, Math. vii. 92. )
that the universe is a production ; the development The ethics of the Pythagoreans consisted more
of its existence, which was perhaps regarded as an in ascetic practice, and maxims for the restraint of
unintermitting process, commencing from the centre the passions, especially of anger, and the cultiva-
(Phil. ap. Stob. 1. c. p. 360 ; Böckh, p. 90, &c. ; tion of the power of endurance, than in scientific
Brandis, p. 483); for the universe is “imperish- theory. What of the latter they had was, as
able and unwearied ; it subsists for ever ; from might be expected, intimately connected with their
eternity did it exist and to eternity does it last, one, number-theory (Arist. Eth. Magn. i. 1, Eth. Nic.
controlled by one akin to it, the mightiest and the i. 4, ii. 5). The contemplation of what belonged
highest. ” (Phil. ap. Stob. Ecl. Phys. p. 418, &c. ; to the pure and elevated region termed koruos,
Böckh, p. 164, &c. ) This Deity Philolaus else- was wisdom, which was superior to virtue, the
where also speaks of as one, eternal, abiding, un-latter having to do only with the inferior, sublunary
moved, like himself (Böckh, p. 151). He is de region (Philol. ap. Stob. Ed. Phys. pp. 490, 488).
scribed as having established both limit and the Happiness consisted in the science of the perfection
infinite, and was often spoken of as the absolute of the virtues of the soul, or in the perfect science
unity ; always represented as pervading, though of numbers (Clem. Alex. Strom. ii. p. 417; Theo-
distinct from, and presiding over the universe : not doret. Serm. xi. p. 165). Likeness to the Deity
therefore a mere germ of vital development, or a was to be the object of all our endeavours (Stob.
principium of which the universe was itself a mani- Ed. Eth. p. 64), man becoming better as he ap-
festation or development ; sometimes termed the proaches the gods, who are the guardians and
absolute good (Arist. Met. xiii. 4, p. 1091, b. 13, guides of men (Plut. de Def. Or. p. 413 ; Plat.
Bekker), while, according to others, good could be- Phacd. p. 62, with Heindorf's note), exercising a
long only to concrete existences (Mlet. xi. 7, p. direct influence upon them, guiding the mind or
1072, b. 31). The origin of evil was to be looked reason, as well as influencing external circumstances
for not in the deity, but in matter, which pre-I(yevéolai gdp érinvuldv Tiva tapd toù asusvluv,
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1
PYTHAGORAS.
PYTHAGORAS.
625
Stob. Ed. Phys. p. 206 ; wote wal Bidyolai tires ficient proof. It is indeed possible, as Sillig pro-
kad neon OùK doe duiv clow, Arist. Eth End, ii. poses, to apply the statement of Pliny to Py.
8); man's soul being a possession of the gods, con- thagoras of Samos ; but, as Pliny does not say
fined at present, by way of chastisement, in the which of the two artists he refers to, it is natural
body, as a species of prison, from which he bas no to suppose that he means the more distinguished
right to free himself by buicide (Plat. Phaed. p. one. We are inclined to believe that Pliny's
61; Cic. de Sen. 20). With the idea of divine reason for placing Pythagoras at this date was the
influence was closely connected that of the influence circumstance which he afterwards mentions (l. c.
of daemons and heroes (Diog. Laërt. viii. 32). $4), that Pythagoras was in part contemporary
Great importance was attached to the influence of with Myron, whose true date was Ol. 87. The
music in controlling the force of the passions (Plut. genealogy quoted above from Pausanias affords us
de Is. et Os. p. 384 ; Porph. Vit. Pyth. 30 ; Tambl. no assistance, as the dates of the other artists in
64). Self-examination was strongly insisted on it depend on that of Pythagoras.
(Cic. de Sen. 11). Virtue was regarded as a kind Most of the modern writers on ancient art
of harmony or health of the soul (Diog. Laërt. viii. attempt to determine the date of Pythagoras by
33). Precepts for the practice of virtue were ex- his statues of Olympic victors. This test is, how-
pressed in various obscure, symbolical forms, many ever, not a certain one ; for there are several
of which, though with the admixture of much that instances of such statues not having been
is of later origin, have come down to us in the 80- made until a considerable time after the victory.
called 'Em xpuo & and elsewhere (Brandis, l. c. p. Still
, at a period when art was fourishing, and
498, note 9). The transmigration of souls was when the making of these statues formed one of
viewed apparently in the light of a process of pu- its most important branches, the presumption is
rification. Souls under the dominion of sensuality that an Olympic victor would not be allowed to
either passed into the bodies of animals, or, if in- remain long without the honour of a statue ; and
curable, were thrust down into Tartarus, to meet therefore the date of the victory may be taken as
with expiation, or condign punishment. The pure a guide to that of the artist, where there is no de-
were exalted to higher modes of life, and at last cisive evidence to the contrary. Now, in the case
attained to incorporeal existence (Arist. de An. i. of Pythagoras, one of his most celebrated works
2, 3 ; Herod. ii. 123 ; Diog. Laërt. viii. 31 ; Lo- was the statue of the Olympic victor Astylus of
beck, Aglaoph. p. 893. What we find in Plato, Croton, who conquered in the single and double
Phaedr. p. 248, b. , and in Pindar, Thren. fr. 4, foot. race in three successive Olympiads, and on
Olymp. ii. 68, is probably in the main Pythagorean). the last two of these occasions he caused himself to
As regards the fruits of this system of training or be proclaimed as a Syracusan, in order to gratify
belief, it is interesting to remark, that wherever Hiero. (Paus. vi. 13. 1. ) Now, supposing (ag
we have notices of distinguished Pythagoreans, we is datural) that this was during the time that
usually hear of them as men of great uprightness, Hiero was king (B. C. 478—467, Ol. 75. 3—78.
conscientiousness, and self-restraint, and as capable 2), the last victory of Astylus must have been
of devoted and enduring friendship. (See ARCHY. either in OL 77, or 01. 78 ; or, even if we admit
TAS; CLEINIAS ; DAMON ; PHINTIAS. ]
that Hiero was not yet king, and place the last
For some account of the very extensive literature victory of Astylus in 01. 75 (Müller, Dorier,
connected with Pythagoras, &c. , the reader is re- Chron. tab. ), the earliest date at which we should
ferred to Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. pp. 750—804. be compelled to place Pythagoras would be about
The best of the modern authorities have been al- B. C. 480, and, comparing this with Pliny's date,
ready repeatedly referred to.
we should have B. C. 480–430 as the time during
Besides a Samian pugilist of the name of Py- which he flourished. This result agrees very well
thagoras, who gained a victory in Ol. 48, and who with the indications furnished by his other statues of
has been frequently identified with the philosopher, Olympic victors, by his contest with Myron, and by
Fabricius (1. c. p. 776, &c. ) enumerates about the statements respecting the character of his art.
twenty more individuals of the same name, who According to Diogenes Laërtius (viii. 47), Py.
are, however, not worth inserting. (C. P. M. ] thagoras was the first who paid special attention
PYTHAGORAS (liveayópas), artists. 1.
Of to order and proportion in his art ; and Pliny
Rhegium, one of the most celebrated statuaries of states that he was the first who expressed with
Greece. Pausanias, who calls him “ excellent in care and accuracy the muscles and veins and hair
the plastic art, if any other was 80,” gives the (Plin. l. c. $ 4). Hence it would seem that he was
following as his artistic genealogy (vi. 4. § 2. the chief representative of that school of improved
6. 4) -
development in statuary, which preceded the
Syadras and Chartas of Sparta
schools of perfect art which were established at
Athens and at Argos respectively by Pheidias and
Eucheirus of Corinth.
Polycleitus ; and that, while Ageladas was pre-
1
paring the way for this perfection of art in Greece
Clearchus of Rhegium.
Proper, another school was growing up in Magna
Graecia, which attained to its highest fame in
Pythagoras of Rhegium.
Pythagoras ; who, in his statues of athletes, prac-
tised those very principles of art, as applied to the
His precise date is difficult to fix. In Pliny's list human figure, which Polycleitus brought to per-
he is placed at Ol. 87 (B. C. 432) with Ageladas, fection; and who lived long enough to gain a vic-
Callon, Polycletus, Myron, Scopas, and others. tory over one of the most celebrated masters of the
(H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. ) How little dependence is to new Attic school, namely Myron.
be placed on Pliny's chronological groups of artists, The most important works of Pythagoras, as
we have had occasion more than once to notice, has just been intimated, appear to have been his
and the very names now mentioned furnish a suf- statues of athletes. Unfortunately, the passage in
.
VOL. III,
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626
PYTHANGELUS.
PYTAEAS.
which Pliny describes his works is extremely cor- he is likely to supply the void left by the death of
rupt, but it can be pretty well corrected by the Euripides, does not even obtain an answer, except
help of Pausanias. (Respecting the correction of by a jest of Xanthias.
[P. S. ]
the text, see Sillig, Cat. Art. s. v. , and edition of PY"THEAS (Tudéas), historical. l. The son
Pliny, with Janus's supplement; and Thiersch, of Lampon, of Aegina, was a conqueror in the
Epochen, pp. 216, 217). Besides the statue of Nemcan games, and his victory is celebrated in one
Astylus already mentioned, and the pancratiast at of Pindar's odes (Nem. v). He is in all probability
Delphi by which he gained his victory over the same as the Pytheas wlio distinguished him-
Myron, he also made the statues of Leontiscus of self in the Persian wars (No. 2), since we know
Messana, an Olympic victor in wrestling (Paus. vi. that the latter had a son of the name of Lampon.
4. $2), of Protolaus of Mantineia (vi. 6. 81), of 2. Or Pythes, the son of Ischenous, of Aegina,
Euthymus, a very beautiful work of art (ib. & 2. was in one of the three Greek guard-ships sta-
8. 6), of Dromeus of Stymphalus (vi. 7. & 3. s. 10), tioned off the island of Sciathus, which were taken
of Mnaseas of Cyrene, who was known by the sur- by the Persians shortly before the battle of Ther-
name of Libys, and of his son Cratisthenes, who mopylae. Pytheas distinguished himself by his
was represented in a chariot, with a Victory by bravery in the engagement, and was in conse-
his side (vi. 13. § 4. s. 7, 18. & 1). His other quence treated by the Persians with distinguished
works, mentioned by Pliny, are, a naked figure honour. At the battle of Salamis the Sidonian
carrying apples, perhaps Hercules with the golden ship, in which he was kept as a prisoner, was
apples of the Hesperides ; a lame figure, at Syra- taken by an Aeginetan vessel, and he thus reco-
cuse, called Claudicans," the pain of whose wound vered his liberty. Lampon, the son of this Pytheas,
even the spectator seems to feel,” a description was present at the battle of Plataea, and urged
which almost certainly indicates a Philoctetes ; Pausanias, after the engagement, to avenge the
two statues of Apollo, the one slaying the serpent death of Leonidas by insulting and mutilating the
Python with his arrows, the other playing the corpse of Mardonius. (Herod. vii. 181, viii. 92,
harp, of which two statues the latter was known ix. 78 ; Paus. iii. 4. § 10. )
by the surname of Dicacus, from a story that, when 3. Or Pythes, of Abdera, the father of Nym-
Thebes was taken by Alexander, a fugitive hid his phodorus. (Herod. vii. 137. ) (NYMPHODORUS. 1
money in the bosom of the statue, and found it 4. An Athenian orator, distinguished by his
afterwards in safety. There are still other works unceasing animosity against Demosthenes.
He
of Pythagoras, mentioned by other authors, namely, was self-educated, and, on account of the harshness
a winged Perseus (Dion Chrysost. Orat. 37, vol. ii. and inelegance of his style, was not reckoned
p. 106, ed. Reiske); Europa sitting on the bull among the Attic orators by the grammarians.
(Tatian, adv. Graec. 53, p. 116, ed. Worth ; Varro, (Suidas, s. v. ; Syrian. ad Hermog. 16 ; comp.
L. L. v. 6. § 31); Eteocles and Polyneices dying Phil. Phoc. 21. ) His private character was bad.
by their mutual fratricide (ibid. 54, p. 118); and and he had no political principles, but changed
a statue of Dionysus, mentioned in an epigram by sides as often as suited his convenience or his in-
Proclus, in which, though the name of Pythagoras terest. He made no pretensions to honesty. On
does not occur, we can hardly be wrong in apply- being reproached on one occasion as a rascal, he
ing to him the epithet 'Pryſvov (Brunck, Anal. frankly admitted the charge, but urged that he
vol. ii. p. 446, No. 5 ; Jacobs, Append. Anth. Pal. had been so for a shorter time than
any
of his con-
vol. ii. p. 782, No. 69).
temporaries who took part in public affairs. (Aelian,
There are still extant various medals, gems, and V. H. xiv. 28. ) Suidas relates (s. v. ) that having
bas-reliefs, on which there is a figure of Philoc- been imprisoned on account of a debt, probably a fine
tetes, which some antiquaries believe to be after incurred in a law-suit (dia 004 nua), he made his
the type of the statue by Pythagoras, but the escape from prison and fied to Macedonia, and that
matter is quite uncertain.
after remaining there for a time, he returned to
Pliny tells us that Pythagoras had for a pupil his Athens. The statement that he was unable to pay
sister's son, Sostratus (l. c. $ 5).
his debts is confirmed by the account of the author
2. Of Samos, a statuary, whom Pliny (l. c. $5) of the Letters which go under the name of Demo-
expressly distinguishes from the former, to whom, sthenes (Ep. 3. p. 1481, ed. Reiske), where it is re-
however, he says, the Samian bore a remarkable lated that Pytheas had acquired such a large fortune
personal likeness. He was at first a painter, and by dishonest means that he could at that time pay
was celebrated as the maker of seven naked five talents with more ease than five drachmas for-
statues, and one of an old man, which, in Pliny's merly. We learn from the same authority that he
time, stood near the temple of Fortune, which obtained the highest honours at Athens, and was in
Catulus had erected out of the spoils of the Cimbri. particular entrusted with the distinguished duty of
(This is the meaning of Pliny's expression, hujusce offering the sacrifices at Delphi for the Athenians.
die. ) There is no indication of bis date, unless He was accused by Deinarchus of Sevia (Dionys.
we were to accept the opinion of Sillig, already Deinarch. ; Harpocrat. s. v. dupwv ypaoń ; Steph.
noticed, that Pliny's date of Ol. 87 ought to be re- Byz. s. v. Aly. vai), probably on account of his long
ferred to this artist rather than to Pythagoras of residence at Macedonia. Of the part that he took
Rhegium.
[P. S. ) in political affairs only two or three facts are re-
PYTHA'NGELUS (Ivodygedos), an Athe- corded. He opposed the honours which the Athe-
nian tragic poet at the close of the fifth century nians proposed to confer upon Alexander (Plut.
B. C. , who is only known by one passage in Pracc. gerend. Reip. p. 604, b, An Seni ger. resp.
Aristophanes (Ran. 87), which is, however, quite p. 784, c), but he afterwards espoused the interests
enough to show the sort of estimation in which he of the Macedonian party. He accused Demosthenes
was held.
Aristophanes places him at the very of having received bribes from Harpalus. (Dem.
foot of the anti-climax of tragedians who were Ep. loc. ; Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 846, c; Phot.
still living, and the question of Hercules, whether | Bibl. Cod. 265 ; Dionys. Isacus, 4. ) In the Lanian


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PYTHEAS.
627
PYTHEAS.
war, B. c. 322, he joined Antipater (Plut. Dem.