No More Learning

In
foll. 9. Cupita XT. de S. Trinitate et persona order to avenge herself, the goddess ordered Amor
Christi, Gr. Lat. , edited by J. Wegelinus, with the to inspire Psyche with a love for the most con-
Argumenta contra Nestorianos of Cyril of Alex- temptible of all men : but Amor was so stricken
andria and John of Damascus, Aug. Vind. 1611, with her beauty that he himself fell in love with
8vo. ; another edition, 1698, fol. 10. Celebres her. He accordingly conveyed her to some charm-
Opiniones de Anima, Gr. Lat. with Origen's Philo- ing place, where he, unseen and unknown, visited
calia, Paris, 1624, 4to. ll. De Vitiis et Virtu- her every night, and left her as soon as the day
tibus, et Allegoriae, in iambic verse, Gr. , stud. began to dawn. Psyche might have continued to
Arsenii, in the Praeclara dicta philosophorum, have enjoyed without interruption this state of
Romae (no date), 8vo. ; reprinted, with the Alle- happiness, if she had attended to the advice of her
gories of Heracleides Ponticus, Basil. 1544, 8vo. beloved, never to give way to her curiosity, or to
12. Encomium in Metaphraslem Dominum Syme- inquire who he was. But her jealous sisters made
onem, Gr. Lat. , in the De Symeonum Scriptis her believe that in the darkness of night she was
Diatriba of Leo Allatius, Paris, 1664, 4to. 13. Ju- embracing some hideous monster, and accordingly
dicium de Heliodori et Achillis Tatii fabulis amato once, while Amor was asleep, she approached him
riis, Gr. , edited by D'Orville, in the Miscellan. with a lamp, and, to her amazement, she beheld
Observ. Crit. in Auctores veteres et recentiores, vol. the most handsome and lovely of the gods. In her
vii. tom. iii. pp. 366, &c. Paris, 1743, 8vo. excitement of joy and ſear, a drop of hot oil fell
14. Carmen Iambicum in depositionem Joh. Chry- from her lamp upon his shoulder. This awoke Amor,
sostomi, in the Excerpta Graecorum et Rhetorum who censured her for her mistrust, and escaped.
of Leo Allatius, Romae, 1641, 8vo. 15. Patria, Psyche's peace was now gone all at once, and after
seu Origines Urbis Constantinopolitanac, i. e. de having attempted in vain to throw herself into a river,
Antiquitatibus Constantinopolitanis Libri IV. Gr. she wandered about from temple to temple, inquiring
Lat. , edited by Anselmus Bandurius, in his Im- after her beloved, and at length came to the palace
perium Orientale, Paris, 1711, repr. Venet. 1729, of Venus. There her real sufferings began, for
folio. 16. Scholia in Zoroastrem, printed with Venus retained her, treated her as a slave, and im-
various editions of the Oracula Magicu of Zoro- posed upon her the hardest and most humiliating
aster, 1599, &c. 17. Annotationes in Gregorium, labours. Psyche would have perished under the
printed with some editions of Gregory Nazian- weight of her sufferings, had not Amor, who still
zen, 1609, 1690. 18. Dlapáopaois eis to nepl loved her in secret, invisibly comforted and assisted
épunvías, De Interpretatione, in the Aldine Editio her in her labours. With his aid she at last suc-
Princeps of Ammonius Hermeas, 1503, folio. ceeded in overcoming the jealousy and hatred of
(Hoffmann, Lexicon Bibliogr. Script. Graccor. s. v. ) Venus ; she became immortal, and was united with
For a list of the numerous unedited works of him for ever. It is not difficult to recognise in this
Psellus, see Fabricius and Cave.
lovely story the idea of which it is merely the
The Greek Anthology contains one epigram mythical embodiment, for Psyche is evidently the
ascribed to Psellus, which, in the absence of any human soul, which is purified by passions and mis-
further information, may be ascribed to the younger fortunes, and is thus prepared for the enjoyment of
Michael Psellus, as the most celebrated person of true and pure happiness. (Comp. Manso, Versuche,
the name. (Brunck, Anal. vol. iii. p. 127 ; Ja- p. 346, &c. ) In works of art Psyche is represented
cobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iv. p. 97, vol. xiii. p. 918. ) as a maiden with the wings of a butterfly, along
4. Joannes Psellus, a Byzantine writer, whose with Amor in the different situations described in
time is unknown, and to whom are ascribed three the allegoric story. (Hirt, Mythol. Bilderb. p. 222,
poems.
Constantinus Psellus, and some other Tafel. 32. )
(L. S. )
writers of the same name, scarcely deserve men- PSYCHRISTUS, JACOBUS. (JACOBUS,
tion. Very little is known of them, and in the No. 1. )
statements which are made respecting them they PTERAS (Nrépas), of Delphi, a mythical
are perpetually confounded with the younger artist, who was said to have built the second
Michael Psellus. (See Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. temple of Apollo at Delphi. The tradition was
[P. S. ] that the first temple was made of branches of the
PSÍAX, an Athenian vase-painter, whose name wild laurel from Tempe ; and that the second was
is found inscribed on a lecythus made by Hilinos, | made by bees, of wax and bees' wings. The name
p. 97. )


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PTOLEMAEUS.
565
PTOLEMAEUS.
of Pteras shows that the story of his building the entrusted by his uncle with commands of im-
temple is only a rationalistic interpretation of this portance. Thus in B. C. 315, when Antigonus
fable. Another story about Pteras was that the was preparing to make head against the formidable
Apterazi in Crete took their name from him. (Pans. coalition organized against him, he placed Ptolemy
2. 5. § 5, 8, 9, 10. )
[P. S. )
at the head of the army which was destined to
PTOLEMAEUS (Itoneuaios), the name of carry on operations in Asia Minor against the
two mythical personages, one a son of Peiraeas, generals of Cassander. This object the young
who accompanied Agamemnon as charioteer to general successfully carried out-relieved Amisus,
Troy (Hom. Il. iv. 228), and the other a son of which wns besieged by Asclepiodorus, and re
Damasichthon, king of Thebes. (Paus. ix. 5. covered the whole satrapy of Cappadocia ; after
§ 8. )
(L. S. )
which he advanced into Bithynia, of which he
PTOLEMAEUS (fitoneuaios), minor historical compelled the king Zipnetes to join his alliance,
persons. (Several persons of this name, which ap- and then occupied lonia, from whence Seleucus
pears to have been one in its origin exclusively withdrew on his approach. (Diod. xix. 57, 60. )
Macedonian, occur among the officers and generals He next threatened Carin, which was however for
of Alexander the Great, whom it is not always easy a time defended by Myrmidon, the Egyptian
to distinguish from one another. )
general ; but the following year Ptolemy was able
1. Son of Lagus. (PTOLEMAEUS I. king of to strike a decisive blow in that quarter against
EGYPT. ]
Eupolemus, the general of Cassander, whom be
2. Son of Philip, an officer who commanded surprised and totally defeated. (Id. ib. 62, 68. )
the leading squadron of Macedonian cavalry at the The next summer (B. C. 313) the arrival of Anti-
passage of the Granicus. (Arr. Anab. i. 14. ) It is gonus himself gave a decided preponderance to
supposed by Gronovius (ad Arr. l. c. ) and by his arms in Asia Minor, and Ptolemy, after ren-
Droysen, that he is the same who was afterwards dering active assistance in the sieges of Caunus
left by Alexander with a force of 3000 foot and and Iasus, was sent with a considerable army to
200 horse to defend the province of Caria, and Greece to carry ou the war there against Cas-
who subsequently, together with Asander the go- sander. His successes were at first rapid: he
vernor of Lydia, defeated the Persian general drove out the garrisons of his adversary from Chalcis
Orontobates, B. C. 332. (Arr. ib. i. 23, ii. 5. ) and Oropus, invaded Attica, where he compelled
3. One of the select officers called Somatophylaces, Demetrius of Phalerus to make overtures of sub-
or guards of the king's person, who was killed at mission, and then carried his arms triumphantly
the siege of Halicarnassus, B. C. 334. (Arr. Anab. through Boeotia, Phocis, and Locris. Wherever
i. 22. ) Freinsheim, in his supplement to Curtius he went he expelled the Macedonian garrisons,
(ii. 10. § 13), has assumed this to be the son of and proclaimed the liberty and independence of
Philip, but it is more probable, as already pointed the several cities. After this he directed his
out, that the latter was the governor of Caria. march to the Peloponnese, where the authority of
4. Son of Seleucus, another of the Somato- Antigonus had been endangered by the recent
phylaces, who combined with that distinguished defection of his general Telesphorus. (Id. ib. 75,
post the command of one of the divisions of the 77, 78, 87. ) Here he appears to have remained
phalanx. He was lately married when he accom- till the peace of 311 suspended hostilities in that
panied Alexander on his expedition to Asia, B. C. quarter. But he considered that his services had
334, on which account he was selected by the not met with their due reward from Antigonus ;
king to command the body of Macedonians, who and when, therefore, in B. C. 310 the kings of
were allowed to return home for the winter at the Macedonia and Egypt were preparing to renew
end of the first campaign. In the following spring the war, Ptolemy suddenly abandoned the cause of
he rejoined Alexander at Gordium, with the troops bis uncle and concluded a treaty with Cassander
under his command, accompanied by fresh rein- and the son of Lagus.
Probably his object was
forcements. At the battle of Issus (B. C. 332) his to establish himself in the chief command in the
division of the phalanx was one of those opposed Peloponnese : but the reconciliation of Polysperchon
to the Greek mercenaries under Dareius, and upon with Cassander must have frustrated this object :
which the real brunt of the action consequently and on the arrival of the Egyptian king with a
devolved ; and he himself fell in the conflict, after fleet at Cos, Ptolemy repaired from Chalcis to join
displaying the utmost valour. (Arr. Anab. i. 24, him. He was received at first with the utmost
29, i. 8, 10 ; Curt. iii. 9. § 7. )
favour, but soon gave offence to his new patron by
6. An officer who commanded a force of Thracian his intrigues and ambitious demonstrations, and
mercenaries, with which he joined Alexander in was in consequence thrown into prison and com-
Bactria, B. C. 329. (Arr. Anab. iv. 7; Curt. vii. 10. pelled to put an end to his life by poison, B. C.
§ 11. )
309. (Id. xx. 19, 27. ). Schlosser has represented
6. Son of Ptolemy, an officer appointed by this general as an enthusiast in the cause of the
Antipater in B. C. 321, to be one of the Somato- liberty of Greece, but there seems no reason to
phylaces of the titular king, Philip Arrhidaeus. suppose that his professions to that effect were
(Arr. ap. Phot. p. 72, a. ) Nothing more is known more earnest or sincere than those of his contem-
of him, but Droysen conjectures that he was a son poraries.
of No. 4. (Hellenism. vol. i. p. 151. )
8. Son of Lysimachus, king of Thrace. He was
7. Nephew of Antigonus, the general of Alex. the eldest of the three sons of that monarch by his
ander, who afterwards became king of Asia. His last wife Arsinoë, and the only one who escaped fall-
Dame is first mentioned as present with his uncle ing into the hands of Ptolemy Ceraunus. Having in
at the siege of Nora in B. c. 320, when he was vain urged his mother not to trust to the friendly
given up to Eumenes as a hostage for the safety of professions of the usurper, he himself appears to
the latter during a conference with Antigonus. have made his escape and taken refuge with
(Plut. Eum. 10. ) At a later period we find him Monunius, king of the Dardanians, whom he per-
003


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866
PTOLEMAEUS.
PTOLEMAEUS.
1
suaded to take up arms in his cause, but we know | consequence put to death by Philip, B. C. 218.
nothing of the events of the war. (Justin. xxiv. (Polyb. v. 25, 26, 29. )
2; Trog. Pomp. Prol. xxiv. ) It is probable, how- 15. Son of Thraseas, a leader of Greek merce-
ever, that the Ptolemy who is mentioned as naries in the service of Ptolemy Philopator, who
establishing, or asserting, a transient claim to the was appointed, together with Andromachus, to
throne of Macedonia, during the period of Anarchy command the phalanx in the war against Antiochus,
which followed the death of Ptolemy Ceraunus B. C. 217. (Polyb. v. 65. )
(B. C. 280—277), is no other than the one in ques- 16. Son of Aëropus, an officer in the service of
tion. (Porphyr. ap. Euscb. Arm. p. 157; Dexippus, Antiochus the Great at the battle of Panium, B. C.
ap. Syncell. p. 267. )
198. (Id. xvi. 18. )
9. Son of Pyrrhus, king of Epeirus, by his wife 17. Son of Eumenes, an officer in the service
Antigone, the step-daughter of Ptolemy Lagi. of Ptolemy Epiphanes king of Egypt, who was
When only fifteen years of age he was left by his charged with the duty of arresting Scopas, and
father in charge of his hereditary dominions, when bringing him to trial. (Scopas. ) (Polyb. xviii. 36. )
Pyrrhus himself set out on his expedition to Italy, 18. Son of Sosibius, the minister of Ptolemy
B. c. 280. (Justin. xviii. 1. ) of his proceedings Philopator. He was naturally of a haughty and
during his father's absence we know nothing: but ambitious character, and these qualities were in-
immediately after the return of Pyrrhus, B. C. 274, creased by a visit he paid to the Macedonian
we find Ptolemy actively co-operating with him, court during the minority of Ptolemy Epiphanes.
reducing Corcyra with a small force: and after the Hence, on his return to Egypt, he made common
defeat of Antigonus Gonatas, repulsing him in an cause with his brother Sosibius, and took a pro-
attempt to recover his lost kingdom, and inflicting minent part against Tlepolemus who held the chief
on him a second defeat. He afterwards accom- direction of affairs. Their intrigues were however
panied Pyrrhus on his expedition to the Pelopon- defeated, and the party of Tlepolemus prevailed.
nese, B. C. 272, and took a prominent part in the (Polyb. xvi. 22. )
attack on Sparta, but in the march from thence 19. Surnamed Macron, an Egyptian officer,
towards Argos, Areus having occupied the moun- who was appointed to the government of Cyprus
tain passes, a severe combat ensued, in which during the minority of Ptolemy Philometor; an
Ptolemy, who commanded the advanced guard of office which he discharged with zeal and ability.
his father's army, was slain. Young as he was, By prudent economy in the administration of the
he had given the most striking proofs of daring island, he amassed a large sum of money which he
courage and personal prowess, and, had his life sent to Philometor, on his attaining his majority,
been spared, would probably have rivalled the and thus secured the favour of the young king
renown of his father. (Justin. xxv. 3, 4; Plut. (Polyb. xxvii. 12, and Vales. ad loc. ). What led
Pyrrh. 28, 30. )
to the change in his policy we know not, but we
10. Son of Alexander II. king of Epeirus. subsequently find him betraying his trust, and
[PTOLEMAEUS, king of EPEIRUS. ]
giving over the island of Cyprus to Antiochus
11. An illegitimate son of Ptolemy Philadel. Epiphanes. (2 Macc. x. 12. )
phus, king of Egypt, who was appointed by his 20. A rhetorician of Alexandria, who was em-
father to command at Ephesus, when that im- ployed as ambassador by Ptolemy Euergetes II. to
portant city fell into his hands during the war Antiochus Epiphanes when the latter was besieging
with Antiochus II. Ptolemy was subsequently Alexandria, B. c. 170 (Polyb. xxviii. 16). He is
induced to revolt from his father, in conjunction perhaps the same person with the brother of Comanus,
with Timarchus, tyrant of Miletus, and attempted whom we find accompanying that minister on his
to establish his own power at Ephesus, but was embassy to Rome in B. c. 162. (Id. xxxi. 27. )
compelled by a mutiny of his Thracian mer- 21. An Egyptian, surnamed SYMPETESIS, who
cenaries to take refuge in the temple of Diana, was appointed by Ptolemy Euergetes II. to govern
where he was slain together with his mistress Cyrene during his absence, when he went to
Eirene. (Trog. Pomp. Prol
. xxvi. ; Athen. xiii. Rome in B. c. 162, to prefer his complaints in
p. 593, a. ; Niebuhr, Kl. Schrift. p. 268—271. ) person against his brother Philometor. " He sub-
12. Son of Chrysermus, an officer high in the sequently joined in the revolt of the Cyrenaeans
confidence of Ptolemy Philopator. He had been against Euergetes, and appears to have commanded
for some time on friendly terms with Cleomenes, the army with which they defeated him near the
whom he visited during his confinement ; but acci- Catabathmus. (Polyb. xxxi. 26. )
dentally betrayed to the latter the true intentions of 22. Surnamed Caesarion, a son of C. Julius
the king of Egypt in regard to him, and thus gave Caesar and Cleopatra. [CAESARION. )
rise to his attempted insurrection. On the first 23. Surnamed PHILADELPHUS, a son of M. An-
breaking out of the tumult Ptolemy, having issued tong, the Triumvir, by Cleopatra. He was the
forth from the palace, was instantly attacked and youngest of their three children, and could there-
put to death by three of the friends of Cleomenes, fore hardly have been born before B. C.