No More Learning

Johansen is asleep, and making the hut resound. I am glad
his mother cannot see him now. She would certainly pity her
boy, so black and grimy and ragged as he is, with sooty streaks
all over his face. But wait, only wait! She shall have him
again, safe and sound and fresh and rosy.
Wednesday, January 8th. - Last night the wind blew the
sledge to which our thermometer was hanging, out over the slope.
Stormy weather outside-furious weather, almost taking away
your breath if you put your head out. We lie here trying to
sleep sleep the time away. But we cannot always do it. Oh,
those long sleepless nights when you turn from side to side, kick
your feet to put a little warmth into them, and wish for only.
one thing in the world-sleep! The thoughts are constantly
busy with everything at home; but the long, heavy body lies
here trying in vain to find an endurable position among the
rough stones. However, time crawls on, and now little Liv's
birthday has come. She is three years old to-day, and must be
a big girl now. Poor little thing! You don't miss your father
now, and next birthday I shall be with you, I hope. What good
friends we shall be! You shall ride a-cockhorse, and I will tell
you stories from the north about bears, foxes, walruses, and all
the strange animals up there in the ice. No, I can't bear to
think of it.
-
Saturday, February 1st. -Here I am down with the rheuma-
tism. Outside it is growing gradually lighter day by day; the
sky above the glaciers in the south grows redder, until at last
one day the sun will rise above the crest, and our last winter


## p. 10560 (#432) ##########################################

10560
FRIDTJOF NANSEN
night be past. Spring is coming! I have often thought spring
sad. Was it because it vanished so quickly, because it carried
promises that summer never fulfilled? But there is no sadness in
this spring: its promises will be kept; it would be too cruel if
they were not.
It was a strange existence, lying thus in a hut underground
the whole winter through, without a thing to turn one's hand to.
How we longed for a book! How delightful our life on board the
Fram appeared, when we had the whole library to fall back upon!
We would often tell each other how beautiful this sort of life
would have been, after all, if we had only had anything to read.
Johansen always spoke with a sigh of Heyse's novels: he had
specially liked those on board, and he had not been able to finish
the last one he was reading. The little readable matter which
was to be found in our navigation table and almanac, I had read
so many times already that I knew it almost by heart- all about
the Norwegian royal family, all about persons apparently drowned,
and all about self-help for fishermen. Yet it was always a com-
fort to see these books: the sight of the printed letters gave one
a feeling that there was, after all, a little bit of the civilized man
left. All that we really had to talk about had long ago been
thoroughly thrashed out, and indeed there were not many thoughts
of common interest that we had not exchanged. The chief pleas-
ure left to us was to picture to each other how we should make
up next winter at home for everything we had missed during
our sojourn here. We felt that we should have learned for good
and all to set store by all the good things of life,- such as food,
drink, clothes, shoes, house, home, good neighbors, and all the
rest of it. Frequently we occupied ourselves, too, in calculating
how far the Fram could have drifted, and whether there was any
possibility of her getting home to Norway before us. It seemed
a safe assumption that she might drift out into the sea between
Spitzbergen and Greenland next summer or autumn, and prob-
ability seemed to point to her being in Norway in August or
September. But there was just the possibility that she might
arrive earlier in the summer; or on the other hand, we might
not reach home until later in the autumn. This was the great
question to which we could give no certain answer; and we re-
flected with sorrow that she might perhaps get home first. What
would our friends then think about us? Scarcely any one would
have the least hope of seeing us again, not even our comrades
-


## p. 10561 (#433) ##########################################

FRIDTJOF NANSEN
10561
on board the Fram. It seemed to us, however, that this could
scarcely happen: we could not but reach home in July, and it
was hardly to be expected that the Fram could be free from the
ice so early in the summer.
THE JOURNEY SOUTHWARD
From 'Farthest North. ' Copyright 1897, by Harper & Brothers
ON
N FRIDAY, June 12th, we started again at 4 A. M. with sails
on our sledges. There had been frost, so the snow was in
much better condition again. It had been very windy in
the night, too, so we hoped for a good day. On the preceding
day it had cleared up so that we could at last see distinctly the
lands around. We now discovered that we must steer in a more
westerly direction than we had done during the preceding days,
in order to reach the south point of the land to the west. The
lands to the east disappeared eastward, so we had said good-by
to them the day before. We now saw, too, that there was a
broad sound in the land to the west, and that it was one entire
land, as we had taken it to be. The land north of this sound
was now so far away that I could only just see it. In the mean
time the wind had dropped a good deal; the ice, too, became
more and more uneven,—it was evident that we had come to the
drift ice, and it was much harder work than we had expected.
We could see by the air that there must be open water to the
south; and as we went on we heard, to our joy, the sound of
breakers.
At 6 A. M. we stopped to rest a little; and on going up on
to a hummock to take a longitude observation, I saw the water
not far off. From a higher piece of glacier ice we could see it
better. It extended towards the promontory to the southwest.
Even though the wind had become a little westerly now, we still
hoped to be able to sail along the edge of the ice, and deter-
mined to go to the water by the shortest way. We were quickly
at the edge of the ice, and once more saw the blue water spread
out before us. We soon had our kayaks lashed together and
the sail up, and put to sea. Nor were our hopes disappointed:
we sailed well all day long. At times the wind was so strong
that we cut through the water, and the waves washed unpleas-
antly over our kayaks; but we got on, and we had to put up with
XVIII-661


## p. 10562 (#434) ##########################################

10562
FRIDTJOF NANSEN
being a little wet. We soon passed the point we had been mak-
ing for; and here we saw that the land ran westward, that the
edge of the unbroken shore ice extended in the same direction,
and that we had water in front of us. In good spirits, we sailed
westward along the margin of the ice. So we were at last at
the south of the land in which we had been wandering for so
long, and where we had spent a long winter. It struck me more
than ever that in spite of everything, this south coast would
agree well with Leigh Smith's map of Franz Josef Land and the
country surrounding their winter quarters; but then I remem-
bered Payer's map and dismissed the thought.
In the evening we put in to the edge of the ice, so as to
stretch our legs a little; they were stiff with sitting in the kayak
all day, and we wanted to get a little view over the water to the
west by ascending a hummock. As we went ashore the question
arose as to how we should moor our precious vessel. "Take one
of the braces," said Johansen: he was standing on the ice.
"But
is it strong enough? " "Yes," he answered: "I have used it as
a halyard on my sledge sail all the time. " "Oh, well, it doesn't
require much to hold these light kayaks," said I, a little ashamed
of having been so timid; and I moored them with the halyard,
which was a strap cut from a raw walrus-hide. We had been on
the ice a little while, moving up and down close to the kayaks.
The wind had dropped considerably, and seemed to be more
westerly, making it doubtful whether we could make use of it
any longer; and we went up on to a hummock close by to ascer-
tain this better. As we stood there, Johansen suddenly cried, “I
say! the kayaks are adrift! " We ran down as hard as we could.
They were already a little way out, and were drifting quickly
off; the painter had given way. "Here, take my watch! " I said
to Johansen, giving it to him; and as quickly as possible I threw
off some clothing, so as to be able to swim more easily. I did
not dare to take everything off, as I might so easily get cramp.
I sprang into the water; but the wind was off the ice, and the
light kayaks, with their high rigging, gave it a good hold. They
were already well out, and were drifting rapidly. The water was
icy cold; it was hard work swimming with clothes on; and the
kayaks drifted farther and farther, often quicker than I could
swim. It seemed more than doubtful whether I could manage it.
But all our hope was drifting there; all we possessed was on
board- we had not even a knife with us: and whether I got


## p. 10563 (#435) ##########################################

FRIDTJOF NANSEN
10563
cramp and sank here, or turned back without the kayaks, it
would come to pretty much the same thing; so I exerted myself
to the utmost.
When I got tired I turned over and swam on my back, and
then I could see Johansen walking restlessly up and down on the
ice. Poor lad! He could not stand still, and thought it dreadful
not to be able to do anything. He had not much hope that I
could do it, but it would not improve matters in the least if he
threw himself into the water too. He said afterwards that these
were the worst moments he had ever lived through. But when
I turned over again and saw that I was nearer the kayaks, my
courage rose, and I redoubled my exertions. I felt, however,
that my limbs were gradually stiffening and losing all feeling,
and I knew that in a short time I should not be able to move
them. But there was not far to go now; if I could only hold
out a little longer we should be saved-and I went on. The
strokes became more and more feeble, but the distance became
shorter and shorter, and I began to think I should reach the
kayaks. At last I was able to stretch out my hand to the snow-
shoe which lay across the sterns. I grasped it, pulled myself in
to the edge of the kayak—and we were saved!
I tried to pull myself up, but the whole of my body was so
stiff with cold that this was an impossibility. For a moment I
thought that after all, it was too late: I was to get so far, but
not be able to get in. After a little, however, I managed to
swing one leg up on to the edge of the sledge which lay on the
deck, and in this way managed to tumble up. There I sat, but
so stiff with cold that I had difficulty in paddling. Nor was it
easy to paddle in the double vessel, where I first had to take
one or two strokes on one side, and then step into the other
kayak to take a few strokes on the other side. If I had been
able to separate them, and row in one while I towed the other,
it would have been easy enough; but I could not undertake that
piece of work, for I should have been stiff before it was done:
the thing to be done was to keep warm by rowing as hard as I
could. The cold had robbed my whole body of feeling; but when
the gusts of wind came, they seemed to go right through me as
I stood there in my thin wet woolen shirt. I shivered, my teeth
chattered, and I was numb almost all over; but I could still use
the paddle, and I should get warm when I got back on to the
ice again.


## p. 10564 (#436) ##########################################

10564
FRIDTJOF NANSEN
Two auks were lying close to the bow, and the thought of
having auk for supper was too tempting: we were in want of
food now.
I got hold of my gun and shot them with one dis-
charge. Johansen said afterwards that he started at the report,
thinking some accident had happened, and could not understand
what I was about out there; but when he saw me paddle and
pick up two birds, he thought I had gone out of my mind. At
last I managed to reach the edge of the ice; but the current had
driven me a long way from our landing-place. Johansen came
along the edge of the ice, jumped into the kayak beside me, and
we soon got back to our place. I was undeniably a good deal
exhausted, and could barely manage to crawl on land. I could
scarcely stand; and while I shook and trembled all over, Johan-
sen had to pull off the wet things I had on, put on the few dry
ones I still had in reserve, and spread the sleeping-bag out upon
the ice. I packed myself well into it, and he covered me with
the sail and everything he could find to keep out the cold air.
There I lay shivering for a long time, but gradually the warmth
began to return to my body. For some time longer, how-
ever, my feet had no more feeling in them than icicles, for they
had been partly naked in the water. While Johansen put up
the tent and prepared supper, consisting of my two auks, I fell
asleep. He let me sleep quietly; and when I awoke, supper had
been ready for some time, and stood simmering over the fire.
Auk and hot soup soon effaced the last traces of my swim.
During the night my clothes were hung out to dry, and the
next day were all nearly dry again.


## p. 10565 (#437) ##########################################

10565
THE NEW TESTAMENT
ITS LITERARY GRANDEUR
BY FREDERICK W. FARRAR
HERE may possibly be some who think that the Bible has
nothing to do with literature, and that it is almost a profa-
nation to regard the New Testament on its literary side.
Certainly this would be a correct view if we pretended to judge
of our sacred books simply from their literary aspect. Wordsworth
professed boundless contempt for the man who could peer and botan-
ize upon his mother's grave; and we should be guilty of a similar
callousness if we were capable of approaching the most sacred utter-
ances in the world exclusively or mainly in the attitude of literary
critics. But the case is widely altered when our sole object is to
find, and to point out, fresh glories and perfectness even in the
human form into which the divinest of all lessons are set before
It is something to observe the glories of the wheels and wings
of the Divine chariot, though they only move as the Spirit moves
them. *
us.
And when we thus approach the subject "with meek heart and
due reverence," there will be real gain in calling attention to the
supremacy of the New Testament even in the points of comparison
which it offers to purely human writings. For after all, the Divine
Word is here also present among us in human form and vesture;
and the highest thoughts of man would never be so penetrating and
diffusive if they were not enshrined in the noblest types of expres-
sion. It was one of the wisest sayings of the Rabbis that "The Law
speaks to us in the tongue of the Sons of Men. " Something would
be lacking to any revelation which proved itself, even in outward
expression, inferior to other human writings. The object of language
is indeed primarily to express thought; and if this be done effectu-
ally, style is a secondary consideration. But words are necessary as
the vehicle of thought; and we should have lost much if, in spite
of the animating spirit, the wheels were cumbrous, and the wings
feeble and broken. Two books may express essentially the same con-
victions, and yet the one may be found dull and repellent, while the
other, by its passionate force or its intrinsic grace and finish, may win
Ezek. i. 20. This chapter was called by the Jews "the chariot » (chagi
gah); cf. xi. 2.


## p. 10566 (#438) ##########################################

10566
THE NEW TESTAMENT
rapturous attention. Great orators-C. J. Fox, for instance - have
sometimes repeated with incomparable effect the very arguments
which they borrowed exclusively from previous speakers who-though
with them the materials were original-produced no effect whatever.
The force of this consideration was keenly felt by Father Faber,
when he became a Romanist, and had to give up our Authorized
Version for the Vulgate and the Douai Bible.
"Who will not say," he asks, "that the uncommon beauty and marvelous
English of the Protestant Bible is not one of the great strongholds of heresy
in this country? It lives on the ear like a music which can never be forgot-
ten-like the sound of church bells which the convert hardly knows how he
can forego. Its felicities often seem to be almost things rather than mere
words. It is part of the national mind and the anchor of national seriousness.
The power of all the griefs and trials of man is hidden beneath its words.
In the length and breadth of the land there is not a Protestant, with one
spark of seriousness about him, whose spiritual biography is not in his Saxon
Bible. »
Now, it is an additional proof that the spirit of man, which speaks
to us through the pages of the New Testament, is indeed also the
Spirit of the Lord, and that the breath and pure effluence of the
Almighty gave inspiration to its writers, if we can show that the same
consummate qualities are found in its modes of utterance as in its
essential messages.
It might be supposed that the literary glory of the New Testa-
ment is at once bedimmed by the fact that the dialect in which it is
written is not the perfect Greek of Thucydides and Plato, but a form
of Greek known as "Hellenistic"; that is, Greek spoken by foreign-
ers who acquired it as a secondary language. Hellenistic Greek is a
somewhat decadent form of the old classic language; and it was uni-
versal as a lingua franca, especially round the Mediterranean coasts.
It is not unmixed with Hebraisms; a certain disintegration is perceiv-
able in its grammatical forms; it has lost much of its old synthetic
terseness; it has not all the exquisite nicety and perfection of the
best Attic. Nevertheless one dialect may be less ideally perfect than
another, and yet may be available for purposes s of the loftiest elo-
quence.
The Latin, for instance, of Tertullian and St. Augustine is,
in many respects, inferior as a language to that of Cicero: yet the
treatises of Tertullian glow with a hidden fire of eloquent passion,
which has caused them to be compared to the dark lustre of ebony;
and the exquisite antitheses and images of St. Augustine linger in
the memory more powerfully than the most impassioned appeals of
Tully. Since they had to express new conceptions and ideas, the
Apostles gain rather than lose by their possession of a type of speech,
which, though showing signs of deterioration, had been rendered


## p. 10567 (#439) ##########################################

THE NEW TESTAMENT
10567
plastic for the reception of fresh impressions. The seething ferment
of the new wine could no longer be contained in old bottles, however
perfect their external finish.
In reading the New Testament we have, as in the Old, the wealth
and blessing of variety. We have not the monotonous work of one
mind, as in the Zend-Avesta, the Qu'ran, or the Analects of Confu-
cius. The New Testament writers differed widely from each other.
The Evangelists, even from the days of St. Irenæus, were compared
to "the fourfold-visaged four" of Ezekiel's cherubic chariot: they
were one, yet diverse; and though all moved alike under the impulse
of the Lord of Life, each has his separate semblance and characteris-
tics. St. Matthew, the Galilean publican, sets before us the fulfilled
Messianic Ideal of Olden Prophecy. St. Mark, an inhabitant of Jeru-
salem, the "son" and "interpreter » of St. Peter, is intense, rapid,
concise, and reveals the energetic touches which could only have
come from the Chief Apostle. St. Luke, probably of Gentile birth,
and varied experience, softens his whole picture with the sweetness
and tenderness-the love for the poor, the fondness for childhood,
the passion of humanity, combined with a certain ascetic austerity-
which have earned for his Gospel, even from the French skeptic, the
title of "the most beautiful book in the world. " St. John stamps
on every verse the inimitable individuality of one who was at once
the Son of Thunder and the Apostle of Love; and while he soars
heavenward as on the pinions of a great eagle, "reflecting the sun-
light from every varying plume," he yet recalls the dove who is
"covered with silver wings and her feathers like gold. " From each
Evangelist we derive details of inestimable preciousness; yet only
from the combination of the four can we obtain the perfect picture
which portrays the all-comprehensive and Divine Humanity of the
Son of Man and the Son of God.
When we pass to the remainder of the New Testament, it is no
small gain to us that it mainly consists of epistles. No form of lit-
erature was better calculated, in the Divine economy, to give full
sway to the personal element. - the confidentialness, the yearning
emotion, the spontaneity, the touches of simple, familiar, informal
reality, which enable us to feel that we are in closest contact with
the sacred writers. The unchecked individuality of utterance which
marks an epistle renders it impossible for us to regard the Apostolic
writers as abstractions; it enables us, as it were, to lay our hands
upon their breasts, and to feel the very beating of their hearts. We
are won by the sense that we are listening to the teaching of friends,
not to vague voices in the air. The intensity, for instance, the ex-
quisite sensitiveness, the biographical digressions, the pathetic experi-
ences, the dauntless courage, the yearning for sympathy, the flashes


## p. 10568 (#440) ##########################################

10568
THE NEW TESTAMENT
of emotion which we constantly find in Paul the man, induce us all
the more readily to consider the logic and listen to the arguments
of Paul the thinker, the controversialist, the converted Rabbi, the
former Pharisee, the Preacher of the Gospel. We are charmed at
once by the manly naturalness of St. Peter and the uncompromising
moral forthrightness of St. James. The "brief quivering sentences »
of St. John become more individualistic as they are addressed to
friends and converts; and in the letters of the other writers we feel
that we are not studying dull compendiums of theology, but "the
outpourings of the heart, and the burning messages of prophecy,"
even when they are uttered by fishermen and publicans-by peasants
originally unlettered and untrained in scholastic lore-as with the
"stammering lips of infancy. " And so at last we come to the Apoca-
lypse of St. John; which, though probably one of the earliest of the
Christian writings in date, now shuts up the whole sixty-six books of
Revelation, and the acts of their "stately drama" (as Milton calls it),
"with the sevenfold chorus of Hallelujahs and harping symphonies.
"
And the Apocalypse illustrates in a remarkable manner the fact to
which I have already called attention,- that the loftiest ranges of
human eloquence are not incompatible with the use of inferior dia-
lects; for the language of the Apocalypse exhibits the very worst
Greek in the whole New Testament, the most uncouth, the most
deeply dyed with Hebraisms, and in some instances even the most
glaringly ungrammatical,- and yet many of its paragraphs are of
matchless power and beauty. I once heard the late Lord Tenny-
son dwell on the tremendous impression which we derive from the
words-"And again they said Hallelujah: and her smoke riseth up
for ever and ever. " It may be doubted whether any passage in our
greatest writers can equal the magic and haunting charm of the last
chapter of Revelation, with its lovely opening words:-
"And he shewed me a pure river of Water of Life, clear as crystal, pro-
ceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb. In the midst of the
street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the Tree of Life, which
bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month; and the
leaves of the Tree were for the healing of the nations. »
It is to this element of variety that the New Testament — con-
sidered for the present only in its outward form-owes something of
its universal efficacy. It has everything for some minds, and some-
thing for every mind. The human individuality of the writers was
not extinguished, but only elevated, inspired, intensified, by the inspi-
ration which dilated their ordinary faculties. We have to do with
the writings of men as widely diverse as passionate enthusiasts and


## p. 10569 (#441) ##########################################

THE NEW TESTAMENT
10569
calm reasoners; unlearned fishermen and Alexandrian theologians;
philosophers who deduced truth from argument, and mystics who saw
by intuition; prophets who were enlightened by direct inspiration,
and practical men who learnt by long experience the truths of God.
Touched by one or other of these many fingers, so variously skillful,
our hearts cannot but respond. If St. Paul be too difficult for us,
we have the practical plainness of St. Peter and the uncompromising
ethics of St. James. If St. John soar into an empyrean too spiritual
for our incapacity, we can rejoice in the simple sweetness of St.
Luke.
But what gives fresh force and charm to this marked variety is,
that these diverse minds are nevertheless dominated by an over-
powering unity. They revolve like planets around the attracting
force of one central Sun. Though they are many, they are yet, in
a higher sense, one in Christ; and they all might use the words
which the poet puts into the mouth of St. Paul:
-
"Yea, through life, death, through sorrow and through sinning,
Christ shall suffice me, for he hath sufficed;
Christ is the end, for Christ was the beginning,
Christ the beginning, for the end is Christ. »
-
When we consider what Christ the Lord of Glory was in his
"kenosis,»*—in the "exinanition" of his Eternal Power, when he humil-
iated himself to become man,- - does it add no additional force to the
argument that this Son of Man was in very truth the Son of God,
if we consider the all-penetrative, all-diffusive, all-comprehensive per-
fectness of his words? He said himself, "The words which I speak
unto you, they are spirit and they are life. " Even the officers sent
to arrest him in the Temple were so overawed by his majestic and
thrilling utterance as to return with nothing accomplished, and to
bear to the sacerdotal conspirators of the Sanhedrin the unwilling
testimony, "Never man spake like this man. " I am not now dwelling
on the Divine originality of his revelations, but on the matchless
beauty which lies in their unparalleled compression and simplicity.
There is no phenomenon so striking in all the literature of all the
world. I will not take, by way of specimen, those last discourses to
his loved ones on the night he was betrayed, "so rarely mixed," as
Jeremy Taylor says, "of sorrows and joys, and studded with myster-
ies as with emeralds"; but I will take two brief and familiar speci-
mens of his every-day discourse. One is from the Sermon on the
Mount. "Consider the lilies of the field how they grow: they toil
not, neither do they spin; and yet I say unto you that even Solomon
in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. Wherefore, if God
* Phil. ii. 5-7: ἀλλ᾽ ἑαυτόν ἐκένωσεν.


## p. 10570 (#442) ##########################################

10570
THE NEW TESTAMENT
so clothed the grass of the field which to-day is, and to-morrow is
cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe you, O ye of little
faith? "
Is there a passage like this in all the previous literature of the
whole human race? Observe the unwonted sympathy with the loveli-
ness of the outer world which it conveys. That sympathy was but
very little and very vaguely felt, even by the refined intellects of
exquisite Athens. There is but one brief description of scenery in
all the 'Dialogues' of Plato. It is at the beginning of the 'Phædrus';
and it sounded so odd to the youth to whom Socrates addressed it
as to provoke an expression of amused surprise. * It was Christ who
first taught us to find in the beauty even of little and unnoticed
things a sacrament of goodness, and to read in the flowers a letter
of the very autograph of the love towards us of our Father in
Heaven. Yet in what few and simple words, in what concrete and
homely images, is this instruction - which was to be so prolific here-
after for the happiness of the world-set forth! and how full of
far-reaching and perpetual comfort is the loving tenderness of God's
Fatherhood here demonstrated for our unending consolation!
"O purblind race of miserable men!
How many among us, at this very hour,
Do forge a lifelong trouble for ourselves
By taking true for false, and false for true,
Here in the dubious twilight of the world
Groping - how many, till at last we reach
That other where we know as we are known! »
But the consolation which Christ here imparted was to support us
in this world also, by showing that the invisible things of God are-
to quote St. Paul's striking paradox-clearly seen in the things that do
appear, apart from the hopes of what death may have in store.
As one other specimen of this supremacy of Christ's words, even
regarded in their outward aspect, take the parable of the Prodigal
Son. It forms part of the most beautiful chapter of "the most beau-
tiful book in the world. " It may well be called the flower and pearl
of parables, and the Evangelium in Evangelio. It occupies less than a
page; it may be read aloud in four minutes: yet can we adduce from
all the literature of all the world any passage so brief- or indeed
any passage at all-which has exercised one fraction of the eter-
nal influence of this? Dante and John Bunyan have touched thou-
sands of human souls; but this parable has been precious to millions
of every age and every tongue, who never so much as heard of the
* Baron Humboldt in his Cosmos shows at length that the "romantic"
love of the beauties of nature is quite a modern phenomenon in the world's
literature.


## p. 10571 (#443) ##########################################

THE NEW TESTAMENT
10571
'Divina Commedia' or the 'Pilgrim's Progress. ' The works of fiction
in the world can be counted by tens of thousands: which of them all
has ever produced the minim of an impression so intense and so
world-wide as this brief parable? On this subject it is worth while
to adduce the opinions of three of the most popular and eminent
writers of fiction in our own generation.
Charles Reade was an earnest and constant student of Scripture.
Accustomed to study and exhibit character in his novels, he gave it
as his deliberate judgment that no ordinary, no uninspired human
skill or genius could rival the marvelous brevity, the "swift fresco
strokes" with which again and again Scripture, as it were undesign-
edly and unconsciously, with only a word or two, makes the char-
acters of men stand out vividly before us, and live in our memory
so that we might almost seem to have seen and known them.
Not
even in Shakespeare do we find so marvelous a power. And yet in
other writers this graphic skill-this endeavor рò oµµáτwv nociv—is a
main object, whereas in Scripture it is entirely secondary, and so to
speak, accidental.
Similarly Robert Louis Stevenson, speaking of the matchless
verve and insight displayed in the delineation of characters in the
Bible, a point respecting which a novelist can give an instructed
judgment,
says:
"Written in the East, these characters live for ever in the West; written
in one province, they pervade the world; penned in rude times, they are
prized more and more as civilization advances; a product of antiquity, they
come home to the business and bosoms of men, women, and children in
modern days. Then is it any exaggeration to say that the characters of
Scripture are a marvel of the mind? ? »
-
Once more, Mr. Hall Caine says, in McClure's Magazine:
"I think that I know my Bible as few literary men know it. There is
no book in the world like it; and the finest novels ever written fall far short
in interest of any one of the stories it tells. Whatever strong situations
I have in my books are not of my creation, but are taken from the Bible.
The Deemster is the story of the Prodigal Son. The Bondman' is the
story of Esau and Jacob. 'The Scapegoat' is the story of Eli and his sons,
but with Samuel as a little girl; and The Manxman' is the story of David
and Uriah. "
:-
I should like to give some further instances of the power of words
as illustrated in the Bible.
If there be one lesson on which all our great poets and think-
ers most insist in modern days, it is, that upon "self-mastery, self-
knowledge, self-control" depends all the dignity of life. It is in
effect Plato's old lesson of the tripartite nature of man, as consisting
of a Man, a Lion, and a Many-headed Monster: in which synthesis the


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10572
Man, who represents the Reason and the Conscience, must sit supreme
in tranquil empire over the subjugated Lion, who represents the pas-
sions of Wrath and Pride, - passions to be controlled and made to
subserve noble uses, but not to be destroyed; the Monster, which
represents the concupiscence of the flesh, must be crushed into con
pletest subjection. Is not the essence of this world-famous allegory
compressed into the single verse of the Psalmist, as it is represented.
in glorious sculpture on the west front of the Cathedral of Amiens,
-"Thou shalt tread upon the lion and the adder; the young lion
and the dragon shalt thou trample under thy feet"? Now take all
the high instruction upon this subject contained in Ovid's -
and in Dante's—
«Video meliora proboque,
Deteriora sequor;"
(I see the better way, and I approve it,
Yet I pursue the worse;)
"I crown and mitre thee over thyself;"
and in Milton's-
and in Shakespeare's-
"I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial;"
and in Fletcher's-
"Man is his own star; and the soul that can
Render an honest and a perfect man
Commands all life, all influence, all fate; "
"Converse with heavenly habitants
Begins to cast a beam on the outward shape,
The unpolluted temple of the mind,
And turns it by degrees to the soul's essence,
Till all be made immortal;"
and in Sir Henry Wotton's-
and in Wordsworth's -
"This man is free from servile bonds
Of hope to rise or fear to fall;
Lord of himself, though not of lands,
And having nothing, yet hath all;"
"This is the happy warrior; this is he
Whom every man in arms would wish to be; >
and in Matthew Arnold's
"Resolve to be thyself, and know that he
Who finds himself loses his misery;"


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THE NEW TESTAMENT
10573
and in Clough's-
"Seek, seeker, in thyself, and thou shalt find
In the stones bread, and life in the blank mind;»
and in Christina Rossetti's -
"God, harden me against myself,-
This traitor with pathetic voice
That craves for ease, and rest, and joys;»
and in many more which might be quoted: and I venture to assert
that the inmost quintessence of all this Divine philosophy is
pressed-and is even expressed with a new and deeper element of
thought absolutely and unapproachably original-in a single word of
Christ our Lord,-"In your endurance ye shall acquire your souls. "*
In our version the word is rendered "possess "; but it connotes some-
thing more than "self-possession, "-namely, self-acquisition. It teaches
us that to be we must become; and we cannot become "lords of our-
selves"- except indeed as "a heritage of woe"-without our own
strenuous endeavors. Here, in one word, lies the secret of all noble
life. That which is essentially eternal within us- the inmost reality
of our beings-is not given to us with our being, but has to be
attained and achieved by us. And here it is worth while to observe
how very often even the early copyists and translators of the New
Testament miss its essential point. If ever they venture to interfere
between the sacred writer and his readers they invariably deface and
vulgarize; because, without adequate understanding, they endeavor to
interpret or to amend. Take but one specimen. In Hebrews x. 34
we read in our Authorized Version, "Ye took joyfully the spoiling
of your goods, knowing in yourselves that ye have in heaven a better
and enduring substance. " Now, if that was the correct reading of
the original, it would convey the very true but very ordinary topic of
consolation that heaven would redress the uneven balances of earth.
But it is almost certain that "in yourselves" is the correction of an
unapprehensive scribe for "yourselves" (avroiç); and that "in heaven"
is an explanatory gloss added by those who were unable to under-
stand that the real consolation offered to the Hebrews is not a distant
expectation, but the fact that here and now they possessed something
-even "themselves"—which far outweighed any treasure of which
they had been despoiled, and that they were
"Richer possessing such a jewel
Than twenty seas, though all their sands were pearl,
Their waters crystal, and their rocks pure gold. »
* Ἐν τῇ ὑπομονῇ ὑμῶν κτήσεσθε (or κτήσασθε) τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν. —Luke xxi. 19.


## p. 10574 (#446) ##########################################

THE NEW TESTAMENT
10574
When Dean Stanley visited Heinrich von Ewald, a little Greek
Testament lay on the table, and it accidentally fell on the ground.
Ewald picked it up, and as he laid it on the table, exclaimed with
indescribable enthusiasm, "In this little book is contained all the
best wisdom of the world. " Was he not right? Take the five classics
of Confucius, the 'Vedas,' the Tripitaka,' the whole collection of the
'Sacred Books of the East,' the 'Dialogues' of Plato, the 'Ethics' of
Aristotle, the moral treatises of Cicero, the 'Enchiridion' of Epictetus,
the letters of Seneca to Lucilius, the Thoughts' of Marcus Aurelius,
the Qu'ran of Mahommed-all that represents the very crown and
flower of Pagan morality; then turn to Christian literature, and cull
every noble thought you can find in the Fathers, in the Schoolmen, in
the Mystics, in the 'Imitatio Christi,' in the Puritan divines, in Tauler
and John Bunyan, in Hooker, Jeremy Taylor, Sanderson, or Butler,
in the Whole Duty of Man,' and the writings of the early Evan-
gelicals and while in all pagan and some Christian books you may
find imperfect and even pernicious elements, you will not find, either
before or after Christ, one single fruitful rule or principle of morals
(to say nothing of the deepest truths of religion), for which we could
not quote deeper reasons and a more powerful enforcement from the
brief pages of the New Testament alone. Does not this undoubted
fact, as well as the universal adaptability of the Book to all classes
and conditions of men in every age, in every clime, of every nation-
ality, at every period of life, in every stage of culture or ignorance,-
does it not show, apart from all else that might be said about it, the
supreme and unapproachable literary force and grandeur of the New
Testament? No one has expressed this truth more strikingly than
the American poet J. G. Whittier:-
―――
"We search the world for truth: we cull
The good, the pure, the beautiful,
From graven stone and written scroll,
From all old flower-fields of the soul;
And, weary seekers of the best,
We come back laden from our quest,
To find that all the sages said
Is in the Book our mothers read. "
And indeed it is a most memorable proof of that Indwelling Pres-
ence of the Spirit of the Almighty in human souls which we call
Inspiration, that, owing to the supreme literary force and beauty of
the New Testament, we find direct traces of its influence on the
pages of all the best poets, - who are the loveliest as well as the
deepest teachers of moral wisdom. Read them whether, like
Dante, Milton, George Herbert, Cowper, Tennyson, Browning, they
speak no word that does not make for righteousness; or whether,
-


## p. 10575 (#447) ##########################################

THE NEW TESTAMENT
10575
like Chaucer, Shakespeare, Goethe, Burns, Byron, they had learnt
by bitter experience of evil that good is best, and that unfaithful-
ness
"Hardens all within
And petrifies the feeling":
and you will find, alike from the poems of the sinners in their shame
and penitence, and of the saints whose singing robes were white and
their garlands of heaven's own amaranth, that, apart from what they
learnt from the Apostles and Evangelists, they would have but little
of what is supremely good and noble left. Bring me the book,"
said Sir Walter Scott, as he lay upon his death-bed. "What book? "
asked his son-in-law, Lockhart. "The book-the Bible," answered
Sir Walter: "there is but one. "
«<
Let us put this assertion of the supreme sufficiency of Scripture
to a partial test. In this age, which shows so many symptoms of
greed, of struggle, of unbelief, of retrograde religious teaching, there
are three lofty souls to whom we turn most often, and to whom we
specially look up as to "moral light-houses in a dark and stormy sea,"
- Dante, Shakespeare, Milton. How deep is the influence of the
New Testament on each of them! How impossible it would have
been that its books should have exercised this influence without the
perfectness of their literary form!
Dante himself practically explains to us that the true meaning
of his 'Divina Commedia is "Man as liable to the Reward or Pun-
ishment of Eternal Law;- Man according as, by the freedom of his
will, he is of good or ill desert. " Like the parable of the Prodigal
Son, the 'Divine Comedy' is nothing more nor less than the life
history of a human soul, redeemed from sin and error, from lust and
worldliness, and restored to the right path by the reason and the
grace which enable it to see the things that are, and to see them as
they are. The three great divisions of the poem might be called,—
not 'Hell,' 'Purgatory,' 'Paradise,' but Guilt,' 'Repentance,' 'Regen-
erate Beatitude. ' Hell is simply self without God; Penitence is the
soul's return to God; Heaven is self lost in God: and the three can-
tos do but expand and enforce these three texts:-
-
"The end of those things is Death. "
"Work out your own salvation with fear and trembling. "
"This is life eternal,- to know thee, the only God, and Jesus Christ
whom thou hast sent. "
Let us next take Milton. He has left us in no doubt as to the
sources of his own inspiration. His 'Paradise Lost' and 'Paradise
Regained' are of course avowedly his comments on the Fall and
the Redemption; but in his 'Comus' he teaches the lesson, which he


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10576
THE NEW TESTAMENT
has also expressed in such matchless prose, that "if the love of God,
as a fire to be kept alive upon the altar of our hearts, be the first
principle of all Godly and virtuous actions in men, the pious and just
honoring of ourselves is the second, and the fountain-head whence
every laudable and worthy enterprise issues forth. " The inmost
meaning of 'Comus' lies in the lines.
"He that hath light within his own clear breast
May sit in the centre and enjoy bright day;
But he that hides a dark soul and foul thoughts
Benighted walks under the midday sun:
Himself is his own dungeon. "
What is this high teaching but "If the light that is in thee be
darkness, how great is that darkness"? and "I am tied and bound
with the chain of my sins"? Or take Milton's last and most in-
tensely characteristic poem, the 'Samson Agonistes. ' Its meaning is
summed up in the last lines:-
"All is best; though we oft doubt
What the unsearchable dispose
Or highest wisdom brings about,
And ever best found in the close. »
Could Milton have arrived at this lofty and all-consoling truth if
he had never read the words "What I do thou knowest not now, but
thou shalt know hereafter"?
And now turn to Shakespeare. One commentator says of him,
"It has been remarked that Shakespeare was habitually conversant
with the Bible. " And another that "he had deeply imbibed the
Scriptures. " The late Bishop Wordsworth of St. Andrews showed in
an interesting volume that Shakespeare was not uninfluenced by the
grammar, by noticeable words and noticeable forms of speech, with
which the English Bible had made him familiar; that he is full of
allusions to the historical facts and characters of the Bible; and that
his religious principles and sentiments on almost all the chief sub-
jects of human concern, moral no less than spiritual,—and indeed
the dominant spirit of his poetry,- were derived from the volume of
Holy Writ, against the abuse and the wrong use of which he has
yet uttered such strong and wholesome warnings. Shakespeare was
one of the few who "saw life steadily and saw it whole. " Goethe
rightly said of him that "his plays are much more than poems. The
reader seems to have before him the books of fate, against which
is beating the tempest of eager life so as to drive the leaves back-
ward and forward with violence. " Yet what did Shakespeare know
which he had not learnt from the New Testament? Take but two
instances. Does not 'King Lear,' that tragedy of tragedies, set forth


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THE NEW TESTAMENT
10577
the absolute triumph of a faith and love which burns bright even
amid apparently irremediable failure; and is not this the lesson set
forth already, even more supremely, in the Epistles, in the Apoca-
lypse, above all in the Gospel narratives? Is it not the lesson of the
cross of Christ himself? Can even Shakespeare's genius do more than
set in new light the truth that all must be well with those who are
obedient to, and are supported by, the Eternal Laws? Or take the
tragedy of Macbeth,' which sets before us in such lurid illumination
the horror of an avenging conscience. What is it but the concrete
presentment of the eternal tragedy of the guilty soul? It is like
the stories of Adam and Eve, of Balaam, of Achan, of David, of
Judas- the picture of crime through all its stages: temptation; glam-
our; the spasm of guilty act, the agony of awakenment; the haunt-
ing of shame; the permanence of sorrow; last of all, retributive
catastrophe and unutterable despair. And yet may we not say, with
simplest truthfulness, that in the New Testament alone do we find
the ultimate solution, the sovereign and revealing utterance respect-
ing those fundamental convictions which Dante and Shakespeare and
Milton can but illustrate by throwing upon them the illuminating
splendor of their heaven-bestowed genius and insight? Is it not
proved, therefore, that we find the New Testament still inestimably
precious when we consider it only in its literary aspect?
I will conclude with one swift glance at the natural order of the
books of the New Covenant.
In St. Matthew we have the Gospel of the Jew and of the Past,-
the setting forth of the Messiah of olden prophecy, in St. Mark the
Gospel for the Roman, the Gospel of the Present; in St. Luke the Gos-
pel for the Greek, the Gospel of the Future; in St. John the Gospel
in its most spiritual aspect, the Gospel for Eternity;-and the Past,
the Present, the Future, the Eternal, are all summed up in Christ.
In the Acts we have the book of beginnings, the story of the
foundation of the Church; the earliest and best of all ecclesiastical
histories. Then follow twenty-one most precious Epistles of great
Apostles, each marked by its special topic. The two to the Thessa-
lonians turn mainly on the near Second Advent of Christ. The first
to the Corinthians is on Christian Unity in faith, and worship, and
life; the second is mainly the Apostle's Apologia pro vita sua. The
Epistles to the Galatians promulgate the indefeasible rights of Lib-
erty; that to the Romans sets forth, among other topics, the true
meaning of justification by faith; that to the Philippians shows us
the glory of love and exultations, burning bright amid apparently
overwhelming defeat and calamity; that to the Colossians turns
chiefly on the subject of Christ as all in all; that to the Ephesians
is the Epistle of the Ascension, the Epistle of "the Heavenlies »—the
XVIII-662


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10578
THE NEW TESTAMENT
Epistle of Christ in the midst of the ideal, eternal, universal Church;
that to Philemon is the earliest charter of emancipation to the
slave; the first Epistle to Timothy, and that to Titus, constitute the
best Pastor's Manual; the second to Timothy, amid its affectionate
counsels, exhibits the completeness of the Christian's victory in the
apparent defeat of lonely death. The powerful and interesting, but
anonymous, Epistle to the Hebrews sets forth Christ as the end and
fulfillment of the law, the Eternal and all-sufficient Savior. St.
James writes the sternly passionate letter of Christian morality; St.
Peter's is the Epistle of Hope, St. John's of Love. Finally the radiant
and impassioned imagery and visions of the Apocalypse, though they
come among the earliest in time, form the fitting literary conclusion
of this Book of Books - the last gem of this Urim and Thummim
upon that Ephod of Humanity "whereon should be inscribed the one
word God. " Could we possess a more priceless treasure? “What
problem do these books leave unexamined? what depth unfathomed?
what height unscaled? what consolation unadministered? what heart
untouched? what conscience unreproved? " May we not say with our
Translators of 1611: "If we be ignorant, the Scriptures will instruct
us; if out of the way, they will bring us home; if out of order, they
will reform us; if in heaviness, comfort us; if dull, quicken us; if
cold, inflame us. Tolle, lege; tolle, lege-Take and read! take and
read! "
-
"For many books I care not; and my store
Might now suffice me though I had no more
Than God's Two Testaments, and then withal
That mighty volume which 'the world' we call. »
-давала
THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT
From the Gospel according to St. Matthew
A
ND Jesus went about in all Galilee, teaching in their syn-
agogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and
healing all manner of disease and all manner of sickness
among the people. And the report of him went forth into all
Syria: and they brought unto him all that were sick, holden with
divers diseases and torments, possessed with devils, and epileptic,


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THE NEW TESTAMENT
10579
and palsied; and he healed them. And there followed him great
multitudes from Galilee and Decapolis and Jerusalem and Judæa
and from beyond Jordan.
And seeing the multitudes, he went up into the mountain:
and when he had sat down, his disciples came unto him: and
he opened his mouth and taught them, saying,
Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of
heaven.
Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.
Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.
Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness:
for they shall be filled.
Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.
Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.
Blessed are the peace-makers: for they shall be called sons of
God.
Blessed are they that have been persecuted for righteousness'
sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are ye when
men shall reproach you, and persecute you, and say all manner
of evil against you falsely, for my sake. Rejoice, and be exceed-
ing glad for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted
they the prophets which were before you.
Ye are the salt of the earth. but if the salt have lost its
savor, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for
nothing, but to be cast out and trodden under foot of men. Ye
are the light of the world. A city set on a hill cannot be hid.
Neither do men light a lamp, and put it under the bushel, but
on the stand; and it shineth unto all that are in the house. Even
so let your light shine before men, that they may see your good
works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.
Think not that I came to destroy the law or the prophets:
I came not to destroy, but to fulfill. For verily I say unto you,
Till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle shall in
no wise pass away from the law, till all things be accomplished.
Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least command-
ments, and shall teach men so, shall be called least in the king-
dom of heaven but whosoever shall do and teach them, he shall
be called great in the kingdom of heaven.