Augustus, now
Agrippina, the daughter of Agrippa, by whom he being without a successor of his own blood, adopted
had one son, and who was then pregnant, and to Tiberius, the son of his wife Livia, with the view
marry Julia (B.
Agrippina, the daughter of Agrippa, by whom he being without a successor of his own blood, adopted
had one son, and who was then pregnant, and to Tiberius, the son of his wife Livia, with the view
marry Julia (B.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
llence Aeneas, in Datames escaped the danger through a timely
Virgil (Acn. ii. 31), says, that it was doubtful warning given him by his mother, and, on his
whether Thy moctes, in order to revenge himself, return to his own government, declared war against
advised to draw the wooden horse into the city. Thyus, subdued him, and made him a prisoner to-
2. An Athenian hero, believed to have been a gether with his wife and children. Tie then nr.
son of Oxyntas, and king of Attica. One of the rayed him in all the insignia of his royal rank,
Attic demes (Thymoetiadae or Thymaetiadae) de dressed himself in hunter's garb, and, having fas-
rived its name from biin. (Suid. 8. v. ; Paus. ii. tened a rope round Thyus, drove him before hiin
18. $ 7. )
with a cudgel, and brought him in this guise into
3. A Trojan and a companion of Aeneas, who the presence of Artnxerxes, as if he were a wild
was slain by Turnus. (Virg. Acn. xii. 364. ) [L. S. ] beast that he had captured. Cornelius Nepos de-
THYMONDAS (Ovuúvoas), a son of MENTOR scribes Thyus as a njan of huge stature and grim
the Rhodian, and nephew of Memnon. In B. c. aspect, with dark complexion, and long hair and
3:33, he was sent down into Lycia by king Da- beard. Aelian notices him as notorious for his
reius to commission Pharnabazus to succeed Mem- voracity, while Theopompus related that he was
non in the command of the fleet. (PHARNABAZUS, accustomed to have 100 dishes placed on his table
No. 3. ) The land-force, consisting apparently of at one meal, and that, when he was imprisoned by
Greek mercenaries, Thymondas was himself to re- Artaxerxes, he continued the same course of life,
ceive from Pharnabazus, and to lead up to Syria which drew from the king the remark that Thyus
to meet the king.
was living as if he expected a speedy death. (Corn.
At the batile of Issus, in the same year, Nep. Datam. 2, 3; Theop. ap. Ath. iv. pp. 144, f. ,
Thymondas with his mercenaries occupied the 145, a, x. p. 415, d; Ael. v. II. i. 27. ) [E. E. )
centre of the Persian army, and did good service. TIBERI'NUS, one of the mythical kings of
After the battle, together with Aristomedes, Alba, son of Capetus, and father of Agrippa, is
Amyntas, and Bianor, and a large body of said to have been drowned in crossing the river
troops, he made his way over the mountains to Alba, which was hence called Tiberis after him,
Tripolis in Phoenicia. Here they found the ships and of which he became the guardian god. (Liv. i.
which had conveyed their men over from Lesbos, 3 ; Dionys. i. 71 ; Cic. de Nat. Dcor. iii. 20. )
and, having launched as many as they needed and TIBERIUS I. , emperor of Rome, a. D. 14–
burnt the rest, they sailed for Cyprus, and thence 37. His full name was Tiberius Claudius Nero
crossed over to Egypt. Whether Thymondas took CAESAR. He was the son of T. Claudius Nero
part there in the attempt of Amyntas to possess (Nero, No. 7) and of Livia, and was born on
himself of the sovereignty, we have no means of the 16th of November, B. C. 42, before his mother
deciding. (Arr. Anab. ii. 2, 8–10, 13; Curt. iii. married Augustus. Tiberius was tall and strongly
8, iv. 1. ) [Amyntas, No. 5. ] (E. E. ) made, and his health was very good. His face was
THYO'NE (Ouárn), the name of Semele, under handsome, and his eyes were large. He was care-
which Dionysus fetched her from Hades, and in- fully educated according to the fashion of the day,
troduced her among the immortals. (Hom. Hymn. and became well acquainted with Greek and Latin
v. 21 ; A pollod. iii. 5. $ 3; Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. literature. He possessed talent both as a speaker
23 ; Pind. Pyth. iii. 99 ; Diod. Sic. iv. 25 ; Apollon. and writer, but he was fond of employing himse!
Rhod. i. 636. )
[L. S. ] on trivial subjects, such as at that time were com-
THYO'NÉUS (Ouwveús). 1. A surname of prehended under the term Grammar (grammatica).
Dionysus which has the same meaning as Thyone, His master in rhetoric was Theodorus of Gadara.
both being formed from Sveiv, “to be inspired. ” He was a great purist, and affected a wonderful
. (0v. Met. iv. 13; Horat. Curm. i. 17. 23 ; Oppian, precision about words, to which he often paid more
Cyncg. i. 27 ; Hesych. s. o. Ovwvions. )
attention than to the matter. Though not without
2. A son of Dionysus in Chios, and father of military courage, as his life shows, he had a great
Thoas. (Acron, ad Horat. Carm. i. 17. 23. ) (L. S. ] timidity of character, and was of a jealous and
THYPHEI'TIDES, the maker of a painted suspicious temper; and these qualities rendered
vase discovered at Vulci
, and now in the collection him cruel after he had acquired power. He had
of M. Durand, under each handle of which is the more penetration than decision of character, and he
inscription, EΓOIESEN ΘΥΦΕΙΤΙΔΕΣ. (Cub. was often irresolute. (Tac. Ann. i. 80. ) From his
Durand. No. 893; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. youth he was of an unsociable disposition, melan-
Schurn, pp. 60, 61, 2d ed. )
[P. S. ) choly and reserved, and this character developed
THYRSUS (Oupoos), a freedman of Octavian, itself more as he grew older. He had no sympa-
whom the latter sent to Cleopatra at Alexandria, thies nor affections, was indifferent about pleasing
after the battle of Actium. Dion Cassius relates or giving pain to others : he had all the elements
that Octavian made love to Cleopatra by means of of cruelty; suspicion nourished his implacable
Thyrsus, to induce her to betray Antony ; but ternper, and power gave him the opportunity of
Plutarch simply states that Thyrsus, through his gratifying his long nourished schemes of vengeance.
frequent interviews with Cleopatra, excited the In the latter years of his life, particularly, he in-
suspicions of Antony, who seized and whipped | dulged his lustful propensities in every way that
i
A73
çanta
it.
(EE
## p. 1118 (#1134) ##########################################
1118
TIBERIUS.
TIBERIUS.
A depraved imagination could suggest: lust and whose licentious life was no secret to her husband :
cruelty are not strangers. It is said, too, that he probably, too, he was unwilling to stay at Rome
was addicted to excess in wine: he was not when the grandsons of Augustus were attaining
originally avaricious, but he became so. He affected years of maturity, for there was mutual jealousy
a regard to decency and to externals. He was the between them and Tiberius. During his residence
prince of hypocrites; and the events of his reign at Rhodes, Tiberius, among other things, employed
are little more than the exhibition of his detestable himself on astrology, and he was one of the dupes
character. (Tacitus. ]
of this supposed science. His chief master in this
Tiberius was about thirteen years of age when art was Thrasyllus, who predicted that he would
he accompanied Augustus in his triumphal entry be emperor. (Tacit. Ann. vi. 21. ) Augustus had
into Rome (B. C. 29) after the death of M. An not been very ready to allow Tiberius to retire to
tonius: Tiberius rode on the left of Augustus and Rhodes, and he was not willing to let him come
Marcellus on his right. Augustus conferred on back; but, at the instance of Caius Caesar, Tibe-
Tiberius and his brother Drusus titles of dignity, rius was allowed to return, A. D. 2. He was re-
while his grandsons, Caius and Lucius, were still lieved from one trouble during his absence, for his
living: but besides Caius and Lucius, Marcellus, wife Julia was banished to the island of Pandataria
the nephew of Augustus, had superior claims to (B. C. 2), and he never saw her again. (Dion Cass.
the succession, and the prospect of Tiberius suc- lv. 10. ) Suetonius says that Tiberius, by letter,
ceeding to the power of his mother's husband entreated the emperor to let Julia keep whatever
seemed at one time very remote. The death of he had given her.
Agrippa made way for Tiberius being employed in Tiberius was employed in public affairs until the
public affairs, and Augustus compelled him, much death of L. Caesar (A. D. 2), which was followed by
against his will, to divorce his wife Vipsania the death of C. Caesar (A. n. 4).
Augustus, now
Agrippina, the daughter of Agrippa, by whom he being without a successor of his own blood, adopted
had one son, and who was then pregnant, and to Tiberius, the son of his wife Livia, with the view
marry Julia (B. c. 11), the widow of Agrippa, and of leaving to him the power that he had himself
the emperor's daughter, with whom Tiberius did acquired ; and at the same time he required Tibe-
pot long live in harmony. He had one child by rius to adopt Germanicus, the son of his brother
Julia, but it did not live.
Drusus, though Tiberius had a son Drusus by his
He was employed on various military services wife Vipsania. (Sueton. Tiber. 15; Vell. Pat. ii.
during the lifetime of Augustus. He made his 103. ) Augustus was not ignorant of the character of
first campaign in the Cantabrian war as Tribunus | Tiberius, but, like others in power, he left it to a
Militum. In B. C. 20 he was sent by Augustus man whom he did not like, and could not esteem,
to restore Tigranes to the throne of Armenia. Ar- rather than allow it to go out of his family. Au-
tabazus, the occupant of the throne, was murdered gustus had indeed adopted Postumus Agrippa,
before Tiberius reached Armenia, and Tiberius the brother of C. and L. Caesares, but there was
had no difficulty in accomplishing his mission. nothing to hope for from him; and Germanicus
(Dion Cass. liv. 9. ) It was during this campaign was too young to be adopted by Augustus with a
that Horace addressed one of his epistles to Julius view to the direct succession.
Florus (i. 12), who was serving under Tiberius. From the year of his adoption to the death of
In B. c. 15, Drusus and his brother Tiberius were Augustus, A. D. 14, Tiberius was in command of
engaged in warfare with the Rhaeti, who occupied the Roman armies, though he visited Rome several
the Alps of Tridentum (Trento), and the exploits times. He was sent into Germany A. D. 4, and
of the two brothers were sung by Horace (Carm. the historian Velleius Paterculus accompanied
iv. 4, 14; Dion Cass. liv. 22. ) In B. C. 13 Tiberius him as praefectus equitum. Tiberius reduced all
was consul with P. Quintilius Varus. In B. c. 11, Illyricum to subjection A. D. 9; and in A. D. 12 he
the same year in which he married Julia, and had the honour of a triumph at Rome for his
while his brother Drusus was fighting against the German and Dalmatian victories. Tiberius dis-
Germans, Tiberius left his new wife to conduct, by played military talent during his transalpine cam-
the order of Augustus, the war against the Dalma- paigns; he maintained discipline in his army, and
tians who bad revolted, and against the Pannonians. took care of the comforts of his soldiers. In A. D.
(Dion Cass. liv. 31. ) Drusus died (B. C. 9) owing 14 Augustus held his last census, in which he bad
to a fall from his horse, after a campaign against Tiberius for his colleague.
the Germans between the Weser and the Elbe. Tiberius being sent to settle the affairs of
On the news of the accident, Tiberius was sent by Illyricum, Augustus accompanied him as far as
Augustus, who was then at Pavia, to Drusus, Beneventum, but as the emperor was on his way
whom he found just alive. (Dion Cass. lv. 2. ). He back to Rome he died at Nola, on the 19th of
conveyed the body to Rome from the banks of August, A. D. 14. Tiberius was immediately sum-
the Rhine, walking all the way before it on foot moned home by his mother Livia, who managed
(Sueton. Tiber. 7), and he pronounced a funeral affairs so as to secure the power to her son, so far
oration over his brother in the forum. Tiberius as such precaution was necessary. If nothing more
returned to the war in Germany, and crossed the had been known of Tiberius than his conduct
Rhine. In B. c. 7 he was again in Rome, was during the lifetime of the emperor, he might have
made consul a second time, and celebrated his descended to posterity with no worse character
becond triumph. (Vell. Pat. ii. 97. )
than many other Romans. His accession to power
In B. c. 6 he obtained the tribunitia potestas for developed all the qualities which were not un-
five years, but during this year he retired with the known to those who were acquainted with him,
emperor's permission to Rhodes, where he spent the but which hitherto had not been allowed their full
next seven years. Tacitus (Ann. i. 53) says that play. He took the power which nobody was pre-
his chief reason for leaving Rome was to get away pared to dispute with him, affecting all the while a
from his wife, whio treated him with contempt, and great reluctance; and he declined the name of Pater
## p. 1119 (#1135) ##########################################
TIBERIUS.
1119
TIBERIUS.
Patriae, and only took that of Augustus when he emperor ; and persons were accused not of acts
wrote to foreign princes. He began his reign by only, but words, and even the most indifferent
putting Postumus Agrippa to death, and he alleged matters were made the ground of such charges.
that it was done pursuant to the command of Thus was established a pestilent class of men,
Augustus (Tacit. Ann. i. 6. )
under the name of Delatores, who became a terrible
His conduct in other respects was marked by means of injustice and oppression (Tacit. Ann. i.
moderation and prudence ; he rejected all flattery 73), and enriched themselves at the expense of
from the senate ; he conferred offices according to their victims by encouraging the cruel suspicions of
merit, and he allowed persons to grow old in them. the emperor. In the lifetime of Augustus, Tiberius
lle endeavoured to relieve the scarcity of bread, a had urged the emperor to punish those who spoke
kind of complaint at Rome, which occurred at disrespectfully of the emperor, but his more prudent
intervals, notwithstanding, and perhaps, in conse- step-father, content with real power and security,
quence of, the efforts of the government to secure allowed the Romans to indulge their taste for satire
a supply of food for the city. His mode of life and pasquinades. (Sueton. Aug. c. 51. ) Tiberius
was frugal, and without ostentatious display, and followed this wise advice for a time, and made great
there was little to find fault with in him. (Dion profession of allowing liberty of specch, but his
Cass. lvii. 2, &c. ) lle had got rid of Agrippa, who real teniper at last prevailed, and the slightest
was the nearest rival, and who, if he had possessed pretence was sufficient to found a charge of laesa
merit, would have scemed to have a better title to majestas (Sueton. Tiber. c. 28). Ile paid unwill-
the imperial power than Tiberius, for he was the ingly and tardily the legacies left by Augustus to
son of Julia. Germanicus was the son of his younger the people, and he began his payment with an act
brother, and had a less direct claim than Tiberius ; of cruelty, which was not the better for being
but Tiberius feared the virtues and the popularity seasoned with humour (Sueton. Tiber, c. 57; Dion
of Germanicus, and so long as he felt that Ger- Cass. Ivii, 14, tells the same story).
manicus might be a rival, his conduct was exceed- Vonones, the son of Phraates, once a hostage at
ingly circumspect. (Tacit. Ann. i. 14,15. ) When he Rome, had been invited back to his Parthian king-
felt himself sure in his place, he began to exercise dom in the time of Augustus, but Artabanus of the
his craft. He took from the popular assembly the royal house of the Arsacidae drove him out (A. D.
election of the magistrates, and transferred it to 16), and he sought refuge in Armenia, which being
the senate, for this is what Tacitus means in the then without a king accepted Vonones. The new
passage of the Annals just referred to: the popular king however was unable to maintain himself
assembly still enacted laws, though the consulta of against a threatened attack of Artabanus. Tiberius
the senate were the ordinary form of legislation from did not wish to get into a quarrel with Artabanus,
the time of the accession of Tiberius. The emperor by giving. Vonones aid, and the exiled king took
limited himself to the recommendation of four can refuge with Creticus Silanus, governor of Syria.
didates annually to the senate, who of course were (Tacit. Ann. ii. 12. ) Germanicus was carrying on
elected ; and he allowed the senate to choose the the war with success in Germany, and Tiberius,
rest. He also nominated the consuls.
who had long been jealous of his rising fame,
The news of the death of Augustus roused a recalled him to Rome under the pretext of giving
mutiny among the legions in Pannonia, which was him a triumph. It seems somewhat inconsistent
qnelled by Drusus, the son of Tiberius, aided by that Tiberius who was addicted to astrology and
the terrors of an eclipse which happened very op- divination should have allowed this class of im-
portunely (27th September, A. D. 14). The armies postors to be banished from Italy (Tacit. Ann. ii.
on the Rhine under Germanicus showed a disposi- 32); this, however, was one of the events of this
tion to reject Tiberius, and a mutinous spirit, and year,
if Germanicus had been inclined to try the fortune Germanicus enjoyed (26th of May A. D. 17) the
of a campaign, he might have had the assistance of triumph which had been decreed. Tiberius added
the German armies against his uncle. But Ger- to the Roman empire the kingdom of Cappadocia,
manicus restored discipline to the army by his the last king of which, Archelaus, had been sum-
firmness, and maintained his fidelity to the new moned to Rome, and died there, probably of old
emperor. Tiberius, however, was not yet free from age and grief combined, after being accused of some
his fears, and be looked with suspicion on Ger- frivolous matters before the senate.
Tiberius was
manicus and his high-spirited wife Agrippina, who enabled by the produce of the new province to
was also disliked by Livia, the mother of Tiberius. reduce the tax of one per cent. on auctions to one
The first year of his reign was marked by the half per cent. (Tacit. Ann. ii. 42. ) The state of
death of Julia, whom Augustus had removed from affairs in the East, where the kingdoms of Com-
Pandataria to Rhegium ; her husband deprived her magene and Cilicia were disturbed by civil dissen-
of the allowance that she had from her father, and sions and Syria and Judaea were uneasy at the
allowed her to pine away in destitution. One of weight of taxation, gave Tiberius an opportunity of
her lovers, Sempronius Gracchus, who was living removing Germanicus from Rome by conferring on
in exile in a small island on the coast of Africa, him by a decree of the senate the government of
was by the order of Tiberius put to death. (Tacit. the East. Drusus, the son of Tiberius, was sent
Ann. i. 53. )
into Illyricum. This year is memorable for the
Germanicus (A. D. 15) continued the Germanic great earthquake in Asia, the greatest on record at
war, though with no important results, but Agrip- the time when it happened, and the more de-
pina's courage on a trying occasion aroused the structive from having happened by night. Twelve
emperor's fears, and he had now a man about him, cities were damaged or destroyed, the earth opened
Sejanus, who worked on the emperor's suspicious and swallowed up the living, and even southern
temper for his own sinister purposes [SEJANUs. ] Italy and Sicily felt the terrific shock. Sardes
It became common at this time to listen to inform- suffered the most of the twelve cities. The emperor
ations of treason or laesa majestas against the ) alleviated the calamity by his bounty, and in the
## p. 1120 (#1136) ##########################################
1120
TIBERIUS.
TIBERIUS.
Leath of Germani
Lina died. Tibi
tiesi a temple 10
the first listana
permitted. But
Vienior asked p
emperor refused,
the senate,
pod sense.
Judgment and
trvan Dis words
the wisest and
beasures too
and yet such
tardis known
good action.
Tacfarinas,
trabie, was
proconsul P. 1
Doabella did
taugh with
that which hi
this was om
va uning
skrald be eci
kl. The
aztainty, and
toe of a so
Dus, of a co
being able 1
abject senat
case.
Tverius un
Execution o
cise of Sardes by a remission of all payment to the in the consulship had come to a violent death. A
aerarium or fiscus for five years. It is just to com- great revolt broke out this year headed by Julius
memorate his refusal to take testamentary bequests, Florus, at Trèves on the Mosel, and by Julius
when not made by persons who were on terms of Sacrorir, among the Aedui. The alleged grounds
intimacy with him ; but the emperor did not want of the revolt were the heavy taxation, and the
money, nor yet prudence; and it was not prudent oppression of the Roman governors. Sacrovir mus-
to be taking money from every body, eren those of tered forty thousand men at Autun (Augusto-
no character. In this year died Titus Livius, the dunum), eight thousand of whom were furnished
historian, and Ovid in his exile at Tomi.
with the arms of the legionary soldiers, which had
Germanicus restored quiet to Armenia (a. D. 18) been secretly fabricated, and the rest had staves,
hy crowning with his own hands Artaxias as king knives, and other implements of the huntsman.
in the city of Artaxata. His administration of the The rising was not unlike the style of insurrection
East was prudent and successful, but he died in that has often shown itself in France since 1789.
Syria A. D. 19, and the dislike of Tiberius and the The rebellion was put down ; and Florus and
enmity of Cn. Piso, the governor of Syria, gave Sacrovir only escaped from the Romans by dying
credibility to the report that Germanicus was by their own hands. (Tacit. Ann.
Virgil (Acn. ii. 31), says, that it was doubtful warning given him by his mother, and, on his
whether Thy moctes, in order to revenge himself, return to his own government, declared war against
advised to draw the wooden horse into the city. Thyus, subdued him, and made him a prisoner to-
2. An Athenian hero, believed to have been a gether with his wife and children. Tie then nr.
son of Oxyntas, and king of Attica. One of the rayed him in all the insignia of his royal rank,
Attic demes (Thymoetiadae or Thymaetiadae) de dressed himself in hunter's garb, and, having fas-
rived its name from biin. (Suid. 8. v. ; Paus. ii. tened a rope round Thyus, drove him before hiin
18. $ 7. )
with a cudgel, and brought him in this guise into
3. A Trojan and a companion of Aeneas, who the presence of Artnxerxes, as if he were a wild
was slain by Turnus. (Virg. Acn. xii. 364. ) [L. S. ] beast that he had captured. Cornelius Nepos de-
THYMONDAS (Ovuúvoas), a son of MENTOR scribes Thyus as a njan of huge stature and grim
the Rhodian, and nephew of Memnon. In B. c. aspect, with dark complexion, and long hair and
3:33, he was sent down into Lycia by king Da- beard. Aelian notices him as notorious for his
reius to commission Pharnabazus to succeed Mem- voracity, while Theopompus related that he was
non in the command of the fleet. (PHARNABAZUS, accustomed to have 100 dishes placed on his table
No. 3. ) The land-force, consisting apparently of at one meal, and that, when he was imprisoned by
Greek mercenaries, Thymondas was himself to re- Artaxerxes, he continued the same course of life,
ceive from Pharnabazus, and to lead up to Syria which drew from the king the remark that Thyus
to meet the king.
was living as if he expected a speedy death. (Corn.
At the batile of Issus, in the same year, Nep. Datam. 2, 3; Theop. ap. Ath. iv. pp. 144, f. ,
Thymondas with his mercenaries occupied the 145, a, x. p. 415, d; Ael. v. II. i. 27. ) [E. E. )
centre of the Persian army, and did good service. TIBERI'NUS, one of the mythical kings of
After the battle, together with Aristomedes, Alba, son of Capetus, and father of Agrippa, is
Amyntas, and Bianor, and a large body of said to have been drowned in crossing the river
troops, he made his way over the mountains to Alba, which was hence called Tiberis after him,
Tripolis in Phoenicia. Here they found the ships and of which he became the guardian god. (Liv. i.
which had conveyed their men over from Lesbos, 3 ; Dionys. i. 71 ; Cic. de Nat. Dcor. iii. 20. )
and, having launched as many as they needed and TIBERIUS I. , emperor of Rome, a. D. 14–
burnt the rest, they sailed for Cyprus, and thence 37. His full name was Tiberius Claudius Nero
crossed over to Egypt. Whether Thymondas took CAESAR. He was the son of T. Claudius Nero
part there in the attempt of Amyntas to possess (Nero, No. 7) and of Livia, and was born on
himself of the sovereignty, we have no means of the 16th of November, B. C. 42, before his mother
deciding. (Arr. Anab. ii. 2, 8–10, 13; Curt. iii. married Augustus. Tiberius was tall and strongly
8, iv. 1. ) [Amyntas, No. 5. ] (E. E. ) made, and his health was very good. His face was
THYO'NE (Ouárn), the name of Semele, under handsome, and his eyes were large. He was care-
which Dionysus fetched her from Hades, and in- fully educated according to the fashion of the day,
troduced her among the immortals. (Hom. Hymn. and became well acquainted with Greek and Latin
v. 21 ; A pollod. iii. 5. $ 3; Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. literature. He possessed talent both as a speaker
23 ; Pind. Pyth. iii. 99 ; Diod. Sic. iv. 25 ; Apollon. and writer, but he was fond of employing himse!
Rhod. i. 636. )
[L. S. ] on trivial subjects, such as at that time were com-
THYO'NÉUS (Ouwveús). 1. A surname of prehended under the term Grammar (grammatica).
Dionysus which has the same meaning as Thyone, His master in rhetoric was Theodorus of Gadara.
both being formed from Sveiv, “to be inspired. ” He was a great purist, and affected a wonderful
. (0v. Met. iv. 13; Horat. Curm. i. 17. 23 ; Oppian, precision about words, to which he often paid more
Cyncg. i. 27 ; Hesych. s. o. Ovwvions. )
attention than to the matter. Though not without
2. A son of Dionysus in Chios, and father of military courage, as his life shows, he had a great
Thoas. (Acron, ad Horat. Carm. i. 17. 23. ) (L. S. ] timidity of character, and was of a jealous and
THYPHEI'TIDES, the maker of a painted suspicious temper; and these qualities rendered
vase discovered at Vulci
, and now in the collection him cruel after he had acquired power. He had
of M. Durand, under each handle of which is the more penetration than decision of character, and he
inscription, EΓOIESEN ΘΥΦΕΙΤΙΔΕΣ. (Cub. was often irresolute. (Tac. Ann. i. 80. ) From his
Durand. No. 893; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. youth he was of an unsociable disposition, melan-
Schurn, pp. 60, 61, 2d ed. )
[P. S. ) choly and reserved, and this character developed
THYRSUS (Oupoos), a freedman of Octavian, itself more as he grew older. He had no sympa-
whom the latter sent to Cleopatra at Alexandria, thies nor affections, was indifferent about pleasing
after the battle of Actium. Dion Cassius relates or giving pain to others : he had all the elements
that Octavian made love to Cleopatra by means of of cruelty; suspicion nourished his implacable
Thyrsus, to induce her to betray Antony ; but ternper, and power gave him the opportunity of
Plutarch simply states that Thyrsus, through his gratifying his long nourished schemes of vengeance.
frequent interviews with Cleopatra, excited the In the latter years of his life, particularly, he in-
suspicions of Antony, who seized and whipped | dulged his lustful propensities in every way that
i
A73
çanta
it.
(EE
## p. 1118 (#1134) ##########################################
1118
TIBERIUS.
TIBERIUS.
A depraved imagination could suggest: lust and whose licentious life was no secret to her husband :
cruelty are not strangers. It is said, too, that he probably, too, he was unwilling to stay at Rome
was addicted to excess in wine: he was not when the grandsons of Augustus were attaining
originally avaricious, but he became so. He affected years of maturity, for there was mutual jealousy
a regard to decency and to externals. He was the between them and Tiberius. During his residence
prince of hypocrites; and the events of his reign at Rhodes, Tiberius, among other things, employed
are little more than the exhibition of his detestable himself on astrology, and he was one of the dupes
character. (Tacitus. ]
of this supposed science. His chief master in this
Tiberius was about thirteen years of age when art was Thrasyllus, who predicted that he would
he accompanied Augustus in his triumphal entry be emperor. (Tacit. Ann. vi. 21. ) Augustus had
into Rome (B. C. 29) after the death of M. An not been very ready to allow Tiberius to retire to
tonius: Tiberius rode on the left of Augustus and Rhodes, and he was not willing to let him come
Marcellus on his right. Augustus conferred on back; but, at the instance of Caius Caesar, Tibe-
Tiberius and his brother Drusus titles of dignity, rius was allowed to return, A. D. 2. He was re-
while his grandsons, Caius and Lucius, were still lieved from one trouble during his absence, for his
living: but besides Caius and Lucius, Marcellus, wife Julia was banished to the island of Pandataria
the nephew of Augustus, had superior claims to (B. C. 2), and he never saw her again. (Dion Cass.
the succession, and the prospect of Tiberius suc- lv. 10. ) Suetonius says that Tiberius, by letter,
ceeding to the power of his mother's husband entreated the emperor to let Julia keep whatever
seemed at one time very remote. The death of he had given her.
Agrippa made way for Tiberius being employed in Tiberius was employed in public affairs until the
public affairs, and Augustus compelled him, much death of L. Caesar (A. D. 2), which was followed by
against his will, to divorce his wife Vipsania the death of C. Caesar (A. n. 4).
Augustus, now
Agrippina, the daughter of Agrippa, by whom he being without a successor of his own blood, adopted
had one son, and who was then pregnant, and to Tiberius, the son of his wife Livia, with the view
marry Julia (B. c. 11), the widow of Agrippa, and of leaving to him the power that he had himself
the emperor's daughter, with whom Tiberius did acquired ; and at the same time he required Tibe-
pot long live in harmony. He had one child by rius to adopt Germanicus, the son of his brother
Julia, but it did not live.
Drusus, though Tiberius had a son Drusus by his
He was employed on various military services wife Vipsania. (Sueton. Tiber. 15; Vell. Pat. ii.
during the lifetime of Augustus. He made his 103. ) Augustus was not ignorant of the character of
first campaign in the Cantabrian war as Tribunus | Tiberius, but, like others in power, he left it to a
Militum. In B. C. 20 he was sent by Augustus man whom he did not like, and could not esteem,
to restore Tigranes to the throne of Armenia. Ar- rather than allow it to go out of his family. Au-
tabazus, the occupant of the throne, was murdered gustus had indeed adopted Postumus Agrippa,
before Tiberius reached Armenia, and Tiberius the brother of C. and L. Caesares, but there was
had no difficulty in accomplishing his mission. nothing to hope for from him; and Germanicus
(Dion Cass. liv. 9. ) It was during this campaign was too young to be adopted by Augustus with a
that Horace addressed one of his epistles to Julius view to the direct succession.
Florus (i. 12), who was serving under Tiberius. From the year of his adoption to the death of
In B. c. 15, Drusus and his brother Tiberius were Augustus, A. D. 14, Tiberius was in command of
engaged in warfare with the Rhaeti, who occupied the Roman armies, though he visited Rome several
the Alps of Tridentum (Trento), and the exploits times. He was sent into Germany A. D. 4, and
of the two brothers were sung by Horace (Carm. the historian Velleius Paterculus accompanied
iv. 4, 14; Dion Cass. liv. 22. ) In B. C. 13 Tiberius him as praefectus equitum. Tiberius reduced all
was consul with P. Quintilius Varus. In B. c. 11, Illyricum to subjection A. D. 9; and in A. D. 12 he
the same year in which he married Julia, and had the honour of a triumph at Rome for his
while his brother Drusus was fighting against the German and Dalmatian victories. Tiberius dis-
Germans, Tiberius left his new wife to conduct, by played military talent during his transalpine cam-
the order of Augustus, the war against the Dalma- paigns; he maintained discipline in his army, and
tians who bad revolted, and against the Pannonians. took care of the comforts of his soldiers. In A. D.
(Dion Cass. liv. 31. ) Drusus died (B. C. 9) owing 14 Augustus held his last census, in which he bad
to a fall from his horse, after a campaign against Tiberius for his colleague.
the Germans between the Weser and the Elbe. Tiberius being sent to settle the affairs of
On the news of the accident, Tiberius was sent by Illyricum, Augustus accompanied him as far as
Augustus, who was then at Pavia, to Drusus, Beneventum, but as the emperor was on his way
whom he found just alive. (Dion Cass. lv. 2. ). He back to Rome he died at Nola, on the 19th of
conveyed the body to Rome from the banks of August, A. D. 14. Tiberius was immediately sum-
the Rhine, walking all the way before it on foot moned home by his mother Livia, who managed
(Sueton. Tiber. 7), and he pronounced a funeral affairs so as to secure the power to her son, so far
oration over his brother in the forum. Tiberius as such precaution was necessary. If nothing more
returned to the war in Germany, and crossed the had been known of Tiberius than his conduct
Rhine. In B. c. 7 he was again in Rome, was during the lifetime of the emperor, he might have
made consul a second time, and celebrated his descended to posterity with no worse character
becond triumph. (Vell. Pat. ii. 97. )
than many other Romans. His accession to power
In B. c. 6 he obtained the tribunitia potestas for developed all the qualities which were not un-
five years, but during this year he retired with the known to those who were acquainted with him,
emperor's permission to Rhodes, where he spent the but which hitherto had not been allowed their full
next seven years. Tacitus (Ann. i. 53) says that play. He took the power which nobody was pre-
his chief reason for leaving Rome was to get away pared to dispute with him, affecting all the while a
from his wife, whio treated him with contempt, and great reluctance; and he declined the name of Pater
## p. 1119 (#1135) ##########################################
TIBERIUS.
1119
TIBERIUS.
Patriae, and only took that of Augustus when he emperor ; and persons were accused not of acts
wrote to foreign princes. He began his reign by only, but words, and even the most indifferent
putting Postumus Agrippa to death, and he alleged matters were made the ground of such charges.
that it was done pursuant to the command of Thus was established a pestilent class of men,
Augustus (Tacit. Ann. i. 6. )
under the name of Delatores, who became a terrible
His conduct in other respects was marked by means of injustice and oppression (Tacit. Ann. i.
moderation and prudence ; he rejected all flattery 73), and enriched themselves at the expense of
from the senate ; he conferred offices according to their victims by encouraging the cruel suspicions of
merit, and he allowed persons to grow old in them. the emperor. In the lifetime of Augustus, Tiberius
lle endeavoured to relieve the scarcity of bread, a had urged the emperor to punish those who spoke
kind of complaint at Rome, which occurred at disrespectfully of the emperor, but his more prudent
intervals, notwithstanding, and perhaps, in conse- step-father, content with real power and security,
quence of, the efforts of the government to secure allowed the Romans to indulge their taste for satire
a supply of food for the city. His mode of life and pasquinades. (Sueton. Aug. c. 51. ) Tiberius
was frugal, and without ostentatious display, and followed this wise advice for a time, and made great
there was little to find fault with in him. (Dion profession of allowing liberty of specch, but his
Cass. lvii. 2, &c. ) lle had got rid of Agrippa, who real teniper at last prevailed, and the slightest
was the nearest rival, and who, if he had possessed pretence was sufficient to found a charge of laesa
merit, would have scemed to have a better title to majestas (Sueton. Tiber. c. 28). Ile paid unwill-
the imperial power than Tiberius, for he was the ingly and tardily the legacies left by Augustus to
son of Julia. Germanicus was the son of his younger the people, and he began his payment with an act
brother, and had a less direct claim than Tiberius ; of cruelty, which was not the better for being
but Tiberius feared the virtues and the popularity seasoned with humour (Sueton. Tiber, c. 57; Dion
of Germanicus, and so long as he felt that Ger- Cass. Ivii, 14, tells the same story).
manicus might be a rival, his conduct was exceed- Vonones, the son of Phraates, once a hostage at
ingly circumspect. (Tacit. Ann. i. 14,15. ) When he Rome, had been invited back to his Parthian king-
felt himself sure in his place, he began to exercise dom in the time of Augustus, but Artabanus of the
his craft. He took from the popular assembly the royal house of the Arsacidae drove him out (A. D.
election of the magistrates, and transferred it to 16), and he sought refuge in Armenia, which being
the senate, for this is what Tacitus means in the then without a king accepted Vonones. The new
passage of the Annals just referred to: the popular king however was unable to maintain himself
assembly still enacted laws, though the consulta of against a threatened attack of Artabanus. Tiberius
the senate were the ordinary form of legislation from did not wish to get into a quarrel with Artabanus,
the time of the accession of Tiberius. The emperor by giving. Vonones aid, and the exiled king took
limited himself to the recommendation of four can refuge with Creticus Silanus, governor of Syria.
didates annually to the senate, who of course were (Tacit. Ann. ii. 12. ) Germanicus was carrying on
elected ; and he allowed the senate to choose the the war with success in Germany, and Tiberius,
rest. He also nominated the consuls.
who had long been jealous of his rising fame,
The news of the death of Augustus roused a recalled him to Rome under the pretext of giving
mutiny among the legions in Pannonia, which was him a triumph. It seems somewhat inconsistent
qnelled by Drusus, the son of Tiberius, aided by that Tiberius who was addicted to astrology and
the terrors of an eclipse which happened very op- divination should have allowed this class of im-
portunely (27th September, A. D. 14). The armies postors to be banished from Italy (Tacit. Ann. ii.
on the Rhine under Germanicus showed a disposi- 32); this, however, was one of the events of this
tion to reject Tiberius, and a mutinous spirit, and year,
if Germanicus had been inclined to try the fortune Germanicus enjoyed (26th of May A. D. 17) the
of a campaign, he might have had the assistance of triumph which had been decreed. Tiberius added
the German armies against his uncle. But Ger- to the Roman empire the kingdom of Cappadocia,
manicus restored discipline to the army by his the last king of which, Archelaus, had been sum-
firmness, and maintained his fidelity to the new moned to Rome, and died there, probably of old
emperor. Tiberius, however, was not yet free from age and grief combined, after being accused of some
his fears, and be looked with suspicion on Ger- frivolous matters before the senate.
Tiberius was
manicus and his high-spirited wife Agrippina, who enabled by the produce of the new province to
was also disliked by Livia, the mother of Tiberius. reduce the tax of one per cent. on auctions to one
The first year of his reign was marked by the half per cent. (Tacit. Ann. ii. 42. ) The state of
death of Julia, whom Augustus had removed from affairs in the East, where the kingdoms of Com-
Pandataria to Rhegium ; her husband deprived her magene and Cilicia were disturbed by civil dissen-
of the allowance that she had from her father, and sions and Syria and Judaea were uneasy at the
allowed her to pine away in destitution. One of weight of taxation, gave Tiberius an opportunity of
her lovers, Sempronius Gracchus, who was living removing Germanicus from Rome by conferring on
in exile in a small island on the coast of Africa, him by a decree of the senate the government of
was by the order of Tiberius put to death. (Tacit. the East. Drusus, the son of Tiberius, was sent
Ann. i. 53. )
into Illyricum. This year is memorable for the
Germanicus (A. D. 15) continued the Germanic great earthquake in Asia, the greatest on record at
war, though with no important results, but Agrip- the time when it happened, and the more de-
pina's courage on a trying occasion aroused the structive from having happened by night. Twelve
emperor's fears, and he had now a man about him, cities were damaged or destroyed, the earth opened
Sejanus, who worked on the emperor's suspicious and swallowed up the living, and even southern
temper for his own sinister purposes [SEJANUs. ] Italy and Sicily felt the terrific shock. Sardes
It became common at this time to listen to inform- suffered the most of the twelve cities. The emperor
ations of treason or laesa majestas against the ) alleviated the calamity by his bounty, and in the
## p. 1120 (#1136) ##########################################
1120
TIBERIUS.
TIBERIUS.
Leath of Germani
Lina died. Tibi
tiesi a temple 10
the first listana
permitted. But
Vienior asked p
emperor refused,
the senate,
pod sense.
Judgment and
trvan Dis words
the wisest and
beasures too
and yet such
tardis known
good action.
Tacfarinas,
trabie, was
proconsul P. 1
Doabella did
taugh with
that which hi
this was om
va uning
skrald be eci
kl. The
aztainty, and
toe of a so
Dus, of a co
being able 1
abject senat
case.
Tverius un
Execution o
cise of Sardes by a remission of all payment to the in the consulship had come to a violent death. A
aerarium or fiscus for five years. It is just to com- great revolt broke out this year headed by Julius
memorate his refusal to take testamentary bequests, Florus, at Trèves on the Mosel, and by Julius
when not made by persons who were on terms of Sacrorir, among the Aedui. The alleged grounds
intimacy with him ; but the emperor did not want of the revolt were the heavy taxation, and the
money, nor yet prudence; and it was not prudent oppression of the Roman governors. Sacrovir mus-
to be taking money from every body, eren those of tered forty thousand men at Autun (Augusto-
no character. In this year died Titus Livius, the dunum), eight thousand of whom were furnished
historian, and Ovid in his exile at Tomi.
with the arms of the legionary soldiers, which had
Germanicus restored quiet to Armenia (a. D. 18) been secretly fabricated, and the rest had staves,
hy crowning with his own hands Artaxias as king knives, and other implements of the huntsman.
in the city of Artaxata. His administration of the The rising was not unlike the style of insurrection
East was prudent and successful, but he died in that has often shown itself in France since 1789.
Syria A. D. 19, and the dislike of Tiberius and the The rebellion was put down ; and Florus and
enmity of Cn. Piso, the governor of Syria, gave Sacrovir only escaped from the Romans by dying
credibility to the report that Germanicus was by their own hands. (Tacit. Ann.
