had for a time
belonged
to his family.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
S.
)
fol. II. A commentary on the Metaphysics. The ALEXANDER AETOʻLUS ('Allé avopos ó
Greek has never been published, but there is a Aitwós), a Greek poet and grammarian, who lived
Latin version by Sepulredin Rom. 1527. (B. J. ) in the reign of Prolemaeus Philadelphus. He was
ALEXANDER AEGUS. (ALEXANDER IV. , the son of Satyrus and Stratocleia, and a native of
KING OF MACEDONIA. )
Pleuron in Aetolia, but spent the greater part of
ALEXANDER ('étav&pos), a son of AEME- his life at Alexandria, where he was reckoned one
Tus, was one of the comminders of the Macedo of the seven tragic poets who constituted the tragic
nian xalneotides in the army of Antigonus Doson pleiad. (Suid. s. r. ; Eudoc. p. 62; Paus. ii. 22. $ 7;
during the battle of Sellasia against Cleomenes III. Schol. ad Hom. Il. xvi. 233. ) He had an office
of Sparta, in B. c. 222. (Polyb. ii. 66. ) [L. S. ] in the library at Alexandria, and was commis-
ALEXANDER AEMILIANUS. (AEMILI- sioned by the king to make a collection of all the
ANUS, No. 3. )
tragedies and satyric dramas that were extant.
ALEXANDER ('Alétavopos), son of Afro He spent soine time, together with Antagoras and
PUs, a native of the Macedonian district called Aratus, at the court of Antigonus Gonatas. (Ara-
Lyncestis, whence he is usually called Alexander tus, Phaenomena ct Diosem. ii. pp. 431, 443, &c.
Lyncestes. Justin (xi. 1) makes the singular 446, ed. Buhle. ) Notwithstanding the distinction
mistake of calling him a brother of Lyncestas, he enjoyed as a tragic poet, he appears to have had
while in other passages (xi. 7, xii. 14) he uses the greater merit as a writer of epic poems, elegies,
correct expression. He was a contemporary of epigrams, and cynacdi. Among his epic poems,
Philip of Macedonia and Alexander the Great. we possess the titles and some fragments of three
He had two brothers, Heromenes and Arrhabacus ; pieces : the Fisherman (edievs, Athen. vii. p. 296),
all three were known to have been accomplices in Kirka or Krika (Athen. vii. p. 283), which, how-
the murder of Philip, in B. C. 336. Alexander ever, is designated by Athenacus as doubtful, and
the Great on his accession put to death all those Helena (Bekker, Anecd. p. 96. ) Of his elegies,
who had taken part in the murder, and Alexander some beautiful fragments are still extant. (Athen.
the Lyncestian was the only one that was par- iv. p. 170, xi. p. 496, xv. p. 899; Strab. xii. p. 556,
doned, because he was the first who did homage to xiv. p. 681; Parthen. Erot. 4 ; Tzetz. ad. Lycophr.
Alexander the Great as his king. (Arrian, Anab. 266; Schol. and Eustath. ad Il. iii. 314. ) His
i. 25; Curtius, vii. 1; Justin, xi. 2. ) But king Cynaedi, or 'I wikà poijuara, are mentioned by
Alexander not only pardoned him, but even made Strabo (xiv. p. 648) and Athenaeus. (xiv. p. 620. )
him his friend and raised him to high honours. Some anapzestic verses in praise of Euripides are
He was first entrusted with the command of an preserved in Gellius. (xv. 20. )
army in Thrace, and afterwards received the com- All the fragments of Alexander Aetolus are col-
mand of the Thessalian horse. In this capacity lected in “ Alcxandri Aetoli fragmenta coll. et ill.
he accompanied Alexander op his eastern ex- A. Capellmann," Bonn, 1829, 8vo. ; comp. Welc-
pedition. In B. C. 334, when Alexander was ker, Die Griech. Tragödien, p. 1263, &c. ; Düntzer,
staying at Phaselis, he was informed, that the Die Fragm. der Episch. Poesie der Griechen, von
Lyncestian was carrying on a secret correspondence Alexand. dem Grossen, &c. p. 7, &c. [L. S. )
with king Darius, and that a large sum of money ALEXANDER ('Aréfavopos), (ST. ,) of ALEX-
was promised, for which he was to murder his ANDRIA, succeeded as patriarch of that city St.
sovereign. The bearer of the letters from Darius Achillas, (as bis predecessor, St. Peter, bad pre-
was taken by Parmenion and brought before Alex- dicted, Martyr. S. Petri, ap. Surium, vol. vi. p. 577. )
ander, and the treachery was manifest. Yet A. D. 312. He, “the noble Champion of Apostolic
Alexander, dreading to create any hostile feeling Doctrine,” (Theodt. Hist. Eccl. i. 2,) first laid baie
in Antipater, the regent of Macedonia, whose the irreligion of Arius, and condemned him in his
daughter was married to the Lyncestian, thought | dispute with Alexander Baucalis. St. Alexander
it advisable not to put him to death, and had him was at the Oecumenical Council of Nicaca, A. D.
merely deposed from his office and kept in cus- 325, with his deacon, Si. Athanasius, and, scarcely
tody. In this manner he was dragged about for five months after, died, April 17th, A. D. 326.
three years with the army in Asia, until in B. C. St. Epiphanius (adv. Hueres. 69. & 4) says he wrote
330, when, Philotas having been put to death for some seventy circular epistles against Arius, and
a similar crime, the Macedonians demanded that Socrates (H. E. i. 6), and Sozomen (H. E. i. 1),
Alexander the Lyncestian should likewise be tried that he collected them into one volume. Two
and punished according to his desert. King Alex. epistles remain ; 1. to Alexander, bishop of Con-
ander gave way, and as the traitor was nnable to stantinople, written after the Council at Alexan-
exculpate himself, he was put to death at Proph-dria which condemned Arius, and before the other
thasia, in the country of the Drangae. (Curtius, circular letters to the various bishops. (See Theodt.
1. c. , and viii. 1 ; Justin. xii. 14; Diod. xvi. 32, 80. ) H. E. i. 4; Galland. Bill. Patr. vol. iv. p. 441. )
The object of this traitor was probably, with the 2. The Encyclic letter announcing Arius's depo-
aid of Persia, to gain possession of the throne of sition (Socr. 11. E. i. 6, and Galland. 1. c. p. 451),
Macedonia, which previous to the reign of Amyn with the subscriptions from Gelasius Cyzicen.
tas 11.
had for a time belonged to his family. [L. S. ] (Hist. Con. Nicaen. ii. 3, ap. Mans. Concilia. vol. ii.
ALEXANDER ('Axécar opos), an AETOLIAX, p. 301. ) There reinains, too, The Deposition of
3
## p. 112 (#132) ############################################
112
ALEXANDER.
ALEXANDER.
Arins and his, i. e. an Address to the Priests and served of several others, whose titles may be scen
Deacons, desiring their concurrence therein (ap. in the Bibliotheca of Casiri. (Vol. i. p. 243. )
S. Athanas. vol. i. Ps. 1. p. 396, Paris, 1698 ; sce If we view him as a philosopher, his merit con-
Galland. I. c. p. 455). Two fragments more, apud not be mied highly. His excellencies and defects
Galland. (l. c. p. 456. ) St. Athanasius also gives are all on the model of his great master; there is
the second epistle. (1. c. p. 397. ), (A. J. C. ) the same perspicuity and power of analysis, united
ALEXANDER ('Allégavāpos), commander of with almost more than Aristotelian plainness of
the horse in the army of ANTIGONUS Dosos dur- style; everywhere “a fiat surface," with nothing
ing the war against Cleomenes III. of Sparta. to interrupt or strike the attention. In a mind so
(Polyb. ii. 66. ) He fought against Philopocmen, thoroughly imbued with Aristotle, it cannot be ex-
then a young man, whose prudence and valour pected there should be much place for original
forced him to a disadvantageous engagement at thought. llis only endeavour is to adap: the
Sellasia. (ii. C8. ) This Alexander is probably the works of his master to the spirit and language of
same person as the one whom Antigonus, as the his own age ; but in doing so he is constantly re-
guardian of Philip, had appointed commander of called to the earlier philosophy, and attacks by-
Philip's body-guard, and who was calumniated by gone opinions, as though they had the same living
Apelies. (iv: 87. ) Subsequently he was sent by power as when the writings of Aristotle were di
Philip as ambassador to Thebes, to persecute Me- rected against them. (Ritter, Geschichte der Philo
galeas. (v. 28. ) Polybius states, that at all times sophie, vol. iv. p. 255. )
he manifested a most extraordinary attachment to The Platonists and earlier Stoics are his chief
his king. (vii. 12. )
[L. S. ) opponents, for he regarded the Epicureans as too
ALEXANDER ('Aré avepos), of Antiochia, sensual and unphilosophical to be worth a serious
a friend of M. Antonius, who being acquainted answer. Against the notion of the first, that the
with the Syriac language, acted twice as interpreter world, although created, might yet by the will of
between Antonius and one Mithridates, who be- God be made imperishable, he urged that God could
trayed to him the plans of the Parthians, to save not alter the nature of things, and quoted the
the Romans. This happened in B. C. 36. (Pseudo Platonist doctrine of the necessary coexistence of
Appian, Parth. pp. 93, 96, ed. Schweigh. ) [L. S. ] evil in all corruptible things. (Ritter, p. 262. )
ALEXANDER ('Anégavdpos), son of Anto- God himself, he said, was the very form of
NIUS, the triumvir, and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. things. Yet, however difficult it may be to
He and his twin-sister Cleopatra were born B. C. enter into this abstract notion of God, it would
40. Antonius bestowed on him the titles of “He be unjust, as some hare done, to charge him with
lios," and "King of Kings," and called his sister atheism, as in many passages he attributes mind
“ Selene. ” He also destined for him, as an inde- and intelligence to the divine Being. This is
pendent kingdom, Armenia, and such countries as one of the points in which he has brought out
might yet be conquered between the Euphrates the views of Aristotle more clearly, from his living
and Indus, and wrote to the senate to have his in the light of a later age. God, he says (in Meta-
grants confirmed; but his letter was not suffered phys. ix. p. 320), is “ properly and simply one, the
to be read in public. (B. C. 34. ) After the con- self-existent substance, the author of motion him-
quest of Armenia Antonius betrothed Jotape, the self unmoved, the great and good Deity, without
daughter of the Median king Artavasdes, to his beginning and without end:" and again (in Metaph.
son Alexander. When Octavianus made himself xii
. p. 381) he asserts, that to deprive God of pro-
master of Alexandria, he spared Alexander, but vidence is the same ining as depriving honey of
took him and his sister to Rome, to adorn his sweetness, fire of warmth, snow of whiteness and
triumph. They were generously received by Oc- coolness, or the soul of motion. The providence of
tavia, the wife of Antonius, who educated them God, however, is not directed in the same way to
with her own children. (Dion Cassius, xlix. 32, the sublunary world and the rest of the universe :
40, 41, 44, 1. 25, li. 21 ; Plut. Anton. 36, 54, 87; the latter is committed not indeed to fate, but to
Liv. Epit. 131, 132. )
[C. P. M. ] general laws, while the concems of men are the
ALEXANDER ('Alétavopos), bishop of Apa immediate care of God, although he find not in
MEA, sent with his namesake of Hierapolis by the government of them the full perfection of his
John of Antioch to the Council of Ephesus. A being. (Quaest. Nat. i. 25, ii. 21. ) He saw no incon-
letter by him is extant in Latin in the Nora Col- sistency, as perhaps there was none, between these
lectio Conciliorum à Stepian. Baluzio, p. 834. c. high notions of God and the materialism with
132. fol. Paris, 1683.
(A. J. C. ] which they were connected. As God was the
ALEXANDER APHRODISIENSIS ('Ané form of all things, so the human soul was likewise
avopos 'Aøpodioieus), a native of Aphrodisias in a form of matter, which it was impossible to con-
Caria, who lived at the end of the second and the ceive as existing in an independent state. He
beginning of the third century after Christ, the most seems however to have made a distinction between
celebrated of the commentators on Aristotle. Ile the powers of reflection and sensation, for he says
was the disciple of Herminus and Aristocles the (de Anima, i. p. 138), that the soul needed not the
Messenian, and like them endeavoured to free the body as an instrumeni to take in objects of thought,
Peripatetic philosophy from the syncretism of Am- but was sufficient of itself; unless the latter is to
monius and others, and to restore the genuine in- be looked upon as an inconsistency into which he
terpretation of the writings of Aristotle. The title has been led by the desire to harmonize the early
ó ényntiis was the testimony to the extent or the Peripatericism with the purer principle of a later
excellence of his commentaries. About half his philosophy. (Brucker, vol. ii. p. 481. )
voluminous works were edited and translated into The most important treatise of his which has
Latin at the revival of literature; there are a few come down to us, is the “ De Fato," an inquiry
more extant in the original Greck, which have into the opinions of Aristotle on the subject of
never been printed, and an Arabic version is pre- Fate and Freewill. It is probably one of his latest
## p. 113 (#133) ############################################
ALEXANDER.
113
ALEXANDER.
a
. works, and must have been written between the 1520, fol. ; Flor. 1520, fol. : translated into Latin by
years 199-211, because dedicated to the joint em- J. B. Rasarius. V. Comment. in Metaphysicorum
perors Severus and Caracalla.
Here the earlier XII libros; ex versione J. G. Sepulvedae, Rom.
Stoics are his opponents, who asserted that all | 1527, Paris, 1536, Ven. 1544 and 1561. The
things arose from an eternal and indissoluble chain Greek text has never been printed, although it
of causes and effects. The subject is treated exists in the Paris library and several others.
practically rather than speculatively. Universal VI. In librum de Sensu et iis quae sub sensum cadunt;
opinion, the common use of language, and internal the Greek text is printed at the end of the com-
consciousness, are his main arguments. That fate mentary of Simplicius on the De Animâ, Ven. Aldi,
has a real existence, is proved by the distinction 1527, folio ; there is also a Latin version by Luci-
we draw between fate, chance, and possibility, and lius Philothaeus, Ven. 1544, 1549, 1554, 1559,
between free and necessary actions. It is another 1573. VII. In Aristotelis Meterologica; Ven.
word for nature, and its workings are seen in the Aldi, 1527 ; supposed by some not to be the
tendencies of men and things (c. 6), for it is an all-work of Alexander Aphrod. VIII. De Mistione ;
pervading cause of real, but not absolute, power. bound up in the same edition as the preceding.
The fatalism of the Stoics does away with free IX. De Animâ libri duo (two distinct works),
will, and so destroys responsibility: it is at vari- printed in Greek at the end of Themistius: there
ance with every thought, word, and deed, of our is a Latin version by Hieronymus Donatus, Ven.
lives. The Stoics, indeed, attempt to reconcile 1502, 1514, folio. X. Physica Scholia, dubitationes
necessity and free will ; but, properly speaking, et solutiones; in Greek, Ven. Trincavelli, 1536,
they use freewill in a new sense for the necessary folio; in Latin, by Hieronymus Bagolinus, Ven.
co-operation of our will in the decrees of nature : 1541, 1549, 1555, 1559, 1563. ΧΙ. Ιατρικά
moreover, they cannot expect men to carry into 'Atropruara kal pound Mpobahuata, Quaestiones
practice the subtle distinction of a will necessarily Medicae et Problemata Physica. XII. Tepl Ilupe
yet freely acting; and hence, by destroying the Twv, Libellus de Febribus.
fol. II. A commentary on the Metaphysics. The ALEXANDER AETOʻLUS ('Allé avopos ó
Greek has never been published, but there is a Aitwós), a Greek poet and grammarian, who lived
Latin version by Sepulredin Rom. 1527. (B. J. ) in the reign of Prolemaeus Philadelphus. He was
ALEXANDER AEGUS. (ALEXANDER IV. , the son of Satyrus and Stratocleia, and a native of
KING OF MACEDONIA. )
Pleuron in Aetolia, but spent the greater part of
ALEXANDER ('étav&pos), a son of AEME- his life at Alexandria, where he was reckoned one
Tus, was one of the comminders of the Macedo of the seven tragic poets who constituted the tragic
nian xalneotides in the army of Antigonus Doson pleiad. (Suid. s. r. ; Eudoc. p. 62; Paus. ii. 22. $ 7;
during the battle of Sellasia against Cleomenes III. Schol. ad Hom. Il. xvi. 233. ) He had an office
of Sparta, in B. c. 222. (Polyb. ii. 66. ) [L. S. ] in the library at Alexandria, and was commis-
ALEXANDER AEMILIANUS. (AEMILI- sioned by the king to make a collection of all the
ANUS, No. 3. )
tragedies and satyric dramas that were extant.
ALEXANDER ('Alétavopos), son of Afro He spent soine time, together with Antagoras and
PUs, a native of the Macedonian district called Aratus, at the court of Antigonus Gonatas. (Ara-
Lyncestis, whence he is usually called Alexander tus, Phaenomena ct Diosem. ii. pp. 431, 443, &c.
Lyncestes. Justin (xi. 1) makes the singular 446, ed. Buhle. ) Notwithstanding the distinction
mistake of calling him a brother of Lyncestas, he enjoyed as a tragic poet, he appears to have had
while in other passages (xi. 7, xii. 14) he uses the greater merit as a writer of epic poems, elegies,
correct expression. He was a contemporary of epigrams, and cynacdi. Among his epic poems,
Philip of Macedonia and Alexander the Great. we possess the titles and some fragments of three
He had two brothers, Heromenes and Arrhabacus ; pieces : the Fisherman (edievs, Athen. vii. p. 296),
all three were known to have been accomplices in Kirka or Krika (Athen. vii. p. 283), which, how-
the murder of Philip, in B. C. 336. Alexander ever, is designated by Athenacus as doubtful, and
the Great on his accession put to death all those Helena (Bekker, Anecd. p. 96. ) Of his elegies,
who had taken part in the murder, and Alexander some beautiful fragments are still extant. (Athen.
the Lyncestian was the only one that was par- iv. p. 170, xi. p. 496, xv. p. 899; Strab. xii. p. 556,
doned, because he was the first who did homage to xiv. p. 681; Parthen. Erot. 4 ; Tzetz. ad. Lycophr.
Alexander the Great as his king. (Arrian, Anab. 266; Schol. and Eustath. ad Il. iii. 314. ) His
i. 25; Curtius, vii. 1; Justin, xi. 2. ) But king Cynaedi, or 'I wikà poijuara, are mentioned by
Alexander not only pardoned him, but even made Strabo (xiv. p. 648) and Athenaeus. (xiv. p. 620. )
him his friend and raised him to high honours. Some anapzestic verses in praise of Euripides are
He was first entrusted with the command of an preserved in Gellius. (xv. 20. )
army in Thrace, and afterwards received the com- All the fragments of Alexander Aetolus are col-
mand of the Thessalian horse. In this capacity lected in “ Alcxandri Aetoli fragmenta coll. et ill.
he accompanied Alexander op his eastern ex- A. Capellmann," Bonn, 1829, 8vo. ; comp. Welc-
pedition. In B. C. 334, when Alexander was ker, Die Griech. Tragödien, p. 1263, &c. ; Düntzer,
staying at Phaselis, he was informed, that the Die Fragm. der Episch. Poesie der Griechen, von
Lyncestian was carrying on a secret correspondence Alexand. dem Grossen, &c. p. 7, &c. [L. S. )
with king Darius, and that a large sum of money ALEXANDER ('Aréfavopos), (ST. ,) of ALEX-
was promised, for which he was to murder his ANDRIA, succeeded as patriarch of that city St.
sovereign. The bearer of the letters from Darius Achillas, (as bis predecessor, St. Peter, bad pre-
was taken by Parmenion and brought before Alex- dicted, Martyr. S. Petri, ap. Surium, vol. vi. p. 577. )
ander, and the treachery was manifest. Yet A. D. 312. He, “the noble Champion of Apostolic
Alexander, dreading to create any hostile feeling Doctrine,” (Theodt. Hist. Eccl. i. 2,) first laid baie
in Antipater, the regent of Macedonia, whose the irreligion of Arius, and condemned him in his
daughter was married to the Lyncestian, thought | dispute with Alexander Baucalis. St. Alexander
it advisable not to put him to death, and had him was at the Oecumenical Council of Nicaca, A. D.
merely deposed from his office and kept in cus- 325, with his deacon, Si. Athanasius, and, scarcely
tody. In this manner he was dragged about for five months after, died, April 17th, A. D. 326.
three years with the army in Asia, until in B. C. St. Epiphanius (adv. Hueres. 69. & 4) says he wrote
330, when, Philotas having been put to death for some seventy circular epistles against Arius, and
a similar crime, the Macedonians demanded that Socrates (H. E. i. 6), and Sozomen (H. E. i. 1),
Alexander the Lyncestian should likewise be tried that he collected them into one volume. Two
and punished according to his desert. King Alex. epistles remain ; 1. to Alexander, bishop of Con-
ander gave way, and as the traitor was nnable to stantinople, written after the Council at Alexan-
exculpate himself, he was put to death at Proph-dria which condemned Arius, and before the other
thasia, in the country of the Drangae. (Curtius, circular letters to the various bishops. (See Theodt.
1. c. , and viii. 1 ; Justin. xii. 14; Diod. xvi. 32, 80. ) H. E. i. 4; Galland. Bill. Patr. vol. iv. p. 441. )
The object of this traitor was probably, with the 2. The Encyclic letter announcing Arius's depo-
aid of Persia, to gain possession of the throne of sition (Socr. 11. E. i. 6, and Galland. 1. c. p. 451),
Macedonia, which previous to the reign of Amyn with the subscriptions from Gelasius Cyzicen.
tas 11.
had for a time belonged to his family. [L. S. ] (Hist. Con. Nicaen. ii. 3, ap. Mans. Concilia. vol. ii.
ALEXANDER ('Axécar opos), an AETOLIAX, p. 301. ) There reinains, too, The Deposition of
3
## p. 112 (#132) ############################################
112
ALEXANDER.
ALEXANDER.
Arins and his, i. e. an Address to the Priests and served of several others, whose titles may be scen
Deacons, desiring their concurrence therein (ap. in the Bibliotheca of Casiri. (Vol. i. p. 243. )
S. Athanas. vol. i. Ps. 1. p. 396, Paris, 1698 ; sce If we view him as a philosopher, his merit con-
Galland. I. c. p. 455). Two fragments more, apud not be mied highly. His excellencies and defects
Galland. (l. c. p. 456. ) St. Athanasius also gives are all on the model of his great master; there is
the second epistle. (1. c. p. 397. ), (A. J. C. ) the same perspicuity and power of analysis, united
ALEXANDER ('Allégavāpos), commander of with almost more than Aristotelian plainness of
the horse in the army of ANTIGONUS Dosos dur- style; everywhere “a fiat surface," with nothing
ing the war against Cleomenes III. of Sparta. to interrupt or strike the attention. In a mind so
(Polyb. ii. 66. ) He fought against Philopocmen, thoroughly imbued with Aristotle, it cannot be ex-
then a young man, whose prudence and valour pected there should be much place for original
forced him to a disadvantageous engagement at thought. llis only endeavour is to adap: the
Sellasia. (ii. C8. ) This Alexander is probably the works of his master to the spirit and language of
same person as the one whom Antigonus, as the his own age ; but in doing so he is constantly re-
guardian of Philip, had appointed commander of called to the earlier philosophy, and attacks by-
Philip's body-guard, and who was calumniated by gone opinions, as though they had the same living
Apelies. (iv: 87. ) Subsequently he was sent by power as when the writings of Aristotle were di
Philip as ambassador to Thebes, to persecute Me- rected against them. (Ritter, Geschichte der Philo
galeas. (v. 28. ) Polybius states, that at all times sophie, vol. iv. p. 255. )
he manifested a most extraordinary attachment to The Platonists and earlier Stoics are his chief
his king. (vii. 12. )
[L. S. ) opponents, for he regarded the Epicureans as too
ALEXANDER ('Aré avepos), of Antiochia, sensual and unphilosophical to be worth a serious
a friend of M. Antonius, who being acquainted answer. Against the notion of the first, that the
with the Syriac language, acted twice as interpreter world, although created, might yet by the will of
between Antonius and one Mithridates, who be- God be made imperishable, he urged that God could
trayed to him the plans of the Parthians, to save not alter the nature of things, and quoted the
the Romans. This happened in B. C. 36. (Pseudo Platonist doctrine of the necessary coexistence of
Appian, Parth. pp. 93, 96, ed. Schweigh. ) [L. S. ] evil in all corruptible things. (Ritter, p. 262. )
ALEXANDER ('Anégavdpos), son of Anto- God himself, he said, was the very form of
NIUS, the triumvir, and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. things. Yet, however difficult it may be to
He and his twin-sister Cleopatra were born B. C. enter into this abstract notion of God, it would
40. Antonius bestowed on him the titles of “He be unjust, as some hare done, to charge him with
lios," and "King of Kings," and called his sister atheism, as in many passages he attributes mind
“ Selene. ” He also destined for him, as an inde- and intelligence to the divine Being. This is
pendent kingdom, Armenia, and such countries as one of the points in which he has brought out
might yet be conquered between the Euphrates the views of Aristotle more clearly, from his living
and Indus, and wrote to the senate to have his in the light of a later age. God, he says (in Meta-
grants confirmed; but his letter was not suffered phys. ix. p. 320), is “ properly and simply one, the
to be read in public. (B. C. 34. ) After the con- self-existent substance, the author of motion him-
quest of Armenia Antonius betrothed Jotape, the self unmoved, the great and good Deity, without
daughter of the Median king Artavasdes, to his beginning and without end:" and again (in Metaph.
son Alexander. When Octavianus made himself xii
. p. 381) he asserts, that to deprive God of pro-
master of Alexandria, he spared Alexander, but vidence is the same ining as depriving honey of
took him and his sister to Rome, to adorn his sweetness, fire of warmth, snow of whiteness and
triumph. They were generously received by Oc- coolness, or the soul of motion. The providence of
tavia, the wife of Antonius, who educated them God, however, is not directed in the same way to
with her own children. (Dion Cassius, xlix. 32, the sublunary world and the rest of the universe :
40, 41, 44, 1. 25, li. 21 ; Plut. Anton. 36, 54, 87; the latter is committed not indeed to fate, but to
Liv. Epit. 131, 132. )
[C. P. M. ] general laws, while the concems of men are the
ALEXANDER ('Alétavopos), bishop of Apa immediate care of God, although he find not in
MEA, sent with his namesake of Hierapolis by the government of them the full perfection of his
John of Antioch to the Council of Ephesus. A being. (Quaest. Nat. i. 25, ii. 21. ) He saw no incon-
letter by him is extant in Latin in the Nora Col- sistency, as perhaps there was none, between these
lectio Conciliorum à Stepian. Baluzio, p. 834. c. high notions of God and the materialism with
132. fol. Paris, 1683.
(A. J. C. ] which they were connected. As God was the
ALEXANDER APHRODISIENSIS ('Ané form of all things, so the human soul was likewise
avopos 'Aøpodioieus), a native of Aphrodisias in a form of matter, which it was impossible to con-
Caria, who lived at the end of the second and the ceive as existing in an independent state. He
beginning of the third century after Christ, the most seems however to have made a distinction between
celebrated of the commentators on Aristotle. Ile the powers of reflection and sensation, for he says
was the disciple of Herminus and Aristocles the (de Anima, i. p. 138), that the soul needed not the
Messenian, and like them endeavoured to free the body as an instrumeni to take in objects of thought,
Peripatetic philosophy from the syncretism of Am- but was sufficient of itself; unless the latter is to
monius and others, and to restore the genuine in- be looked upon as an inconsistency into which he
terpretation of the writings of Aristotle. The title has been led by the desire to harmonize the early
ó ényntiis was the testimony to the extent or the Peripatericism with the purer principle of a later
excellence of his commentaries. About half his philosophy. (Brucker, vol. ii. p. 481. )
voluminous works were edited and translated into The most important treatise of his which has
Latin at the revival of literature; there are a few come down to us, is the “ De Fato," an inquiry
more extant in the original Greck, which have into the opinions of Aristotle on the subject of
never been printed, and an Arabic version is pre- Fate and Freewill. It is probably one of his latest
## p. 113 (#133) ############################################
ALEXANDER.
113
ALEXANDER.
a
. works, and must have been written between the 1520, fol. ; Flor. 1520, fol. : translated into Latin by
years 199-211, because dedicated to the joint em- J. B. Rasarius. V. Comment. in Metaphysicorum
perors Severus and Caracalla.
Here the earlier XII libros; ex versione J. G. Sepulvedae, Rom.
Stoics are his opponents, who asserted that all | 1527, Paris, 1536, Ven. 1544 and 1561. The
things arose from an eternal and indissoluble chain Greek text has never been printed, although it
of causes and effects. The subject is treated exists in the Paris library and several others.
practically rather than speculatively. Universal VI. In librum de Sensu et iis quae sub sensum cadunt;
opinion, the common use of language, and internal the Greek text is printed at the end of the com-
consciousness, are his main arguments. That fate mentary of Simplicius on the De Animâ, Ven. Aldi,
has a real existence, is proved by the distinction 1527, folio ; there is also a Latin version by Luci-
we draw between fate, chance, and possibility, and lius Philothaeus, Ven. 1544, 1549, 1554, 1559,
between free and necessary actions. It is another 1573. VII. In Aristotelis Meterologica; Ven.
word for nature, and its workings are seen in the Aldi, 1527 ; supposed by some not to be the
tendencies of men and things (c. 6), for it is an all-work of Alexander Aphrod. VIII. De Mistione ;
pervading cause of real, but not absolute, power. bound up in the same edition as the preceding.
The fatalism of the Stoics does away with free IX. De Animâ libri duo (two distinct works),
will, and so destroys responsibility: it is at vari- printed in Greek at the end of Themistius: there
ance with every thought, word, and deed, of our is a Latin version by Hieronymus Donatus, Ven.
lives. The Stoics, indeed, attempt to reconcile 1502, 1514, folio. X. Physica Scholia, dubitationes
necessity and free will ; but, properly speaking, et solutiones; in Greek, Ven. Trincavelli, 1536,
they use freewill in a new sense for the necessary folio; in Latin, by Hieronymus Bagolinus, Ven.
co-operation of our will in the decrees of nature : 1541, 1549, 1555, 1559, 1563. ΧΙ. Ιατρικά
moreover, they cannot expect men to carry into 'Atropruara kal pound Mpobahuata, Quaestiones
practice the subtle distinction of a will necessarily Medicae et Problemata Physica. XII. Tepl Ilupe
yet freely acting; and hence, by destroying the Twv, Libellus de Febribus.
