What Kind of
Euthycrates?
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
.
jiec
lebrated at Athens with pecuhar Sacri- prcpe accedcre potuifTet. Such Miftakes
fict-s. Yet this Adion is repref^nted by muft frequently efcape the DUigence of
Wolfius in his Tranflation, as a cold the moft accurate Tranflator, and the
PoJlibiLty of the Succefs, which the beft Care of his Editors.
Athenians might have expedcd, if Phi-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 145
made ufe of Fraud. " How then (hall I avoid being publicly
*' convidled of breaking my Word, and the Infamy of Perjury,
*' yet execute the Plan I propofe ? How? Thus. I will, if
<* poflible, find an Athenian, who Hiall deceive the Athenians;
*' I {hall not then have any fhare in the Infamy. " From thence
his Ambafladors declared at firft, that he would not receive
the Phocceans, as Confederates; butthefe Traitors replied, and
alTerted in the Affembly, that Philip could not with Honour
enter openly into an Alliance with the Phocseans, in regard to
his Engagements with the Thebans and ThefTalians; but that if
? ver he fhould happen to be abfolute Mafter of Affairs, and
obtain a Peace, the Articles, which we now propofed to him to
ratify, he would then pundually perform.
Upon thefe Hopes therefore, by thefe Artifices, thefe Infinu-
ations, did he obtain a Peace, within an Exclufion of the
Phocsans. Yet afterwards it became necefiary to prevent your
fending Succours to Thermopylae, for fifty Gallies were ftation-
ed together, that if Philip fliould march, you might hinder his
Progrefs. How then fliall he ad ? What other Artifices muft
be tried for this Purpofe? Every Oportunity you might poffibly
liave of engaging in the Afiair, muft be taken from you, and
proper Perfons muft be appointed to conduct and fuddenly bring
it to fuch a Conclufion, as to render it impradicabic, even
when you were determined, to fail out of your Harbours. It is
apparent, that your Ambafladors have aded in this Manner.
Vol. II. U With
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? 146 O R A T I O N S O F
With regard to myfelf, as you have often heard, I was unable
to depart before them, and although I had hired a VeiTel, was
hindered from fetting Sail. But it now becomes abfolutely
neceflary, that the Phocsans fliould place a Confidence in Phi-
lip, and voluntarily furrender themfelves, left any unlucky
Accident fhould happen in his Affairs, or you fhould publifb
fome Decree againft him. " The Athenian Ambaffadors tliere-
" fore fhall declare, that the Phocsans fhall be preferved.
*' Then if any of them be fufpicious of me, he will rely upon,
*' their Faith, and furrender himfelf. We will, however, in-
" vite the Athenians to march into Phocis, that imagining
'' every thing fhall be regulated, as they pleafe to dire<? t, they
" may not publifh their Decrees to oppofe us. (56) Their own;
*' Ambaffadors fhall therefore make thefe Declarations and Pro-
" mifes in our Name, that whatever happen, the Athenian*
*' may not put themfelves in Motion. "
In this Manner, by thefe Artifices, and by the Afliffance of
thefe Wretches, devoted to Perdition, have your Affairs been
univerfally ruined. For inftead of feeing Thefpias and Platsae
re-inhabited, you heard, that Orchomenus and Coronea were
enflaved: inflead of the Authority of the Thebans being re-
duced,
(56) We have already feen (Page 25) Invitation, that they Jloould march with
that Philip fent two Letters to invite the all their Forces to fupport the Caufe of
Athenians to a general Congrefs on the Jujike. We fhall there find, as he re-
Affairs of Phocis. ^fchines in the next prefencs it, the Reafon of their RefiUal.
Oration will give us the Terms of this
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? DEMOSTHENES. 147
duced, or their Infolence and Arrogance fuppreffed, the Cities of
the Phoc^ans, your Confederates, were rafed to the Ground;
the Thebans rafed them to the Ground, and their Inhabitants
were difperfed by the Harangues of iEfchines; inftead of deH-
vering up Eubaea in Exchange for Amphipolis, Philip is railing
Fortrefles in Eubaea, from whence to invade you, and is per-
petually meditating the Siege of thofe Places we ftill poflefs in.
that Illand : inftead of having Oropus reftored, we are now
preparing to march for the Defence of our own Frontiers, which,
while the Phocaeans were in Safety, we had never done: inftead
of performing their ancient, cuftomary Sacrifices at Delphos,
and having his Treafures reftored to Apollo, the rightful Am-
phi(n:yons are compelled to fly, are driven into Banifhment, and
their Country laid wafte; while thefe barbarian Macedonians,
who never had a Seat before among the Amphi6tyons, now
attempt by Force to enter into that Council. Whoever menti-
ons the facred Treafures is inftantly crucified; the Republic is
defpoiled of her Prerogative of firft confulting the Oracle at
Delphos, and all her Aftairs are perplexed and confufed like
an -^inigma. Thus Philip never told an Untruth, yet carried
all his Schemes into Execution, while you beheld whatever you
prayed and hoped for, in every Inftance contradicted, and
under an Appearance of Peace fuffered more direful Calamities,
than under an open Declaration of War. By fuch Pradices did
thefe Traitors get Money, and yet are even to this Day unpu-
nifhed.
U 2 That
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? 148 O R A T I O N S O F
That thefe Misfortunes have undoubtedly been produced hy
Corruption, and that your AmbaiTadors received the Price of
this Corruption, is already manifeft to you, I prefume, in num-
berlefs Inftances, and I am apprehenfive, that, contrary to my
Intentions, by endeavouring with too much Solicitude to de-
monftrate their Guilt, I may grow tedious by a Repetition o?
what you already know. Hear me, however, in one Inftance
more. Among the Ambafladors, whom Philip fent hither ,,
is there any one to whom you would ere6l a Statue of Bronze
in the Forum? What do I fay? Is there any one, to whom
you would give an Entertainment in the Prytan^um, or any
other Prefent, with which you generally honour your Bene-
factors? In my Opinion, not one. Why? Not becaufe yoij
are ungrateful, or unjuft, or malevolent, but becaufe you may-
affirm, as you certainly might affirm with Truth and Jufticcj
that they always a6led, not in Support of your Interefts, but
thofe of Philip. Do you then imagine, that while you are thus
fenfible of the Force of this reafoning, that Philip can think
in a different Manner? Or did he give your Ambafladors fo
many, and fuch fplendid Prefents, becaufe they acled in their
Embafly, with regard to you, v;ith Integrity and Honour?
Impoffible. You behold in what Manner he treated Hegefippus
and his Colleagues. Other Inftances I ffiall pafs over unmen-
tioned. But he baniflicd the Poet Xenoclydes by Proclamation,
becaufe he had holpitably received his Fellow-Citizens. (5 7) Thus
does
(c;y) Xenoclidis, a Poet of Athens, rcfided in Macedonia. Seeing the Difre-
gard.
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? D E M O S T H li N E S. 149
does he a(5l towards thofe, who fpeak with Integrity what they
really think for your Advantage, and thus, with regard to thofe,
who have fold themfelves, like iEfchines and Philocrates. Do
thefe Affertions therefore require Witneffes? Do they want
any ftronger Proof ? Shall ever any Power be able to tear them
from your Memory ?
A CERTAIN Perfon met me lately near the Senate-Houfc,
and told me an Affair of all others moft extraordinary ; that
j^fchines was preparing to accufe Chares, and hoped to impofe
upon you by this Artifice, and by his Harangues. For my
own Part, if Chares be accufed, I dare affirm, that he will be
found to have a6led faithfully and affedionately, to the utmojft
of his Power, for your Advantage; but if in the Event he was
overpowered by Numbers, that ought to be imputed to the
Counfels of thole bad Men, who, under the Influence of Cor-
ruption, ruined the Republic. But I fhall make them this
abundant Conceflion. Let it be granted, that whatever -^fchi-
nes {hall fay againfl Chares may be peifedly true, yet ftill his
accufing him will be abfolutely ridiculous; becaufe I do not
blame ^^fchines for the Conduct of the War, for which the
Generals are alone accountable, nor impute to him the Peace
concluded by the Republic. Thus far I acquit him. What
then
gard, with which Hegefippus was treated. Behaviour, and banifhed hitn from his
he received him with the Hofpitahty due Do-minions. Scholiast>>.
to his Countrymen. Pljihp refented his
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? 150 ORATIONSOF
then do I aflert, and from whence does this Impeachment arife?
From his having, while the Commonwealth was engaged in
concluding the Peace, fupported Philocrates againft thofe, who
propofed the beft Conditions; from his receiving Prefents;
wafting away the Time in his fecond Embafly, and never, in
any one Inftance, obeying your Inftru6lions; from his having
impofed upon the Republic, and ruined the whole State of our
Affairs by encouraging our Hopes, that Philip would a6t in
every thing as we fhould diredl ; laftly, from his having pleaded
in Defence of tliat Monarch, when others bid beware of him,
who had already committed fuch atrocious Ads of Injuftice.
Thefe are the Articles upon which I impeach him. Thefe you
ought to remember. Becaufe, if I had feen a juft and equal
Peace; if I had feen that your Ambafladors neither fold their
Integrity, nor uttered Falfehoods to deceive you, I would my-
felf have pronounced their Panegyric; I would myfelf have
advifed their being crowned. But if any of your Generals
hath failed in his Duty, his Errors have nothing in common
with the prefent Trial. For what General loft Halus, and
ruined the Phocaeans? Who loft Dorifcus? Who Cherfoblep-
tes? Who the facred Mountain? Who Thermopylae? Who
opened a Paffage for Philip even to the Frontiers of Attica
through the Territories of our Confederates and Allies? Who
alienated the Affedlions of Coronea, Orchomeniim, Eubsa,
and very lately of Megai'a? Who rendered the Thebans fo
5 pcwer-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 151
powerful? Thefe Misfortunes, however numerous and impor-
tant, were not occafioned by your Generals, but thefe Places
were ceded during the Peace, and Philip holds Polfeflion of
them by the Influence and Perfuaflon of thefe Traitors. They
were lofl: by them, and their Corruption.
If thefe are the proper Obje? ls of his Defence, and he fhall
wander from them, and choofe rather to fpeak to every other
Queftion, be fure to make him this Reply. We do not now
fit in Judgement upon any of our Generals, nor are you accuf-
ed of any Errors in the Conduct of the War. Do not therefore
tell us, that others are Accomplices with you in the Deftruc-
tion o^ the Phoc^ans, but convince us, that you yourfelf are
innocent. What? Do you now aflert, that Demofthenes is
guilty, yet never accufed him when he pafled his Accounts ?
Have you not always, even to this Moment, praifed his Condud ? .
Neither declaim upon the general Excellence and Advantages
of Peace, becaufe you are not accufed of having influenced the
Republic to conclude the Peace; but, that we were not fhame-
fully and opprobrioufly deceived in a thoufand Inflances after-
wards, and our Affairs totally ruined, make thefe the Subjeds
of your Declamation. For it is reprefented to us, that you are
the Author of all thefe Mifchiefs, and are therefore juftly deem-
ed worthy of Deftrudion. If you are careful to anfwer him in
this Manner, he will have nothing to reply, but fliall raife his
Voice, and chaunt forth its Sweetnefs in vain.
Perhaps;
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? 152 ORATIONS OF
Perhaps it may be neceflary to fay fomething of his Voice,
for I am informed he greatly vaunts him of its Sweetnefs, as if
he intended to exercife his theatrical Talents upon this Occafion.
Yet in my Opinion, if, when he played the Character of
Thyeftes, or reprefented the Mileries of the Trojan War, you
drove him off the Stage with Hiffes, and only not with Stones,
in fuch a Manner, that he had very nearly defifted, in the
Article of Death, from playing any more third-rate Charadters,
it would furely be exceflively abfurd, if afterwards, when he
hath wrought a thoufand Mifchicfs, not upon the Scene, but
in the public and moft important Affairs of the Commonwealth,
you fhould liften to him, as an Orator. No ; may you never
commit fuch an Abfurdity. When you make Trial of an He-
rald, you fliould indeed be attentive to his having a good Voice,
but in choofing an Ambaffador, or any public Minifter, it is
your Intereft to fix upon a Man of Integrity, and zealous for
your Welfare. With regard to myfelF, I never looked up to
Philip with Admiration, but was anxious only to redeem our
Fellow-Citizens from Slavery, nor ever fubmitted to any thing
bafe or abjedt, while i^fchines threw himfelf proftrate at his
Feet, and fang Pasans of Vidory with him, and treated you
with Contempt.
Besides, when you behold a valuable Citizen, and ftudious
of your Interefts, poffefled of Eloquence, or Sweetnefs of
Voice, or any other Excellence, it is your Duty, all of you,
to
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? DEMOSTHENES. 153
to rejoice with him, and aflift him with Ardour (for fuch a
Man is a common Bleffing to you all) but when you perceive
him corrupted, abandoned, and a Slave to the moft fordid
Lucre, you fhould drive him out of the Aflembly, or liften to
him with Severity and Averlion; becaufe when a Man of a de-
praved Spirit hath gained the Reputation of Abilities among
you, he becomes moft dangerous to the State. Behold, by
the Reputation, that ^fchines had gained, what Miichiefs have
affaulted the Republic. But while Abilities of every other Kind
can tolerably well fupport themfelves, this of Eloquence, ifop-
pofed by its Audience, is inftantly checked in its Progrefs. You
{hould hear ^fchines therefore, as a Man void of all Integrity,.
corrupted, and never uttering a Syllable of Truth.
Now confider, that not only upon all other Accounts, but
with regard to your Negotiations with Philip, it were of advan-
tage to the Commonwealth that iEfchines fhould be condemned.
Becaufe, if ever Philip fhould hereafter be compelled to a6t
with Juftice to the Republic, he will alter his Conducft. At
prefent he hath chofen to impofe upon the Many, and to culti-
vate the Friendfhip of the Few. But fhould he hear, that
thefe Traitors are deftroyed, he will afterwards think proper to-
a? t with a regard to the Many, in whom refide all the Powers,
(C)f the Conftitution. On thecontrary, if he fhould perfevere, as
at prefent, in his Licentioufnefs and Infolence, you fhall in Effcd:
deftroy all thofe, who may fupport his Interefts hereafter, if you
Vol. IL. X. dcftr. o)^=
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? 154- ORATIONS, &c.
deftroy this fingle Traitor. For if they have a6led in this Man-
ner under the Apprehenfion of being punifhed, what Crimes,
. do you imagine, will they not commit, when no longer appre-
henfive of yoitr Vengeance?
What Kind of Euthycrates?
What Kind of Lafthenes? What Betrayer will they not excell
in Villainy ? Will not your Citizens become the moft abandon-
ed of all Mankind, when they behold the Wretches, who have
fold their Country, enjoying Riches, Authority, and Impunity,
by the Friendfhip of Philip, while they, who preferve their
Integrity, and fpend their Fortunes in the Service of the Public,
are purfued with Vexations, Hatred, Envy? May this never
happen. Never can it promote your Glory, your Piety, your
Security, nor anfwer any other valuable Purpofe, to acquit this
Traitor; but to render him an Example of your Juftice, both
to your own Citizens, and to all the other States of Greece, will
beft promote the Interefts of the Republic.
End of the ORATION.
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? (! ^(r? ^(lHS)(! r(C)(^(C)(R),(2K5(^'I^(l^(|HD(^^
THE
ORATION
OF
AE S C H I N E
agalnft the Charge of Mifconduel: in his Embafly.
C! ;(C)(! J(R)(5^(MXM)(M)i(R)3)(R)^^:^(R)(R)S^
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? THE
ORAT ION
OF
iESCHINES.
IDo implore you, Athenians, to hear me with a favourable
Attention; to confider the Greatnefs of my Danger; the
Multitude of Crimes, againft which I muft now make my
Defence ; the Arts, and Arguments of my Accufer, and even
his Cruelty, who hath prefumed to exhort our Judges, Men
fworn to hear the contending Parties with Impartiality, not
to endure even the Voice of the accufed. (i) Neither did
he utter this Sentiment in Anger ; for the Profecutor, who is
confcious of his own Falfehood, can have no Refentment a-
gainft the Man, who is unjuftly impeached; nor does he, who
urges nothing but Truth, ever forbid the Criminal to make his
Defence, becaufe the AccuHition hath no Effe6l upon an Audi-
ence, until the accufed hath obtained Liberty to make his
Apology,
It were nnneceiTary to prefix an Ar- ufeful to point out the particular Paf-
gument to this Oration. The Readier, fages in the lafl: Oration, which iEfchi-
v,'ho has been in any Meafure attentive nes reprefents as Proofs of the Malignity
to the -Profecution, will be able to form and Injuftice of his Accufer.
his own Judgement on the Merit of the (i) Thefe lad Words do not appear in
Defence. It may not, howcver, be un- the Oration of Demolthenes. Wolfk's.
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? 158 ORATIONOF
Apology, and^s unable to refute^. the Crimes, laid to his Charge,
But Dcmofthenes, I appreTiend, takes no Pleafure, nor indeed
is he formed to take Pleafure in the Language of Juftice, but
would willingly call forth your Indignation, and hath impeach-
ed me of Corruption, himfelf moft unfit to urge a Sufpicion
of this Kind. Becaufe, whoever impels his Judges to be angry
with the corrupt, fhould himfelf be moft diftant from fucli
Pradlices.
It happened, O Men of Athens, (2) that while I heard De-
mofthencs accuiing me, never was I under greater Apprehen-
lions, never more provoked, nor ever fo tranfported with
Pleafure. I was terrified, and even now am greatly alarmed,
left any of you, who know me not, fhould be influenced in
his Judgement by thofe infidious and malevolent Antithefes. (3)
Then I was rapt with Aftonifhment, and with Difficulty fup-
ported the Accufation, that charged me with Outrage, and
drunken Violence to a free-born Woman, and an Olynthian.
But I was delighted, when you with Indignation rejefled the
Charge, and I confefs, the modeft Deportment of my whole
Life was then repaid with Gratitude. (4)
I THERE-
(2) Perhaps, the finglc Inftance of (4) Ulpian tells us, that the Judges
this Addrefs, O Men of Athens, either rofe from the Bench with Refentment
in this, or the next Oration of iEfchines. and Indignation, when Demofthenes told
(3) The Reader may turn to Page 67. the Story of the Olynthian Woman, and
Wolfius thinks thefe Antithefes mean the that Eubulus, the Advocate of ^fchi-
Oppofition of Charafters between Philon nes, cried out. Can you endure to hear
and Alfchines, Page 6^. him uttering fuch Impurities ?
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 159
I THEREFORE hoiioiir, and with fiagular Affedlion love yau
for giving Credit rather to the Lives of the accufcd, than to
the Accufations of their Enemies, ye% I would not decline
making my Defence againft this Charge ; becaufc if any of our
Citizens, who now furround this Court in Multitudes^ if any of
my Judges could believe I had committed fuch an Outrage,
not upon a free-born Woman only, but upon any other, I
fliould think the Remainder of my Life, a Life of Mifery : and
if, in the Progrefs of my Apology, I do not clearly prove,
that the Accufation itfelf is falfe, and that he, who aflerted it,
is an unhallowed Calumniator, I will acknowledge myfelf
worthy of Death, although I fhoiild not appear guilty of any
other Crime.
But his Declamation appeared to me mofl: unaccountable,
and cruelly unjuft, when he afked you, whether it were pof-
fible, that, in the very fame City, Philocrates fhould be con-
demned to die, becaufe, in the Confcioufnefs of his Crimes, he
would not venture to ftand his Trial, and that I fliould be acquit-
ted. But I imagine, I ought in Juftice, according to this very
reafoning, to be acquitted; for if he, who is confcious of his
Crimes, and does not appear, be deemed guilty, certainly the
Man, who is confcious of his Innocence, and delivers up his
Perfon to the Laws, and his Fellow-Citizens, cannot be guilty.
Let
(5) In regular Conclufion, camot he here draws a pofitive Conclufion of bh
deemed guiliy. But Orators have long Innocence from Premifles of meer Pro-
claimed a Privilege of departing from the bability.
fcvere Rules of Logic j and ^fchines
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? a6o . ORATIONOF
Let mc, however, implore you, that, during this whole
Profecution, if I fhould omit or forget any Circumftances of
Importance, you will afk and defire me to explain whatever
you defire to know, and hear me with an impartial Attention
and without Prejudice of my being guilty. Yet I am extremely-
doubtful, from thf Irregularity of the Profecution, from whence
I fhould begin my Defence. It is yours to confider, whether
my Doubts appear reafonable. I am now tried for a Crime,
that may affeft my Life, yet the greateft Part of the Profecu-
tion is employed in accufing Philocrates and Phrynon, and our
other Colleagues, and Philip, and the Peace, and the Adminif-
tration of Eubulus, but in every one of thefe I am included^
while Demofthenes alone, through his whole Oration, is anxious-
for tlie Republic, and all others are Traitors. Nor hath he
ceafed from infulting, and pouring forth his lying Inved:ives,
not againft me only, but againft the other AmbafTadors. Yet
while in general he treats me with Ignominy and Contempt,
upon any fudden Alteration of his Opinion, from whatfoever
Caufe it happen, as if heprofecuted an Alcibiades or a Themif-
tocles, who exceeded all our other Grecians in Authority, (6)
he charges me with deilroying the Cities of the Phocaeans, ali-
enating the whole Region of Thrace. , and expelling Cherfobleptes,
an Ally and Confedot^te of thcRepubHc, from his. Kingdom.
He
(6) Ot TTXiTg-ov Tuv EXXrivuv So^ri Reafonlng of ouj Orator does not dqjend
StriveyKctv, tranHated by Uodor Taylor, upon the Fame and Reputation of A1--
ja; Gracis longe fama pracslluere, yet the cibiades or Themiftocles, but upon their
Authoiity and Power.
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? iE S C H I N E S. i6i
He then attempted to compare me to Dionyfius, the Sicilian
Tyrant, (7) and afterwards with Violence and Clamour bids you
beware of that wild Monfter, -ffifchines. Then he repeated
the Dream of the Woman of Himera, yet when he had carried
the Affair to fuch a pitch of Extravagance, he envied me the
Honour of thefe Calumnies, and afcribed the Caufe of all our
Misfortunes, not to my Orations, but to the Arms of Philip.
But befides his Impudence, and the portentous Falfehoods
he utters, it is difficult to recoiled: every thing he faid, and
dangerous to anfwer fuch unexpedled Calumnies. Yet in what-
ever Inftance I can imagine this Difcourfe will be mofl clear,
moft informing to you, and in itfelf moft juft, I fhall begin
from thence ; from his reafoning upon the Peace, and the
Eledion of your AmbalTadors. Thus fhall I be better able to
recolledt, and to anfwer, and you be better informed.
I Believe you all remember, that the Eub^ean AmbaiTadors,
after they had finifhed their Negotiations with the People upon
the Peace they propofed for themfelves, informed you, that
Philip had empowered them to declare, that he was deiirous of
putting an End to the War, and concluding a Peace. Not long
Vol. II. Y after-
(7) We cannot form a Judgement of imus and Plutarch give us the Story of
tills Comparifon between ^fchines and this Woman ; that fhe dreamt fhe was
Dionyfius, or the Ridicule of mention- carried to Heaven, and there faw a Man
ing this Himerian Woman's Dream, chained under the Throne of Jupiter j
fince neither of them appear in the and when flie afterwards faw Dionyfius,
Oration of Demofthenes. Valerius Max- flie cried out, '1 hat is tlie Man.
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? i62 ORATIONOF
afterwards Phrynon was taken Prifoner by fonie Macedonian;
Robbers, during the Truce proclaimed at the Olympic Games,,
as he himfelf complained. (8) When he returned hither, after
having paid his Ranfom, he implored you to fend him in the
Charafter of an AmbaiTador to Philip, that, if pofTible, he
might recover the Money he had paid for his Liberty. Yield-
ing to his Entreaties you joined Ctefiphon with him in the
Embafly, who made his Report when he returned, concerning
the Affair, for which he was fent, and then added, that Philip
had affured him, he very unwillingly continued the War, from
v/hich he would now gladly be relieved. When Ctefiphork
made this Declaration, and mentioned befides the exceeding
Humanity of Philip; when the People greatly applauded Cte-
fiphon and approved of his Condud:; when no one role in
Oppofition ; Philocrates moved for a Decree, which the whole
People unanimoully confirmed, that Philip might be permitted
to fend Heralds and Ambaffadors hither to negotiate a Peace.
This Meafure had before been oppofed by fome certain Perfons,,
who were very folicitous about it, as the Fadt itfelf evinced. .
They preferred a Decree againft Philocrates, for enading new
Laws in contradiction to thofe already in Force; they infcribed
upon it the Name of Lycinus; marked it at an hundred Ta-
lents, and entered it in Court. Philocrates being in an ill State
of Health, called upon Demofthenes, not me, to be his Advo-
cate.
(8) The Reader may find fome on the firft Volume, Page 178.
Faniculars of this Story in the Notes
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? iE S C H I N E S. 163
cate. This Philip- Hater advanced, and confumed the whole
Day in the Defence of his Client, who was at length acquitted,
and Lycinus, who fubfcribed the Decree, had not the fifth Part
of the Suffrages ; thefe Circumftances you all know.
About this Time Olynthus was reduced, and many of our
Citizens taken Prifoners, among whom were Stratocles and
Eucratus. Their Relations addrefled you in the cuftomary
Forms of Supplication for them, and implored your Protedion.
Demofthenes and Philocrates, not i^fchines, appeared their
Advocates, and they fent Ariftodemus, the Comedian, Ambaf-
fador to Philip, by whom he was known, and received with
Indulgence, on Account of his Profeffion. When he returned
from his Embafly, being detained by his own private Bufinefs
he did not attend the Senate, and Stratocles, having been fet
at Liberty by Philip without a Ranfom, arrived before him from
Macedonia. The People in general, when they heard that Stra. -
tocles brought the fame Declarations from Philip, Vv^ere angry,
that Ariftodemus had not made a Report of his Emhaffy. At
length Democrates entered the Senate, and moved, that Arif-
todemus might be fent for. Demofthenes, who is now my
Profecutor, was then a Senator. Ariftodemus being introduced,
declared the good Intentions of Philip towards the Republic,
and added, that he was extremely well inclined to become a
Confederate of the Athenian People. Nor did he make this
Declaration in the Senate only, but in a general AflembJ'y,
Y 2 whifc
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? 164 O R A T I O N O F
while Demofthenes never offered any Oppolition, but on the
contrary, preferred a Decree to crown Ariflodemus.
While thefe Declarations were made in your AfTembly,
Philocrates propofed a Decree, to fend ten Ambafladors to Philip,
who might enter into a Negotiation upon the Peace, and fome
other Articles of mutual Advantage to both Parties. When
thefe Ambaffadors were appointed, I was propofed by Nauficles,
and Demofthenes, who now accufes Philocrates, was however
nominated by Philocrates. So earneft was he in the Affair,
that he moved the Senate to indemnify Ariftodemus, and fend
him as a Colleague of the Embafly, and to appoint other Am-
baffadors to the Cities, in which he had engaged to a6t, who
fhould folicit an Alleviation of his Fine. (9) In Proof of thefe
Affertions, take the Decrees, and read the Teftimony of Arif-
todemus, taken when he was abroad, and then call the Perfons,
who witneffed it, that the Judges may know, who was the
Friend of Philocrates, and who promifed to perfuade the People
to give Ariftodemus Prefents of Indemnification.
The Decrees. The Testimonies.
Such was the Beginning of this whole Affair, not directed by
me, but by Demofthenes and Philocrates.
During
(9) Ariftodemus had engaged to aft Account, propores to take him with them
in fome of the Cities of Greece, under in their Embaffy, and either to folicit
the Penalty of a certain Fine ? , the Scho- thofe Cities for an Alleviation of his Fine,
liaft fays, double the Sum he was to re- or to make him Prefents to indemnify
ceive for ading. Demofthenes, by this him for any Lofs he ftiould fuftain.
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 165
During our Embafly Demoflhenes was very follcitous to be
received into our Mefs, nor was he admitted by me, but by my
Companions, latroclcs and Aglaocreon, the Tenedian, whom
you had chofen from among our Allies. He then affirms,
that I preffed him, while we were traveling, with the Necefl'ity
of our mutually guarding againft that Monfter Philocrates.
This Story is a moft improbable Fidtion. For how could I
have urged Demofthenss to be cautious of Philocrates, when I
was confcious he had been his Advocate in the Profecution
againft him for enading new Laws in Oppofition to thofe al-
ready eftabliftied; and had been nominated by him to this
Embafly. Befides, we, who were his Colleagues, were not
engaged with him in Difcourfes of this Kind, but were compel-
led, through our whole Journey, to fuffer his impradicable,
gloomy Temper. While we were confulting, what Arguments
we fhould ufe, and Cymon declared he was apprehcnfive, that
Philip would prove too powerful for us in pleading his own
Caufe, Demofthenes promifed us fuch copious Fountains of
Eloquence, and aflured us, he had fuch things to urge vvdth
regard to the Juftice of our Claim to Amphipolis, and the Be-
ginning of the War, as would ftitch up Philip's Mouth with a
dry Reed; (10) perfuadethe Republic to recall Leofthenes from
Exile, and Philip to reftore AmphipoHs.
But
(10) A low, proverbial Expreffion, ufed in makiiig Ropes or Matts, they
fignifying to do any Thing with Eafe. were iifually moiftened in Water toren-
A dry Reed \ becaiife when Reeds were der them more pliable. Stephans,
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? i66 ORATIONOF
But that I may not grow tedious in the Defcription of his
exceffive Arrogance, as foon as we arrived in Macedonia, we
agreed among ourfelves, that when we approached PhiHp, the
eldeft of us iLould fpeak firft, and the reft in order of Seniority.
It happened, that Demofthenes, as he affured us, was the
youngeft, but when we were fumraoned to our Audience (i i)
Give me now your moft ferious Attention to the following Cir-
cumftances, by which you will perceive the unmeafurable Envy
of the Man; his fervile Timidity, and, at the fame Time, his
Malignity of Spirit, with fuch pernicious Schemes againft his
Companions and Colleagues in Embafly, as no other Man
would have inhumanly formed even againft his greateft Enemies.
He profefTes to pay the higheft Reverence to the Rights of
Hofpitality, and thofe Entertainments appointed by the Repub-
lic for her Ambaffadors, although he be neither a Citizen of
Athens, nor, I dare affirm it, allied to you by Blood: while
we, who have the facred Monuments and Sepulchres of our
Anceftors in this our native Country ; who have lived with you
in Friend rhip and Familiarity, formed upon a Likenefs of
Manners, and the Principles of Liberty; whofe Marriages have
been
(ii) Wolfius imagines the Remainder feems a fuddcn Starting to fome new
of tills Paragraph is to be included in a Matter -, or rather an oratorial Breaking
Parenthefis. His Editors and Stephans away trom his Subjeft, more Itrongly to
are of the fame Opinion. Yet there is catch that Attention of his Judges, which
jio Connexion, as there {houid be if a he with Eafneftnefs demands, as he is
Parenthefis intervenes, between when ive now entering more regularly into his
ivere fum.
lebrated at Athens with pecuhar Sacri- prcpe accedcre potuifTet. Such Miftakes
fict-s. Yet this Adion is repref^nted by muft frequently efcape the DUigence of
Wolfius in his Tranflation, as a cold the moft accurate Tranflator, and the
PoJlibiLty of the Succefs, which the beft Care of his Editors.
Athenians might have expedcd, if Phi-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 145
made ufe of Fraud. " How then (hall I avoid being publicly
*' convidled of breaking my Word, and the Infamy of Perjury,
*' yet execute the Plan I propofe ? How? Thus. I will, if
<* poflible, find an Athenian, who Hiall deceive the Athenians;
*' I {hall not then have any fhare in the Infamy. " From thence
his Ambafladors declared at firft, that he would not receive
the Phocceans, as Confederates; butthefe Traitors replied, and
alTerted in the Affembly, that Philip could not with Honour
enter openly into an Alliance with the Phocseans, in regard to
his Engagements with the Thebans and ThefTalians; but that if
? ver he fhould happen to be abfolute Mafter of Affairs, and
obtain a Peace, the Articles, which we now propofed to him to
ratify, he would then pundually perform.
Upon thefe Hopes therefore, by thefe Artifices, thefe Infinu-
ations, did he obtain a Peace, within an Exclufion of the
Phocsans. Yet afterwards it became necefiary to prevent your
fending Succours to Thermopylae, for fifty Gallies were ftation-
ed together, that if Philip fliould march, you might hinder his
Progrefs. How then fliall he ad ? What other Artifices muft
be tried for this Purpofe? Every Oportunity you might poffibly
liave of engaging in the Afiair, muft be taken from you, and
proper Perfons muft be appointed to conduct and fuddenly bring
it to fuch a Conclufion, as to render it impradicabic, even
when you were determined, to fail out of your Harbours. It is
apparent, that your Ambafladors have aded in this Manner.
Vol. II. U With
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? 146 O R A T I O N S O F
With regard to myfelf, as you have often heard, I was unable
to depart before them, and although I had hired a VeiTel, was
hindered from fetting Sail. But it now becomes abfolutely
neceflary, that the Phocsans fliould place a Confidence in Phi-
lip, and voluntarily furrender themfelves, left any unlucky
Accident fhould happen in his Affairs, or you fhould publifb
fome Decree againft him. " The Athenian Ambaffadors tliere-
" fore fhall declare, that the Phocsans fhall be preferved.
*' Then if any of them be fufpicious of me, he will rely upon,
*' their Faith, and furrender himfelf. We will, however, in-
" vite the Athenians to march into Phocis, that imagining
'' every thing fhall be regulated, as they pleafe to dire<? t, they
" may not publifh their Decrees to oppofe us. (56) Their own;
*' Ambaffadors fhall therefore make thefe Declarations and Pro-
" mifes in our Name, that whatever happen, the Athenian*
*' may not put themfelves in Motion. "
In this Manner, by thefe Artifices, and by the Afliffance of
thefe Wretches, devoted to Perdition, have your Affairs been
univerfally ruined. For inftead of feeing Thefpias and Platsae
re-inhabited, you heard, that Orchomenus and Coronea were
enflaved: inflead of the Authority of the Thebans being re-
duced,
(56) We have already feen (Page 25) Invitation, that they Jloould march with
that Philip fent two Letters to invite the all their Forces to fupport the Caufe of
Athenians to a general Congrefs on the Jujike. We fhall there find, as he re-
Affairs of Phocis. ^fchines in the next prefencs it, the Reafon of their RefiUal.
Oration will give us the Terms of this
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? DEMOSTHENES. 147
duced, or their Infolence and Arrogance fuppreffed, the Cities of
the Phoc^ans, your Confederates, were rafed to the Ground;
the Thebans rafed them to the Ground, and their Inhabitants
were difperfed by the Harangues of iEfchines; inftead of deH-
vering up Eubaea in Exchange for Amphipolis, Philip is railing
Fortrefles in Eubaea, from whence to invade you, and is per-
petually meditating the Siege of thofe Places we ftill poflefs in.
that Illand : inftead of having Oropus reftored, we are now
preparing to march for the Defence of our own Frontiers, which,
while the Phocaeans were in Safety, we had never done: inftead
of performing their ancient, cuftomary Sacrifices at Delphos,
and having his Treafures reftored to Apollo, the rightful Am-
phi(n:yons are compelled to fly, are driven into Banifhment, and
their Country laid wafte; while thefe barbarian Macedonians,
who never had a Seat before among the Amphi6tyons, now
attempt by Force to enter into that Council. Whoever menti-
ons the facred Treafures is inftantly crucified; the Republic is
defpoiled of her Prerogative of firft confulting the Oracle at
Delphos, and all her Aftairs are perplexed and confufed like
an -^inigma. Thus Philip never told an Untruth, yet carried
all his Schemes into Execution, while you beheld whatever you
prayed and hoped for, in every Inftance contradicted, and
under an Appearance of Peace fuffered more direful Calamities,
than under an open Declaration of War. By fuch Pradices did
thefe Traitors get Money, and yet are even to this Day unpu-
nifhed.
U 2 That
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? 148 O R A T I O N S O F
That thefe Misfortunes have undoubtedly been produced hy
Corruption, and that your AmbaiTadors received the Price of
this Corruption, is already manifeft to you, I prefume, in num-
berlefs Inftances, and I am apprehenfive, that, contrary to my
Intentions, by endeavouring with too much Solicitude to de-
monftrate their Guilt, I may grow tedious by a Repetition o?
what you already know. Hear me, however, in one Inftance
more. Among the Ambafladors, whom Philip fent hither ,,
is there any one to whom you would ere6l a Statue of Bronze
in the Forum? What do I fay? Is there any one, to whom
you would give an Entertainment in the Prytan^um, or any
other Prefent, with which you generally honour your Bene-
factors? In my Opinion, not one. Why? Not becaufe yoij
are ungrateful, or unjuft, or malevolent, but becaufe you may-
affirm, as you certainly might affirm with Truth and Jufticcj
that they always a6led, not in Support of your Interefts, but
thofe of Philip. Do you then imagine, that while you are thus
fenfible of the Force of this reafoning, that Philip can think
in a different Manner? Or did he give your Ambafladors fo
many, and fuch fplendid Prefents, becaufe they acled in their
Embafly, with regard to you, v;ith Integrity and Honour?
Impoffible. You behold in what Manner he treated Hegefippus
and his Colleagues. Other Inftances I ffiall pafs over unmen-
tioned. But he baniflicd the Poet Xenoclydes by Proclamation,
becaufe he had holpitably received his Fellow-Citizens. (5 7) Thus
does
(c;y) Xenoclidis, a Poet of Athens, rcfided in Macedonia. Seeing the Difre-
gard.
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? D E M O S T H li N E S. 149
does he a(5l towards thofe, who fpeak with Integrity what they
really think for your Advantage, and thus, with regard to thofe,
who have fold themfelves, like iEfchines and Philocrates. Do
thefe Affertions therefore require Witneffes? Do they want
any ftronger Proof ? Shall ever any Power be able to tear them
from your Memory ?
A CERTAIN Perfon met me lately near the Senate-Houfc,
and told me an Affair of all others moft extraordinary ; that
j^fchines was preparing to accufe Chares, and hoped to impofe
upon you by this Artifice, and by his Harangues. For my
own Part, if Chares be accufed, I dare affirm, that he will be
found to have a6led faithfully and affedionately, to the utmojft
of his Power, for your Advantage; but if in the Event he was
overpowered by Numbers, that ought to be imputed to the
Counfels of thole bad Men, who, under the Influence of Cor-
ruption, ruined the Republic. But I fhall make them this
abundant Conceflion. Let it be granted, that whatever -^fchi-
nes {hall fay againfl Chares may be peifedly true, yet ftill his
accufing him will be abfolutely ridiculous; becaufe I do not
blame ^^fchines for the Conduct of the War, for which the
Generals are alone accountable, nor impute to him the Peace
concluded by the Republic. Thus far I acquit him. What
then
gard, with which Hegefippus was treated. Behaviour, and banifhed hitn from his
he received him with the Hofpitahty due Do-minions. Scholiast>>.
to his Countrymen. Pljihp refented his
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? 150 ORATIONSOF
then do I aflert, and from whence does this Impeachment arife?
From his having, while the Commonwealth was engaged in
concluding the Peace, fupported Philocrates againft thofe, who
propofed the beft Conditions; from his receiving Prefents;
wafting away the Time in his fecond Embafly, and never, in
any one Inftance, obeying your Inftru6lions; from his having
impofed upon the Republic, and ruined the whole State of our
Affairs by encouraging our Hopes, that Philip would a6t in
every thing as we fhould diredl ; laftly, from his having pleaded
in Defence of tliat Monarch, when others bid beware of him,
who had already committed fuch atrocious Ads of Injuftice.
Thefe are the Articles upon which I impeach him. Thefe you
ought to remember. Becaufe, if I had feen a juft and equal
Peace; if I had feen that your Ambafladors neither fold their
Integrity, nor uttered Falfehoods to deceive you, I would my-
felf have pronounced their Panegyric; I would myfelf have
advifed their being crowned. But if any of your Generals
hath failed in his Duty, his Errors have nothing in common
with the prefent Trial. For what General loft Halus, and
ruined the Phocaeans? Who loft Dorifcus? Who Cherfoblep-
tes? Who the facred Mountain? Who Thermopylae? Who
opened a Paffage for Philip even to the Frontiers of Attica
through the Territories of our Confederates and Allies? Who
alienated the Affedlions of Coronea, Orchomeniim, Eubsa,
and very lately of Megai'a? Who rendered the Thebans fo
5 pcwer-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 151
powerful? Thefe Misfortunes, however numerous and impor-
tant, were not occafioned by your Generals, but thefe Places
were ceded during the Peace, and Philip holds Polfeflion of
them by the Influence and Perfuaflon of thefe Traitors. They
were lofl: by them, and their Corruption.
If thefe are the proper Obje? ls of his Defence, and he fhall
wander from them, and choofe rather to fpeak to every other
Queftion, be fure to make him this Reply. We do not now
fit in Judgement upon any of our Generals, nor are you accuf-
ed of any Errors in the Conduct of the War. Do not therefore
tell us, that others are Accomplices with you in the Deftruc-
tion o^ the Phoc^ans, but convince us, that you yourfelf are
innocent. What? Do you now aflert, that Demofthenes is
guilty, yet never accufed him when he pafled his Accounts ?
Have you not always, even to this Moment, praifed his Condud ? .
Neither declaim upon the general Excellence and Advantages
of Peace, becaufe you are not accufed of having influenced the
Republic to conclude the Peace; but, that we were not fhame-
fully and opprobrioufly deceived in a thoufand Inflances after-
wards, and our Affairs totally ruined, make thefe the Subjeds
of your Declamation. For it is reprefented to us, that you are
the Author of all thefe Mifchiefs, and are therefore juftly deem-
ed worthy of Deftrudion. If you are careful to anfwer him in
this Manner, he will have nothing to reply, but fliall raife his
Voice, and chaunt forth its Sweetnefs in vain.
Perhaps;
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? 152 ORATIONS OF
Perhaps it may be neceflary to fay fomething of his Voice,
for I am informed he greatly vaunts him of its Sweetnefs, as if
he intended to exercife his theatrical Talents upon this Occafion.
Yet in my Opinion, if, when he played the Character of
Thyeftes, or reprefented the Mileries of the Trojan War, you
drove him off the Stage with Hiffes, and only not with Stones,
in fuch a Manner, that he had very nearly defifted, in the
Article of Death, from playing any more third-rate Charadters,
it would furely be exceflively abfurd, if afterwards, when he
hath wrought a thoufand Mifchicfs, not upon the Scene, but
in the public and moft important Affairs of the Commonwealth,
you fhould liften to him, as an Orator. No ; may you never
commit fuch an Abfurdity. When you make Trial of an He-
rald, you fliould indeed be attentive to his having a good Voice,
but in choofing an Ambaffador, or any public Minifter, it is
your Intereft to fix upon a Man of Integrity, and zealous for
your Welfare. With regard to myfelF, I never looked up to
Philip with Admiration, but was anxious only to redeem our
Fellow-Citizens from Slavery, nor ever fubmitted to any thing
bafe or abjedt, while i^fchines threw himfelf proftrate at his
Feet, and fang Pasans of Vidory with him, and treated you
with Contempt.
Besides, when you behold a valuable Citizen, and ftudious
of your Interefts, poffefled of Eloquence, or Sweetnefs of
Voice, or any other Excellence, it is your Duty, all of you,
to
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? DEMOSTHENES. 153
to rejoice with him, and aflift him with Ardour (for fuch a
Man is a common Bleffing to you all) but when you perceive
him corrupted, abandoned, and a Slave to the moft fordid
Lucre, you fhould drive him out of the Aflembly, or liften to
him with Severity and Averlion; becaufe when a Man of a de-
praved Spirit hath gained the Reputation of Abilities among
you, he becomes moft dangerous to the State. Behold, by
the Reputation, that ^fchines had gained, what Miichiefs have
affaulted the Republic. But while Abilities of every other Kind
can tolerably well fupport themfelves, this of Eloquence, ifop-
pofed by its Audience, is inftantly checked in its Progrefs. You
{hould hear ^fchines therefore, as a Man void of all Integrity,.
corrupted, and never uttering a Syllable of Truth.
Now confider, that not only upon all other Accounts, but
with regard to your Negotiations with Philip, it were of advan-
tage to the Commonwealth that iEfchines fhould be condemned.
Becaufe, if ever Philip fhould hereafter be compelled to a6t
with Juftice to the Republic, he will alter his Conducft. At
prefent he hath chofen to impofe upon the Many, and to culti-
vate the Friendfhip of the Few. But fhould he hear, that
thefe Traitors are deftroyed, he will afterwards think proper to-
a? t with a regard to the Many, in whom refide all the Powers,
(C)f the Conftitution. On thecontrary, if he fhould perfevere, as
at prefent, in his Licentioufnefs and Infolence, you fhall in Effcd:
deftroy all thofe, who may fupport his Interefts hereafter, if you
Vol. IL. X. dcftr. o)^=
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? 154- ORATIONS, &c.
deftroy this fingle Traitor. For if they have a6led in this Man-
ner under the Apprehenfion of being punifhed, what Crimes,
. do you imagine, will they not commit, when no longer appre-
henfive of yoitr Vengeance?
What Kind of Euthycrates?
What Kind of Lafthenes? What Betrayer will they not excell
in Villainy ? Will not your Citizens become the moft abandon-
ed of all Mankind, when they behold the Wretches, who have
fold their Country, enjoying Riches, Authority, and Impunity,
by the Friendfhip of Philip, while they, who preferve their
Integrity, and fpend their Fortunes in the Service of the Public,
are purfued with Vexations, Hatred, Envy? May this never
happen. Never can it promote your Glory, your Piety, your
Security, nor anfwer any other valuable Purpofe, to acquit this
Traitor; but to render him an Example of your Juftice, both
to your own Citizens, and to all the other States of Greece, will
beft promote the Interefts of the Republic.
End of the ORATION.
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? (! ^(r? ^(lHS)(! r(C)(^(C)(R),(2K5(^'I^(l^(|HD(^^
THE
ORATION
OF
AE S C H I N E
agalnft the Charge of Mifconduel: in his Embafly.
C! ;(C)(! J(R)(5^(MXM)(M)i(R)3)(R)^^:^(R)(R)S^
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? THE
ORAT ION
OF
iESCHINES.
IDo implore you, Athenians, to hear me with a favourable
Attention; to confider the Greatnefs of my Danger; the
Multitude of Crimes, againft which I muft now make my
Defence ; the Arts, and Arguments of my Accufer, and even
his Cruelty, who hath prefumed to exhort our Judges, Men
fworn to hear the contending Parties with Impartiality, not
to endure even the Voice of the accufed. (i) Neither did
he utter this Sentiment in Anger ; for the Profecutor, who is
confcious of his own Falfehood, can have no Refentment a-
gainft the Man, who is unjuftly impeached; nor does he, who
urges nothing but Truth, ever forbid the Criminal to make his
Defence, becaufe the AccuHition hath no Effe6l upon an Audi-
ence, until the accufed hath obtained Liberty to make his
Apology,
It were nnneceiTary to prefix an Ar- ufeful to point out the particular Paf-
gument to this Oration. The Readier, fages in the lafl: Oration, which iEfchi-
v,'ho has been in any Meafure attentive nes reprefents as Proofs of the Malignity
to the -Profecution, will be able to form and Injuftice of his Accufer.
his own Judgement on the Merit of the (i) Thefe lad Words do not appear in
Defence. It may not, howcver, be un- the Oration of Demolthenes. Wolfk's.
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? 158 ORATIONOF
Apology, and^s unable to refute^. the Crimes, laid to his Charge,
But Dcmofthenes, I appreTiend, takes no Pleafure, nor indeed
is he formed to take Pleafure in the Language of Juftice, but
would willingly call forth your Indignation, and hath impeach-
ed me of Corruption, himfelf moft unfit to urge a Sufpicion
of this Kind. Becaufe, whoever impels his Judges to be angry
with the corrupt, fhould himfelf be moft diftant from fucli
Pradlices.
It happened, O Men of Athens, (2) that while I heard De-
mofthencs accuiing me, never was I under greater Apprehen-
lions, never more provoked, nor ever fo tranfported with
Pleafure. I was terrified, and even now am greatly alarmed,
left any of you, who know me not, fhould be influenced in
his Judgement by thofe infidious and malevolent Antithefes. (3)
Then I was rapt with Aftonifhment, and with Difficulty fup-
ported the Accufation, that charged me with Outrage, and
drunken Violence to a free-born Woman, and an Olynthian.
But I was delighted, when you with Indignation rejefled the
Charge, and I confefs, the modeft Deportment of my whole
Life was then repaid with Gratitude. (4)
I THERE-
(2) Perhaps, the finglc Inftance of (4) Ulpian tells us, that the Judges
this Addrefs, O Men of Athens, either rofe from the Bench with Refentment
in this, or the next Oration of iEfchines. and Indignation, when Demofthenes told
(3) The Reader may turn to Page 67. the Story of the Olynthian Woman, and
Wolfius thinks thefe Antithefes mean the that Eubulus, the Advocate of ^fchi-
Oppofition of Charafters between Philon nes, cried out. Can you endure to hear
and Alfchines, Page 6^. him uttering fuch Impurities ?
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 159
I THEREFORE hoiioiir, and with fiagular Affedlion love yau
for giving Credit rather to the Lives of the accufcd, than to
the Accufations of their Enemies, ye% I would not decline
making my Defence againft this Charge ; becaufc if any of our
Citizens, who now furround this Court in Multitudes^ if any of
my Judges could believe I had committed fuch an Outrage,
not upon a free-born Woman only, but upon any other, I
fliould think the Remainder of my Life, a Life of Mifery : and
if, in the Progrefs of my Apology, I do not clearly prove,
that the Accufation itfelf is falfe, and that he, who aflerted it,
is an unhallowed Calumniator, I will acknowledge myfelf
worthy of Death, although I fhoiild not appear guilty of any
other Crime.
But his Declamation appeared to me mofl: unaccountable,
and cruelly unjuft, when he afked you, whether it were pof-
fible, that, in the very fame City, Philocrates fhould be con-
demned to die, becaufe, in the Confcioufnefs of his Crimes, he
would not venture to ftand his Trial, and that I fliould be acquit-
ted. But I imagine, I ought in Juftice, according to this very
reafoning, to be acquitted; for if he, who is confcious of his
Crimes, and does not appear, be deemed guilty, certainly the
Man, who is confcious of his Innocence, and delivers up his
Perfon to the Laws, and his Fellow-Citizens, cannot be guilty.
Let
(5) In regular Conclufion, camot he here draws a pofitive Conclufion of bh
deemed guiliy. But Orators have long Innocence from Premifles of meer Pro-
claimed a Privilege of departing from the bability.
fcvere Rules of Logic j and ^fchines
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? a6o . ORATIONOF
Let mc, however, implore you, that, during this whole
Profecution, if I fhould omit or forget any Circumftances of
Importance, you will afk and defire me to explain whatever
you defire to know, and hear me with an impartial Attention
and without Prejudice of my being guilty. Yet I am extremely-
doubtful, from thf Irregularity of the Profecution, from whence
I fhould begin my Defence. It is yours to confider, whether
my Doubts appear reafonable. I am now tried for a Crime,
that may affeft my Life, yet the greateft Part of the Profecu-
tion is employed in accufing Philocrates and Phrynon, and our
other Colleagues, and Philip, and the Peace, and the Adminif-
tration of Eubulus, but in every one of thefe I am included^
while Demofthenes alone, through his whole Oration, is anxious-
for tlie Republic, and all others are Traitors. Nor hath he
ceafed from infulting, and pouring forth his lying Inved:ives,
not againft me only, but againft the other AmbafTadors. Yet
while in general he treats me with Ignominy and Contempt,
upon any fudden Alteration of his Opinion, from whatfoever
Caufe it happen, as if heprofecuted an Alcibiades or a Themif-
tocles, who exceeded all our other Grecians in Authority, (6)
he charges me with deilroying the Cities of the Phocaeans, ali-
enating the whole Region of Thrace. , and expelling Cherfobleptes,
an Ally and Confedot^te of thcRepubHc, from his. Kingdom.
He
(6) Ot TTXiTg-ov Tuv EXXrivuv So^ri Reafonlng of ouj Orator does not dqjend
StriveyKctv, tranHated by Uodor Taylor, upon the Fame and Reputation of A1--
ja; Gracis longe fama pracslluere, yet the cibiades or Themiftocles, but upon their
Authoiity and Power.
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? iE S C H I N E S. i6i
He then attempted to compare me to Dionyfius, the Sicilian
Tyrant, (7) and afterwards with Violence and Clamour bids you
beware of that wild Monfter, -ffifchines. Then he repeated
the Dream of the Woman of Himera, yet when he had carried
the Affair to fuch a pitch of Extravagance, he envied me the
Honour of thefe Calumnies, and afcribed the Caufe of all our
Misfortunes, not to my Orations, but to the Arms of Philip.
But befides his Impudence, and the portentous Falfehoods
he utters, it is difficult to recoiled: every thing he faid, and
dangerous to anfwer fuch unexpedled Calumnies. Yet in what-
ever Inftance I can imagine this Difcourfe will be mofl clear,
moft informing to you, and in itfelf moft juft, I fhall begin
from thence ; from his reafoning upon the Peace, and the
Eledion of your AmbalTadors. Thus fhall I be better able to
recolledt, and to anfwer, and you be better informed.
I Believe you all remember, that the Eub^ean AmbaiTadors,
after they had finifhed their Negotiations with the People upon
the Peace they propofed for themfelves, informed you, that
Philip had empowered them to declare, that he was deiirous of
putting an End to the War, and concluding a Peace. Not long
Vol. II. Y after-
(7) We cannot form a Judgement of imus and Plutarch give us the Story of
tills Comparifon between ^fchines and this Woman ; that fhe dreamt fhe was
Dionyfius, or the Ridicule of mention- carried to Heaven, and there faw a Man
ing this Himerian Woman's Dream, chained under the Throne of Jupiter j
fince neither of them appear in the and when flie afterwards faw Dionyfius,
Oration of Demofthenes. Valerius Max- flie cried out, '1 hat is tlie Man.
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? i62 ORATIONOF
afterwards Phrynon was taken Prifoner by fonie Macedonian;
Robbers, during the Truce proclaimed at the Olympic Games,,
as he himfelf complained. (8) When he returned hither, after
having paid his Ranfom, he implored you to fend him in the
Charafter of an AmbaiTador to Philip, that, if pofTible, he
might recover the Money he had paid for his Liberty. Yield-
ing to his Entreaties you joined Ctefiphon with him in the
Embafly, who made his Report when he returned, concerning
the Affair, for which he was fent, and then added, that Philip
had affured him, he very unwillingly continued the War, from
v/hich he would now gladly be relieved. When Ctefiphork
made this Declaration, and mentioned befides the exceeding
Humanity of Philip; when the People greatly applauded Cte-
fiphon and approved of his Condud:; when no one role in
Oppofition ; Philocrates moved for a Decree, which the whole
People unanimoully confirmed, that Philip might be permitted
to fend Heralds and Ambaffadors hither to negotiate a Peace.
This Meafure had before been oppofed by fome certain Perfons,,
who were very folicitous about it, as the Fadt itfelf evinced. .
They preferred a Decree againft Philocrates, for enading new
Laws in contradiction to thofe already in Force; they infcribed
upon it the Name of Lycinus; marked it at an hundred Ta-
lents, and entered it in Court. Philocrates being in an ill State
of Health, called upon Demofthenes, not me, to be his Advo-
cate.
(8) The Reader may find fome on the firft Volume, Page 178.
Faniculars of this Story in the Notes
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? iE S C H I N E S. 163
cate. This Philip- Hater advanced, and confumed the whole
Day in the Defence of his Client, who was at length acquitted,
and Lycinus, who fubfcribed the Decree, had not the fifth Part
of the Suffrages ; thefe Circumftances you all know.
About this Time Olynthus was reduced, and many of our
Citizens taken Prifoners, among whom were Stratocles and
Eucratus. Their Relations addrefled you in the cuftomary
Forms of Supplication for them, and implored your Protedion.
Demofthenes and Philocrates, not i^fchines, appeared their
Advocates, and they fent Ariftodemus, the Comedian, Ambaf-
fador to Philip, by whom he was known, and received with
Indulgence, on Account of his Profeffion. When he returned
from his Embafly, being detained by his own private Bufinefs
he did not attend the Senate, and Stratocles, having been fet
at Liberty by Philip without a Ranfom, arrived before him from
Macedonia. The People in general, when they heard that Stra. -
tocles brought the fame Declarations from Philip, Vv^ere angry,
that Ariftodemus had not made a Report of his Emhaffy. At
length Democrates entered the Senate, and moved, that Arif-
todemus might be fent for. Demofthenes, who is now my
Profecutor, was then a Senator. Ariftodemus being introduced,
declared the good Intentions of Philip towards the Republic,
and added, that he was extremely well inclined to become a
Confederate of the Athenian People. Nor did he make this
Declaration in the Senate only, but in a general AflembJ'y,
Y 2 whifc
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? 164 O R A T I O N O F
while Demofthenes never offered any Oppolition, but on the
contrary, preferred a Decree to crown Ariflodemus.
While thefe Declarations were made in your AfTembly,
Philocrates propofed a Decree, to fend ten Ambafladors to Philip,
who might enter into a Negotiation upon the Peace, and fome
other Articles of mutual Advantage to both Parties. When
thefe Ambaffadors were appointed, I was propofed by Nauficles,
and Demofthenes, who now accufes Philocrates, was however
nominated by Philocrates. So earneft was he in the Affair,
that he moved the Senate to indemnify Ariftodemus, and fend
him as a Colleague of the Embafly, and to appoint other Am-
baffadors to the Cities, in which he had engaged to a6t, who
fhould folicit an Alleviation of his Fine. (9) In Proof of thefe
Affertions, take the Decrees, and read the Teftimony of Arif-
todemus, taken when he was abroad, and then call the Perfons,
who witneffed it, that the Judges may know, who was the
Friend of Philocrates, and who promifed to perfuade the People
to give Ariftodemus Prefents of Indemnification.
The Decrees. The Testimonies.
Such was the Beginning of this whole Affair, not directed by
me, but by Demofthenes and Philocrates.
During
(9) Ariftodemus had engaged to aft Account, propores to take him with them
in fome of the Cities of Greece, under in their Embaffy, and either to folicit
the Penalty of a certain Fine ? , the Scho- thofe Cities for an Alleviation of his Fine,
liaft fays, double the Sum he was to re- or to make him Prefents to indemnify
ceive for ading. Demofthenes, by this him for any Lofs he ftiould fuftain.
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 165
During our Embafly Demoflhenes was very follcitous to be
received into our Mefs, nor was he admitted by me, but by my
Companions, latroclcs and Aglaocreon, the Tenedian, whom
you had chofen from among our Allies. He then affirms,
that I preffed him, while we were traveling, with the Necefl'ity
of our mutually guarding againft that Monfter Philocrates.
This Story is a moft improbable Fidtion. For how could I
have urged Demofthenss to be cautious of Philocrates, when I
was confcious he had been his Advocate in the Profecution
againft him for enading new Laws in Oppofition to thofe al-
ready eftabliftied; and had been nominated by him to this
Embafly. Befides, we, who were his Colleagues, were not
engaged with him in Difcourfes of this Kind, but were compel-
led, through our whole Journey, to fuffer his impradicable,
gloomy Temper. While we were confulting, what Arguments
we fhould ufe, and Cymon declared he was apprehcnfive, that
Philip would prove too powerful for us in pleading his own
Caufe, Demofthenes promifed us fuch copious Fountains of
Eloquence, and aflured us, he had fuch things to urge vvdth
regard to the Juftice of our Claim to Amphipolis, and the Be-
ginning of the War, as would ftitch up Philip's Mouth with a
dry Reed; (10) perfuadethe Republic to recall Leofthenes from
Exile, and Philip to reftore AmphipoHs.
But
(10) A low, proverbial Expreffion, ufed in makiiig Ropes or Matts, they
fignifying to do any Thing with Eafe. were iifually moiftened in Water toren-
A dry Reed \ becaiife when Reeds were der them more pliable. Stephans,
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? i66 ORATIONOF
But that I may not grow tedious in the Defcription of his
exceffive Arrogance, as foon as we arrived in Macedonia, we
agreed among ourfelves, that when we approached PhiHp, the
eldeft of us iLould fpeak firft, and the reft in order of Seniority.
It happened, that Demofthenes, as he affured us, was the
youngeft, but when we were fumraoned to our Audience (i i)
Give me now your moft ferious Attention to the following Cir-
cumftances, by which you will perceive the unmeafurable Envy
of the Man; his fervile Timidity, and, at the fame Time, his
Malignity of Spirit, with fuch pernicious Schemes againft his
Companions and Colleagues in Embafly, as no other Man
would have inhumanly formed even againft his greateft Enemies.
He profefTes to pay the higheft Reverence to the Rights of
Hofpitality, and thofe Entertainments appointed by the Repub-
lic for her Ambaffadors, although he be neither a Citizen of
Athens, nor, I dare affirm it, allied to you by Blood: while
we, who have the facred Monuments and Sepulchres of our
Anceftors in this our native Country ; who have lived with you
in Friend rhip and Familiarity, formed upon a Likenefs of
Manners, and the Principles of Liberty; whofe Marriages have
been
(ii) Wolfius imagines the Remainder feems a fuddcn Starting to fome new
of tills Paragraph is to be included in a Matter -, or rather an oratorial Breaking
Parenthefis. His Editors and Stephans away trom his Subjeft, more Itrongly to
are of the fame Opinion. Yet there is catch that Attention of his Judges, which
jio Connexion, as there {houid be if a he with Eafneftnefs demands, as he is
Parenthefis intervenes, between when ive now entering more regularly into his
ivere fum.
