After his exodus to Berlin, our patriot found tem-
porary employment at the Preussische Jakrbucher
(Prussian Annuals), where he was appointed deputy to
Wehrenpfennig, the editor of the journal.
porary employment at the Preussische Jakrbucher
(Prussian Annuals), where he was appointed deputy to
Wehrenpfennig, the editor of the journal.
Treitschke - 1914 - Life and Works
" His public lectures were very
largely frequented. "But," he says, "the Philistines
are prejudiced when entering the Aula, and are firmly
determined to consider as untrue every word I say about
Prussia. The opinion is prevalent that the South Ger-
mans are the most modest of our people. I say they are
the most arrogant; to a man they consider themselves
the real Germans, and the North a country half of which
is still steeped in barbarity, this quite apart from a
dissolute braggadocio the mere thought of which fills me
with disgust. Believe me, only the trusty sword of the
conqueror can weld together these countries with the
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 19
North. " Later on, when I conversed with him every
evening at a round table in the Heidelberg Museum, I
realised the reasons for his lack of understanding of our
people. We seemed to him lukewarm, because we did
not strike the national chord with the power which he
expected of a good German. But why should we do
that? In the Saxony of Heir von Beust, and in Prussia's
time of reaction, national ideas were tabooed, and that
is why the patriots felt compelled to bear witness in
season and out of season. But we lived in a free country,
under a Prince harbouring German sentiments, and
where it would have been an easy matter to feign pat-
riotism quite apart from the fact that we South Germans
do not care discussing our sentiments. I told him that
in the same way as I, despite my warmest feelings for
my family, could not bring myself to proclaim pompously
the excellence of my wife and child, so was I reluctant
to publicly praise my Fatherland; and subsequently I
reminded him of the Yankee who declared that im-
mediately a man spoke to him of patriotism he knew him
to be a rascal. In regard to our sympathy for France,
which he reviled as the Rhine Confederation sentimen-
tality, it would be difficult for him to place himself in
our position. During the last century we had received
nothing but kindness from France, namely, deliverance
from the Palatine Bavarian regime, from Jesuits and
Lazarists, from episcopal and Junker rule, from guild
restrictions and compulsory service: all this and the
very existence of the country which we enjoyed we
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? 20 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
owed directly or indirectly to Napoleon and the Code
Napoleon, from which the hatred of the French arose.
This, it is true, I found quite natural, considering Napoleon
weakened Prussia and abused Saxony. He was in-
dignant when he noticed in corridors of inns and even in
parlours the small lithographs which, under the First
Empire, were poured out in thousands from Paris even
across the States of the Rhine Convention, representing
the Victor of Marengo, the sun of Austerlitz, Napoleon's
Battle at the Pyramids, etc. , and which, owing to the
conservative spirit of the peasantry, decorated the walls
until moths, rust, and wood-worms gradually brought
about their destruction. He even took offence at the
attitude displayed by Frenchmen in the Black Forest
watering places, and in Baden-Baden. When, finally, a
Heidelberg lawyer declared in the Reichstag that for
him the cultured Frenchman is still the most amiable
of all European beings, Treitschke stigmatized us as
incorrigible partisans of the Rhine Confederation. But
a glance at the letters of Frau Rat Goethe, in Frankfort,
who prayed God that French and not Prussian soldiers
should be quartered in her house, might have taught
him that the expressions of a long historical epoch find
expression in these remarks, which could not be effaced
by proud words. Furthermore, when the Prussian
Ministry trampled on the Budget rights of Parliament,
and by a sophistical theory about a defect in the Con-
stitution exasperated the sense of justice of every honest
thinking German, when the most extraordinary verdicts
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 21
of the Supreme Court, accompanied by the removal
from office of the most capable officials, provoked the
population, it was really not the time to stimulate among
South Germans the desire to become incorporated with
Prussia. The moment was, therefore, most unpro-
pitious for his propaganda. In those days even such
old admirers of a Union with Prussia as Brater became
converts to the triad-idea, and Treitschke's friend,
Freytag, commented on it in merely the following manner:
"It is always very sad and unpleasant when intelligent
people so easily become asses. " Why, therefore, should
the unintelligent masses be judged as harshly as was
done by Treitschke? In regard to our clerical-political
struggles--and this was the second reason for his lack
of understanding of our population--he found himself
in the position of a guest who enters a room in which
a heated discussion has been going on for hours past and,
not having been present from the beginning, is unable
to appreciate the intensity of the contending parties.
Even at that time I was annoyed at the haughty tone
with which he and his non-Badenese friends--Baum-
garten in particular--discussed the Badenese struggles.
They considered the educational problem trivial compared
with the mighty national question at stake; and over-
looked the fact that to get rid of the clerical party was
to be the primary condition for joining hands with
Protestant Prussia. They knew less of the situation
as far as the population was concerned than of events
in the Ministry and at Court. Thus they constantly
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? 22 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
looked behind the scenes, and thereby missed the
part which was being played on the stage. That is
why none of the North German politicians achieved
a really cordial understanding with their citizens,
while Bluntschli of the South, in spite of his suspicious
political past, could boast of great respect among the
Liberals.
In the autumn of 1868 Treitschke made a long stay
at Karlsruhe; he spent his days mostly in the Archives,
and the evenings found him either in the family circle of
his friends or hard at work. He had not become more
favourably impressed with the "townlet of clericals,"
and expressed the desire more and more frequently
to be nearer a town where there was controversy and
quarrelling, and where the mind was exercised, and
deeds were done. Nevertheless, few towns in Germany
could have been found at that time where he could
express so freely his political opinions without inter-
ference from head-quarters, as is proved by the publica-
tion of his famous dissertation on " Union of States and
Single State. " In regard to this, he himself thought
it "extraordinary" that it could have been published
in Freiburg. That the German Confederation is not a
Coalition of States, but a Coalition of Rulers, that Austria
cannot be called a German State, and that the Minor
Powers are no States at all, lacking as they do power of
self-determination : all these axioms to-day have become
commonplace, but at that time the particularist press
raised a fierce outcry against them. Although an official
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 23
of a Small State himself, he nevertheless put into print
that a ship a span in length is no ship at all, and that,
should the Small States of Prussia be annexed, what
would happen to them was only what they themselves
in times gone by had done to smaller territories; for
they owed their existence to annexations. Of the German
Princes he said: "The majority of the illustrious heads
show an alarming family resemblance; well-meaning
mediocrity predominates almost everywhere. And this
generation, not very lavishly endowed by nature, has
from early youth had its mind imbued with the doctrines
of monarchy, and with the traditions of particularism.
From childhood it is surrounded by that Court nobility
which is Germany's curse, for it has no fatherland, and
if it does not completely disappear in stupid selfishness,
it rises at its highest to chivalrous attachment of the
Prince's personality and the princely family. Should
that Coalition State, which the princes prefer to the
Centralised State, come about, their fate would not be
an enviable one. If, even at this day, the pretentious
title of King of the Middle States bears no proportion
to its importance, we shall in a Coalition State be unable
to contemplate without a smile the position of a King of
Saxony or Wiirtemberg. Monarchs in such position
would be quite superfluous beings, and the nation sooner
or later would ask the question whether it would not
be advisable to discard such costly and useless organiza-
tions. " This essay he sent to the Grand Duke, who
graciously thanked him for the valuable gift. In few
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? 24 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
German States would a similar reception have been given
to such a treasonable publication. "The Karlsruhe
official world"--so he informed Freytag on December
27th, 1864--"has recovered from the first absurd shock
which my book occasioned"; he himself, therefore, did
not deny its startling character. Nevertheless, he was
often commanded by the Court to give lectures, and
in spite of his political heresy he was still a much sought
after and distinguished personality, and already regarded
as possible successor to Hausser.
When the crisis, anticipated by him long before, really
broke out he decided to relinquish his thankless duties
in Freiburg, in spite of the fact that he was too far
away from the theatre of events to take an active part
in the press campaign. Roggenbach's resignation had
not endeared Baden to him. As regards Stabel, Lamey,
Ludwig, etc. , he thought they did not even bestow a
thought upon Germany. "Edelsheim is no good at
all. Mathy, ironically smiling, keeps aloof; he is above
the question of Small States; he was the first to predict
that nowadays a Small State cannot be governed by
Parliament. The downfall of our friend is only a ques-
tion of time, and presumably it will be accelerated by
the extraordinary ineptitude of the Chamber. Naturally,
at the next Session ministers will be harassed by flippant
interpellations until the Liberals resign and the strong
bureaucrats take office. That will then be called a
triumph of parliamentary principles. " Still more drastic
are his views on June 12th, 1866: "Lamey's views on
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 25
politics are on a level with the beer garden; and then
this fool of an Edelsheim! Roggenbach's resignation
was a fatal mistake. " Treitschke's friends were infallible,
but not the later "Ministry of Emperor Frederick. "
After the Battle of Koniggratz, even Freytag spoke
in his letter of "Bismaerckchen" (Little Bismarck), and
of the waggish tricks of this "hare-brain," of which in
reality he was afraid. Comparing the clear, self-con-
fident letters of Bismarck with the excited correspon-
dence of these spirited political amateurs, no doubt can
be entertained as to where was the superiority of mind -*
and character. But to know better was then the order of
the day, and the mischievous attempts of Oscar Becker
and Blind Cohen, which aimed at removing King Wilhelm
and Bismarck because they were not the right people
to frame Germany's Constitution, were only a crude
expression of the self-same desire to know better. At
the same time these gentlemen were no more agreed
among themselves than they were in agreement with
the Government, and when Baumgarten warned the
Prussians to think more of the threatening war than of
the constitutional contest, he received in the journal
Der Grenzbote, from Freytag, a very impolite answer
for his "craziness. " The Prussians had no wish to be
taught their duties by the Braunschweigers. Meanwhile
Bismarck's attention had been directed to Treitschke,
and through the medium of Count Fleming, the Prussian
Ambassador at Karlsruhe, he was invited to a personal
interview to Berlin. The Count, a very musical and
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? 26 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
easy-going gentleman, gave Treitschke such scanty infor-
mation as to the object of the journey that, on June 7th,
1866, the latter himself wrote to Bismarck. It surely was
a great temptation to Treitschke when Bismarck sug-
gested that he should take part at his side in the great
impending developments, should draw up the Manifesto
to the German population, and write in the papers for
the good cause, while, after the conclusion of peace, he
would be given a position in Berlin as University Pro-
fessor of History. How many of those who at that time
called him a Mamaluke and a Renegade would have
resisted such temptation? He replied that, as hitherto,
he would support Bismarck's Prussian external policy,
but he refused to become a Prussian functionary until
after the re-establishment of the Constitution. Until
this had come to pass no power of persuasion in the world,
and not even the whisperings of angels, would make an
impression upon the nation. He even refused to draw
up the War Manifesto. He did not wish to sacrifice his
honest political name for the sake of a great sphere of
activity. When, on a later occasion, Bismarck invited
to dinner " our Braun," in order to win him over to his
protective duty plans, Braun--adamant, as he told me
himself--declared that he could not renounce his convic-
tions of the past, not having been educated in protective
ideas. Bismarck, infuriated, threw down the serviette,
rose, and slammed the door behind him; whereupon,
Braun, in spite of the Princess' entreaty not to argue
with her ailing husband, told the ladies he could not
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 27
put up with everything, and likewise retired. Treitsehke,
although in a similar predicament, must have been held
in higher esteem by Bismarck, for, in spite of his refusal,
he was invited to head-quarters for the second time after
the victories. Treitsehke had persistently declined any
semi-official activity until the re-establishment of the
Constitution, yet Bismarck granted him unrestricted
use of the Archives until the day on which he him-
self took over the ministerial portfolio; furthermore,
Treitschke's wounded brother was under the personal
care of the Prince. __
Treitschke's disposition in those days is apparent from
a letter to Gustave Freytag of June 12th, which runs as
follows: "During such serious times, surrounded only
by madly fanatic opponents, I often feel the desire to
chat with old friends. The uncertainty and unclearness
of the situation has also been reflected very vividly in
my life. I have some very trying days behind me.
Bismarck asked me to his head-quarters; I was to write
the War Manifesto, to work for the policy of the German
Government, and was assured a Professorship in Berlin,
the dream of my ambitions; I could write with an easy
conscience the proclamations against Austria and for
the German Parliament. Briefly, the temptation was
very great, and all the more enticing as my stay here is
slowly becoming unbearable. Even Roggenbach, now
an out-and-out Prussian, did not dare dissuade me, but
I had to refuse; I could not pledge myself to a policy,
the final aims of which only one man knows, when I had
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? 28 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
no power to mend its defects. I could not for the sake
of a very doubtful success stake my honest name.
According to my political doctrine even one's good name
is to be sacrificed to the Fatherland, but only to the
Fatherland; and consequently, only when in power, and
when hopes exist of really furthering the State by steps
which the masses consider profligate. I am differently
placed. " He had chosen the right way, and his sacrifice
was not in vain. It must have impressed Bismarck that
even such fanatics of Prussianism as Treitschke did not
pardon the way he dealt with the clear rights of the
country. In those days he permitted negotiations with
President von Unruh, in order to settle the constitutional
conflict. Treitschke's renunciation, tantamount to an
adjournment of his most ardent wishes, is to be praised
all the more as his isolated position in Freiburg would
have determined any other man less brave than himself
to take his departure speedily. The posters and threats
of the Ultramontanes were quite personally directed
against him. Police had to watch his house; for in the
midst of an excited Catholic population he was more
openly exposed to danger than Bluntschli was in Heidel-
berg, with its national tendencies. He smiled, however.
"Beneath the screaming insubordination of the South
German rabble"--so he writes--" there is not sufficient
courage left to even smash a window-pane. " When,
however, the Edelsheim Parliamentary Division, on
June 17th, established that Baden was determined to
stand by Austria, he sent in his resignation. "I cannot
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 29
gamble with my oath," he wrote to Freytag; "that is
to say, I cannot remain official servant in a State of the
Rhine Convention which I, as a patriot, must en-
deavour to damage in every way. I cannot commit
political suicide, and in times like these retire into the
interior of the enemy's country. These are my simple
and telling reasons. " To Gustav Freytag alone he,
however, confessed how difficult this step had been for
him, and on July 4th he wrote as follows: "What made
these weeks particularly trying, and rendered so difficult
my radical decision, I will confess to you, but to you
alone. On June 18th, immediately before my resigna-
tion, I became engaged. " At a moment when an assured
position meant everything to him he departed from his
country without knowing whether he would be able to
gain a footing elsewhere. On the day on which Freiburg
danced with joy on account of the Prussian defeat at
Frautenau, he received information that his resignation
had been accepted. On the following morning, June
29th, he departed by railway for Berlin in search of a
new post. The Freiburg rabble had planned honouring
him with a Dutch Concert, but it was found that he had
already left. More with a view to travelling quickly
--the Badenese lines being blocked by military trains--
than on account of apprehensions of unpleasant en-
counters with soldiers in the railway stations, he travelled
via Strasburg and Lothring. Upon his arrival at
Miinster of Stein the display of black and white flags
taught him the real meaning of the Prussian defeats
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? 30 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
which caused such rejoicing amongst his Freiburg
patrons.
II.
After his exodus to Berlin, our patriot found tem-
porary employment at the Preussische Jakrbucher
(Prussian Annuals), where he was appointed deputy to
Wehrenpfennig, the editor of the journal. "For the
moment of course," he wrote to Freytag, "the guns talk,
and how magnificently they talk. " He also thought
that every Hussar who knocked down a Croat rendered
greater service to his country than all the journalists.
All the same, his aim was to be as useful as possible with
his pen to the cause of the Prussian eagles. He approved
of Bismarck's constitutional plans, but the introduction
of universal suffrage appealed to him as little then as
later on. "I consider universal suffrage in Germany a
crude and frivolous experiment," he wrote. "We are
yet a cultured people, and under no obligation to submit
to the predominant lack of sense. If we once stretch
this point it will, in view of the jealous ambition for
equality prevalent in this century, be almost impossible
to regain it. Of all the Bismarckian actions I am afraid
this is the least beneficial one. For the moment it will
procure for him a gratifying Parliamentary majority;
there is, however, incalculable confusion in store. "
Under his editorship the Preussische Jahrbucher were
distinguished by exceptionally cutting language. After
three months Wehrenpfennig, however, again took up
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 31
his duties, and at the beginning of October, at the house
of his fiancie at Freiburg, the news reached him of his
appointment as Professor for History and Politics at
Kiel. Immediately after the winter term his wedding
took place in Freiburg, and the honeymoon was spent
in the North of Italy, the couple subsequently leaving
for their new home to enjoy a second spring on the
eastern sea. It would have been quite within his power
to obtain an appointment as Professor at Heidelberg.
It was even the wish of the Grand Duke that he should
take the historical subjects in place of Hausser, who was
suffering from an incurable heart disease. Treitschke's
refined sentiment was, however, opposed to introducing
himself as the joyful heir to the dying man, who was his
old master.
When Hausser, amid the peals of the Easter bells
of 1867, closed his worldly account, Treitschke told his
young wife that for him Hausser's death had come a
good many years too soon, and that the departed one
had lost a great chance. To be active during the years
of youth in beautiful Heidelberg, and then, after many
struggles and victories, at the eve of life to march
triumphantly into Berlin must be the finest lot of a
University Professor. Besides, as in consequence of his
recent writings during the war his appointment in a
Small State had become almost impossible, he prepared
for a longer stay in the new home, and on the beautiful
Bay of Kiel enjoyed married bliss. The great crowd of
public functionaries and cultured citizens who thronged
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? 32 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
his lectures proved to him that here also there was useful
work to do. He was very pleased with the Kiel students,
energetic and conscientious as they were. In Gutschmid
and Ribbeck he found true political adherents, but soon
he also began to understand the disposition of the Hol-
steins. At the house of Fraulein Hegewisch, the daughter
of the well-known medical practitioner and patriot, who
pre-eminently belongs to the group of the "Children
of Sorrow," and the "Up ewig Ungedeelten," he made
the personal acquaintance of the leader of the Augusten-
burgs. Friendly relations developed, although he did
not fail to sneer at the Holsteins, who considered them-
selves Normalmenschcn (normal beings). "On one
occasion," Fraulein Hegewisch informed me, " on account
of the crowd, I walked in the footpath of the Heidelberg
high street instead of on the pavement, when behind
me some one shouted, 'Normalmensch, Normalmensch!
Why don't you walk on the pavement like others ? '"
In the letters to Freytag, also, he mentioned a good deal of
Holstein conceit and self-praise, and in course of con-
versation he was inclined to explain the local patriotism
of the Schleswig student by the fact that everybody
knew his Hardevogt who was ready to attest that this
or the other patriot was needy and deserved to be exempt
from paying college contribution. That the rest of the
world was nailed with "normal" planks as far as the
Holsteins were concerned was also one of the obliging
expressions with which he favoured the population. In
the same way his lady friend, when praising the beauty
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 33
of Holstein was usually annoyed by his remark that
there were eight months of winter and four months of
rain in Kiel. When, however, asked by Nokk whether
he would care to return to Baden, he replied: "Not for
all the treasures of India to Freiburg, but willingly to
Heidelberg. " His writings since his departure from
Freiburg had not rendered probable his recall. His
essay "On the Future of the North German Middle
States," written in Berlin, 1866, attempting to prove
that the dynasties of Kurhessen, Hanover, and of his
own Saxony, were "ripe--nay, over-ripe--for merited
destruction," could not serve exactly as a recommenda-
tion for appointment in a Small State. The intention
of the Badenese Government was somewhat paradoxical,
as everything he wrote about Small States and the
Napoleonic crowns applied to Baden as well as to Saxony
and Nassau. And how he had sneered at the poor small
potentates. "Germany," he wrote, "will not perish even
if the Nassau Captain with his gun, his servant, and his
seven bristly fowls should gaily enter the Marxburg
again, the stronghold of the Nassau Realm. Whether
the Frankfurter will be able to call himself in future a
Republican, whether the Duke Bernhard Erich Feund
and Princess Karoline of the older line will again ascend
the throne of their parents, all these are third-rate matters
which fall to the background in face of the question of
the future of the three Middle State Courts of the North. "
He quite realised, he wrote, that the punctilious Coun-
sellor of Court, Goething, would lose faith in his God if
c
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? 34 TRE1TSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
Georgia Augusta were to be deprived of the euphonic
title "The Jewel in th>> Crown of the Welfs," and as
for the Leipzig Professor, the thought is inconceivable
that he should cease to be "a pearl in the lozenged wreath
of Saxony. " The doctrinaire is annoyed and offended
when brutal facts disturb his circle. He cannot approve
of the way Prussia has made use of her needle-guns:
"But picture the scene of King Johann's entry into his
capital, how the Town Council of Dresden, faithful at
all times, receives the destructor of the country with
words of thanks and adoration; how maidens in white
and green, with lozenged wreaths, bow to the stained
and desecrated crown; how another dignitary orders
the foolish songs of particularist poetry to be delivered:
'The Violet blossoms, verdant is again the Lozenge ';
really, the mere thought fills one with disgust; it would
be a spectacle to be likened to grown-ups playing with
toy soldiers and rocking horses. " Even for Germans
with good Prussian sentiments this was somewhat strong
language. In the presence of the Prussian General,
who occupied Dresden, the essay was confiscated by the
Saxon Public Prosecutor, but was released again by
order of the military authorities. Treitschke's father
expressed himself in angry words against his son's pam-
phlet, and in return received an autograph letter from
the King expressing sympathy. It is evident that,
under these circumstances, it was ne easy matter for the
Badenese Court to call the author to Heidelberg. In
the same way as his former articles against the Middle
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 35
States prevented his being present at the wedding of his
favourite second sister--he wished to avoid meeting the
Karlowitz--so did he through this publication stand
in the following year isolated and shunned at the
grave of his father, in addition to almost losing his
appointment to Heidelberg.
When the question of filling Hausser's chair arose for
discussion it caused the opening of negotiations in the
first instance with Sybel, a gentleman who, especially
in our Karlsruhe circle, enjoyed great reputation, and
on his visits even charmed our particularists by his extra-
ordinary amiability. Baumgarten had worked with him
in Munich. Von Weech was his pupil. He was an
intimate friend of Philip Jolly. I was also pleased at
the prospective appointment, for when I spent a few
\ delightful weeks with him and Hermann Grimm on the
Rigi-Scheideck, in 1863, he had rendered me several
literary services, and had so warmly recommended me
to his Karlsruhe friends that I was cordially received
by them. But Sybel, occupying the position which
he did, considered himself, in view of the Parliamentary
quarrel, unjustified in abandoning Prussia. Meanwhile
the agitated waves had somewhat subsided, and Mathy
had never given up the bringing back of his "Max
Piccolomini" to Baden. Only in Heidelberg his im-
pending appointment met with opposition. Hitzig--who
was, later, Pro-Rector--on November 22nd, 1866, after
Kb'niggratz, in a festive speech entitled, "What does
it profit a man to conquer the world if thereby he
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? 36 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
lose his soul? " and expressing unerring confidence in
the return of Barbarossa, and the black-red golden
Kyffhauser magnificence, declared to me at the General
Synod in Karlsruhe that he and his friends would do all
in their power to prevent such an unhappy choice. They
did not want a writer of feuilletons who would make the
giddy Palatines still more superficial. Besides, owing
to his deafness, Treitschke was useless for all academic
functions, which in Heidelberg were of the greatest im-
portance. The actual Pro-Rector, Dr. med. Friedreich,
a Bavarian by birth, was likewise opposed to the appoint-
ment, and later on, after the outbreak of the academic
disputes, declared in a letter to the minister that it was
a matter for regretful doubt whether the mental condi-
tion of Herr von Treitschke could still be considered a
normal one. After long struggles Treitschke was at last
proposed in third place by the Faculty. In the first place,
Pauly was mentioned, in order to teach a lesson to the
Wiirtemberg Government for having transferred him, by
way of punishment, from the University to a Convent
School. In the second place, there was Duncker, and in
the third, Treitschke. In the Senate, Duncker was
placed first, but Jolly did not trouble about this order,
and after Sybel's refusal the choice fell upon Treitschke.
He, however, had now certain points to consider. His
work made him dependent upon the Berlin Archives, the
unrestricted use of which Bismarck had granted him
till the day when he himself became minister; there
he found the greatest possible assistance for his history
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 37
on the Custom Union. "How stupid of the Berliners,"
he told me on a later occasion, "to bury all their acts,
and allow Nebenius to enjoy the fame of being the
founder of the Custom Union. " It would, however,
have been much more difficult to use the Archives in
Berlin from Heidelberg, and he, of course, did not know
how long this favour would be granted to him. The
difficulties in connection with his appointment at Heidel-
berg were not exactly encouraging either, and it could
not be expected of him to display great sympathies
towards Badenese Liberalism, which he had seen at work
in 1866. In a letter to Jolly, he gratefully acknowledged
the sorely-tried noble spirit of the Grand Duke, who had
again stretched out the hand, in spite of his former
sudden resignation from Badenese official service ; but
he made the acceptance of the position dependent upon
the consent of the Prussian Government. In those days
his friends, Mathy, Hofmeister, and Nokk, did their
utmost, personally, to persuade Treitschke, and only
after having received the assurance from Berlin that his
views were appreciated there, that his activity in Baden
for the national cause would be regarded with favour,
and that the King would continue to consider him a
Prussian subject, he accepted the call to Heidelberg.
Having simultaneously received my appointment as
Assistant Professor for the Theological Faculty, we once
more met. As until the last moment I was uncertain
whether the proposal for the creation of this Faculty
would materialise, not even the slightest preparations
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? 38 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
for the winter lectures had been made by me, and, over-
whelmed with work as I now was, I resolved to pay no
visits at all. It was Treitschke who, although older and
"Ordinarius," called on me, the younger and Assistant
Professor. Thus our relations were renewed, and, as
Prussophils and Prussophobes kept more and more
apart, quite naturally we became closer attached to each
other. On November 22nd the Pro-Rector, Dr. med.
Friedreich, at the dinner in honour of the dies aca-
demicus, had, in accordance with custom, to deliver a
speech. The South German Progressive intended avoid-
ing political allusions, and consequently hit upon a
medical comparison of the two newly-appointed gentle-
men with the Siamese Twins, whose nature and history
he exhaustively detailed. The one, the stronger, lifted
the weaker one when disobedient up in the air until he
yielded. The joy and sorrow of the one transmitted
itself to the other one; when one drank wine, the other
felt the effects, etc. Subsequently he spoke of the
relations of the Theological Faculty to medical science,
in view of the fact that it had undeceived orthodoxy;
and finally he drank the health of the new arrivals.
In very touching words Treitschke recalled the memory
of our mutual teacher, Hausser. Whether I liked it
or not, I had to picture myself as the weaker twin, who
often had been lifted by the stronger one, and had
promised to be obedient at all times. In spite of
the peals of laughter with which Friedreich's speech
had been received by the learned circle, the whole thing
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 39
struck me as very insipid. Treitschke, however, was
most highly amused, and for some time after, when
meeting him, his first words used to be, "Well, Twin,
how are we? " Later on he applied the unsavoury
comparison of the doctor to Delbriick and Kamphausen,
which did not please me either.
III.
In Heidelberg, Treitschke did not experience with
the students the difficulties he had complained of in
Freiburg--a proof that the recalcitrant attitude of the
Freiburg Student Corps was, to a great extent, due
to the Ultramontanes and to politicians striving to
reform the German Confederation in union with Austria.
It is true some young students complained to me that
on the first few occasions they were quite unable to hear
what he said, that his delivery was much too rapid, and
that they were irritated by the gurgling noise with which
he from time to time unwittingly drew in his breath.
But when once used to his mannerisms, they all admitted
that his gift of speech, his accuracy of expression, and
elementary force of enthusiasm appealed to them like a
something never before experienced. An enthusiastic
theologian, who died prematurely, applied to him the
following expression from the Gospel of St. John: "Never
before hath a man spoken as this man did "! Treitschke
brought with him to lectures merely a scrap of paper
with the catchwords written on it, so that he should
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? 40 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
not stray from the subject and forget to allude to certain
matters. On one occasion, having left his notes at home,
he told me he had finished, after all, five minutes sooner,
which proved that we all are "creatures of habit. "
What was particularly fascinating in him was the assur-
ance of his manner. He stood erect, with an expression
of cheerfulness on his face, the head thrown back, and
emphasising the salient points by repeatedly nod-
ding. The contents of his lectures were invariably
historical and political. While Ranke completely lost
himself in pictures of the past, Treitschke never for a
moment forgot the present. What he said of Cromwell,
Gustavus Adolphus, and Napoleon always had its refer-
ences to present-day England, Germany, and France.
His examples proved that the taking to pieces of the
sources of information and the looking for originals of
reports, however indispensable this preparatory work
might be, did not complete the functions of the historian.
It was necessary to understand the people whose fate
one intends to relate, and as Treitschke himself said, one
only understands what one loves. All great historians
are at the same time great patriots, and no one is a real
historian who has not exhausted the depth of human
nature, and knows how thoughts originate, and passions
are at work. The historian must display a certain
ingenuity in guessing connections. He must be able to
reply to the great enigmas of life, and must be a poet
who understands how to shape material vigorously. All
this was to be found in this wonderful man, and that is
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 41
why he combined for the young people politics with
philosophy and religion. "Whoever wishes to write
history must have the heart of a lion," says Martin
Luther; and so Treitschke writes: "Only a stout heart,
grasping the meaning of the past of a country like per-
sonally experienced good and evil fortune can truly
write history. " It is not perfection of form only, but
depth of soul which accounts for the greatness of ancient
historians. Who will deny that thereby he portrayed
his own picture ? " The historian must be just, out-
spoken, indifferent to the sensitiveness of the Courts,
and fearless of the hatred, more powerful nowadays, of
the educated rabble ": these were the principles to which
he adhered from his chair. Already, in the first weeks
of his Heidelberg years, when reading a good deal of
Tacitus and Suetonius for my "New Testament
Chronicle," I had a very instructive conversation on this
subject with him. I told him that in view of the strong
antagonistic attitude taken up by the Roman aris-
tocrats, I attached no greater value to their descriptions
of the Caesars than to the descriptions of Frederic the
Great, by Onno Klopp, or to the contributors of the
Frankfurter Zeilung. The pictures of Julius II and
Leo X by Raphael, of Erasmus by Holbein, of Spinola
by Rubens, of Lorenzo Medici by Giorgia Vasari, of old
Charles V and Paul III by Titian, fully confirmed the
descriptions of their biographers; as illustrations they
fitted the text; on the other hand, the statues and busts
of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula gave the lie to
? ?
largely frequented. "But," he says, "the Philistines
are prejudiced when entering the Aula, and are firmly
determined to consider as untrue every word I say about
Prussia. The opinion is prevalent that the South Ger-
mans are the most modest of our people. I say they are
the most arrogant; to a man they consider themselves
the real Germans, and the North a country half of which
is still steeped in barbarity, this quite apart from a
dissolute braggadocio the mere thought of which fills me
with disgust. Believe me, only the trusty sword of the
conqueror can weld together these countries with the
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 19
North. " Later on, when I conversed with him every
evening at a round table in the Heidelberg Museum, I
realised the reasons for his lack of understanding of our
people. We seemed to him lukewarm, because we did
not strike the national chord with the power which he
expected of a good German. But why should we do
that? In the Saxony of Heir von Beust, and in Prussia's
time of reaction, national ideas were tabooed, and that
is why the patriots felt compelled to bear witness in
season and out of season. But we lived in a free country,
under a Prince harbouring German sentiments, and
where it would have been an easy matter to feign pat-
riotism quite apart from the fact that we South Germans
do not care discussing our sentiments. I told him that
in the same way as I, despite my warmest feelings for
my family, could not bring myself to proclaim pompously
the excellence of my wife and child, so was I reluctant
to publicly praise my Fatherland; and subsequently I
reminded him of the Yankee who declared that im-
mediately a man spoke to him of patriotism he knew him
to be a rascal. In regard to our sympathy for France,
which he reviled as the Rhine Confederation sentimen-
tality, it would be difficult for him to place himself in
our position. During the last century we had received
nothing but kindness from France, namely, deliverance
from the Palatine Bavarian regime, from Jesuits and
Lazarists, from episcopal and Junker rule, from guild
restrictions and compulsory service: all this and the
very existence of the country which we enjoyed we
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? 20 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
owed directly or indirectly to Napoleon and the Code
Napoleon, from which the hatred of the French arose.
This, it is true, I found quite natural, considering Napoleon
weakened Prussia and abused Saxony. He was in-
dignant when he noticed in corridors of inns and even in
parlours the small lithographs which, under the First
Empire, were poured out in thousands from Paris even
across the States of the Rhine Convention, representing
the Victor of Marengo, the sun of Austerlitz, Napoleon's
Battle at the Pyramids, etc. , and which, owing to the
conservative spirit of the peasantry, decorated the walls
until moths, rust, and wood-worms gradually brought
about their destruction. He even took offence at the
attitude displayed by Frenchmen in the Black Forest
watering places, and in Baden-Baden. When, finally, a
Heidelberg lawyer declared in the Reichstag that for
him the cultured Frenchman is still the most amiable
of all European beings, Treitschke stigmatized us as
incorrigible partisans of the Rhine Confederation. But
a glance at the letters of Frau Rat Goethe, in Frankfort,
who prayed God that French and not Prussian soldiers
should be quartered in her house, might have taught
him that the expressions of a long historical epoch find
expression in these remarks, which could not be effaced
by proud words. Furthermore, when the Prussian
Ministry trampled on the Budget rights of Parliament,
and by a sophistical theory about a defect in the Con-
stitution exasperated the sense of justice of every honest
thinking German, when the most extraordinary verdicts
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 21
of the Supreme Court, accompanied by the removal
from office of the most capable officials, provoked the
population, it was really not the time to stimulate among
South Germans the desire to become incorporated with
Prussia. The moment was, therefore, most unpro-
pitious for his propaganda. In those days even such
old admirers of a Union with Prussia as Brater became
converts to the triad-idea, and Treitschke's friend,
Freytag, commented on it in merely the following manner:
"It is always very sad and unpleasant when intelligent
people so easily become asses. " Why, therefore, should
the unintelligent masses be judged as harshly as was
done by Treitschke? In regard to our clerical-political
struggles--and this was the second reason for his lack
of understanding of our population--he found himself
in the position of a guest who enters a room in which
a heated discussion has been going on for hours past and,
not having been present from the beginning, is unable
to appreciate the intensity of the contending parties.
Even at that time I was annoyed at the haughty tone
with which he and his non-Badenese friends--Baum-
garten in particular--discussed the Badenese struggles.
They considered the educational problem trivial compared
with the mighty national question at stake; and over-
looked the fact that to get rid of the clerical party was
to be the primary condition for joining hands with
Protestant Prussia. They knew less of the situation
as far as the population was concerned than of events
in the Ministry and at Court. Thus they constantly
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? 22 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
looked behind the scenes, and thereby missed the
part which was being played on the stage. That is
why none of the North German politicians achieved
a really cordial understanding with their citizens,
while Bluntschli of the South, in spite of his suspicious
political past, could boast of great respect among the
Liberals.
In the autumn of 1868 Treitschke made a long stay
at Karlsruhe; he spent his days mostly in the Archives,
and the evenings found him either in the family circle of
his friends or hard at work. He had not become more
favourably impressed with the "townlet of clericals,"
and expressed the desire more and more frequently
to be nearer a town where there was controversy and
quarrelling, and where the mind was exercised, and
deeds were done. Nevertheless, few towns in Germany
could have been found at that time where he could
express so freely his political opinions without inter-
ference from head-quarters, as is proved by the publica-
tion of his famous dissertation on " Union of States and
Single State. " In regard to this, he himself thought
it "extraordinary" that it could have been published
in Freiburg. That the German Confederation is not a
Coalition of States, but a Coalition of Rulers, that Austria
cannot be called a German State, and that the Minor
Powers are no States at all, lacking as they do power of
self-determination : all these axioms to-day have become
commonplace, but at that time the particularist press
raised a fierce outcry against them. Although an official
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 23
of a Small State himself, he nevertheless put into print
that a ship a span in length is no ship at all, and that,
should the Small States of Prussia be annexed, what
would happen to them was only what they themselves
in times gone by had done to smaller territories; for
they owed their existence to annexations. Of the German
Princes he said: "The majority of the illustrious heads
show an alarming family resemblance; well-meaning
mediocrity predominates almost everywhere. And this
generation, not very lavishly endowed by nature, has
from early youth had its mind imbued with the doctrines
of monarchy, and with the traditions of particularism.
From childhood it is surrounded by that Court nobility
which is Germany's curse, for it has no fatherland, and
if it does not completely disappear in stupid selfishness,
it rises at its highest to chivalrous attachment of the
Prince's personality and the princely family. Should
that Coalition State, which the princes prefer to the
Centralised State, come about, their fate would not be
an enviable one. If, even at this day, the pretentious
title of King of the Middle States bears no proportion
to its importance, we shall in a Coalition State be unable
to contemplate without a smile the position of a King of
Saxony or Wiirtemberg. Monarchs in such position
would be quite superfluous beings, and the nation sooner
or later would ask the question whether it would not
be advisable to discard such costly and useless organiza-
tions. " This essay he sent to the Grand Duke, who
graciously thanked him for the valuable gift. In few
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? 24 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
German States would a similar reception have been given
to such a treasonable publication. "The Karlsruhe
official world"--so he informed Freytag on December
27th, 1864--"has recovered from the first absurd shock
which my book occasioned"; he himself, therefore, did
not deny its startling character. Nevertheless, he was
often commanded by the Court to give lectures, and
in spite of his political heresy he was still a much sought
after and distinguished personality, and already regarded
as possible successor to Hausser.
When the crisis, anticipated by him long before, really
broke out he decided to relinquish his thankless duties
in Freiburg, in spite of the fact that he was too far
away from the theatre of events to take an active part
in the press campaign. Roggenbach's resignation had
not endeared Baden to him. As regards Stabel, Lamey,
Ludwig, etc. , he thought they did not even bestow a
thought upon Germany. "Edelsheim is no good at
all. Mathy, ironically smiling, keeps aloof; he is above
the question of Small States; he was the first to predict
that nowadays a Small State cannot be governed by
Parliament. The downfall of our friend is only a ques-
tion of time, and presumably it will be accelerated by
the extraordinary ineptitude of the Chamber. Naturally,
at the next Session ministers will be harassed by flippant
interpellations until the Liberals resign and the strong
bureaucrats take office. That will then be called a
triumph of parliamentary principles. " Still more drastic
are his views on June 12th, 1866: "Lamey's views on
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 25
politics are on a level with the beer garden; and then
this fool of an Edelsheim! Roggenbach's resignation
was a fatal mistake. " Treitschke's friends were infallible,
but not the later "Ministry of Emperor Frederick. "
After the Battle of Koniggratz, even Freytag spoke
in his letter of "Bismaerckchen" (Little Bismarck), and
of the waggish tricks of this "hare-brain," of which in
reality he was afraid. Comparing the clear, self-con-
fident letters of Bismarck with the excited correspon-
dence of these spirited political amateurs, no doubt can
be entertained as to where was the superiority of mind -*
and character. But to know better was then the order of
the day, and the mischievous attempts of Oscar Becker
and Blind Cohen, which aimed at removing King Wilhelm
and Bismarck because they were not the right people
to frame Germany's Constitution, were only a crude
expression of the self-same desire to know better. At
the same time these gentlemen were no more agreed
among themselves than they were in agreement with
the Government, and when Baumgarten warned the
Prussians to think more of the threatening war than of
the constitutional contest, he received in the journal
Der Grenzbote, from Freytag, a very impolite answer
for his "craziness. " The Prussians had no wish to be
taught their duties by the Braunschweigers. Meanwhile
Bismarck's attention had been directed to Treitschke,
and through the medium of Count Fleming, the Prussian
Ambassador at Karlsruhe, he was invited to a personal
interview to Berlin. The Count, a very musical and
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? 26 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
easy-going gentleman, gave Treitschke such scanty infor-
mation as to the object of the journey that, on June 7th,
1866, the latter himself wrote to Bismarck. It surely was
a great temptation to Treitschke when Bismarck sug-
gested that he should take part at his side in the great
impending developments, should draw up the Manifesto
to the German population, and write in the papers for
the good cause, while, after the conclusion of peace, he
would be given a position in Berlin as University Pro-
fessor of History. How many of those who at that time
called him a Mamaluke and a Renegade would have
resisted such temptation? He replied that, as hitherto,
he would support Bismarck's Prussian external policy,
but he refused to become a Prussian functionary until
after the re-establishment of the Constitution. Until
this had come to pass no power of persuasion in the world,
and not even the whisperings of angels, would make an
impression upon the nation. He even refused to draw
up the War Manifesto. He did not wish to sacrifice his
honest political name for the sake of a great sphere of
activity. When, on a later occasion, Bismarck invited
to dinner " our Braun," in order to win him over to his
protective duty plans, Braun--adamant, as he told me
himself--declared that he could not renounce his convic-
tions of the past, not having been educated in protective
ideas. Bismarck, infuriated, threw down the serviette,
rose, and slammed the door behind him; whereupon,
Braun, in spite of the Princess' entreaty not to argue
with her ailing husband, told the ladies he could not
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 27
put up with everything, and likewise retired. Treitsehke,
although in a similar predicament, must have been held
in higher esteem by Bismarck, for, in spite of his refusal,
he was invited to head-quarters for the second time after
the victories. Treitsehke had persistently declined any
semi-official activity until the re-establishment of the
Constitution, yet Bismarck granted him unrestricted
use of the Archives until the day on which he him-
self took over the ministerial portfolio; furthermore,
Treitschke's wounded brother was under the personal
care of the Prince. __
Treitschke's disposition in those days is apparent from
a letter to Gustave Freytag of June 12th, which runs as
follows: "During such serious times, surrounded only
by madly fanatic opponents, I often feel the desire to
chat with old friends. The uncertainty and unclearness
of the situation has also been reflected very vividly in
my life. I have some very trying days behind me.
Bismarck asked me to his head-quarters; I was to write
the War Manifesto, to work for the policy of the German
Government, and was assured a Professorship in Berlin,
the dream of my ambitions; I could write with an easy
conscience the proclamations against Austria and for
the German Parliament. Briefly, the temptation was
very great, and all the more enticing as my stay here is
slowly becoming unbearable. Even Roggenbach, now
an out-and-out Prussian, did not dare dissuade me, but
I had to refuse; I could not pledge myself to a policy,
the final aims of which only one man knows, when I had
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? 28 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
no power to mend its defects. I could not for the sake
of a very doubtful success stake my honest name.
According to my political doctrine even one's good name
is to be sacrificed to the Fatherland, but only to the
Fatherland; and consequently, only when in power, and
when hopes exist of really furthering the State by steps
which the masses consider profligate. I am differently
placed. " He had chosen the right way, and his sacrifice
was not in vain. It must have impressed Bismarck that
even such fanatics of Prussianism as Treitschke did not
pardon the way he dealt with the clear rights of the
country. In those days he permitted negotiations with
President von Unruh, in order to settle the constitutional
conflict. Treitschke's renunciation, tantamount to an
adjournment of his most ardent wishes, is to be praised
all the more as his isolated position in Freiburg would
have determined any other man less brave than himself
to take his departure speedily. The posters and threats
of the Ultramontanes were quite personally directed
against him. Police had to watch his house; for in the
midst of an excited Catholic population he was more
openly exposed to danger than Bluntschli was in Heidel-
berg, with its national tendencies. He smiled, however.
"Beneath the screaming insubordination of the South
German rabble"--so he writes--" there is not sufficient
courage left to even smash a window-pane. " When,
however, the Edelsheim Parliamentary Division, on
June 17th, established that Baden was determined to
stand by Austria, he sent in his resignation. "I cannot
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 29
gamble with my oath," he wrote to Freytag; "that is
to say, I cannot remain official servant in a State of the
Rhine Convention which I, as a patriot, must en-
deavour to damage in every way. I cannot commit
political suicide, and in times like these retire into the
interior of the enemy's country. These are my simple
and telling reasons. " To Gustav Freytag alone he,
however, confessed how difficult this step had been for
him, and on July 4th he wrote as follows: "What made
these weeks particularly trying, and rendered so difficult
my radical decision, I will confess to you, but to you
alone. On June 18th, immediately before my resigna-
tion, I became engaged. " At a moment when an assured
position meant everything to him he departed from his
country without knowing whether he would be able to
gain a footing elsewhere. On the day on which Freiburg
danced with joy on account of the Prussian defeat at
Frautenau, he received information that his resignation
had been accepted. On the following morning, June
29th, he departed by railway for Berlin in search of a
new post. The Freiburg rabble had planned honouring
him with a Dutch Concert, but it was found that he had
already left. More with a view to travelling quickly
--the Badenese lines being blocked by military trains--
than on account of apprehensions of unpleasant en-
counters with soldiers in the railway stations, he travelled
via Strasburg and Lothring. Upon his arrival at
Miinster of Stein the display of black and white flags
taught him the real meaning of the Prussian defeats
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? 30 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
which caused such rejoicing amongst his Freiburg
patrons.
II.
After his exodus to Berlin, our patriot found tem-
porary employment at the Preussische Jakrbucher
(Prussian Annuals), where he was appointed deputy to
Wehrenpfennig, the editor of the journal. "For the
moment of course," he wrote to Freytag, "the guns talk,
and how magnificently they talk. " He also thought
that every Hussar who knocked down a Croat rendered
greater service to his country than all the journalists.
All the same, his aim was to be as useful as possible with
his pen to the cause of the Prussian eagles. He approved
of Bismarck's constitutional plans, but the introduction
of universal suffrage appealed to him as little then as
later on. "I consider universal suffrage in Germany a
crude and frivolous experiment," he wrote. "We are
yet a cultured people, and under no obligation to submit
to the predominant lack of sense. If we once stretch
this point it will, in view of the jealous ambition for
equality prevalent in this century, be almost impossible
to regain it. Of all the Bismarckian actions I am afraid
this is the least beneficial one. For the moment it will
procure for him a gratifying Parliamentary majority;
there is, however, incalculable confusion in store. "
Under his editorship the Preussische Jahrbucher were
distinguished by exceptionally cutting language. After
three months Wehrenpfennig, however, again took up
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 31
his duties, and at the beginning of October, at the house
of his fiancie at Freiburg, the news reached him of his
appointment as Professor for History and Politics at
Kiel. Immediately after the winter term his wedding
took place in Freiburg, and the honeymoon was spent
in the North of Italy, the couple subsequently leaving
for their new home to enjoy a second spring on the
eastern sea. It would have been quite within his power
to obtain an appointment as Professor at Heidelberg.
It was even the wish of the Grand Duke that he should
take the historical subjects in place of Hausser, who was
suffering from an incurable heart disease. Treitschke's
refined sentiment was, however, opposed to introducing
himself as the joyful heir to the dying man, who was his
old master.
When Hausser, amid the peals of the Easter bells
of 1867, closed his worldly account, Treitschke told his
young wife that for him Hausser's death had come a
good many years too soon, and that the departed one
had lost a great chance. To be active during the years
of youth in beautiful Heidelberg, and then, after many
struggles and victories, at the eve of life to march
triumphantly into Berlin must be the finest lot of a
University Professor. Besides, as in consequence of his
recent writings during the war his appointment in a
Small State had become almost impossible, he prepared
for a longer stay in the new home, and on the beautiful
Bay of Kiel enjoyed married bliss. The great crowd of
public functionaries and cultured citizens who thronged
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? 32 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
his lectures proved to him that here also there was useful
work to do. He was very pleased with the Kiel students,
energetic and conscientious as they were. In Gutschmid
and Ribbeck he found true political adherents, but soon
he also began to understand the disposition of the Hol-
steins. At the house of Fraulein Hegewisch, the daughter
of the well-known medical practitioner and patriot, who
pre-eminently belongs to the group of the "Children
of Sorrow," and the "Up ewig Ungedeelten," he made
the personal acquaintance of the leader of the Augusten-
burgs. Friendly relations developed, although he did
not fail to sneer at the Holsteins, who considered them-
selves Normalmenschcn (normal beings). "On one
occasion," Fraulein Hegewisch informed me, " on account
of the crowd, I walked in the footpath of the Heidelberg
high street instead of on the pavement, when behind
me some one shouted, 'Normalmensch, Normalmensch!
Why don't you walk on the pavement like others ? '"
In the letters to Freytag, also, he mentioned a good deal of
Holstein conceit and self-praise, and in course of con-
versation he was inclined to explain the local patriotism
of the Schleswig student by the fact that everybody
knew his Hardevogt who was ready to attest that this
or the other patriot was needy and deserved to be exempt
from paying college contribution. That the rest of the
world was nailed with "normal" planks as far as the
Holsteins were concerned was also one of the obliging
expressions with which he favoured the population. In
the same way his lady friend, when praising the beauty
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 33
of Holstein was usually annoyed by his remark that
there were eight months of winter and four months of
rain in Kiel. When, however, asked by Nokk whether
he would care to return to Baden, he replied: "Not for
all the treasures of India to Freiburg, but willingly to
Heidelberg. " His writings since his departure from
Freiburg had not rendered probable his recall. His
essay "On the Future of the North German Middle
States," written in Berlin, 1866, attempting to prove
that the dynasties of Kurhessen, Hanover, and of his
own Saxony, were "ripe--nay, over-ripe--for merited
destruction," could not serve exactly as a recommenda-
tion for appointment in a Small State. The intention
of the Badenese Government was somewhat paradoxical,
as everything he wrote about Small States and the
Napoleonic crowns applied to Baden as well as to Saxony
and Nassau. And how he had sneered at the poor small
potentates. "Germany," he wrote, "will not perish even
if the Nassau Captain with his gun, his servant, and his
seven bristly fowls should gaily enter the Marxburg
again, the stronghold of the Nassau Realm. Whether
the Frankfurter will be able to call himself in future a
Republican, whether the Duke Bernhard Erich Feund
and Princess Karoline of the older line will again ascend
the throne of their parents, all these are third-rate matters
which fall to the background in face of the question of
the future of the three Middle State Courts of the North. "
He quite realised, he wrote, that the punctilious Coun-
sellor of Court, Goething, would lose faith in his God if
c
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? 34 TRE1TSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
Georgia Augusta were to be deprived of the euphonic
title "The Jewel in th>> Crown of the Welfs," and as
for the Leipzig Professor, the thought is inconceivable
that he should cease to be "a pearl in the lozenged wreath
of Saxony. " The doctrinaire is annoyed and offended
when brutal facts disturb his circle. He cannot approve
of the way Prussia has made use of her needle-guns:
"But picture the scene of King Johann's entry into his
capital, how the Town Council of Dresden, faithful at
all times, receives the destructor of the country with
words of thanks and adoration; how maidens in white
and green, with lozenged wreaths, bow to the stained
and desecrated crown; how another dignitary orders
the foolish songs of particularist poetry to be delivered:
'The Violet blossoms, verdant is again the Lozenge ';
really, the mere thought fills one with disgust; it would
be a spectacle to be likened to grown-ups playing with
toy soldiers and rocking horses. " Even for Germans
with good Prussian sentiments this was somewhat strong
language. In the presence of the Prussian General,
who occupied Dresden, the essay was confiscated by the
Saxon Public Prosecutor, but was released again by
order of the military authorities. Treitschke's father
expressed himself in angry words against his son's pam-
phlet, and in return received an autograph letter from
the King expressing sympathy. It is evident that,
under these circumstances, it was ne easy matter for the
Badenese Court to call the author to Heidelberg. In
the same way as his former articles against the Middle
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 35
States prevented his being present at the wedding of his
favourite second sister--he wished to avoid meeting the
Karlowitz--so did he through this publication stand
in the following year isolated and shunned at the
grave of his father, in addition to almost losing his
appointment to Heidelberg.
When the question of filling Hausser's chair arose for
discussion it caused the opening of negotiations in the
first instance with Sybel, a gentleman who, especially
in our Karlsruhe circle, enjoyed great reputation, and
on his visits even charmed our particularists by his extra-
ordinary amiability. Baumgarten had worked with him
in Munich. Von Weech was his pupil. He was an
intimate friend of Philip Jolly. I was also pleased at
the prospective appointment, for when I spent a few
\ delightful weeks with him and Hermann Grimm on the
Rigi-Scheideck, in 1863, he had rendered me several
literary services, and had so warmly recommended me
to his Karlsruhe friends that I was cordially received
by them. But Sybel, occupying the position which
he did, considered himself, in view of the Parliamentary
quarrel, unjustified in abandoning Prussia. Meanwhile
the agitated waves had somewhat subsided, and Mathy
had never given up the bringing back of his "Max
Piccolomini" to Baden. Only in Heidelberg his im-
pending appointment met with opposition. Hitzig--who
was, later, Pro-Rector--on November 22nd, 1866, after
Kb'niggratz, in a festive speech entitled, "What does
it profit a man to conquer the world if thereby he
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? 36 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
lose his soul? " and expressing unerring confidence in
the return of Barbarossa, and the black-red golden
Kyffhauser magnificence, declared to me at the General
Synod in Karlsruhe that he and his friends would do all
in their power to prevent such an unhappy choice. They
did not want a writer of feuilletons who would make the
giddy Palatines still more superficial. Besides, owing
to his deafness, Treitschke was useless for all academic
functions, which in Heidelberg were of the greatest im-
portance. The actual Pro-Rector, Dr. med. Friedreich,
a Bavarian by birth, was likewise opposed to the appoint-
ment, and later on, after the outbreak of the academic
disputes, declared in a letter to the minister that it was
a matter for regretful doubt whether the mental condi-
tion of Herr von Treitschke could still be considered a
normal one. After long struggles Treitschke was at last
proposed in third place by the Faculty. In the first place,
Pauly was mentioned, in order to teach a lesson to the
Wiirtemberg Government for having transferred him, by
way of punishment, from the University to a Convent
School. In the second place, there was Duncker, and in
the third, Treitschke. In the Senate, Duncker was
placed first, but Jolly did not trouble about this order,
and after Sybel's refusal the choice fell upon Treitschke.
He, however, had now certain points to consider. His
work made him dependent upon the Berlin Archives, the
unrestricted use of which Bismarck had granted him
till the day when he himself became minister; there
he found the greatest possible assistance for his history
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 37
on the Custom Union. "How stupid of the Berliners,"
he told me on a later occasion, "to bury all their acts,
and allow Nebenius to enjoy the fame of being the
founder of the Custom Union. " It would, however,
have been much more difficult to use the Archives in
Berlin from Heidelberg, and he, of course, did not know
how long this favour would be granted to him. The
difficulties in connection with his appointment at Heidel-
berg were not exactly encouraging either, and it could
not be expected of him to display great sympathies
towards Badenese Liberalism, which he had seen at work
in 1866. In a letter to Jolly, he gratefully acknowledged
the sorely-tried noble spirit of the Grand Duke, who had
again stretched out the hand, in spite of his former
sudden resignation from Badenese official service ; but
he made the acceptance of the position dependent upon
the consent of the Prussian Government. In those days
his friends, Mathy, Hofmeister, and Nokk, did their
utmost, personally, to persuade Treitschke, and only
after having received the assurance from Berlin that his
views were appreciated there, that his activity in Baden
for the national cause would be regarded with favour,
and that the King would continue to consider him a
Prussian subject, he accepted the call to Heidelberg.
Having simultaneously received my appointment as
Assistant Professor for the Theological Faculty, we once
more met. As until the last moment I was uncertain
whether the proposal for the creation of this Faculty
would materialise, not even the slightest preparations
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? 38 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
for the winter lectures had been made by me, and, over-
whelmed with work as I now was, I resolved to pay no
visits at all. It was Treitschke who, although older and
"Ordinarius," called on me, the younger and Assistant
Professor. Thus our relations were renewed, and, as
Prussophils and Prussophobes kept more and more
apart, quite naturally we became closer attached to each
other. On November 22nd the Pro-Rector, Dr. med.
Friedreich, at the dinner in honour of the dies aca-
demicus, had, in accordance with custom, to deliver a
speech. The South German Progressive intended avoid-
ing political allusions, and consequently hit upon a
medical comparison of the two newly-appointed gentle-
men with the Siamese Twins, whose nature and history
he exhaustively detailed. The one, the stronger, lifted
the weaker one when disobedient up in the air until he
yielded. The joy and sorrow of the one transmitted
itself to the other one; when one drank wine, the other
felt the effects, etc. Subsequently he spoke of the
relations of the Theological Faculty to medical science,
in view of the fact that it had undeceived orthodoxy;
and finally he drank the health of the new arrivals.
In very touching words Treitschke recalled the memory
of our mutual teacher, Hausser. Whether I liked it
or not, I had to picture myself as the weaker twin, who
often had been lifted by the stronger one, and had
promised to be obedient at all times. In spite of
the peals of laughter with which Friedreich's speech
had been received by the learned circle, the whole thing
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 39
struck me as very insipid. Treitschke, however, was
most highly amused, and for some time after, when
meeting him, his first words used to be, "Well, Twin,
how are we? " Later on he applied the unsavoury
comparison of the doctor to Delbriick and Kamphausen,
which did not please me either.
III.
In Heidelberg, Treitschke did not experience with
the students the difficulties he had complained of in
Freiburg--a proof that the recalcitrant attitude of the
Freiburg Student Corps was, to a great extent, due
to the Ultramontanes and to politicians striving to
reform the German Confederation in union with Austria.
It is true some young students complained to me that
on the first few occasions they were quite unable to hear
what he said, that his delivery was much too rapid, and
that they were irritated by the gurgling noise with which
he from time to time unwittingly drew in his breath.
But when once used to his mannerisms, they all admitted
that his gift of speech, his accuracy of expression, and
elementary force of enthusiasm appealed to them like a
something never before experienced. An enthusiastic
theologian, who died prematurely, applied to him the
following expression from the Gospel of St. John: "Never
before hath a man spoken as this man did "! Treitschke
brought with him to lectures merely a scrap of paper
with the catchwords written on it, so that he should
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? 40 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
not stray from the subject and forget to allude to certain
matters. On one occasion, having left his notes at home,
he told me he had finished, after all, five minutes sooner,
which proved that we all are "creatures of habit. "
What was particularly fascinating in him was the assur-
ance of his manner. He stood erect, with an expression
of cheerfulness on his face, the head thrown back, and
emphasising the salient points by repeatedly nod-
ding. The contents of his lectures were invariably
historical and political. While Ranke completely lost
himself in pictures of the past, Treitschke never for a
moment forgot the present. What he said of Cromwell,
Gustavus Adolphus, and Napoleon always had its refer-
ences to present-day England, Germany, and France.
His examples proved that the taking to pieces of the
sources of information and the looking for originals of
reports, however indispensable this preparatory work
might be, did not complete the functions of the historian.
It was necessary to understand the people whose fate
one intends to relate, and as Treitschke himself said, one
only understands what one loves. All great historians
are at the same time great patriots, and no one is a real
historian who has not exhausted the depth of human
nature, and knows how thoughts originate, and passions
are at work. The historian must display a certain
ingenuity in guessing connections. He must be able to
reply to the great enigmas of life, and must be a poet
who understands how to shape material vigorously. All
this was to be found in this wonderful man, and that is
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? THE LIFE OF TREITSCHKE 41
why he combined for the young people politics with
philosophy and religion. "Whoever wishes to write
history must have the heart of a lion," says Martin
Luther; and so Treitschke writes: "Only a stout heart,
grasping the meaning of the past of a country like per-
sonally experienced good and evil fortune can truly
write history. " It is not perfection of form only, but
depth of soul which accounts for the greatness of ancient
historians. Who will deny that thereby he portrayed
his own picture ? " The historian must be just, out-
spoken, indifferent to the sensitiveness of the Courts,
and fearless of the hatred, more powerful nowadays, of
the educated rabble ": these were the principles to which
he adhered from his chair. Already, in the first weeks
of his Heidelberg years, when reading a good deal of
Tacitus and Suetonius for my "New Testament
Chronicle," I had a very instructive conversation on this
subject with him. I told him that in view of the strong
antagonistic attitude taken up by the Roman aris-
tocrats, I attached no greater value to their descriptions
of the Caesars than to the descriptions of Frederic the
Great, by Onno Klopp, or to the contributors of the
Frankfurter Zeilung. The pictures of Julius II and
Leo X by Raphael, of Erasmus by Holbein, of Spinola
by Rubens, of Lorenzo Medici by Giorgia Vasari, of old
Charles V and Paul III by Titian, fully confirmed the
descriptions of their biographers; as illustrations they
fitted the text; on the other hand, the statues and busts
of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula gave the lie to
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