No More Learning

id with snow that penetrated
the smallest cracks and collected on the
counterpane, and (to help matters) a
party of bewildered soldiers, some of
them partially frozen, claiming her hos-
pitality and care, -is very graphic.
There is an interesting chapter on
General Custer's literary habits, and an
appendix containing extracts from his
letters. Captain King has described
army life in the West from the mascu-
line side; such a book as this paints it
from the feminine.
Purchas his Pilgrimes. This remark-
able and rare book was published
in 1619. It is a compilation by Samuel
Purchas, a London divine, of the letters
and histories of travel of more than
thirteen hundred tra lers It onsis
of a description of travel in Europe,
KOTA
WITH


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
439
a kind
a
Asia, Africa, and America; and the later chance shot. His death seems
editions of 1625 and 1626 contain maps, of vicarious atonement for the greed and
which are more diverting than instruct- pride of his race. There are many side
ive. In this work the author allows the issues in the story, which as a whole
travelers to speak for themselves; but in forms a most striking and picturesque
(Purchas his Pilgrimage, published in series of metropolitan scenes. New York
1613, he himself gives the “Relation has seldom been used with more skill as
of the World and the Religions observed a dramatic background. But the novel
in all ages and places discovered, from is something more than a clever drawing
the Creation unto this Present. )
of places and people. Deep ethical and
More accurate and extensive knowl- social questions are involved in it. It is
edge has to-day supplanted these books, a drama of human life in the fullest sense.
and they are rarely consulted except by The style is clear, forcible, and alto-
those curious to know the ideas in re- gether delightful. The book as a whole
gard to the rest of the world, which is absolutely free from the signs of ap-
then obtained in England. The world, prenticeship.
however, is the author's debtor for his
four-years' labors; and it is sad to think
Jane Eyre, the novel which established
that the publication of these books was Charlotte Bronté's reputation as
the cause of his death, if not in a debt- writer of fiction, is in a large degree the
or's prison, at least in want.
record of her own development. In the
character of Jane Eyre, the young au-
Hazard of New Fortunes, A, by W. D. thoress first found an outlet for the
Howells, is perhaps the most realis- storm and stress of her own nature.
tic and the most modern of all his The book is therefore autobiographical
novels, in its grasp upon the conditions in the truest sense.
of metropolitan life, especially as these The story is neither for the very
are illustrated in the extremes of poverty young nor for the inexperienced, though
and wealth. The scope of the story is in contrast to the modern problem novel
unusually large, embracing as it does it is innocuous enough. The heroine,
representatives from almost every promi- Jane Eyre, is an orphan. As a child
nent class of society: the artist, the bo- she is misunderstood and disliked by her
hemian, the business man, the capitalist, protectors. She is sent early to Lowood
the society woman, the socialist, the School, an institution charitable in the
labor agitator, the man of letters. The coldest sense of the term. Its original
plot is, however, centred in one family, was Cowan Bridge, the school attended
as typical of a certain kind of Ameri- by four of the Bronté sisters; from
canism as the Lapham family is of which Maria and Elizabeth were
another. The head of this family is moved in a dying condition. The de-
Dryfoos, a Pennsylvania German who has scription of Jane Eyre's school days
come to New York to spend his newly forms one of the most vivid, and in a
acquired fortune. He is the capitalist sense dramatic, portions of the novel.
of a journal, Every Other Week, edited After leaving Lowood, she becomes gov-
by Basil March, the hero of “Their
to the ward of a certain Mr.
Wedding Journey,' and conducted by Rochester, eccentric man of the
Fulkerson, a pushing Westerner. Dry- | world, whose eccentricity is largely the
foos has two daughters, vulgar by nature fruit of misfortune. He is tied to an
and breeding, who are struggling to get insane wife, her insanity being the re-
«into society. " His son, Conrad, is of sult of vicious living. She is confined at
a different stamp. He has no sympathy Thornwood, the house of Rochester; but
with the gross pride of his father in the the heroine does not know of her exist.
wealth gained by speculation. His sym-
Rochester falls in love with Jane
pathies are with the laboring classes, - Eyre, attracted by her nobility of nature,
with the down-trodden and unfortunate her strength, and her unconventionality;
of the city. This sympathy is put to and finally asks her to marry him. His
the last proof during the strike of the force and his love for her win her con-
street-car drivers and conductors. In sent. They are separated at the altar,
endeavoring to stand by Lindau, an old however, by the revelation of the exist-
German socialist who is openly siding ence of Rochester's first wife. The two
with the strikers, Conrad is killed by a are reunited at last only by a tragedy.
re-
erness
an
ence.


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440
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
ex-
Charlotte Bronté invested the character
of Rochester with a fascination that
made him the hero in fiction of half the
women in England. Jane Eyre herself
is no ordinary heroine. Her creator
had the boldness to reject the pink-and-
white Amelia type of woman, that had
reigned in the novel since Richardson,
and to substitute one whose mind, not
her face, was her fortune. Rochester
himself is destitute of gallantry, of all
those qualities belonging to the ideal
lover in fiction. This new departure
made the book famous at once. Its lit-
erary originality was not less striking
than the choice of types.
Madam Merle, she meets Gilbert Os.
mond, a man without rank or fortune,
but of unerring taste, and of an
quisite manner of life. His possessions
are limited to a few faultless works of
art and a little daughter, Pansy, just out
of a convent. The lady in Isabel is at-
tracted by Osmond's detailed perfections.
Against the wishes of her friends she
marries him. With marriage comes dis-
illusionment. Isabel finds that she is
smothered in the airless life of barren
dilettantism; she finds that her gentle-
manly husband is soulless and venomous.
He wishes to force his daughter, Pansy,
into a loveless marriage, and sends her
to a convent until she shall show worldly
wisdom through mere pressure of ennui.
During her exile Isabel discovers that
Pansy is not the child of Osmond's first
wife, but of Madame Merle, his former
mistress. Being summoned at this time
to England, to the death-bed of Ralph
Touchett, she regards her departure from
her husband's house as final. The book
closes with the intimation that she will
take Pansy under her protection, and
will not marry Caspar Goodwood.
(The Portrait of a Lady) is admirable
as a psychological study of the high-bred
American girl in a European environ-
ment. It is one of the most satisfactory
of the author's novels.
Portrait of a Lady, The, a novel by
Henry James, was published in
1882. The heroine, whose portrait is
drawn with remarkable elaboration and
finish, is
an
American girl, Isabel
Archer, beautiful, intellectual, of a clear-
cut character, and her own mistress.
The elements in her nature that make
her a lady are emphasized by her ex-
periences with men. When the story
opens she is a guest in the home of an
aunt, Mrs. Touchett, whose husband, an
American banker, has been settled for
many years in England. They have
one son, Ralph, a semi-invalid.
A neighbor, Lord Warburton, wishes
to marry her, but she refuses him be-
cause she does not love him, and because
she wishes to have more experience of
the world as a single woman. In the
same fortnight she rejects another
suitor, Caspar Goodwood, a young, ear-
nest New-Englander, who has followed
her to England. She misses in him the
romantic element, and will not accept his
virtues in exchange. By the death of
her uncle she finds herself a great heir-
ess; half of Ralph's patrimony being
willed, at his own request, to her. In
the weeks of her uncle's illness, she
forms a friendship with Madam Merle, a
guest of Mrs. Touchett's, a thorough
woman of the world, who finds that she
has uses of her own for Isabel. A far
different friend is a countrywoman, Hen-
rietta Stackpole, a correspondent for a
home paper. She is sincere, democratic,
loval to her national traditions and
desirous that Isabel should be so. She
wishes therefore to bring about a mar-
riage between Goodwood and Isabel.
After her uncle's death, Isabel goes to
Italy. There, through the offices of
The Mill on the Floss, by George
Eliot (1860), one of the masterpieces
of fiction, is like Middlemarch) a tra-
gedy, though a tragedy destitute of the
usual heroic setting and grandiloquent
circumstances. The author found her
tragic material in the commonplace lives
of English working-people; and traced
the workings of fate in the obscure de-
velopment of a young girl, with passions
no less strong than those of a woman
in some ancient Greek tragedy, suffering
in a magnificent environment, under the
gaze of the world. Maggie Tulliver, the
daughter of the miller of Dorlcote Mill,
is from childhood misunderstood and
dominated by the coarse-grained well-
meaning people about her. Her brother
Tom, a hearty young animal, with self-
ish masculine instincts accepts her de-
votion as he would that of a dog. He
teases her because she is a girl. He hates
her when she eludes him by going into
her fairy-land of imagination, whither he
cannot follow her. She loves him de-
votedly; but to her love always brings


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
441
are
suffering. She is ill regulated, and is Paradyse of Daynty Devises, The. This
therefore not a favorite with her aunts, quaint old book is set forth as “con-
Mrs. Glegg and Mrs. Pullet, who can see teyning sundry pithy preceptes, learned
no trace of the resp able Dodson blood counsels, and excellent inventions, right
in her. Maggie's childhood is a series pleasant and profitable for all estates.
of conflicts with respectability. In her It is a collection of sixteenth-century
girlhood the passionate little heart is poetry, by M. Edwardes, W. Hunnis, the
somewhat subdued to her surroundings. Earl of Oxford, R. Hill, Saint Barnarde,
Family troubles are brewing. They cul- Lord Vaux, Jasper Haywood, D. Sand,
minate in the death of Mr. Tulliver, and F. Kindlemarsh, M. Yloop, Thomas
in the sale of Dorlcote Mill. Maggie Churchyard, and various
anonymous
ceases to be a child, becomes a woman. writers. There were editions published
The needs of her nature find satisfaction in 1576, 77, '78, 80, '85, '96, 1600, and
in the companionship of Philip Wakem, 1606. A reprint was made in 1810, by
the crippled son of the lawyer who Sir Egerton Brydges, and again in 1865,
helped to ruin Mr. Tulliver. It is the by J. P. Collier. The last was made
old story of Verona, of the lovers whose from Heber's unique copy of the 1578
families at feud, translated into edition. This collection is especially
homely English life. Maggie must re- interesting, because it contains poems
nounce Philip. Tom hates him and his not in any other impression.
A poem
race with all the strength of his hard- headed (No Pleasure Without Some
and-fast uncompromising nature. Mag- Payn) is assigned to Sir Walter Ra-
gie, starving for beauty, for the joy of leigh, and one by George Whetston
love and life, seeks to satisfy her spirit- occurs in this volume which is nowhere
ual cravings in that classic of renuncia- else to be found. It was very popu-
tion, the Imitation of Christ. ) She lar, and the name has been used for
feeds her rich nature with the thoughts similar but less valuable miscellanies.
of the dead. The next temptation in
her way is Stephen Guest, betrothed to
Paston Letters. This is a most inter-
her cousin Lucy. Stephen represents esting and valuable collection of
to Maggie, although she does not know letters, written in the reigns of Henry
it, the æsthetic element that is lacking VI. , Edward IV. , Richard III. , and
in her barren life. The two are thrown Henry VII. They were handed down
together. Their mutual passion masters in the Paston family, till the male line
them. Maggie almost consents to go became extinct in 1732, and eventually
away with Stephen, finds herself indeed came into the hands of Sir John Ferris,
on the journey; but at the last minute who first published them. He brought
turns back, though she knows that she out two quarto volumes in 1787, two in
has endangered her good name. The 1789, and left material for a fifth, which
worst interpretation is put upon her con- appeared in 1823. He gave the letters
duct. From that time on she faces the in two forms, one an exact copy, retain-
contumely of the little village com- ing the old and variable spelling, the
munity. Death, and death only, can other with the spelling modernized, and
reconcile her to the world and to Tom, obsolete obscure words explained.
who has stood as the embodiment of He also prefixed to the separate letters
the world's harshest judgment. They are valuable historical notices, and subjoined
drowned in the great flood of the Floss: facsimiles of the seals and signatures.
«Brother and sister had gone down These quartos were, however, very ex-
together in an embrace never to be pensive; so in 1840, Ramsay brought
parted; living through again in one su- out a popular edition with some correc-
preme moment the days when they had tions and condensations: more recently
clasped their little hands in love and other editions have appeared.
roamed the daisied fields together. The The letters themselves present very
tragic atmosphere of the novel is re- clearly the manner of life and thought
lieved by passages of quaint, primitive of the middle classes during the Wars
humor, by marvelous descriptions of of the Roses. They incidentally throw
well-to-do rural types. The Dodson light on historical personages and events;
family is hardly surpassed in fiction. but their chief concern is with the every-
The art of George Eliot has its consum- day affairs of the Paston family of Nor-
mate expression in this homely book. folk. They show how exclusively the
or


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442
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
were
1
1
an
in 533.
no-
wars involved the nobility and their re- In the Eastern, or Byzantine, Empire,
tainers, and how the commoners carried the Pandects, under the name Basilica,
on their affairs undisturbed by bloody statute authority even down to
battles and subsequent beheadings. We 1453, when Constantinople was captured
learn from the letters of the dress, food, by the Turks.
and social customs of the day, and some In practice, however, it was super-
things appear strange to us, -as the seded in the tenth century by Ezabib-
great formality of address, and the hum- los, which was to a slight degree an
ble deference shown to parents by their epitome of the Basilica. The Ezabiblos
children, and to husbands by their wives; survived even the invasion of the Turks
but we are chiefly impressed by the in some parts of the Empire, and was
fundamental fact that human nature was adopted as the statute law of the king-
then very much what it is now.
dom of Greece in 1835.
Pandects, The, of Justinian. This di-
Scottish Chiefs, The, by Jane Porter.
gest was attempt to form a This spirited historical romance was
complete system of law from the first published in 1809, and has enjoyed
commentaries of the great jurists on the unceasing popularity. It gives many
Roman law. The work was done by a pictures of the true knightly chivalry
committee of seventeen famous lawyers; dear to boyish hearts, and is historic-
it was begun in 530 A. D. and completed ally correct in all important points.
The magnitude of the task The narative opens in 1296 with the
becomes apparent when we hear that murder of Wallace's wife by the Eng-
there are 9,123 extracts in the Pandects lish soldiery, and shows how, fired by
(the word “Pandects » is from the Greek this outrage, he tried to rouse his coun-
Pandecton, which means all-receiving). try against the tyrant Edward. He
The extracts were made from 2,000 treat- gathers about him commons and
ises; one-third of them come from Ul- bles, and gains especial favor with
pian, one-sixth from Paulus, and the venerable Lord Mar. Lady Mar is im-
rest from thirty-six other writers.
pressed by his beauty; and when he
The Pandects, with the Codex Justin-
her dishonorable passion, she
ianus, became the law for the Roman proves his worst enemy, and incites
Empire. When the Lombards invaded the nobles to treason. He also wins
Italy in 568, they overturned almost all the heart of the lovely Helen Mar,
the few remaining Roman institutions, who respects his devotion to his dead
the law-courts among them. In Ra- wife, and does not aspire to be more
venna, however, the Roman law
than his sister. Wallace effects the
still taught; and the Lombards allowed capture of the castles of Dumbarton,
their Roman subjects to be judged ac- Berwick and Stirling, and fights the
cording to the Roman law. The Codex, bloody battles of Stanmore and Fal-
which begins with an invocation to the kirk. But as soon as he becomes promi-
Trinity, and contains a great deal of nent, petty jealousies spring up among
legislation on ecclesiastical matters, was the nobles; and when in spite of his
always held in esteem by the clergy; inferior birth he is appointed regent,
but the Pandects were ignored, as being their rage knows no bounds. He has
the work of pagan jurists.
continually to guard against treachery
In the last part of the eleventh cen- within as well as foes without, but his
tury there was a great revival of the intrepid spirit never fails. He goes in
study of Roman law. There has always the disguise of a harper to the court
been a tradition that this revival was of Edward, and rouses young Bruce to
caused by the discovery at Amalfi of a escape and embrace his country's cause.
copy of the Pandects; but the Pandects Bruce and Wallace go to France to
had never been really forgotten. The rescue the abducted Helen Mar, and
revival of the Roman law was a kind of while there meet Baliol, whom Edward
advance guard of the Renaissance move- had once adjudged king of Scotland.
ment. Irnerius of Bologna, the greatest On returning to his own country Wal-
teacher of his time, revived the study lace finds the English in possession of
of the Pandects, which, together with much of the territory he had wrested
the Codex, became the basis of all from them, and by a series of vigorous
mediæval legislation.
movements regains the mastery. But
scorns
was


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
443
were
re-
internal feuds and jealousies are too mystery and of a unique settlement on
strong for him, and on Edward's sec- a South Sea island, written in the pro-
ond invasion Wallace is abandoned by saic style of an official document, amply
his supporters. He fees and long substantiates the old adage, « Truth is
eludes his pursuers, but is finally be- stranger than fiction. » The most vivid
trayed, taken to London, and brutally imagination would fail to conceive the
hanged and quartered. But the fire plot of a tale more varied and more
that he had kindled did not altogether exciting in its details.
die out, and Edward was obliged to In 1789 H. M. S. Bounty, Lieutenant
treat Scotland with respect even after Bligh commanding, while sailing in the
he had murdered her hero.
South Seas was captured by mutineers,
and the commander with eighteen of the
Little
ittle Rivers, by Rev. Henry Van
crew were set adrift in the cutter. The
Dyke, D. D. , breathes the very spirit
ship sailed to Tahiti. There dissensions
of wholesome pleasure. The book is
called a record of profitable idleness,
arose among the mutineers.
Half of
and describes the author's wanderings
them, accompanied by a score of native
with rod and line, exploring the Adiron-
men and women, sailed away, and all
trace of them was lost for many years.
dack woods, canoeing along the silver
Lieutenant Bligh reached England, re-
streams of Canada to the music of the
old French ballads sung by the guides,
turned to Tahiti, captured the mutineers
who were on that island, and after
tramping the heathery moors of historic
Scotland, following the fir-covered banks
many disasters and shipwreck conveyed
of the Austrian Traun, and trying casts
them to England. A sensational trial
ensued. Two of the mutineers
in the clear green lakes of the Tyrol.
Dr. Van Dyke has heard of people who,
pardoned. The others suffered the ex-
like Wordsworth, feel a passion for the
treme penalty of the law. Then a
action in public sentiment set in, and it
sea or the mountains; but for his part
he would choose a river. Like David's
was generally conceded, even in official
circles, that the insolent and overbearing
hart he pants for the water-brooks, and
conduct of the commander warranted the
asks for nothing better than a quiet
stream with shady banks, where trout
course of the mutineers.
are not too coy.
He loves nature with
Some twenty years later, a British
the love of a poet and a close observer;
vessel happened accidentally to stop
the love of a man whose busy working-
at Pitcairn's Island. The officers were
amazed to meet young men who spoke
life is spent among bricks and mortar,
but who has a country heart.
excellent English, and to find a prosper-
When he
was a little boy, he slipped away with-
ous and happy Christian community,
out leave one day, with a heavy old They learned that the Bounty sailed
largely descendants of the mutineers.
borrowed rod, and spent a long delight-
ful afternoon in landing three tiny trout.
directly from Tahiti to Pitcairn's Island,
where the mutineers made a settlement.
Soon afterwards he was made happy by
Four years later,
a rod of his own, and began to ply the
account of
streams with a zest that has never since
quarrel over woman, the natives
failed. The good sport, the free, irre-
murdered all but four of them. Then
sponsible, out-door life, and the beauty
two of them contracted such beastly
habits of intoxication that one died in
of wild nature, are the subject-matter of
the volume. Bird songs and falling
delirium tremens and the other was put
waters are the music, and happy sum-
to death as a measure of public safety.
One of the survivors, John Adams,
mer sunshine lights its pages. There is,
says the author, very little useful infor-
remembering his early Christian train-
mation to be found here, and no criti-
ing, established the principles of the
cism of the universe, but only a chroni-
Christian religion so firmly in this pecul-
cle of plain pleasures, and friendly
iar community that the almost unknown
observation of men and things. It is
island in the South Seas became
from cover to cover an out-of-doors book,
conspicuous example of an earthly para-
dise.
one for the fireside on a winter night.
This community, maintaining its es-
Mutineers of the Bounty, The, by sential characteristics, still occupies Pit-
This latest pub- cairn and Norfolk Islands. Its members
lished account of a long unsolved ocean carry on a constant correspondence with
on
a
a
a


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444
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
on
was
relatives and friends in England. Many Still, if the objectionable portions of the
photographs of the islanders, reproduced Lettres Persanes) were removed, there
in this book, represent a people prepos- would yet remain enough matter to fur-
sessing in appearance and apparently nish a volume at least as wise as Ba-
comfortable and prosperous.
con's Essays, and far more witty.
L
The Life and Pontificate of Leo the
ettres Persanes, Les (Persian Let-
The
Tenth, by William Roscoe. (2 vols. ,
ters), by Montesquieu, were at first
1868. ) This work is a natural sequel to
published anonymously in 1721. The
its author's (Life of Lorenzo de' Medici,
book is a piquant satire French
which made his reputation. It
society during the eighteenth century,
translated into French (1808), German
its manners, customs, oddities, and ab-
(1818), and Italian (1816-17). Though
surdities being exposed through the
the Italian version, Count Bossi's, was
medium of a wandering Persian, who
placed on the Index Expurgatorius,
happens to find himself in Paris. Usbek
2,800 copies were sold in Italy. The
writes to his friends in the East and in
work
Venice.
was severely criticized by the
The exchange of letters with
Edinburgh Review for an affectation of
his correspondent in the latter city has
for its object to contrast two centres of
profundity of philosophy and sentiment,
and for being prejudiced against Luther.
European life with each other and with
On the whole, however, it is one of the
Ispahan, the centre of social life in Per-
best works on one of the most fascinat-
sia. But Montesquieu is not only a
ing and instructive periods of human
keen and delicate observer of the fash-
history, containing not merely the bi-
ionable world, — some of his dissections
ography of Leo but to a large extent
of the beaux and belles of his time re-
the history of his time; describing not
mind one of Thackeray,– but he touches
only Cæsar Borgia and Machiavelli,
with firmness, though with tact and dis-
but WolseyBayard, and Maximilian.
cretion, on a crowd of questions which
his age was already proposing for solu-
It was the first adequate biography of
Leo X. ; and its attempt to prove him
tion: the relations of populations to gov-
widely influential in the promotion of
ernments, laws, and religion; the eco-
literature and the restoration of the fine
nomic constitution of commerce; the
arts, as well as in the general improve-
proportion between crimes and their
ment of the human intellect that took
punishment; the codification of all the
laws of the various provinces of France;
place in his time, is certainly successful.
liberty, equality, and religious toleration. Reference, Works of. The chief en-
These questions were particularly men- cyclopædias falling under this head,
acing at the time the author wrote, and which are still of interest to readers,
the skill with which he stated them begin with a work projected by Ephraim
through the mouths of his Persians had Chambers, under the title, "Cyclopædia :
something to do with their ultimate set- or, an Universal Dictionary of Art and
tlement. The portraits of different types
Sciences, containing an Explication of
in the Lettres,' sketched with apparent the Terms and an Account of the Things
carelessness, would not be out of place signified thereby in the several Arts,
in the gallery of La Bruyère; they are Liberal and Mechanical, and the several
less austere, but they reveal more force Sciences, Human and Divine. ) It came
and boldness. The work is, unfortu- out in London, 2 vols. folio, 1728, with a
nately, disfigured by many scenes that dedication to the King. It imitated an
are grossly immoral; and this fact had as earlier London work, by John Harris,
much to do with its extraordinary suc- the first secretary of the Royal Society,
cess as its pictures of ideal social virtues. of which the title was Lexicon Tech-
Its mysterious and incomplete descrip- nicum; or, An Universal English Dic-
tions of Oriental voluptuousness delighted tionary of Arts and Sciences,' I vol.
the profligates of the Regency. To the folio, 1220 pages, 1704. This was the
philosophes and skeptics of the time, first alphabetical encyclopædia written
also, the Lettres) showed that Montes- in English. It attempted an account of
quieu was one of themselves; and they the arts and sciences, but omitted antiq-
were happy to have an opportunity of uities, biography, poetry, and theology;
laughing at the Christian ligion, while and dealt only with the terms of ethics,
pretending to laugh at the Mohammedan. grammar, logic, metaphysics, and rhet-


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
445
(
or
was
>
a
oric. It was reprinted in 1708, and a 1875-89, 24 vols. and Index vol. , with
second volume of 1419 pages was added many plates and very many wood-cuts.
in 1710. It was long very popular, and At one time — namely, in the beginning
prepared the way for other works. That of the present century - the Britan-
of Chambers added ethics, grammar, nica) commended itself to George III.
logic, metaphysics, poetry, politics, rhet- as a publication calculated to counter-
oric, and theology. It was a work judi- act the tendency of that pestiferous
ciously, honestly, and carefully done, and work, the French Encyclopædia. In
long held popular favor. It sold no less our day it is engaged neither in attack
than five editions, 1739-52. A Supple- nor defense of the articles of the politi-
ment came out in 1753, 2 vols. folio, 3307 cal or the religious creeds. In the strife
pages.
Abraham Rees made a revised of opinions “the encyclopædia is not
and greatly enlarged edition, 1778–88, 2 called upon to take any direct part. It
vols. folio, 5010 pages, 57,000 articles, has to do with knowledge rather than
and 159 plates. The famous French opinion, and to deal with all su jects
Encyclopédie. (Vide (Synopses,' page from a critical and historical rather than
160) grew out of a plan to reproduce a dogmatical point of view. It cannot
Chambers's work in a French trans- be the organ of any sect or party
lation.
in science, religion, philosophy. ”
But the great successor to Chambers (Preface to the 9th edition. ) Besides
the "
Encyclopædia Britannica. '
, the highly authoritative treatises on the
which «digested into distinct treatises or natural and the intellectual sciences, the
systems,” 45 in number, the arts and (Britannica' in its ninth and latest edi.
sciences analyzed in Chambers into 47 tion is specially distinguished for its his-
<divisions of knowledge”; and which tories of the literatures of the whole
gave in addition numerous separate arti- world, and its articles on Biblical Criti-
cles on many of the terms occurring in cism, Theology, and the Science of
the treatises. A printer, William Smel- Religion.
lie, was the editor, and the writer also Brockhaus's Conversations Lexikon,'
of the larger part of the work. Pub- German popular encyclopædia, was
lished at Edinburgh, in numbers, begin- first published in six volumes (1796–
ning with December 1768, it was com- 1808). It was from the first a popular
pleted in 1771, 3 vols. quarto, 2670 pages, work, as its title indicates: designed to
and 160 plates. The second edition give such information as one feels the
came out 1777–84, 10 vols. , 8595 pages, need of in daily intercourse with the
and 340 plates. The addition of bio- world, — the original meaning of “con-
graphy and history was now first made, versation. ) The Conversations Lexi-
constituting this edition (an encyclopæ- kon was addressed to the educated
dia not solely of arts and sciences, but public of Germany, not to the learned,
of the whole wide circle of general and it attained great popularity; no
learning and miscellaneous information » other work of the kind was
(Quarterly Review, cxiii. 362). The frequently copied, translated, imi-
successive editions of the Britannica tated; the first Chambers) was the
since the second have been: 3d, 1788-97, tenth (Brockhaus) translated and
18 vols. , 14,579 pages, and 542 plates; abridged with
additions. The
4th, 1801-10, 20 vols. , 16,033 pages, 581 14th edition of Brockhaus) was
plates; 5th, 1817, 20 vols. , 16,017 pages, pleted in 1895, 16 volumes of about
582 plates. Constable, who had bought 1,000 pages each, with plentiful illus-
the chief interest in 1812, brought out a trations, plain or in colors, also elab-
Supplement in 6 vols. , 4933 pages, 125 orate maps, plans of cities, etc. Not
plates, 1816–24. The 6th edition had only the geography and the history of
been completed in 1823, when Constable all the countries of the world are ade-
failed in 1826, and the work became quately treated, but also the biography
within short time the property of and the literature of each, with a fullness
Adam Black, whose house have pub- hardly equaled in the encyclopædias of
lished these editions: the 7th, 1830-1842, the countries themselves. For example,
21 vols. , 17,101 pages, 506 plates; the the partiality of Chambers) for Scotch
8th, 1853-61, 21 vols. and Index vol. , notabilities is well known; yet in many
pages, 402 plates, and many instances a far more accurate and sat-
wood-cuts in the text; and the gth, isfactory account of the writings of
ever
SO
or
а
some
com-
a


## p. 446 (#482) ############################################

446
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
а
on
no
or
Scotch men of letters is found in Brock- 1874, was still largely an adaptation
haus) than in Chambers. )
of Brockhaus; but the third edition,
Another popular German encyclopæ- completed in 1892, is an original and
dia is Meyer's (Konversations Lexikon,' independent compilation, the articles
Brockhaus's most formidable competitor. written by eminent British and for-
It is a noble competition that these two eign scholars expressly for the work.
encyclopædias have carried since All the important subject-matters of
1860, when Meyer's first appeared; the science, history, art, philosophy, reli-
effort of each has ever been to win the gion, etc. , are treated with all needful
palm of superiority by introducing new thoroughness, yet with the minimum of
features of solid value, rather than by scholastic technicality. It is the model
resorting to tricks to win popularity. of a popular encyclopædia: concise,
All the resources of art are availed of exact, easily understandable; with a
to beautify the volumes with exquisite sufficiency of illustrations and maps of
colored plates of natural-history objects countries, and plans of noted cities.
and the like; yet in this is seen The International Cyclopædia,' 15
pandering to vulgar taste for mere pict- vols. , latest revision 1898, is a thor-
ures, but, on the contrary, a serious oughly revised reproduction of the 1874
purpose to bring art into the service edition of Chamber's Encyclopædia, with
of science: no encyclopædias published additions of American matter and no-
in the United States can compare in tices of some of the more important his-
this respect with Meyer's, even torical occurrences and scientific discover-
Brockhaus's. And in the letterpress the ies of the last twenty-five years, together
same conscientious effort “to promote with many biographies of living persons.
general mental improvement by giving Appleton's New American Cyclopæ-
the results of research and discovery in dia) began to be published in 1857; the
a simple and popular form without ex- last volume, the sixteenth, appeared in
tended details,” is visible on every page. 1863. Its editors-in-chief, George Ripley
The fifth edition of Meyer) was com- and Charles A. Dana, were also editors-
pleted in 1897, when the 17th volume in-chief of the revised form of the work,
was published: it contains 10,000 figures (The American Cyclopædia,' 16 vols. ,
in the text, and 1,000 full-page and two- 1873–76. There has been no general
page pictures, maps, etc. It must be revision of the work since that time.
added that while subjects are treated The publishers of the American Cyclo-
in simple and popular style in the pædia' have since 1861 published the
body of the text, very full technical American Annual Cyclopædia,' designed
details are given, in «inserts » appended to record the progress of science and
to every title of importance in science the arts, and the world's history from
and art; for example, the title (Spin- year to year, and to serve as supple-
ning' has eight pages inserted, describ- ments to the American Cyclopædia. '
ing with figures the different kinds of It is in the same form as that work,
spinning-machines. Thus the work is octavo, and comprises about 800 pages
serviceable even to the technologist and
per volume.
the expert.
Johnson's New Universal Cyclopæ-
What is now known as "Chambers's dia' first appeared in 1874–77, in four
Encyclopædia began to be published in imperial octavo volumes.
It was
1860, when its first volume appeared; pecially strong in the departments of
not until 1868 was the last volume pub- natural science – physics, chemistry, me-
lished. The number of volumes has chanics, etc. , -and American gazetteer
continued to be the same in the two matter. In its later form, Johnson's
revised editions issued since that time; Universal Cyclopædia,' 1893-95, 8 vols. ,
namely, ten in octavo form. The first with a change of publishers, the work
edition of Chambers) was founded » was thoroughly revised, by a corps of
on the ioth edition of the German pop- thirty-six editors, under the direction of
ular encyclopædia of Brockhaus; that is, Charles Kendall Adams, LL. D. , assisted
it was largely a translation and adap- by eminent European and American
tation of the articles in that work, with specialists.
additions of matters relating to the The "Grand Dictionnaire Universel
United Kingdom, Scotland in particu- of Larousse, in sixteen folio volumes of
lar. The second edition, completed in about 1,500 pages each, began to be
)
es-


## p. 447 (#483) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
447
ers
published in 1864, and was completed
in 1878. Since then two supplementary
volumes have been issued. In the de-
partments of natural science, mathemat-
ics, and the fine and the useful arts,
(Larousse) is very full: the articles on
the literary men of France and Italy
and their works would seem to meet
every reasonable requirement; the writ-
of other countries receive less
adequate treatment.
In this respect
(Larousse) is far inferior to the German
Conversations Lexika. " Nevertheless
the (Grand Dictionnaire Universel) is a
splendid monument to the learning and
the indomitable energy of its founder,
Pierre Larousse.
(Men and Women of the Time) is a
dictionary of living notabilities of all
countries; the latest edition is very re-
cent. It is an English publication, and
obviously of indispensable utility. A
similar work in French is Vapereau's
(Dictionnaire des Contemporains. ) The
English work is revised at intervals of
about ten years; the French at longer
intervals.
Among the notable annual works of
reference, belonging to the same class
as Appleton's Annual Cyclopædia,' is
(Hazel's Annual, a volume which gives
a brief summary of the political and
economic conditions of all countries; no-
table events of their history for the year;
the year's necrology; record of the year's
progress in science, art, literature, etc.
The Statesman's Year-Book,' also an
English annual, is devoted wholly to the
governmental conditions of the countries
of the world, and gives the personnel
of the several monarchies, republics,
and other States, their statistics of pop-
ulation, commerce, production, and
industry, finance, army and navy estab-
lishments, internal communications, edu-
cation,
etc. , compiled from official
returns: it is a work of unquestioned
authority.
The Library of American Literature,'
compiled and edited by Edmund Clar-
ence Stedman and Ellen Mackay Hutch-
inson, comprises eleven volumes of about
600 pages each, published 1887–91. It
gives, by means of selections from the
works of the more noteworthy writers,
a general view of American literature,
from its beginnings to the present time.
The selections are representative, and are
made with judgment; and no attempt is
made to gather in every book written
in America during the period since the
beginning of the 17th century. The
reader is thus saved from having thrust
upon him much trivial and ephemeral
matter; and the selections are of such
volume and compass as to present a
fairly adequate specimen of each au-
thor's style and mode of thought. This
principle of selection is happily likened,
by the editors in their preface, to the
law of selection which should govern in
the formation of a national gallery of
fine art, designed to show the develop-
ment of art from age to age. Here we
have presented to us the whole history
of our literature: the changes of topic
and style, the rise of learning, imagina-
tion, and creative power, resulting finally
in a true home-school. of authorship.
Appended to the last volume are short
biographies of all the authors repre-
sented in the work.
Appleton's Cyclopædia of American
Biography,' edited by James Grant Wil-
son and John Fiske, was published in
six volumes of about 750 pages each,
from 1886 to 1894. The “American » in
its title is employed in the most com-
prehensive sense, relating to North,
South, and Central America and the ad.
jacent islands; hence it is a biographical
dictionary not only for the United
States, but also for Canada and for the
Spanish-American, Portuguese-American,
and other countries of this hemisphere.
The biographies are of contemporaries
as well as of men of former times; and
the names of men of European birth
and residence who have had any promi.
nent part in the history of America, are
included, — as Columbus, Berkeley, La-
fayette, Whitefield.
The Dictionary of American Authors,'
edited by Oscar Fay Adams, is the suc-
cessor of the same editor's Handbook of
American Authors, published in 1884;
the new work appeared in 1897. It com-
prises, in one volume of 450 pages, the
names and titles of works of more than
6,000 writers in every department of
literature, whether famous or obscure.
The fullness of the information given in
this work is equaled by its really exem-
plary accuracy.
Novum Organum, The, by Francis
Bacon. The Novum Organum,' or
(New Method, forms the second part
of Lord Bacon's great philosophical work
entitled Instauratio Magna,' (The Great


## p. 448 (#484) ############################################

448
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
ous
Restoration) of Science. The first part, remainder of the work is devoted to
entitled De Augmentis Scientiarum,' is illustrating, particularly by observations
an extension of the previous work on of the action of heat, the true mode of
the Advancement of Learning. The making and comparing observations of
third part is the Historia Naturalis. ? natural occurrences. In conclusion the
The Novum Organum) contains the author refers to man's fall from a primi.
outlines of the scientific or inductive tive state of innocence and his loss of
method; viz. , that of proceeding from his dominion over nature. This is how-
facts to general laws, instead of inferring ever capable of restoration first by reli-
facts from assumed general principlesgion and faith and then by the arts and
which have never been proved. This sciences. For labor is not always to be
latter, the philosophical and metaphysical a curse, but man shall (eat his bread in
method, was repudiated by Bacon, and the sweat of his brow,» not indeed in
together with the superstitions of the- vain disputations and idle ceremonies of
ology, was declared to have no place in magic, but in subduing nature to the
the new learning. The New Method,' uses of human lite.
therefore, is an attempt at an interpreta-
tion of nature from direct observation.
Greek
reek Studies, a series of essays by
«Nature,” says Bacon, «we behold by a Walter Pater (1892), are concerned
direct ray; God by a refracted ray; man with some of the most beautiful and
by a reflected ray. ) At the beginning uncommon aspects of Greek thought and
of the Novum Organum) we read this art. The first two essays on Dionysus:
first of the series of 180 Aphorisms of The Spiritual Form of Fire and Dew,
which its two books consist: "Man, the and on (The Bacchanals of Euripides,
minister and interpreter of Nature, can treat of the mystical significance of the
do and understand only so much as he vine, of the religion of the grape as a
has observed in her: more he can neither cult, - subtle, far-reaching, and mysteri-
know nor do. ” As obstacles to correct as Nature herself. The essay o
observation and inference from nature, the Myth of Demeter and Persephone"
he mentions the four kinds of «Idola," goes back likewise to the great natura.
or preconceptions which prejudice the source of the magnificent worship of
mind at the outset and which must earth and its revolving seasons. Hip-
therefore be removed: the Idola Tri- polytus Veiled) is a study from Euripi-
bus, or the misconceptions growing out des. The remaining essays are devoted
of our nature as man; the Idola Specus, to Greek art, the heroic age, the age of
those growing out of our individual or graven images, to the marbles of Ægina,
peculiar nature surroundings; the and to the age of athletic prizemen.
Idola Fori, misconceptions imbibed Pater's treatment of these subjects is
through common speech and opinions remarkably subtle and sympathetic. His
leading to much idle controversy; and peculiar gift of insight into the spirit of
finally the Idola Theatri, or fables and a great dead age here finds full mani-
fictions of tradition that continue to be festation. In no other of his writings
sources of error. He refers contemptu- is the style more perfectly adapted to
ously to the Greek Sophists, and quotes the subject-matter; polished, chastened,
the prophecy of the Egyptian priest con- chiseled, it · resembles in its symmetry
cerning the Greeks: «They are always and beauty a monument of Greek sculpt-
boys: they have neither the age of
science nor the science of age. ”
The second part begins with the Jowett Benjamin, M. A. , D. D. , LL. D. ,
Aphorism, “It is the work and intention MASTER OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, Ox-
of human power to generate and super-
By Evelyn Abbott and Lewis
induce a new nature or new natures Campbell. (2 vols. , 1897. ) A work excep-
upon a body already given: but of a tionally rich in personal interest and in
nature already given to discover a form Oxford interest during nearly sixty
or a true difference, or a nature origi- years (1836–93.