Calfa,
Ambroise
(käl-fä').
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
An American poet;
born in Albany, N. Y. , Feb. 20, 1825. He
graduated from the University of the City of
New York in 1843, and has since practiced
law in New York. He wrote: Nothing to
Wear) (1857), a satirical poem which attracted
wide attention ; (Two Millions,' a satire (1858);
and Mrs. Limber's Raffle) (1876).
Butterworth, Hezekiah. An American story-
writer; born in Warren, R. I. , Dec. 22, 1839.
Since 1871 he has been on the staff of the
Youth's Companion. Author of popular juve-
nile stories and travels, including : (Zig-Zag
Journeys) (1876-80); (Songs of History: Po-
ems and Ballads upon Important Episodes in
American History) (1887); and (The Wampum
Belt, or the Fairest Page of History) (1896).
Butz, Kaspar (büts). A German-American
versifier; born in Hagen, Westphalia, Oct. 23,
1825; died at Des Moines, Iowa, Oct. 17, 1885.
He was a prominent political journalist in his
native land in the stirring days of 1848, but
was forced to flee to this country. Here he
became a noted (Chicago) newspaper man,
and produced pleasing verse, collected in A
German-American's Poems) (1879) and (Grand-
father Songs) (1887).
Byers, Samuel Hawkins Marshall. An
American historical and descriptive writer;
born in 1838. During the Civil War he served
in the Union army. He was taken prisoner;
and while in prison in Columbia, S. C. , wrote
the famous song "Sherman's March to the
Sea. He was consul at Zürich, Switzerland,
from 1869 to 1884, and consul-general to Italy
in 1885. Among his works are: (Switzerland)
(1875); “History of Switzerland (1886); Mili-
tary History of Iowa) (1888).
Bynner, Edwin Lassetter. An American
novelist;" born in Brooklyn, N. Y. , in 1842; died
in 1893, in Boston, Mass. , where he was libra-
rian of the Boston Law Library. He was the
author of short stories, and of several novels,
including: (Tritons) (Boston, 1878); Agnes
Surriage' (1886); Penelope's Suitors) (Lon-
don, 1887).
Byr, Robert (bir), pseudonym of Karl Rob-
ert Emerich von Bayer. A German novelist;
born at Bregenz, April 15, 1835. He is a very
popular and exceedingly prolific story-teller,
and his volume-a-year since 1862 has had a
wide circulation. Among his best-known nov-
els are: (The Struggle for Life); (Masks); (A
Secret Dispatch'; (The Road to Fortune);
Meadow Maidenhair); (The Ironworm.
Byrne, Julia Clara. An English novelist;
born about 1822, and married to William Pitt
Byrne in 1842. Her best-known books are:
(Flemish Interiors) (1856); (Red, White, and
Blue: Sketches of Military Life) (1863); and
Pictures of Hungarian Life) (1869).
Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord. A cel.
ebrated English poet; born in London, Jan. 22,
1788; died at Missolonghi, Greece, April 19,
1824. His poems appear in an immense num-
ber of editions, but a complete bibliography is
impossible here, and any attempt at charac-
terization or criticism is wholly superfluous.
The collected Life and Works, published by
Murray (1832-35), includes all the recognized
poems. The dates of issue of a few of the
most celebrated single works are as follows:
(Hours of Idleness) (1807); (English Bards
and Scotch Reviewers) (1809); (Childe Har-
old's Pilgrimage) (1812-22); (The Giaour)
(1813); (The Bride of Abydos) (1813); (The
Corsair) (1814); "Lara) (1814); Hebrew Mel.
odies) (1815); (The Prisoner of Chillon (1816);
Manfred) (1817); (The Lament of Tasso)
(1817); “Don Juan' (1819-24); Marino Faliero
(1820); “The Two Foscari' (1821); and "Cain)
(1821). *
Byron, Henry James. An English dram-
atist; born in Manchester, in January 1834;
died in London, April 11, 1884. Forsaking
law and medicine for the stage, he acted with
success in London, and was for many years a
popular author of burlesques, plays, extrava-
ganzas, farces, and light comedies. Among
the best are: (Cyril's Success) (1868); and
(Our Boys) (1875), which ran for four years.
With Dion Boucicault he wrote (Lost at Sea)
(1869); and with F. C. Burnand, W. S. Gilbert,
and R. Reece, (Forty Thieves) (1878). Byron
was the first editor of Fun, and wrote a novel,
(Paid in Full! (3 vols. , London, 1865).
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CABALLERO-CÆSAR
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Caballero, Fernan (kä-bäl-yā'ro), pseudo-
nym of Cecilia Böhl de Faber. A Spanish
novelist; born at Morges, Switzerland, Dec. 25,
1796; died in Seville, Spain, April 7, 1877. Not
until 1849 did her first bo_k, (The Sea-Gull,"
appear, forthwith establishing her fame as the
creator of the modern Spanish realistic novel.
A strictly Roman Catholic and extremely con-
servative tendency prevails in all her work.
Her novels include: (The Family of Alvareda';
"A Summer Season at Bornos); Clemencia);
'Elia); (Tears); "Poor Dolores); "Lucas
Garcia); and others. Besides several collections
of short stories, she also published the first
collection of Spanish fairy tales, under the
title (Andalusian Popular Tales and Poems)
(1859). *
Cabanis, Jean Louis (kä-bä-nës'). A Ger-
man ornithological writer; born in Berlin,
March 8, 1816. His studies in two continents
are ably elaborated in (Ornithological Obser-
vations, a work of authority in the science,
and succeeded by many invaluable notices and
investigations.
Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges. A French
physician and philosophical writer; born in
Cosnac, 1757; died near Meulan, May 5, 1808.
He attended Mirabeau in that great French-
man's final illness, and wrote Journal of the
Illness and Death of Mirabeau' (1791); besides
being the author of an interesting work on
(Connections (rapports ] between Man's Phys-
ical and Moral Constitutions (or Natures] (new
ed. 1806), which has proved an incentive to
thought.
Cabell, Isa Carrington. An American mis-
cellaneous writer; born in Virginia, 18—. She
has written for various periodicals, and has
published (Seen from a Saddle. )
Cable, George Washington. An American
novelist; born in New Orleans, La. , Oct. 12,
1844. After the Civil War he began to con-
tribute sketches to newspapers, and afterward
published stories in magazines. Among his
published works are: "Old Creole Days) (1879);
(The Grandissimes) (1880); Madame Del-
phine) (1881); Dr. Sevier) (1883); (The
Creoles of Louisiana) (1884); (The Silent
South) (1885); John March, Southerner);
(Bonaventure); Strange, True Stories of
Louisiana); (The Busy Man's Bible); and (The
Negro Question. *
Caccianiga, Antonio (kä"chä-nē'gä). An
Italian novelist; born in Treviso, June 30, 1823.
Exiled after the revolution of 1848, he lived
as reporter in Paris until 1854, and there wrote
his novel (The Proscript> (1853); esteemed as
an excellent portrayal of French life. Among
his other works are: (Sweet Idleness) (1869),
a picture of Venetian life in the 18th century;
(Countess Savina's Kiss) (1875); (The Fam-
ily of Bonifazio) (1886): all notable for facility
and legitimate popularity of style.
Cadahalso or Cadalso, Don José de (kä.
dä-äl'so or kä-däl'ső). A Spanish poet, dram-
atist, and story-writer; born in Cadiz, Oct. 8,
1741 ; killed at Gibraltar, Feb. 27, 1782. Mili-
tary and literary capacity were equally char-
acteristic of this well-born and well-educated
man, who, after writing elegant verses, dainty
satires, and especially (The Sages of the Violet)
(or (Learned Men who are Fashionable'), a
specimen of original and unforced humor, was
killed during a siege by the explosion of a
shell.
Caderas, Gian Frederic (kä-dā'räs). A dis-
tinguished Swiss dialect poet and story-writer;
born at Modena, Italy, July 13, 1830; died at
Samaden, Switzerland, Nov. 25, 1891. He cul-
tivated the old Rhætian tongue, which still
survives among some of the Tyrolese and else-
where; producing much sprightly verse, the col-
lections (Alpine Flowers) (1883) and (Smiles
and Tears) (1887) containing fine specimens.
His comedy of “The Apothecary) (1864) has
been successful.
Cadol, Victor Edouard (kä-dōl). A French
dramatist and novelist; born in Paris, Feb. II,
1831. His literary career opened as the writer
of theatrical criticism for various periodicals;
but since the brilliant success of his comedy,
(The Good-for-Nothings) (1868), which ran
for 200 consecutive nights, he has been known
as a dramatist, and numerous plays have come
from his pen. Among his novels may be men-
tioned : (Rose: Splendor and Miseries of The-
atrical Life) (1874); and Hortense Maillot)
(1885).
Cadoudal, Louis Georges de (kä-dö-däl').
A French essayist and critic; born at Auzon,
Haute-Loire, Feb. 10, 1823. Journalism, the
cause of Bourbon restoration, and love of the
Church have occasioned his (Signs of the
Times) (1861); Memories of Fifteen Years)
(1862); and (Madame Acarie) (1863), a study
of the religious life in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries.
Caedmon (kad'mon). An English poet;
born --; died 680. He is styled “the father
of English song " on account of his epics of
sacred history, written in old Northumberland
dialect, mostly without titles, although one is
called (Genesis. )
Cæsar, Caius Julius (sē’zär). The great
Roman general and writer of memoirs; was
born probably about 100 B. C. ; killed March 15,
44 B. C. He wrote (Commentaries) or notes
on all his wars, but those on the wars in Gaul
1
## p. 88 (#104) #############################################
88
CAHAN
CALENZÓLI
and those on the Civil War alone remain.
Besides the Commentaries, he wrote a gram-
matical treatise (On Analogy,' but it has not
come down to us; of his orations, too, no ex-
ample is extant. *
Cahan, Abraham (kā'hạn). An American
journalist and novelist; born in Russia, 1860.
He is editor of the New York Zukunft (Fu-
ture). He has written : (Yekl, a Tale of the
New York Ghetto); Raphael Narizokh) in
Yiddish
Cahen, Isidore (kä-an'). A French Hebraist
historian and critic, son of Samuel; born in
Paris, Sept. 16, 1826. (The Philosophy of the
Poem of Job) (1851) and (The Immortality
of the Soul among the Jews) (1857) are his
masterpieces.
Cahen, Samuel. An eminent French Hebra-
ist; born in Metz, Aug. 4, 1796; died in Paris,
Jan. 8, 1862. His version of the Old Testament
(1841-53) must remain a permanent monument
to his memory.
Caine, Thomas Henry Hall. An English
novelist; born at Runcorn, Cheshire, May 14,
1853. His works are: Recollections of Ros-
setti? (1882); (The Shadow of a Crime) (1885);
(A Son of Hagar) (1887); (The Deemster,
a romance of the Isle of Man (1887); (The
Little Manx Nation) (1891); (The Scape-
goat) (1891); (The Manxman) (1893); (The
Christian) (1897). *
Caldas Pereira de Souza, Antonio (käl’däs
pe-rā'rä de söʻzä). A Brazilian poet; born in
Rio Janeiro, Nov. 23, 1762; died there, March 2,
1814. He spent the greater part of his life in
Portugal, France, and Rome, where he took or-
ders, and returned to Brazil in 1808. His 'Poems,
Sacred and Profane) (1821; new ed. 1836), in
Spanish, contain many splendid passages; the
best examples being, probably, the ode on Man
as a Barbarian) and (The Birds.
Calderon, Don Serafin Estébanez (käl-dā.
rõn'). A Spanish writer (1801-67). He was
professor of poetry and rhetoric at Granada,
1822-30; but resigned and went to Madrid.
There he collected a vast library of old Span-
ish literature, especially of ballads, whether MS.
or in print: the collection is in the national
library at Madrid. He wrote a volume of
(Poems) (1833); a novel, Christians and Mo-
riscos) (1838); and a very valuable study of (The
Literature of the Moriscos. He also wrote
(The Conquest and the Loss of Portugal, and
a charming volume of Andalusian Scenes. )
Calderon de la Barca, Pedro (käl-dā-rõn'
dā lä bär’kä). A great Spanish dramatist;
born at Madrid, Jan. 17, 1600; died May 25,
1681. Of Sacramental Acts) - out-door plays
for Corpus Christi day – he wrote 72 on themes
Scriptural, classical, or moral: of these, (The
Divine Orpheus) is reputed the best. Of reli-
gious dramas he wrote 16, among them (The
Wonder-Working Magician,' the action of which
centres on a human soul's surrender to Satan;
it was translated by Shelley and beautifully
paraphrased by Fitzgerald. Another drama of
this series is (The Schism of England. Of
his dramas of secular history may be cited the
powerful domestic tragedy, (The Alcalde of
Zalamea. His dramas include: No Magic
Like Love, founded on the myth of Circe, and
(Echo and Narcissus); while his best known
comedies of intrigue, or of the cloak and
sword,” are: (The Fairy Lady) and ('Tis Ill
Keeping a House with Two Doors. *
Calderón y Beltrán, Fernando (käl-dā-rõn'
ē bel''trän'). A Mexican dramatist and poet;
born in Guadalajara, July 20, 1809; died at
Ojocaliente, Jan. 18, 1845. His plays, especially
(The Tourney,' Anne Boleyn, and (The
Return of the Crusader,' are very popular
throughout Spanish America, while as a lyric
poet he is also highly esteemed among his
countrymen.
Calderwood, Henry. A Scotch philosoph.
ical writer; born at Peebles, May 10, 1830.
An opponent of the doctrines of Sir William
Hamilton, he brought out (The Philosophy of
the Infinite) (1854); (The Handbook of Moral
Philosophy) (1872); and similar works, which
have run through numerous editions.
Caldwell, Joseph (kâld'wel). An American
divine and educator; born at Lamington, N. J. ,
April 21, 1773; died at Chapel Hill, N. C. ,
Jan. 27, 1835. He was president of the Uni-
versity of North Carolina (1804). He wrote:
(Letters of Carleton); etc.
Caldwell, William Warren. An American
writer of verse; born in Massachusetts, 1823.
His home is in Newburyport. Besides trans-
lating numerous lyrics from the German, he has
published Poems, Original and Translated,
Calef, Robert (kāʼlef). An American satir.
ist; born in Massachusetts, about 1648; died
1719. He was a Boston merchant. He wrote:
(More Wonders of the Invisible World (1700),
a reply to Cotton Mather's (Wonders of the
Invisible World, and opposing persecution for
witchcraft. The book was publicly burned by
Increase Mather.
Calemard de la Fayette, Charles (käl.
mär' de lä fi-yet or fā-yet). A French poet,
critic, and essayist; born in Puy, April 9, 1815.
He has enriched polite literature with studies
of (Dante, Michael Angelo, Machiavelli” ( 1852),
with an artistic version of (The Inferno of
Dante Alighieri) (1855), and with 'The Adieu!
(1885), a collection of well-polished verse.
Calentius or Calenzio (kä-len'shus). A
noted late Latin poet; died 1503. He wrote
elegies, satires, and epigrams that were greatly
admired for their pure Latinity; also a poem
founded upon the Homeric legends.
Calenzoli, Giuseppe (kä-len'tsó-le). An Ital.
ian dramatist; born in Florence, 1815; author
of some thirty comedies, mostly in one act,
showing an excellent sense of stage effect, and
a ready and always refined wit. The best
## p. 89 (#105) #############################################
CALFA---CALVIN
89
among them are : (A Search for a Husband'
(1852); Father Zappata) (1876). His Dia-
logues and Comedies for Young Girls) (1874)
are also highly esteemed.
Calfa, Ambroise (käl-fä'). A French-Arme-
nian historian and miscellaneous writer; born
in Constantinople, March 2, 1830. A Uni-
versal History) (1851), and Armenian versions
of French masterpieces, are typical of his tal-
ent and industry.
Calfa, Corène. An Armenian poet and prose-
writer, brother of Ambroise; born in Constan-
tinople in 1835. His poems and songs are
immensely popular with his countrymen; his
translation of Lamartine's Poetic Harmonies)
is adequate and spirited; besides which should
be mentioned a (History of Armenia,' well
written and authoritative.
Calhoun, John Caldwell. An American
statesman; born Abbeville dist. , S. C. , March
18, 1782 ; died in Washington, March 31, 1850.
He was elected Representative in Congress
in 1811, and there soon attained note; was
Secretary of War in Monroe's administration
(1817); was Vice-President of the United States
under J. Q. Adams (1825-29), and under Jack-
son (1829-32). He first distinctly promulgated
his doctrine of Nullification in 1829. He be-
came United States Senator in 1832 and so
remained till 1843, when he was made Secre-
tary of State by President Tyler; he was again
elected to the Senate in 1845, and in that office
died. As a speculative thinker, according to
John Stuart Mill, he “displayed powers su-
perior to (those of] any one who has appeared
in American politics since the authors of (The
Federalist. ) » His most memorable treatise is
"On the Constitution and Government of the
United States. A Discourse on Government
is also notable. *
Callender, James Thomas. An American
politician and publicist; born in England, 17—;
died 1803. He was exiled from England for
his pamphlet (The Political Progress of Great
Britain. He wrote: (Sketches of the History
of America); “The Prospect before Us.
Callender, John. An American historian;
born in Boston, Mass. , 1706; died in Newport,
R. I. , Jan. 26, 1748. He collected many valu-
able papers relating to the Baptists in America;
and published (A Centennial Discourse on the
Civil and Religious Affairs of the Colony of
Rhode Island (1739), which was the only
history of that State for more than a century.
The State Historical Society reprinted it, with
notes by Rev. Romeo Elton, D. D. (1838) and
a memoir of the author.
Callimachus (kal-im'ä-kus). A Greek poet;
born in Cyrene; fourished third century B. C.
He wrote epics called “Hecale) and (Galatea,
besides tragedies, comedies, elegies, and hymns;
but only some epigrams, sacred songs, and
verses have come down to us, among which
are a "Hymn to Jupiter, an “Epitaph on
Heracleitus,' and one on himself. *
Calonne, Ernest de (kä-lon'). A French
poet and dramatist; born in Paris, Jan. 11,
1822. His maiden effort, “Cupid and Psyche)
(1842), was a revelation of true poetic gifts;
and in comedy he has succeeded, with «The
Amorous Doctor) and Bertha and Suzanne,
in attaining felicitous literary if not theatrical
effects.
Calpurnius Siculus, Titus (kal-pėr'ni-us
sikʼū-lus). A Roman poet; born about 30 A. D. ;
died about 80 A. D. He appears toward the
commencement of Nero's reign with various
eclogues and bucolics, palpable imitations of
Virgil and of Theocritus, and conceived in a
spirit of servile adulation of his imperial mas-
ter.
Calthrop, Samuel Robert. An American
Unitarian divine and essayist; born in Eng.
land, 1829. He is settled in Syracuse, N. Y. He
has written : (Essay on Religion and Science);
(The Rights of the Body.
Calverley, Charles Stuart. An English
poet and humorist; born at Martley, Worces-
tershire, Dec. 22, 1831; died Feb. 17, 1884.
He won a prize at Oxford with a Latin poem;
afterward becoming a member of Cambridge,
he was there made Fellow. He possessed an
exquisite wit. His (Verses and Translations)
(1862) have been often reprinted. His Society
Verses) are marked by great elegance and
geniality. *
Calvert, George Henry. An American writer
of prose and verse; born in Baltimore, Md. ,
Jan. 2, 1803; died in Newport, R. I. , May 24,
1889. He was a great-grandson of Lord Bal-
timore. After graduating at Harvard (1823),
he studied in Germany; then returning to Bal-
timore, became editor of the American, and a
contributor to various periodicals. His pub-
lished books include: Poems) (1847); Joan
of Arc) (1860); (Goethe, his Life and Works)
(1872); (Brief Essays and Brevities) (1874);
and Wordsworth: a Biographic Æsthetic
Study) (1875).
Calvi, Felice, Count (käl'vē). An Italian
historian and novelist; born in Milan, Dec.
16, 1822. His earliest work was (A Castle in
the Roman Campagna,' a novel, followed by
several valuable historical works, among them :
(Diplomatic and Historical Curiosities of the
Seventeenth Century) (1878); and similar pro-
ductions.
Calvin, John (kal'vin). A celebrated re-
former and theologian; born at Noyon, in Pic-
ardy, July 10, 1509; died in Geneva, May 27,
1564. Soon after taking a degree, he went to
Paris for the study of the humanities. In
Paris he came under the influence of the
teachers of the new theology; and before long
(1534) had to fee from France, seeking refuge
at Basel. There he published his greatest
work: Institutes of the Christian Religion'
(1536), first in Latin, then in a French ver-
sion; he afterward revised and enlarged the
work, and the author's definitive edition was
1
3
B
L
## p. 90 (#106) #############################################
90
CAMBRIDGE – CAMPBELL
published in 1559. Next after the Institutes,
Calvin's most important work is his (Com-
mentaries on the New Testament. His com-
plete works were published in 12 folio volumes
( 1617). In the libraries of Geneva and Zürich
are about 3,000 of his unpublished sermons and
other writings. *
Cambridge, Ada, pseudonym of Mrs. G. F.
Cross. An Australian novelist; born 18.
She has written: (A Marked Man); My
Guardian); Not All in Vain); (The Three
Miss Kings'; etc.
Cambridge, Richard Owen. An English
miscellaneous writer; born in London, 1717 ;
died 1802. He wrote: (The Scribleriad, a
heroic poem; History of the War in India
between the French and the English from 1755
to 1761); and other works.
Camden, William. An English antiquarian ;
born in London, 1551; died, 1623. He was re-
nowned for his Anglo-Saxon learning, and
wrote: Description of Great Britain in Ancient
Times); (Annals of the Reign of Elizabeth);
and other works.
Cameron, H. Lovett. An English novelist,
widow of Verney L. Her novels deal mostly
with personal complications, and include: (The
Cost of a Lie) (1886); (The Dead Past) (1886);
and Pure Gold' (1887),- all involving the
sombre side of sentiment.
Cameron, Verney Lovett. An English ex-
plorer and writer of adventure; born in Radi-
pole, Dorsetshire, July 1, 1844; died at Leighton.
Buzzard, March 26, 1894. Famed for his feats
of travel, he turned them to account in (Harry
Raymond (1886), a tale of adventure among
pirates; (The Cruise of the Black Prince Pri-
vateer) (1886); and (Across Africa) (1877).
Camoens, Luiz de (kam'ō-ens). Portugal's
greatest poet; born at Lisbon in 1524 or 1525;
died June 10, 1580. He passed some time in
India as a soldier; later he held a lucrative
office at Macao; there he composed a part of
(The Lusiads. He returned to Portugal beg-
gared, and died at Lisbon in a public hospital.
The (Lusiads) served to determine the ultimate
literary forms of Portuguese : it is regarded as
the national epic of Portugal. *
Camp, Walter. A weii-known American
writer on athletics; born in Connecticut, 1859.
He has written: Book of College Sports);
(American Football); (Football Facts and
Figures); etc.
Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette (kon-
pon'). A French writer of memoirs, recollec-
tions, and essays on education; born (Genest)
in Paris, Oct. 6, 1752; died at Mantes, May
16, 1822. Her Memoirs of the Private Life
of Marie Antoinette ) were based upon personal
knowledge obtained in the capacity of lady.
in-waiting; the "Correspondence with Queen
Hortense) is a revelation of character of no
small value ; but the Treatise on Education)
is unimportant.
Campanella, Tomaso (käm-pän-el'ä). A fa-
mous Italian philosopher; born at Stilo, Cala.
bria, Sept. 5, 1568; died at Paris, May 21,
1639. At an unusually early age he had em-
braced the monastic life, astonishing his reli-
gious superiors with the precocious ripeness of
his Thomistic scholarship, and writing poems
and treatises that are still not beneath respect.
For twenty-seven years, however, he lay in a
Spanish prison, because of his political indis-
cretions with the pen. During this period
many of his treatises were compiled: but the
ordeal broke his spirit and induced the impo-
tence so characteristic of his thought in the
very hour of its realization; the consequence
being that even such great works as the
(Treatise on Material Philosophy) (1623) and
(Rational Philosophy) (1637) are painfully in.
adequate. Only his Kingdom (or City] of
the Sun) (1623), a work not unlike More's
"Utopia,' is very widely known.
Campardon, Émile (käm-pär-dôn'). A French
biographer and historian; born in Paris, July
18, 1834. He has made exhaustive studies of
(The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris) (1866);
Marie Antoinette and the Necklace Case
(1863); and (Madame de Pompadour and the
Court of Louis XV. (1867).
Campbell, Alexander (kam'bel or kam'el).
A celebrated American Presbyterian divine and
theological writer; born near Ballymena, Ire-
land, Sept. 12, 1788; died at Bethany, W. Va. ,
March 4, 1866. With his father, he founded
the sect of «Campbellites” or “Disciples of
Christ” (about 1827), numbering at the time
of his death over 400,000 communicants; he
founded also, and was the first president of,
Bethany College (1841). He published the
monthly magazine the Christian Baptist (1823-
30), called afterward the Millennial Harbinger
(1830-63). Among his works were : (Christian
System); Popular Lectures and Addresses)
(1862); (Letters to a Sceptic) (1869); etc.
Campbell, Bartley. An American dram-
atist; born in Allegheny City, Pa. , Aug. 12,
1843; died in Middletown, N. Y. , July 30, 1888.
He established the Evening Mail in Pittsburg
(1868); the Southern Magazine in New Orleans
(1869). His first drama that met with success
in New York city was My Partner,' appear-
ing in 1879. Fairfax, or Life in the Sunny
South, and (The Galley Slave,' were on the
metropolitan boards during the same season.
Included in his plays are: (Matrimony); 'The
White Slave); (Siberia); and Paquita. Sev.
eral of his plays were brought out in Eng-
land.
Campbell, Charles. An American historian;
born in Petersburg, Va. , May 1, 1807; died in
Staunton, Va. , July 11, 1876. Among his pub-
lications are: (The Bland Papers) (1840-43);
(An Introduction to the History of the Colony
and Ancient Dominion of Virginia) (1849);
(Genealogy of the Spotswood Family) (1868).
He belonged to the Historical Society of Vir.
ginia; was a contributor of the Historical
(
## p. 91 (#107) #############################################
CAMPBELL-CAMPISTRON
91
(
Register and the Southern Literary Messen-
ger; and editor of the Orderly Book) of
Gen. Andrew Lewis in 1776 (Richmond, 1860).
Campbell, Douglas. An American lawyer
and historical writer, son of W. W. Campbell;
born at Cooperstown, N. Y. , July 13, 1840; died
at Schenectady, N. Y. , March 7, 1893. He prac-
ticed law in New York (1865-90). He wrote
(The Puritan in Holland, England, and Amer-
ica' (1892), considered an authoritative work.
Campbell, George. A Scottish divine and
philosophical writer; born in Aberdeen, Dec.
25, 1719; died there (? ), April 6, 1796. In his
(Dissertation on Miracles) (1762) and Philos-
ophy of Rhetoric) (1776), he shows learning,
ingenuity, and grace.
Campbell, Sir George. An English de-
scriptive writer; born in 1824; died in London,
Feb. 18, 1892. He is best represented by his
(Modern India' (1852); “White and Black in
the United States); and (The British Empire !
(1889).
Campbell, Helen Stuart. An American
sociological writer; born in Lockport, N. Y. ,
July 4. 1839. Her early writings were published
in newspapers and magazines. She has given
close attention to the study of social problems
in such works as (Prisoners of Poverty. From
1881 till 1884 she was literary editor of Our
Continent, Philadelphia. Her style is serious,
witty, and emotional. Among her published
books are: (The Problem of the Poor) (1882);
"The What-to-do Club) (1884); Miss Melin-
da's Opportunity) (1886); and many kindred
ones.
Campbell, John. A British historical writer;
born in Edinburgh, March 8, 1708; died Dec.
28, 1775. His writings before 1742 were pub-
lished anonymously. From 1755 to the close
of his life, he was agent of the British goy.
ernment for the province of Georgia. His
works are in part : "Concise History of Span-
ish America) (1741); Lives of the English
Admirals) (1744); "A Survey of the Present
State of Europe) (1750); and (Trade of Great
Britain to America' (1772).
Campbell, John, Baron. A British legal
biographer; born in Springfield, near Cupar,
Fifeshire, Scotland, Sept. 15, 1779; died in
London, June 23, 1861. He was Lord Chan-
cellor of England (1859-61 ); and wrote : Lives
of the Lord Chancellors) (1845-48) and Lives
of the Chief Justices) (1849-57), both well
known and authoritative works.
Campbell, Sir John Douglas Sutherland.
born in Albany, N. Y. , Feb. 20, 1825. He
graduated from the University of the City of
New York in 1843, and has since practiced
law in New York. He wrote: Nothing to
Wear) (1857), a satirical poem which attracted
wide attention ; (Two Millions,' a satire (1858);
and Mrs. Limber's Raffle) (1876).
Butterworth, Hezekiah. An American story-
writer; born in Warren, R. I. , Dec. 22, 1839.
Since 1871 he has been on the staff of the
Youth's Companion. Author of popular juve-
nile stories and travels, including : (Zig-Zag
Journeys) (1876-80); (Songs of History: Po-
ems and Ballads upon Important Episodes in
American History) (1887); and (The Wampum
Belt, or the Fairest Page of History) (1896).
Butz, Kaspar (büts). A German-American
versifier; born in Hagen, Westphalia, Oct. 23,
1825; died at Des Moines, Iowa, Oct. 17, 1885.
He was a prominent political journalist in his
native land in the stirring days of 1848, but
was forced to flee to this country. Here he
became a noted (Chicago) newspaper man,
and produced pleasing verse, collected in A
German-American's Poems) (1879) and (Grand-
father Songs) (1887).
Byers, Samuel Hawkins Marshall. An
American historical and descriptive writer;
born in 1838. During the Civil War he served
in the Union army. He was taken prisoner;
and while in prison in Columbia, S. C. , wrote
the famous song "Sherman's March to the
Sea. He was consul at Zürich, Switzerland,
from 1869 to 1884, and consul-general to Italy
in 1885. Among his works are: (Switzerland)
(1875); “History of Switzerland (1886); Mili-
tary History of Iowa) (1888).
Bynner, Edwin Lassetter. An American
novelist;" born in Brooklyn, N. Y. , in 1842; died
in 1893, in Boston, Mass. , where he was libra-
rian of the Boston Law Library. He was the
author of short stories, and of several novels,
including: (Tritons) (Boston, 1878); Agnes
Surriage' (1886); Penelope's Suitors) (Lon-
don, 1887).
Byr, Robert (bir), pseudonym of Karl Rob-
ert Emerich von Bayer. A German novelist;
born at Bregenz, April 15, 1835. He is a very
popular and exceedingly prolific story-teller,
and his volume-a-year since 1862 has had a
wide circulation. Among his best-known nov-
els are: (The Struggle for Life); (Masks); (A
Secret Dispatch'; (The Road to Fortune);
Meadow Maidenhair); (The Ironworm.
Byrne, Julia Clara. An English novelist;
born about 1822, and married to William Pitt
Byrne in 1842. Her best-known books are:
(Flemish Interiors) (1856); (Red, White, and
Blue: Sketches of Military Life) (1863); and
Pictures of Hungarian Life) (1869).
Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord. A cel.
ebrated English poet; born in London, Jan. 22,
1788; died at Missolonghi, Greece, April 19,
1824. His poems appear in an immense num-
ber of editions, but a complete bibliography is
impossible here, and any attempt at charac-
terization or criticism is wholly superfluous.
The collected Life and Works, published by
Murray (1832-35), includes all the recognized
poems. The dates of issue of a few of the
most celebrated single works are as follows:
(Hours of Idleness) (1807); (English Bards
and Scotch Reviewers) (1809); (Childe Har-
old's Pilgrimage) (1812-22); (The Giaour)
(1813); (The Bride of Abydos) (1813); (The
Corsair) (1814); "Lara) (1814); Hebrew Mel.
odies) (1815); (The Prisoner of Chillon (1816);
Manfred) (1817); (The Lament of Tasso)
(1817); “Don Juan' (1819-24); Marino Faliero
(1820); “The Two Foscari' (1821); and "Cain)
(1821). *
Byron, Henry James. An English dram-
atist; born in Manchester, in January 1834;
died in London, April 11, 1884. Forsaking
law and medicine for the stage, he acted with
success in London, and was for many years a
popular author of burlesques, plays, extrava-
ganzas, farces, and light comedies. Among
the best are: (Cyril's Success) (1868); and
(Our Boys) (1875), which ran for four years.
With Dion Boucicault he wrote (Lost at Sea)
(1869); and with F. C. Burnand, W. S. Gilbert,
and R. Reece, (Forty Thieves) (1878). Byron
was the first editor of Fun, and wrote a novel,
(Paid in Full! (3 vols. , London, 1865).
## p. 87 (#103) #############################################
N
CABALLERO-CÆSAR
87
с
Caballero, Fernan (kä-bäl-yā'ro), pseudo-
nym of Cecilia Böhl de Faber. A Spanish
novelist; born at Morges, Switzerland, Dec. 25,
1796; died in Seville, Spain, April 7, 1877. Not
until 1849 did her first bo_k, (The Sea-Gull,"
appear, forthwith establishing her fame as the
creator of the modern Spanish realistic novel.
A strictly Roman Catholic and extremely con-
servative tendency prevails in all her work.
Her novels include: (The Family of Alvareda';
"A Summer Season at Bornos); Clemencia);
'Elia); (Tears); "Poor Dolores); "Lucas
Garcia); and others. Besides several collections
of short stories, she also published the first
collection of Spanish fairy tales, under the
title (Andalusian Popular Tales and Poems)
(1859). *
Cabanis, Jean Louis (kä-bä-nës'). A Ger-
man ornithological writer; born in Berlin,
March 8, 1816. His studies in two continents
are ably elaborated in (Ornithological Obser-
vations, a work of authority in the science,
and succeeded by many invaluable notices and
investigations.
Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges. A French
physician and philosophical writer; born in
Cosnac, 1757; died near Meulan, May 5, 1808.
He attended Mirabeau in that great French-
man's final illness, and wrote Journal of the
Illness and Death of Mirabeau' (1791); besides
being the author of an interesting work on
(Connections (rapports ] between Man's Phys-
ical and Moral Constitutions (or Natures] (new
ed. 1806), which has proved an incentive to
thought.
Cabell, Isa Carrington. An American mis-
cellaneous writer; born in Virginia, 18—. She
has written for various periodicals, and has
published (Seen from a Saddle. )
Cable, George Washington. An American
novelist; born in New Orleans, La. , Oct. 12,
1844. After the Civil War he began to con-
tribute sketches to newspapers, and afterward
published stories in magazines. Among his
published works are: "Old Creole Days) (1879);
(The Grandissimes) (1880); Madame Del-
phine) (1881); Dr. Sevier) (1883); (The
Creoles of Louisiana) (1884); (The Silent
South) (1885); John March, Southerner);
(Bonaventure); Strange, True Stories of
Louisiana); (The Busy Man's Bible); and (The
Negro Question. *
Caccianiga, Antonio (kä"chä-nē'gä). An
Italian novelist; born in Treviso, June 30, 1823.
Exiled after the revolution of 1848, he lived
as reporter in Paris until 1854, and there wrote
his novel (The Proscript> (1853); esteemed as
an excellent portrayal of French life. Among
his other works are: (Sweet Idleness) (1869),
a picture of Venetian life in the 18th century;
(Countess Savina's Kiss) (1875); (The Fam-
ily of Bonifazio) (1886): all notable for facility
and legitimate popularity of style.
Cadahalso or Cadalso, Don José de (kä.
dä-äl'so or kä-däl'ső). A Spanish poet, dram-
atist, and story-writer; born in Cadiz, Oct. 8,
1741 ; killed at Gibraltar, Feb. 27, 1782. Mili-
tary and literary capacity were equally char-
acteristic of this well-born and well-educated
man, who, after writing elegant verses, dainty
satires, and especially (The Sages of the Violet)
(or (Learned Men who are Fashionable'), a
specimen of original and unforced humor, was
killed during a siege by the explosion of a
shell.
Caderas, Gian Frederic (kä-dā'räs). A dis-
tinguished Swiss dialect poet and story-writer;
born at Modena, Italy, July 13, 1830; died at
Samaden, Switzerland, Nov. 25, 1891. He cul-
tivated the old Rhætian tongue, which still
survives among some of the Tyrolese and else-
where; producing much sprightly verse, the col-
lections (Alpine Flowers) (1883) and (Smiles
and Tears) (1887) containing fine specimens.
His comedy of “The Apothecary) (1864) has
been successful.
Cadol, Victor Edouard (kä-dōl). A French
dramatist and novelist; born in Paris, Feb. II,
1831. His literary career opened as the writer
of theatrical criticism for various periodicals;
but since the brilliant success of his comedy,
(The Good-for-Nothings) (1868), which ran
for 200 consecutive nights, he has been known
as a dramatist, and numerous plays have come
from his pen. Among his novels may be men-
tioned : (Rose: Splendor and Miseries of The-
atrical Life) (1874); and Hortense Maillot)
(1885).
Cadoudal, Louis Georges de (kä-dö-däl').
A French essayist and critic; born at Auzon,
Haute-Loire, Feb. 10, 1823. Journalism, the
cause of Bourbon restoration, and love of the
Church have occasioned his (Signs of the
Times) (1861); Memories of Fifteen Years)
(1862); and (Madame Acarie) (1863), a study
of the religious life in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries.
Caedmon (kad'mon). An English poet;
born --; died 680. He is styled “the father
of English song " on account of his epics of
sacred history, written in old Northumberland
dialect, mostly without titles, although one is
called (Genesis. )
Cæsar, Caius Julius (sē’zär). The great
Roman general and writer of memoirs; was
born probably about 100 B. C. ; killed March 15,
44 B. C. He wrote (Commentaries) or notes
on all his wars, but those on the wars in Gaul
1
## p. 88 (#104) #############################################
88
CAHAN
CALENZÓLI
and those on the Civil War alone remain.
Besides the Commentaries, he wrote a gram-
matical treatise (On Analogy,' but it has not
come down to us; of his orations, too, no ex-
ample is extant. *
Cahan, Abraham (kā'hạn). An American
journalist and novelist; born in Russia, 1860.
He is editor of the New York Zukunft (Fu-
ture). He has written : (Yekl, a Tale of the
New York Ghetto); Raphael Narizokh) in
Yiddish
Cahen, Isidore (kä-an'). A French Hebraist
historian and critic, son of Samuel; born in
Paris, Sept. 16, 1826. (The Philosophy of the
Poem of Job) (1851) and (The Immortality
of the Soul among the Jews) (1857) are his
masterpieces.
Cahen, Samuel. An eminent French Hebra-
ist; born in Metz, Aug. 4, 1796; died in Paris,
Jan. 8, 1862. His version of the Old Testament
(1841-53) must remain a permanent monument
to his memory.
Caine, Thomas Henry Hall. An English
novelist; born at Runcorn, Cheshire, May 14,
1853. His works are: Recollections of Ros-
setti? (1882); (The Shadow of a Crime) (1885);
(A Son of Hagar) (1887); (The Deemster,
a romance of the Isle of Man (1887); (The
Little Manx Nation) (1891); (The Scape-
goat) (1891); (The Manxman) (1893); (The
Christian) (1897). *
Caldas Pereira de Souza, Antonio (käl’däs
pe-rā'rä de söʻzä). A Brazilian poet; born in
Rio Janeiro, Nov. 23, 1762; died there, March 2,
1814. He spent the greater part of his life in
Portugal, France, and Rome, where he took or-
ders, and returned to Brazil in 1808. His 'Poems,
Sacred and Profane) (1821; new ed. 1836), in
Spanish, contain many splendid passages; the
best examples being, probably, the ode on Man
as a Barbarian) and (The Birds.
Calderon, Don Serafin Estébanez (käl-dā.
rõn'). A Spanish writer (1801-67). He was
professor of poetry and rhetoric at Granada,
1822-30; but resigned and went to Madrid.
There he collected a vast library of old Span-
ish literature, especially of ballads, whether MS.
or in print: the collection is in the national
library at Madrid. He wrote a volume of
(Poems) (1833); a novel, Christians and Mo-
riscos) (1838); and a very valuable study of (The
Literature of the Moriscos. He also wrote
(The Conquest and the Loss of Portugal, and
a charming volume of Andalusian Scenes. )
Calderon de la Barca, Pedro (käl-dā-rõn'
dā lä bär’kä). A great Spanish dramatist;
born at Madrid, Jan. 17, 1600; died May 25,
1681. Of Sacramental Acts) - out-door plays
for Corpus Christi day – he wrote 72 on themes
Scriptural, classical, or moral: of these, (The
Divine Orpheus) is reputed the best. Of reli-
gious dramas he wrote 16, among them (The
Wonder-Working Magician,' the action of which
centres on a human soul's surrender to Satan;
it was translated by Shelley and beautifully
paraphrased by Fitzgerald. Another drama of
this series is (The Schism of England. Of
his dramas of secular history may be cited the
powerful domestic tragedy, (The Alcalde of
Zalamea. His dramas include: No Magic
Like Love, founded on the myth of Circe, and
(Echo and Narcissus); while his best known
comedies of intrigue, or of the cloak and
sword,” are: (The Fairy Lady) and ('Tis Ill
Keeping a House with Two Doors. *
Calderón y Beltrán, Fernando (käl-dā-rõn'
ē bel''trän'). A Mexican dramatist and poet;
born in Guadalajara, July 20, 1809; died at
Ojocaliente, Jan. 18, 1845. His plays, especially
(The Tourney,' Anne Boleyn, and (The
Return of the Crusader,' are very popular
throughout Spanish America, while as a lyric
poet he is also highly esteemed among his
countrymen.
Calderwood, Henry. A Scotch philosoph.
ical writer; born at Peebles, May 10, 1830.
An opponent of the doctrines of Sir William
Hamilton, he brought out (The Philosophy of
the Infinite) (1854); (The Handbook of Moral
Philosophy) (1872); and similar works, which
have run through numerous editions.
Caldwell, Joseph (kâld'wel). An American
divine and educator; born at Lamington, N. J. ,
April 21, 1773; died at Chapel Hill, N. C. ,
Jan. 27, 1835. He was president of the Uni-
versity of North Carolina (1804). He wrote:
(Letters of Carleton); etc.
Caldwell, William Warren. An American
writer of verse; born in Massachusetts, 1823.
His home is in Newburyport. Besides trans-
lating numerous lyrics from the German, he has
published Poems, Original and Translated,
Calef, Robert (kāʼlef). An American satir.
ist; born in Massachusetts, about 1648; died
1719. He was a Boston merchant. He wrote:
(More Wonders of the Invisible World (1700),
a reply to Cotton Mather's (Wonders of the
Invisible World, and opposing persecution for
witchcraft. The book was publicly burned by
Increase Mather.
Calemard de la Fayette, Charles (käl.
mär' de lä fi-yet or fā-yet). A French poet,
critic, and essayist; born in Puy, April 9, 1815.
He has enriched polite literature with studies
of (Dante, Michael Angelo, Machiavelli” ( 1852),
with an artistic version of (The Inferno of
Dante Alighieri) (1855), and with 'The Adieu!
(1885), a collection of well-polished verse.
Calentius or Calenzio (kä-len'shus). A
noted late Latin poet; died 1503. He wrote
elegies, satires, and epigrams that were greatly
admired for their pure Latinity; also a poem
founded upon the Homeric legends.
Calenzoli, Giuseppe (kä-len'tsó-le). An Ital.
ian dramatist; born in Florence, 1815; author
of some thirty comedies, mostly in one act,
showing an excellent sense of stage effect, and
a ready and always refined wit. The best
## p. 89 (#105) #############################################
CALFA---CALVIN
89
among them are : (A Search for a Husband'
(1852); Father Zappata) (1876). His Dia-
logues and Comedies for Young Girls) (1874)
are also highly esteemed.
Calfa, Ambroise (käl-fä'). A French-Arme-
nian historian and miscellaneous writer; born
in Constantinople, March 2, 1830. A Uni-
versal History) (1851), and Armenian versions
of French masterpieces, are typical of his tal-
ent and industry.
Calfa, Corène. An Armenian poet and prose-
writer, brother of Ambroise; born in Constan-
tinople in 1835. His poems and songs are
immensely popular with his countrymen; his
translation of Lamartine's Poetic Harmonies)
is adequate and spirited; besides which should
be mentioned a (History of Armenia,' well
written and authoritative.
Calhoun, John Caldwell. An American
statesman; born Abbeville dist. , S. C. , March
18, 1782 ; died in Washington, March 31, 1850.
He was elected Representative in Congress
in 1811, and there soon attained note; was
Secretary of War in Monroe's administration
(1817); was Vice-President of the United States
under J. Q. Adams (1825-29), and under Jack-
son (1829-32). He first distinctly promulgated
his doctrine of Nullification in 1829. He be-
came United States Senator in 1832 and so
remained till 1843, when he was made Secre-
tary of State by President Tyler; he was again
elected to the Senate in 1845, and in that office
died. As a speculative thinker, according to
John Stuart Mill, he “displayed powers su-
perior to (those of] any one who has appeared
in American politics since the authors of (The
Federalist. ) » His most memorable treatise is
"On the Constitution and Government of the
United States. A Discourse on Government
is also notable. *
Callender, James Thomas. An American
politician and publicist; born in England, 17—;
died 1803. He was exiled from England for
his pamphlet (The Political Progress of Great
Britain. He wrote: (Sketches of the History
of America); “The Prospect before Us.
Callender, John. An American historian;
born in Boston, Mass. , 1706; died in Newport,
R. I. , Jan. 26, 1748. He collected many valu-
able papers relating to the Baptists in America;
and published (A Centennial Discourse on the
Civil and Religious Affairs of the Colony of
Rhode Island (1739), which was the only
history of that State for more than a century.
The State Historical Society reprinted it, with
notes by Rev. Romeo Elton, D. D. (1838) and
a memoir of the author.
Callimachus (kal-im'ä-kus). A Greek poet;
born in Cyrene; fourished third century B. C.
He wrote epics called “Hecale) and (Galatea,
besides tragedies, comedies, elegies, and hymns;
but only some epigrams, sacred songs, and
verses have come down to us, among which
are a "Hymn to Jupiter, an “Epitaph on
Heracleitus,' and one on himself. *
Calonne, Ernest de (kä-lon'). A French
poet and dramatist; born in Paris, Jan. 11,
1822. His maiden effort, “Cupid and Psyche)
(1842), was a revelation of true poetic gifts;
and in comedy he has succeeded, with «The
Amorous Doctor) and Bertha and Suzanne,
in attaining felicitous literary if not theatrical
effects.
Calpurnius Siculus, Titus (kal-pėr'ni-us
sikʼū-lus). A Roman poet; born about 30 A. D. ;
died about 80 A. D. He appears toward the
commencement of Nero's reign with various
eclogues and bucolics, palpable imitations of
Virgil and of Theocritus, and conceived in a
spirit of servile adulation of his imperial mas-
ter.
Calthrop, Samuel Robert. An American
Unitarian divine and essayist; born in Eng.
land, 1829. He is settled in Syracuse, N. Y. He
has written : (Essay on Religion and Science);
(The Rights of the Body.
Calverley, Charles Stuart. An English
poet and humorist; born at Martley, Worces-
tershire, Dec. 22, 1831; died Feb. 17, 1884.
He won a prize at Oxford with a Latin poem;
afterward becoming a member of Cambridge,
he was there made Fellow. He possessed an
exquisite wit. His (Verses and Translations)
(1862) have been often reprinted. His Society
Verses) are marked by great elegance and
geniality. *
Calvert, George Henry. An American writer
of prose and verse; born in Baltimore, Md. ,
Jan. 2, 1803; died in Newport, R. I. , May 24,
1889. He was a great-grandson of Lord Bal-
timore. After graduating at Harvard (1823),
he studied in Germany; then returning to Bal-
timore, became editor of the American, and a
contributor to various periodicals. His pub-
lished books include: Poems) (1847); Joan
of Arc) (1860); (Goethe, his Life and Works)
(1872); (Brief Essays and Brevities) (1874);
and Wordsworth: a Biographic Æsthetic
Study) (1875).
Calvi, Felice, Count (käl'vē). An Italian
historian and novelist; born in Milan, Dec.
16, 1822. His earliest work was (A Castle in
the Roman Campagna,' a novel, followed by
several valuable historical works, among them :
(Diplomatic and Historical Curiosities of the
Seventeenth Century) (1878); and similar pro-
ductions.
Calvin, John (kal'vin). A celebrated re-
former and theologian; born at Noyon, in Pic-
ardy, July 10, 1509; died in Geneva, May 27,
1564. Soon after taking a degree, he went to
Paris for the study of the humanities. In
Paris he came under the influence of the
teachers of the new theology; and before long
(1534) had to fee from France, seeking refuge
at Basel. There he published his greatest
work: Institutes of the Christian Religion'
(1536), first in Latin, then in a French ver-
sion; he afterward revised and enlarged the
work, and the author's definitive edition was
1
3
B
L
## p. 90 (#106) #############################################
90
CAMBRIDGE – CAMPBELL
published in 1559. Next after the Institutes,
Calvin's most important work is his (Com-
mentaries on the New Testament. His com-
plete works were published in 12 folio volumes
( 1617). In the libraries of Geneva and Zürich
are about 3,000 of his unpublished sermons and
other writings. *
Cambridge, Ada, pseudonym of Mrs. G. F.
Cross. An Australian novelist; born 18.
She has written: (A Marked Man); My
Guardian); Not All in Vain); (The Three
Miss Kings'; etc.
Cambridge, Richard Owen. An English
miscellaneous writer; born in London, 1717 ;
died 1802. He wrote: (The Scribleriad, a
heroic poem; History of the War in India
between the French and the English from 1755
to 1761); and other works.
Camden, William. An English antiquarian ;
born in London, 1551; died, 1623. He was re-
nowned for his Anglo-Saxon learning, and
wrote: Description of Great Britain in Ancient
Times); (Annals of the Reign of Elizabeth);
and other works.
Cameron, H. Lovett. An English novelist,
widow of Verney L. Her novels deal mostly
with personal complications, and include: (The
Cost of a Lie) (1886); (The Dead Past) (1886);
and Pure Gold' (1887),- all involving the
sombre side of sentiment.
Cameron, Verney Lovett. An English ex-
plorer and writer of adventure; born in Radi-
pole, Dorsetshire, July 1, 1844; died at Leighton.
Buzzard, March 26, 1894. Famed for his feats
of travel, he turned them to account in (Harry
Raymond (1886), a tale of adventure among
pirates; (The Cruise of the Black Prince Pri-
vateer) (1886); and (Across Africa) (1877).
Camoens, Luiz de (kam'ō-ens). Portugal's
greatest poet; born at Lisbon in 1524 or 1525;
died June 10, 1580. He passed some time in
India as a soldier; later he held a lucrative
office at Macao; there he composed a part of
(The Lusiads. He returned to Portugal beg-
gared, and died at Lisbon in a public hospital.
The (Lusiads) served to determine the ultimate
literary forms of Portuguese : it is regarded as
the national epic of Portugal. *
Camp, Walter. A weii-known American
writer on athletics; born in Connecticut, 1859.
He has written: Book of College Sports);
(American Football); (Football Facts and
Figures); etc.
Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette (kon-
pon'). A French writer of memoirs, recollec-
tions, and essays on education; born (Genest)
in Paris, Oct. 6, 1752; died at Mantes, May
16, 1822. Her Memoirs of the Private Life
of Marie Antoinette ) were based upon personal
knowledge obtained in the capacity of lady.
in-waiting; the "Correspondence with Queen
Hortense) is a revelation of character of no
small value ; but the Treatise on Education)
is unimportant.
Campanella, Tomaso (käm-pän-el'ä). A fa-
mous Italian philosopher; born at Stilo, Cala.
bria, Sept. 5, 1568; died at Paris, May 21,
1639. At an unusually early age he had em-
braced the monastic life, astonishing his reli-
gious superiors with the precocious ripeness of
his Thomistic scholarship, and writing poems
and treatises that are still not beneath respect.
For twenty-seven years, however, he lay in a
Spanish prison, because of his political indis-
cretions with the pen. During this period
many of his treatises were compiled: but the
ordeal broke his spirit and induced the impo-
tence so characteristic of his thought in the
very hour of its realization; the consequence
being that even such great works as the
(Treatise on Material Philosophy) (1623) and
(Rational Philosophy) (1637) are painfully in.
adequate. Only his Kingdom (or City] of
the Sun) (1623), a work not unlike More's
"Utopia,' is very widely known.
Campardon, Émile (käm-pär-dôn'). A French
biographer and historian; born in Paris, July
18, 1834. He has made exhaustive studies of
(The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris) (1866);
Marie Antoinette and the Necklace Case
(1863); and (Madame de Pompadour and the
Court of Louis XV. (1867).
Campbell, Alexander (kam'bel or kam'el).
A celebrated American Presbyterian divine and
theological writer; born near Ballymena, Ire-
land, Sept. 12, 1788; died at Bethany, W. Va. ,
March 4, 1866. With his father, he founded
the sect of «Campbellites” or “Disciples of
Christ” (about 1827), numbering at the time
of his death over 400,000 communicants; he
founded also, and was the first president of,
Bethany College (1841). He published the
monthly magazine the Christian Baptist (1823-
30), called afterward the Millennial Harbinger
(1830-63). Among his works were : (Christian
System); Popular Lectures and Addresses)
(1862); (Letters to a Sceptic) (1869); etc.
Campbell, Bartley. An American dram-
atist; born in Allegheny City, Pa. , Aug. 12,
1843; died in Middletown, N. Y. , July 30, 1888.
He established the Evening Mail in Pittsburg
(1868); the Southern Magazine in New Orleans
(1869). His first drama that met with success
in New York city was My Partner,' appear-
ing in 1879. Fairfax, or Life in the Sunny
South, and (The Galley Slave,' were on the
metropolitan boards during the same season.
Included in his plays are: (Matrimony); 'The
White Slave); (Siberia); and Paquita. Sev.
eral of his plays were brought out in Eng-
land.
Campbell, Charles. An American historian;
born in Petersburg, Va. , May 1, 1807; died in
Staunton, Va. , July 11, 1876. Among his pub-
lications are: (The Bland Papers) (1840-43);
(An Introduction to the History of the Colony
and Ancient Dominion of Virginia) (1849);
(Genealogy of the Spotswood Family) (1868).
He belonged to the Historical Society of Vir.
ginia; was a contributor of the Historical
(
## p. 91 (#107) #############################################
CAMPBELL-CAMPISTRON
91
(
Register and the Southern Literary Messen-
ger; and editor of the Orderly Book) of
Gen. Andrew Lewis in 1776 (Richmond, 1860).
Campbell, Douglas. An American lawyer
and historical writer, son of W. W. Campbell;
born at Cooperstown, N. Y. , July 13, 1840; died
at Schenectady, N. Y. , March 7, 1893. He prac-
ticed law in New York (1865-90). He wrote
(The Puritan in Holland, England, and Amer-
ica' (1892), considered an authoritative work.
Campbell, George. A Scottish divine and
philosophical writer; born in Aberdeen, Dec.
25, 1719; died there (? ), April 6, 1796. In his
(Dissertation on Miracles) (1762) and Philos-
ophy of Rhetoric) (1776), he shows learning,
ingenuity, and grace.
Campbell, Sir George. An English de-
scriptive writer; born in 1824; died in London,
Feb. 18, 1892. He is best represented by his
(Modern India' (1852); “White and Black in
the United States); and (The British Empire !
(1889).
Campbell, Helen Stuart. An American
sociological writer; born in Lockport, N. Y. ,
July 4. 1839. Her early writings were published
in newspapers and magazines. She has given
close attention to the study of social problems
in such works as (Prisoners of Poverty. From
1881 till 1884 she was literary editor of Our
Continent, Philadelphia. Her style is serious,
witty, and emotional. Among her published
books are: (The Problem of the Poor) (1882);
"The What-to-do Club) (1884); Miss Melin-
da's Opportunity) (1886); and many kindred
ones.
Campbell, John. A British historical writer;
born in Edinburgh, March 8, 1708; died Dec.
28, 1775. His writings before 1742 were pub-
lished anonymously. From 1755 to the close
of his life, he was agent of the British goy.
ernment for the province of Georgia. His
works are in part : "Concise History of Span-
ish America) (1741); Lives of the English
Admirals) (1744); "A Survey of the Present
State of Europe) (1750); and (Trade of Great
Britain to America' (1772).
Campbell, John, Baron. A British legal
biographer; born in Springfield, near Cupar,
Fifeshire, Scotland, Sept. 15, 1779; died in
London, June 23, 1861. He was Lord Chan-
cellor of England (1859-61 ); and wrote : Lives
of the Lord Chancellors) (1845-48) and Lives
of the Chief Justices) (1849-57), both well
known and authoritative works.
Campbell, Sir John Douglas Sutherland.
