Athenodo-
tus obtained, for the inhabitants of Tarsus, relief from
a part of the burden of taxes which had been imposed
upon them, and was on this account honoured with an
annual festival.
tus obtained, for the inhabitants of Tarsus, relief from
a part of the burden of taxes which had been imposed
upon them, and was on this account honoured with an
annual festival.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Previous to his obtaining this high office he had
been private secretary to Alexander, and had also led
for some time an ascetic life with the renowned an-
chorite St. Anthony. Alexander had also taken him
to the council at Nice, where he gained the highest
esteem of the fathers by the talent which he dis-
played in the Arian controversy. He had a great
share in the decrees passed here, and thereby drew
on himself the hatred of the Arians. On his ad-
vancement to the prelacy he dedicated all his time
and talents to the defence of the doctrine of the Trini-
ty, and resolutely refused the request of Constantine
for the restoration of Arius to the Catholic communion.
In revenge for this refusal, the Arian party brought
several accusations against him before the emperor.
Of these he was acquitted in the first instance;
but, on a new charge of having detained ships at Alex-
andrea, laden with corn for Constantinople, either from
conviction or policy, he was found guilty and banished
to Gaul. Here he remained an exile eighteen months,
or, as some accounts say, upward of two years, his see
in the mean time being unoccupied. On the death of
Constantine he was recalled, and restored to his func-
tions by Constantius; but the Arian party made new
complaints against him, and he was condemned by 90
Arian bishops assembled at Antioch. On the opposite
side, 100 orthodox bishops, assembled at Alexandrea,
? ? declared him innocent; and Pope Julius confirmed
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? ATHEN. E.
ATHEX. E.
Ceeropia. from Cccrops ; and finally Athena by Ercc-
thonius. from its being under the protecton of Minerva
or Athene (' Kdijuq). A distinction was also mado be-
tween the ancient city on the rock and the part subse-
quently added in the plain. The former, the primitive
Ceeropia, was called, from its situation, tj uvu voXic,
or 'AKpd770? uc, "the upper city," where afterward
stood the Parthenon, and other splendid edifices;
the buildings in the plain, where eventually Athens
itself stood, were termed 17 kutu iroXic, "the low-
er city. " (Compare, as regards the various names
given to this citv, Slepk. Byzant. , s. v. Kpaviin. --
)N>>n. , 7, 56. -- Kruse. Hellas, vol. 2, p. 77. ) --The
Acropolis was sixty stadia in circumference. We
have little or no information respecting the size of
Athens under its earliest kings; it is generally sup-
posed, however, that, even as late as the time of The-
seus, the town was almost entirely confined to the
Acropolis and the adjoining Hill of Mars. Subsequent-
ly to the Trojan war, it appears to have been increased
considerably, both in population and extent, since Ho-
mer applies to it the epithets of einTtpevoc and evpv-
ayvtoc- The improvements continued, probably, du-
ring the reign of Pisistratus, and, as it was able to
stand a siege against the Lacedemonians under his son
Hippias, it must evidently have possessed walls and
fortifications of sufficient height and strength to ensure
its safety. The invasion of Xerxes, and the subse-
quent irruption of Manlonius, effected the entire de-
struction of the ancient city, and reduced it to a heap
of ruins, with the exception only of such temples and
buildings as wore enabled, from the solidity of materi-
als, to resist the action of fire and the work of demoli-
tion. When, however, the battles of Salamis, Platea,
and Mycale had averted all danger of invasion, Athens,
restored to peace and security, soon rose from its state
of ruin and desolation; and, having been furnished by
the prudent foresight and energetic conduct of The-
mistocles with the military works requisite for its de-
fence, it attained, under the subsequent administrations
of Cimon and Pericles, to the highest pitch of beauty,
magnificence, and strength. The former is known to
have erected the temple of Theseus, the Dionysiac
theatre, the Stoae or porticoes, and Gymnasium, and
also to have embellished the Academy, the Agora, and
other parts of the city at his own expense. (Pint. , Vtt.
Cimon ) Pericles completed the fortifications which
had been left in an unfinished state by Themistocles
and Cimon; he likewise built several edifices destroy-
ed by the Persians, and to him his country was in-
debted for the temple of Eleusis, the Parthenon, and
the Propylsea, the most magnificent buildings, not of
Attica only, but of the world. It was in the time of
Pericles that Athens attained the summit of its beauty
and prosperity, hoth with respect to the power of the
republic and the extent and magnificence of the archi-
tectural decorations with which the capital was adorn-
ed. At this period, the whole of Athens, with its three
ports of Pirssus, Munychia, and Phalerus, connected
by means of the celebrated long walls, formed one great
"ity, enclosed within avast peribolus of massive forti-
fications. The wrhole of this circumference, as we col-
lect from Thucy Willi's, was not less than 124 stadia.
Of these, forty-three must be allotted to the circuit of
the city itself; the long walls, taken together, supply
twenty-five, and the remaining fifty-six are furnished
by the peribolus of the three harbours. Xenophon re-
? ? ports that Athens contained more than 10,000 houses,
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? ATHEN. E.
ATH
makes it appear probable, that, in the time of Pausa-
nias, many monuments were extant which belonged
to the period before the Persian war; because so tran-
sitory a possession as Xerxes had of the city scarcely
gave him time to finish the destruction of the walls
and principal public edifices. In the restoration of the
city to its former state, Themistocles looked more to
the useful, Cimon to magnificence and splendour;
and Pericles far surpassed them both in his buildings.
The great supply of money which he had from the
tribute of the other states belonged to no succeeding
ruler. Athens, at length, saw much of her ancient
splendour restored; but, unluckily, Attica was not an
island: and, after the sources of power, which be-
longed to the fruitful and extensive country of Mace-
donia, were developed by an able and enlightened
prince, the opposing interests of many free states
could not long withstand the disciplined army of a
warlike people, led by an active, able, and ambitious
monarch. When Sylla destroyed the works of the
Piraeus, the power of Athens by sea was at an end,
and with that fell the whole city. Flattered by the
triumvirate, favoured by Hadrian's love of the arts,
Athens was at no time so splendid as under the Anto-
nincs, when the magnificent works of from eight to
ten centuries stood in view, and the edifices of Peri-
cles were in equal preservation with the new build-
ings. Plutarch himself wonders how the structures
of Ictinus, of Mcnesicles and Phidias, which were
built with such surprising rapidity, could retain such a
perpetual freshness. The most correct criticism on
the accounts of Greece by Pausanias and Strabo is
in Leake. Probably Pausanias saw Greece yet un-
plundered. The Romans, from a reverence towards
a religion approaching so nearly to their own, and
wishing to conciliate a people more cultivated than
themselves, were ashamed to rob temples where the
master-pieces of art were kept as sacred, and were sat-
isfied with a tribute in money, although in Sicily they
did not abstain from the plunder of the temples, on
account of the prevalence of the Carthaginian and
Phoenician influence in tho island. Pictures, even in
the time of Pausanias, may have been left in their
places. The wholesale robberies of collectors; the
removal of great quantities of the works of art to Con-
stantinople, when the creation of new specimens was
no longer possible; Christian zeal, and the attacks of
barbarians, destroyed, after a time, in Athens, what
the emperors had spared. We have reason to think,
that the colossal statue of Minerva Promachos was
standing in the time of Alaric. About 420 AD. pa-
ganism was totally annihilated at Athens; and, when
Justinian closed even the schools of the philosophers,
the recollections of the mythology were lost. The
Parthenon was turned into a church of the Virgin
Mary, and St. George stepped into the place of The-
seus. The manufacture of silk, which had hitherto
remained, was destroyed by the transportation of a
colony of weavers, by Roger of Sicily; and in 1456
the place fell into the hands of Omar. To complete
its degradation, the city of Minerva obtained the privi-
lege (an enviable one in the East) of being governed
by a black eunuch as an appendage to tne harem.
The Parthenon became a mosque, and, at the west
end of the Acropolis, those alterations were com-
menced which the new discovery of artillery then
made necessary. In 1687, at the siege of Athens by
? ? the Venetians under Morosini, it appears that the tem-
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? ATHEN. EUS.
ATHEN. EUS.
imphitheatres. (Lampnd. in Altx. Sen. , c 35--Au-; the Archbishop of Thessalonica appears nn,? , . ? .
rcl. tut. , <U Co*. , c. H. -FoTCtlUm, Lex. Tot. Lot. , seen the entire work, but to have made u,^ 1^'
| ome, the stores of his erudition would be S'/'
reduced ,f he were compelled to make restZ? "''?
t. *. )
Athek^ob, I. a native of Naucratis in Egypt, and
the author of a very interesting compilation, entitled
Deipnosopkistac (AtinvoaoQusrai, "the learned men
at supper"), from which the moderns have derived a
large portion of their knowledge respecting the private
life of tho ancient Greeks. He declares himself to
have been a little later than the poet Oppian; and, as
that writer dedicates his Halieutics to the Emperor
Caracalla, the age of Athensus may be fixed at the
beginning of the third century of the Christian era.
The professed object of Athensus was to detail to his
contemporaries the convivial antiquities of their an-
cestors, and he has chosen to convey his information
in the form of a dialogue as the most convenient and
amusing. The plan of the work is as follows: A con-
siderable number of learned men, among whom we find
the celebrated Galen, assemble at the table of La-
rensius, a liberal and wealthy Roman, where they be-
stow as large a portion of erudition on every part of
their entertainment as the memory or commonplace-
book of the author could supply. So much of the
business of human life is connected, mediately or im-
mediately, with eating and drinking, that it does not
require any great share of ingenuity to introduce into
a work of so miscellaneous a nature much useful and
curious information, which, at first sight, does not ap-
pear to be very closely connected with tho science
of cookery. "Accordingly," says the author of the
Epitome, " we find disquisitions on fish of every sort,
together with potherbs and poultry; not to mention
historians, poets, and philosophers; likewise a great
variety of musical instruments. , witty sayings, and
drinking vessels; royal magnificence, ships of prodi-
gious magnitude, and many other articles too tedious
to mention. " Although this kind of conversation
bears no very strong resemblance to the dying specu-
lations of Socrates on the immortality of the soul, our
author has selected the Phsdo of Plato for his proto-
type, and has borrowed the beginning of that dialogue,
with no alteration, except the substitution of the
names of Trmocrates and Athensus for those of Ech-
ecratea and Phasdo. A strong objection to the dra-
matic form which the work assumes, arises from tho
impossibility of collecting the productions of all the
different seasons at one banquet. The author seems
to suppose that an astonished fishmonger might ex-
claim, in the words of Theocritus, 'AAAi rd uh> Mp-
eoc, rd. 61 yiyvcjcu tv xei/iuvi. The loss of the two
first books renders us unable to judgo how far he waB
able to palliate this palpable absurdity. Tho most
valuable part of the work is the large quantity of quo-
tations which it presents from authors whoso writings
no longer exist The Athenian comic poets af-
forded an ample store of materials, and Athensus
seems to have been by no means sparing in the use
of them. Many of the extracts from their works,
which he has inserted in his own, are highly inter-
esting; and the mass is so considerable, as far to
exceed in bulk all that can be collected from every
other Greek or Latin writer. The number of theatri-
cal pieces which he appears to have consulted was
probably not less than two thousand. The middle
? ? comedy furnished him with eight hundred. --The com-
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? ATH
ATI
tisc on Machines of War (irepl Mtixaitiuilnrv), ad-
dressed to Marcellus. ThiB Marcellus is generally
supposed to be the same with the conqueror of Syra-
cuse. Schwcighaeuser, however, is of a different opin-
ion (ad Athen. , vol. 1, p. 637). His work is con-
tained in the collection of Thevenot. (Schbll, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 367. )--III. A celebrated physician,
born at Attalia in Pamphylia, and who flourished at
Rome 50 A. D. He separated the Materia Medica
from Therapeutics. He treated also, with great care,
of Dietetics. Of his numerous writings only a few
chapters remain in the collection of Oribasius. (Schbll,
Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 5, p. 343. )
Athenagoras, a Platonising father of the church,
the author of an " Apology for Christians," and of a
treatise "On the Resurrection of the Body. " It appears
from his writings that he was a native of Athens, and
that he passed his youth among the philosophers of his
time. He flourished towards the close of the second
century. After he became a convert to Christianity,
he still retained the name and habit of a philosopher,
probably in expectation of gaining greater credit to the
Christian doctrine among the unconverted heathen.
In his Apology he judiciously explains the notions of
the Stoics and Peripatetics concerning God and divine
things, and exposes with great accuracy and strength
of reasoning their respective errors. He frequently
supports his arguments by the authority of Plato, and
discovers much partiality for his system. In what he
advances concerning God, and the Logos or Divine
Reason, he evidently mixes the dogmas of paganism
with the doctrines of Christianity. His two works are
contained in the editions of the Greek fathers by
Obcrthur (Wiirceb. , 1777, vol. 3) and Gallaud (vol.
3, p. 3). There are also separate editions of each,
and Latin, French, Italian, and English translations,
to say nothing of numerous works illustrating his wri-
tings. (Consult Hoffmann, Lex. Bibi, vol. I, p. 427,
leqq. )--The romance of Theagcnes and Charis is er-
roneously ascribed to him. This romance was the
production of a Frenchman named Martin Fumee. It
was published in 1599 and 1612, in French, and pur-
ported to be a translation from a Greek manuscript
brought from the East. No such manuscript ever ex-
isted. (Fabric, BM. Gr. , vol. 6, p. 800, seqq. )
Athenion, I. a peripatetic philosopher, 108 B. C.
--II. A painter, bom at Maronca, and who flourished
about 300 B. C. Pliny enumerates several of his pro-
ductions, and adds, that, had he not died young, he
would have stood at the head of his profession (35, 11).
Athenodorus, I. a philosopher, born at Cana, near
Tarsus in Cilicia. He lived at Rome, in the reign of
Augustus, and on account of his learning, wisdom,
and moderation, was highly esteemed by that emperor.
His opinion and advice had great weight with the mon-
arch, and are said to have led him into a milder plan
of government than he had at first adopted.
Athenodo-
tus obtained, for the inhabitants of Tarsus, relief from
a part of the burden of taxes which had been imposed
upon them, and was on this account honoured with an
annual festival. He was intrusted by Augustus with
the education of the young prince Claudius; and, that
he might the more successfully execute his charge, his
illustrious pupil became for a while a resident at his
house. This philosopher retired in his old age to Tar-
sus, where he died in his 82d year. (Fabric, BM.
Gr. , vol. 7, p. 391. -- Zosim. , 1, 6. -- Sutton. , Vit.
? ? Claud. , c. 4. --Enfield's Hut. Pkilos. , vol. 2, p. 109. )
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? ATLANTI9.
ileg-es of a senator, and the right of sitting in the sen-
ate. (Aul. Cell. , 14, 8. )
Ath! <<tK8, a. people of Africa, the more correct
name of whom was Atarantes. (Vid. Atarantes. )
Atlihtudes, a patronymic of Mercury, as grand-
son of Atlas. (Ovid, Met. , 1, 639. )
AtlistIdes, a name given to the daughters of At-
las. They were divided into the Hyades and Plei-
ades. ( Vid. Atlas, Hyades, and Pleiades. )
Atlajctis, a celebrated island, supposed to have
existed at a very early period in the Atlantic Ocean,
and to have been eventually sunk beneath its waves.
Plato is the first that gives an account of it, and he
:>bt. ained his information from the priests of Egypt.
(Plat. , Titnaus, p. 24, seqq. , ed. Bip. , vol. 9, p. 296,
*~1<J---W- Crieias, p. 108, seqq. , ed. Bip. , vol. 10, p.
39>> 43-) The statement which he furnishes is as fol-
lows: Tn the Atlantic Ocean, over against the Pillars
of Hercules, lay an island larger than Asia and Africa
taken together, and in its vicinity were other islands,
from which there was a passage to a large continent
lying beyond. The Mediterranean, compared with the
ocean in 'which these lands were situated, resembled
a mere harbour with a narrow entrance. Nine thou-
sand years before the time of Plato, this island of At-
lantis was both thickly settled and very powerful. Its
sway extended over Africa as far as Egypt, and over
Europe as far as the Tyrrhenian Sea. The farther
progress of its conquests, however, was checked by
the Athenians, who, partly with the other Greeks,
partly by themselves, succeeded in defeating these
powerful invaders, the natives of Atlantis. After this
a violent earthquake, which lasted for the space of a
t! tv and night, and was accompanied with inundations
of the sea, caused the islands to sink, and, for a long
period subsequent to this, the sea in this quarter was
impassable, by reason of the slime and shoals. --Thus
much for the narrative of Plato. A dispute arose
Knonj the ancient philosophers and naturalists, wheth-
er this statement was based upon reality, or was a
mere creation of fancy. Posidonius thought it wor-
thy of belief. (Slrabo, \02. -- Epit. , 1, p. 11, cd.
Muds') Pliny remains undecided (2, 92. -- Com-
pare Ammian. MarctU. , 17, 7. -- Tcrtull. , de Pallio,
ed. Op. , Antverp, 1584, p. 6. -- Id. , Apolog. adv.
ge/Ues, p. 82, c. 40. -- Philo, quod mund. sit. incor-
rupt. , p. 963). From other wnters we have short no-
tices, which merely show how many various interpre-
tations were given to the passage in Plato. (Proclus,
ad Plat. , Tim. , p. 24. ) A certain Marco] 1 us related
a similar tradition ? with that of Plato (h toic AlOtorrt-
ioic apud Prod. , lib. 1, p. 155). According to this
writer there -were seven islands in the Atlantic Ocean
sacred to Proserpina; of these, three were of a very
large size, and the inhabitants had a tradition among
them that these were originally one large island, which
had ruled over all the rest. --Nor have modern theo-
rists been inactive on this captivating subject. Rud-
beck, with great learning, labours to prove that the
Atlantis of the ancients was Sweden, and that the Ro-
mans, Greeks, English, Danes, and Germans origina-
ted from Sweden. His work, entitled Allantica (At-
tend etler Manhcim), is in Latin and Swedish, and is
a typographic rarity. The first edition appeared in
1675-79, at Upsal. Several editions of it followed.
The last Latin edition is of 1699, and bears a high
price. Written copies of it are in several European
libraries. --Bailly, well known by his history of As-
? ? tronomy, places Atlantis and the cradle of the human
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? ATL
ATLAS.
of mountains. (Lyelts Geology, vol. 4, p. 308, Ijmd.
ed. ) If Geology can furnish us with such facts as
these, it may surely be pardonable in us to linger
with something of fond belief around the legend of
Atlantis; a legend that could hardly be the mere off-
spring of a poetic imagination, but must have had some
foundation in truth. Nor will it appear surprising if
some of the learned, in the ardour of theorizing, have
actually constructed maps of the position of this isl-
and. Among the number of these we may mention
De Lisle and Durcau de la Malle, but more particu-
larly Bory de St. Vincent, in his Essai sur les Isles
Fort, et Vantique Atlantide (Paris, an xi. , 4to). Carli
also, in the second volume of his work, already refer-
red to, gives maps representing what he terms flats and
shallows (seches et bos fonds) between America and
Africa, in the vicinity of the equator, and also in the
neighbourhood of the Cape de Verd Islands. (Com-
pare his remarks on this subject, vol. 2, p. 225, seqq. )
--It has been thought by some, but very erroneously,
that the account given in Diodorus Siculus may have
reference to some island, now submerged, of the lost
Atlantic group. This writer speaks of an island sit-
uate at a distance in the Atlantic Ocean, and remark-
able for its beauty, to which the Carthaginians had re-
solved to transfer the seat of their republic in case of
any irreparable disaster at home. Aristotle had already,
before Diodorus, made mention of a similar island, the
charms of which had attracted many of the Carthagin-
ians to it, until the senate at home forbade any person
from going to it under pain of death. (Arist. de Mtrab. ,
c. 85, ed. Beckman. ) The reference here, however, is
probably to one of the Canaries. --Before quitting this
subject, it may not be amiss to give the description of
Atlantis, as handed down to us by the ancient writers.
Though a mcro picture of the imagination, it will
nevertheless serve to show the opinion entertained on
this subject by the poetic minds of antiquity. Ac-
cording to this account, the isle of Atlantis was one
of the finest and most productive countries in the uni-
verse. It produced abundance of wine, grain, and the
most exquisite fruits. Here were seen wide-spread
forests, extensive pasture-grounds, mines of various
metals, hot and mineral springs; in a word, whatever
could contribute to the necessities or comforts of life.
Here commerce flourished under a most excellent sys-
tem of government. The island, divided into ten
kingdoms, was governed by as many kings, all de-
scendants of Neptune, and who lived in perfect har-
mony with each other, though severally independent.
Atlantis had numerous and splendid cities, together
with a large number of rich and populous villages. Its
harbours beheld the produce of almost every country
wafted to them; and they were strengthened with for-
tifications, and supplied with arsenals containing every-
thing calculated for the construction and equipment of
navies. Neptune was not only the progenitor and le-
gislator, but also the principal divinity of the people
of Atlantis. He had a temple in this island, a stadium
in length, and ornamented with gold, silver, orichal-
chum, and ivory. Among various statues with which
it was adorned, was seen that of the god himself, which
Was of gold, and so high that it touched the ceiling.
He was represented as standing in a chariot, and hold-
ing the reins of his winged steed. Such were some
of the bright visions of former days respecting the lost
island of Atlantis. {Plato, Crttias, p. 114, seqq. --
? ? ed. Bip. , vol. 10, p. 51, seqq. )
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? ATLAS.
desert of Sahara . - the Lesser Atlas extends from Ma-
roeco towards the northeast to the northern coast.
The great height of Mount Atlas is proved by the
perpetual snows which cover its summits in the cast
part of Marocco, under the latitude of 32? . Accord-
ing to Humboldt's principles, these summits must be
12. 000 feet above the level of the sea. Leo Afri-
nnui, who travelled here in the month of October,
narrowly escaped being buried in an avalanche of
snow. In the state of Algiers, the snow disappears on
the tops of Jurjura. and of Felizia in the month of
May, and covers them again before the end of Sep-
tember. The Wanashiszo, situated in 30? 55', and
forming an intermediate chain between the maritime
one and that of the interior, is covered with a mantle
of snow nearly the -whole of tho year. The fertility
of the region of Atlas is celebrated by Strabo. and
Pliny. The latter (16, 18) extols its figs, olives,
corn, and valuable woods. (Id. , 17, 12. --Id. . 18, 7.
--Id. . 13, 15. ) He observes, that the wines had a
certain sharpness, which was corrected by adding to
them a little plaster (. Id. , 14, 0), and says that the
vineyards had a northern and western exposure. (Id.
been private secretary to Alexander, and had also led
for some time an ascetic life with the renowned an-
chorite St. Anthony. Alexander had also taken him
to the council at Nice, where he gained the highest
esteem of the fathers by the talent which he dis-
played in the Arian controversy. He had a great
share in the decrees passed here, and thereby drew
on himself the hatred of the Arians. On his ad-
vancement to the prelacy he dedicated all his time
and talents to the defence of the doctrine of the Trini-
ty, and resolutely refused the request of Constantine
for the restoration of Arius to the Catholic communion.
In revenge for this refusal, the Arian party brought
several accusations against him before the emperor.
Of these he was acquitted in the first instance;
but, on a new charge of having detained ships at Alex-
andrea, laden with corn for Constantinople, either from
conviction or policy, he was found guilty and banished
to Gaul. Here he remained an exile eighteen months,
or, as some accounts say, upward of two years, his see
in the mean time being unoccupied. On the death of
Constantine he was recalled, and restored to his func-
tions by Constantius; but the Arian party made new
complaints against him, and he was condemned by 90
Arian bishops assembled at Antioch. On the opposite
side, 100 orthodox bishops, assembled at Alexandrea,
? ? declared him innocent; and Pope Julius confirmed
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? ATHEN. E.
ATHEX. E.
Ceeropia. from Cccrops ; and finally Athena by Ercc-
thonius. from its being under the protecton of Minerva
or Athene (' Kdijuq). A distinction was also mado be-
tween the ancient city on the rock and the part subse-
quently added in the plain. The former, the primitive
Ceeropia, was called, from its situation, tj uvu voXic,
or 'AKpd770? uc, "the upper city," where afterward
stood the Parthenon, and other splendid edifices;
the buildings in the plain, where eventually Athens
itself stood, were termed 17 kutu iroXic, "the low-
er city. " (Compare, as regards the various names
given to this citv, Slepk. Byzant. , s. v. Kpaviin. --
)N>>n. , 7, 56. -- Kruse. Hellas, vol. 2, p. 77. ) --The
Acropolis was sixty stadia in circumference. We
have little or no information respecting the size of
Athens under its earliest kings; it is generally sup-
posed, however, that, even as late as the time of The-
seus, the town was almost entirely confined to the
Acropolis and the adjoining Hill of Mars. Subsequent-
ly to the Trojan war, it appears to have been increased
considerably, both in population and extent, since Ho-
mer applies to it the epithets of einTtpevoc and evpv-
ayvtoc- The improvements continued, probably, du-
ring the reign of Pisistratus, and, as it was able to
stand a siege against the Lacedemonians under his son
Hippias, it must evidently have possessed walls and
fortifications of sufficient height and strength to ensure
its safety. The invasion of Xerxes, and the subse-
quent irruption of Manlonius, effected the entire de-
struction of the ancient city, and reduced it to a heap
of ruins, with the exception only of such temples and
buildings as wore enabled, from the solidity of materi-
als, to resist the action of fire and the work of demoli-
tion. When, however, the battles of Salamis, Platea,
and Mycale had averted all danger of invasion, Athens,
restored to peace and security, soon rose from its state
of ruin and desolation; and, having been furnished by
the prudent foresight and energetic conduct of The-
mistocles with the military works requisite for its de-
fence, it attained, under the subsequent administrations
of Cimon and Pericles, to the highest pitch of beauty,
magnificence, and strength. The former is known to
have erected the temple of Theseus, the Dionysiac
theatre, the Stoae or porticoes, and Gymnasium, and
also to have embellished the Academy, the Agora, and
other parts of the city at his own expense. (Pint. , Vtt.
Cimon ) Pericles completed the fortifications which
had been left in an unfinished state by Themistocles
and Cimon; he likewise built several edifices destroy-
ed by the Persians, and to him his country was in-
debted for the temple of Eleusis, the Parthenon, and
the Propylsea, the most magnificent buildings, not of
Attica only, but of the world. It was in the time of
Pericles that Athens attained the summit of its beauty
and prosperity, hoth with respect to the power of the
republic and the extent and magnificence of the archi-
tectural decorations with which the capital was adorn-
ed. At this period, the whole of Athens, with its three
ports of Pirssus, Munychia, and Phalerus, connected
by means of the celebrated long walls, formed one great
"ity, enclosed within avast peribolus of massive forti-
fications. The wrhole of this circumference, as we col-
lect from Thucy Willi's, was not less than 124 stadia.
Of these, forty-three must be allotted to the circuit of
the city itself; the long walls, taken together, supply
twenty-five, and the remaining fifty-six are furnished
by the peribolus of the three harbours. Xenophon re-
? ? ports that Athens contained more than 10,000 houses,
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? ATHEN. E.
ATH
makes it appear probable, that, in the time of Pausa-
nias, many monuments were extant which belonged
to the period before the Persian war; because so tran-
sitory a possession as Xerxes had of the city scarcely
gave him time to finish the destruction of the walls
and principal public edifices. In the restoration of the
city to its former state, Themistocles looked more to
the useful, Cimon to magnificence and splendour;
and Pericles far surpassed them both in his buildings.
The great supply of money which he had from the
tribute of the other states belonged to no succeeding
ruler. Athens, at length, saw much of her ancient
splendour restored; but, unluckily, Attica was not an
island: and, after the sources of power, which be-
longed to the fruitful and extensive country of Mace-
donia, were developed by an able and enlightened
prince, the opposing interests of many free states
could not long withstand the disciplined army of a
warlike people, led by an active, able, and ambitious
monarch. When Sylla destroyed the works of the
Piraeus, the power of Athens by sea was at an end,
and with that fell the whole city. Flattered by the
triumvirate, favoured by Hadrian's love of the arts,
Athens was at no time so splendid as under the Anto-
nincs, when the magnificent works of from eight to
ten centuries stood in view, and the edifices of Peri-
cles were in equal preservation with the new build-
ings. Plutarch himself wonders how the structures
of Ictinus, of Mcnesicles and Phidias, which were
built with such surprising rapidity, could retain such a
perpetual freshness. The most correct criticism on
the accounts of Greece by Pausanias and Strabo is
in Leake. Probably Pausanias saw Greece yet un-
plundered. The Romans, from a reverence towards
a religion approaching so nearly to their own, and
wishing to conciliate a people more cultivated than
themselves, were ashamed to rob temples where the
master-pieces of art were kept as sacred, and were sat-
isfied with a tribute in money, although in Sicily they
did not abstain from the plunder of the temples, on
account of the prevalence of the Carthaginian and
Phoenician influence in tho island. Pictures, even in
the time of Pausanias, may have been left in their
places. The wholesale robberies of collectors; the
removal of great quantities of the works of art to Con-
stantinople, when the creation of new specimens was
no longer possible; Christian zeal, and the attacks of
barbarians, destroyed, after a time, in Athens, what
the emperors had spared. We have reason to think,
that the colossal statue of Minerva Promachos was
standing in the time of Alaric. About 420 AD. pa-
ganism was totally annihilated at Athens; and, when
Justinian closed even the schools of the philosophers,
the recollections of the mythology were lost. The
Parthenon was turned into a church of the Virgin
Mary, and St. George stepped into the place of The-
seus. The manufacture of silk, which had hitherto
remained, was destroyed by the transportation of a
colony of weavers, by Roger of Sicily; and in 1456
the place fell into the hands of Omar. To complete
its degradation, the city of Minerva obtained the privi-
lege (an enviable one in the East) of being governed
by a black eunuch as an appendage to tne harem.
The Parthenon became a mosque, and, at the west
end of the Acropolis, those alterations were com-
menced which the new discovery of artillery then
made necessary. In 1687, at the siege of Athens by
? ? the Venetians under Morosini, it appears that the tem-
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? ATHEN. EUS.
ATHEN. EUS.
imphitheatres. (Lampnd. in Altx. Sen. , c 35--Au-; the Archbishop of Thessalonica appears nn,? , . ? .
rcl. tut. , <U Co*. , c. H. -FoTCtlUm, Lex. Tot. Lot. , seen the entire work, but to have made u,^ 1^'
| ome, the stores of his erudition would be S'/'
reduced ,f he were compelled to make restZ? "''?
t. *. )
Athek^ob, I. a native of Naucratis in Egypt, and
the author of a very interesting compilation, entitled
Deipnosopkistac (AtinvoaoQusrai, "the learned men
at supper"), from which the moderns have derived a
large portion of their knowledge respecting the private
life of tho ancient Greeks. He declares himself to
have been a little later than the poet Oppian; and, as
that writer dedicates his Halieutics to the Emperor
Caracalla, the age of Athensus may be fixed at the
beginning of the third century of the Christian era.
The professed object of Athensus was to detail to his
contemporaries the convivial antiquities of their an-
cestors, and he has chosen to convey his information
in the form of a dialogue as the most convenient and
amusing. The plan of the work is as follows: A con-
siderable number of learned men, among whom we find
the celebrated Galen, assemble at the table of La-
rensius, a liberal and wealthy Roman, where they be-
stow as large a portion of erudition on every part of
their entertainment as the memory or commonplace-
book of the author could supply. So much of the
business of human life is connected, mediately or im-
mediately, with eating and drinking, that it does not
require any great share of ingenuity to introduce into
a work of so miscellaneous a nature much useful and
curious information, which, at first sight, does not ap-
pear to be very closely connected with tho science
of cookery. "Accordingly," says the author of the
Epitome, " we find disquisitions on fish of every sort,
together with potherbs and poultry; not to mention
historians, poets, and philosophers; likewise a great
variety of musical instruments. , witty sayings, and
drinking vessels; royal magnificence, ships of prodi-
gious magnitude, and many other articles too tedious
to mention. " Although this kind of conversation
bears no very strong resemblance to the dying specu-
lations of Socrates on the immortality of the soul, our
author has selected the Phsdo of Plato for his proto-
type, and has borrowed the beginning of that dialogue,
with no alteration, except the substitution of the
names of Trmocrates and Athensus for those of Ech-
ecratea and Phasdo. A strong objection to the dra-
matic form which the work assumes, arises from tho
impossibility of collecting the productions of all the
different seasons at one banquet. The author seems
to suppose that an astonished fishmonger might ex-
claim, in the words of Theocritus, 'AAAi rd uh> Mp-
eoc, rd. 61 yiyvcjcu tv xei/iuvi. The loss of the two
first books renders us unable to judgo how far he waB
able to palliate this palpable absurdity. Tho most
valuable part of the work is the large quantity of quo-
tations which it presents from authors whoso writings
no longer exist The Athenian comic poets af-
forded an ample store of materials, and Athensus
seems to have been by no means sparing in the use
of them. Many of the extracts from their works,
which he has inserted in his own, are highly inter-
esting; and the mass is so considerable, as far to
exceed in bulk all that can be collected from every
other Greek or Latin writer. The number of theatri-
cal pieces which he appears to have consulted was
probably not less than two thousand. The middle
? ? comedy furnished him with eight hundred. --The com-
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? ATH
ATI
tisc on Machines of War (irepl Mtixaitiuilnrv), ad-
dressed to Marcellus. ThiB Marcellus is generally
supposed to be the same with the conqueror of Syra-
cuse. Schwcighaeuser, however, is of a different opin-
ion (ad Athen. , vol. 1, p. 637). His work is con-
tained in the collection of Thevenot. (Schbll, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 367. )--III. A celebrated physician,
born at Attalia in Pamphylia, and who flourished at
Rome 50 A. D. He separated the Materia Medica
from Therapeutics. He treated also, with great care,
of Dietetics. Of his numerous writings only a few
chapters remain in the collection of Oribasius. (Schbll,
Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 5, p. 343. )
Athenagoras, a Platonising father of the church,
the author of an " Apology for Christians," and of a
treatise "On the Resurrection of the Body. " It appears
from his writings that he was a native of Athens, and
that he passed his youth among the philosophers of his
time. He flourished towards the close of the second
century. After he became a convert to Christianity,
he still retained the name and habit of a philosopher,
probably in expectation of gaining greater credit to the
Christian doctrine among the unconverted heathen.
In his Apology he judiciously explains the notions of
the Stoics and Peripatetics concerning God and divine
things, and exposes with great accuracy and strength
of reasoning their respective errors. He frequently
supports his arguments by the authority of Plato, and
discovers much partiality for his system. In what he
advances concerning God, and the Logos or Divine
Reason, he evidently mixes the dogmas of paganism
with the doctrines of Christianity. His two works are
contained in the editions of the Greek fathers by
Obcrthur (Wiirceb. , 1777, vol. 3) and Gallaud (vol.
3, p. 3). There are also separate editions of each,
and Latin, French, Italian, and English translations,
to say nothing of numerous works illustrating his wri-
tings. (Consult Hoffmann, Lex. Bibi, vol. I, p. 427,
leqq. )--The romance of Theagcnes and Charis is er-
roneously ascribed to him. This romance was the
production of a Frenchman named Martin Fumee. It
was published in 1599 and 1612, in French, and pur-
ported to be a translation from a Greek manuscript
brought from the East. No such manuscript ever ex-
isted. (Fabric, BM. Gr. , vol. 6, p. 800, seqq. )
Athenion, I. a peripatetic philosopher, 108 B. C.
--II. A painter, bom at Maronca, and who flourished
about 300 B. C. Pliny enumerates several of his pro-
ductions, and adds, that, had he not died young, he
would have stood at the head of his profession (35, 11).
Athenodorus, I. a philosopher, born at Cana, near
Tarsus in Cilicia. He lived at Rome, in the reign of
Augustus, and on account of his learning, wisdom,
and moderation, was highly esteemed by that emperor.
His opinion and advice had great weight with the mon-
arch, and are said to have led him into a milder plan
of government than he had at first adopted.
Athenodo-
tus obtained, for the inhabitants of Tarsus, relief from
a part of the burden of taxes which had been imposed
upon them, and was on this account honoured with an
annual festival. He was intrusted by Augustus with
the education of the young prince Claudius; and, that
he might the more successfully execute his charge, his
illustrious pupil became for a while a resident at his
house. This philosopher retired in his old age to Tar-
sus, where he died in his 82d year. (Fabric, BM.
Gr. , vol. 7, p. 391. -- Zosim. , 1, 6. -- Sutton. , Vit.
? ? Claud. , c. 4. --Enfield's Hut. Pkilos. , vol. 2, p. 109. )
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? ATLANTI9.
ileg-es of a senator, and the right of sitting in the sen-
ate. (Aul. Cell. , 14, 8. )
Ath! <<tK8, a. people of Africa, the more correct
name of whom was Atarantes. (Vid. Atarantes. )
Atlihtudes, a patronymic of Mercury, as grand-
son of Atlas. (Ovid, Met. , 1, 639. )
AtlistIdes, a name given to the daughters of At-
las. They were divided into the Hyades and Plei-
ades. ( Vid. Atlas, Hyades, and Pleiades. )
Atlajctis, a celebrated island, supposed to have
existed at a very early period in the Atlantic Ocean,
and to have been eventually sunk beneath its waves.
Plato is the first that gives an account of it, and he
:>bt. ained his information from the priests of Egypt.
(Plat. , Titnaus, p. 24, seqq. , ed. Bip. , vol. 9, p. 296,
*~1<J---W- Crieias, p. 108, seqq. , ed. Bip. , vol. 10, p.
39>> 43-) The statement which he furnishes is as fol-
lows: Tn the Atlantic Ocean, over against the Pillars
of Hercules, lay an island larger than Asia and Africa
taken together, and in its vicinity were other islands,
from which there was a passage to a large continent
lying beyond. The Mediterranean, compared with the
ocean in 'which these lands were situated, resembled
a mere harbour with a narrow entrance. Nine thou-
sand years before the time of Plato, this island of At-
lantis was both thickly settled and very powerful. Its
sway extended over Africa as far as Egypt, and over
Europe as far as the Tyrrhenian Sea. The farther
progress of its conquests, however, was checked by
the Athenians, who, partly with the other Greeks,
partly by themselves, succeeded in defeating these
powerful invaders, the natives of Atlantis. After this
a violent earthquake, which lasted for the space of a
t! tv and night, and was accompanied with inundations
of the sea, caused the islands to sink, and, for a long
period subsequent to this, the sea in this quarter was
impassable, by reason of the slime and shoals. --Thus
much for the narrative of Plato. A dispute arose
Knonj the ancient philosophers and naturalists, wheth-
er this statement was based upon reality, or was a
mere creation of fancy. Posidonius thought it wor-
thy of belief. (Slrabo, \02. -- Epit. , 1, p. 11, cd.
Muds') Pliny remains undecided (2, 92. -- Com-
pare Ammian. MarctU. , 17, 7. -- Tcrtull. , de Pallio,
ed. Op. , Antverp, 1584, p. 6. -- Id. , Apolog. adv.
ge/Ues, p. 82, c. 40. -- Philo, quod mund. sit. incor-
rupt. , p. 963). From other wnters we have short no-
tices, which merely show how many various interpre-
tations were given to the passage in Plato. (Proclus,
ad Plat. , Tim. , p. 24. ) A certain Marco] 1 us related
a similar tradition ? with that of Plato (h toic AlOtorrt-
ioic apud Prod. , lib. 1, p. 155). According to this
writer there -were seven islands in the Atlantic Ocean
sacred to Proserpina; of these, three were of a very
large size, and the inhabitants had a tradition among
them that these were originally one large island, which
had ruled over all the rest. --Nor have modern theo-
rists been inactive on this captivating subject. Rud-
beck, with great learning, labours to prove that the
Atlantis of the ancients was Sweden, and that the Ro-
mans, Greeks, English, Danes, and Germans origina-
ted from Sweden. His work, entitled Allantica (At-
tend etler Manhcim), is in Latin and Swedish, and is
a typographic rarity. The first edition appeared in
1675-79, at Upsal. Several editions of it followed.
The last Latin edition is of 1699, and bears a high
price. Written copies of it are in several European
libraries. --Bailly, well known by his history of As-
? ? tronomy, places Atlantis and the cradle of the human
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? ATL
ATLAS.
of mountains. (Lyelts Geology, vol. 4, p. 308, Ijmd.
ed. ) If Geology can furnish us with such facts as
these, it may surely be pardonable in us to linger
with something of fond belief around the legend of
Atlantis; a legend that could hardly be the mere off-
spring of a poetic imagination, but must have had some
foundation in truth. Nor will it appear surprising if
some of the learned, in the ardour of theorizing, have
actually constructed maps of the position of this isl-
and. Among the number of these we may mention
De Lisle and Durcau de la Malle, but more particu-
larly Bory de St. Vincent, in his Essai sur les Isles
Fort, et Vantique Atlantide (Paris, an xi. , 4to). Carli
also, in the second volume of his work, already refer-
red to, gives maps representing what he terms flats and
shallows (seches et bos fonds) between America and
Africa, in the vicinity of the equator, and also in the
neighbourhood of the Cape de Verd Islands. (Com-
pare his remarks on this subject, vol. 2, p. 225, seqq. )
--It has been thought by some, but very erroneously,
that the account given in Diodorus Siculus may have
reference to some island, now submerged, of the lost
Atlantic group. This writer speaks of an island sit-
uate at a distance in the Atlantic Ocean, and remark-
able for its beauty, to which the Carthaginians had re-
solved to transfer the seat of their republic in case of
any irreparable disaster at home. Aristotle had already,
before Diodorus, made mention of a similar island, the
charms of which had attracted many of the Carthagin-
ians to it, until the senate at home forbade any person
from going to it under pain of death. (Arist. de Mtrab. ,
c. 85, ed. Beckman. ) The reference here, however, is
probably to one of the Canaries. --Before quitting this
subject, it may not be amiss to give the description of
Atlantis, as handed down to us by the ancient writers.
Though a mcro picture of the imagination, it will
nevertheless serve to show the opinion entertained on
this subject by the poetic minds of antiquity. Ac-
cording to this account, the isle of Atlantis was one
of the finest and most productive countries in the uni-
verse. It produced abundance of wine, grain, and the
most exquisite fruits. Here were seen wide-spread
forests, extensive pasture-grounds, mines of various
metals, hot and mineral springs; in a word, whatever
could contribute to the necessities or comforts of life.
Here commerce flourished under a most excellent sys-
tem of government. The island, divided into ten
kingdoms, was governed by as many kings, all de-
scendants of Neptune, and who lived in perfect har-
mony with each other, though severally independent.
Atlantis had numerous and splendid cities, together
with a large number of rich and populous villages. Its
harbours beheld the produce of almost every country
wafted to them; and they were strengthened with for-
tifications, and supplied with arsenals containing every-
thing calculated for the construction and equipment of
navies. Neptune was not only the progenitor and le-
gislator, but also the principal divinity of the people
of Atlantis. He had a temple in this island, a stadium
in length, and ornamented with gold, silver, orichal-
chum, and ivory. Among various statues with which
it was adorned, was seen that of the god himself, which
Was of gold, and so high that it touched the ceiling.
He was represented as standing in a chariot, and hold-
ing the reins of his winged steed. Such were some
of the bright visions of former days respecting the lost
island of Atlantis. {Plato, Crttias, p. 114, seqq. --
? ? ed. Bip. , vol. 10, p. 51, seqq. )
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? ATLAS.
desert of Sahara . - the Lesser Atlas extends from Ma-
roeco towards the northeast to the northern coast.
The great height of Mount Atlas is proved by the
perpetual snows which cover its summits in the cast
part of Marocco, under the latitude of 32? . Accord-
ing to Humboldt's principles, these summits must be
12. 000 feet above the level of the sea. Leo Afri-
nnui, who travelled here in the month of October,
narrowly escaped being buried in an avalanche of
snow. In the state of Algiers, the snow disappears on
the tops of Jurjura. and of Felizia in the month of
May, and covers them again before the end of Sep-
tember. The Wanashiszo, situated in 30? 55', and
forming an intermediate chain between the maritime
one and that of the interior, is covered with a mantle
of snow nearly the -whole of tho year. The fertility
of the region of Atlas is celebrated by Strabo. and
Pliny. The latter (16, 18) extols its figs, olives,
corn, and valuable woods. (Id. , 17, 12. --Id. . 18, 7.
--Id. . 13, 15. ) He observes, that the wines had a
certain sharpness, which was corrected by adding to
them a little plaster (. Id. , 14, 0), and says that the
vineyards had a northern and western exposure. (Id.
