No More Learning

D. 402), by her opposition, lost much of the benefit of his
he was at Rome. The abolition of the gladiatorial connection with the imperial fainily. Another
combats, which the edicts of Constantine had not cause of estrangement existed : Maria was dead,
been able to suppress, is ascribed to this year ; and and Honorius wished to marry her sister, Ther-
the incident which gave immediate occasion to it, mantia. Serena was favourable to his wish ; but
by working on the feelings of the young emperor Stilicho, if we may judge from the mutilated text
[TELEMACH US, the Ascetic), is simply told by of Zosimus, was opposed to it. The marriage,
Theodoret in his Ecclesiastical Hist. ( v. 26). The however, took place. The intrigues of Olympius,
progress of Christianity had prepared the way for an officer of the imperial household, who, according
this act, but much of the credit of it seems to be to Zosimus, concealed his great malignity under a
:


## p. 515 (#531) ############################################

HONORIUS
HONORIUS.
HONORIUS.
315
.
orius himself
, and the populace of Rear
crificed their own inclination, in hoped
his favour, and securing his abude
The people of Milan were am
n to that city ; but Honorias had been
ly alarmed by the Gothic invasion D)
nent residence any where but in die
fortress of Ravenna
d to congratulate himself ep the chart
Italy was devastated by a mv hes
from Germany, under the pegun Gren
· Rhadagaisus
, or Rhodouisa ? -
lis army, according to Urosins
, ein
00 Goths: the other nation speld
we may trust Zosimus, to hold
into three parts: that which has
commanded was stopped at Floete
Tesistance of the townseen, and
Apennines above Fesuhe (Fiezes
a surrender by the generalehi dd
! rerpainder of the bastana, best
ee Gibbon) constituted the litt
) ravaged Gaul; and somit per
aus states, driven across the lost
d and cut to pieces by Selde
1. The defeat of Redaccisus b
Aquitanicus and Tillenat i
rcellinus and by Gibben in 1. A
in vaded Italy in a. D. 405, and
i
eace in Italy which followed the
was occupied by Harian
pisostom, then at variable with
ntinople; and by Stiche in
laric to deprive the E2:27
Illyricum which belezas na
t with the Western
- ravaged by a promises
or the most part of Vandek
ch Orosius, Marcellinus, and
rently Jerome, state to have
: and while the tide af hus
Jed over that province, the
ed, and after clecting and
in succession, crossed out
dance of Constantine, the
- had invested wih tle
against the Geria
obtaining his recoga: 301
veil of assumed piety, aggravated the emperor's, after a time, into Gaul (A. D. 412), and Italy was
suspicions and fears, and a mutiny was excited in once more left free from invaders. (ATAULPHUS)
the army assembled at Pavia, where the emperor While Honorius (A. D. 409) was hard pressed
was, in which a number of officers of rank, friends by the Visi-Goths and by the revolt of Alaric,
or supposed friends of Stilicho, were slain. Sti-Constantine the usurper, who hnd established him-
licho himself was at Ravenna ; but Olympius, send self in Gaul, proposed to come into Italy professedly
ing to the troops there, directed them to seize him, to assist him, but probably with the intention of
and he was taken from a church in which he had aggrandising his own power. In effect he entered
taken refuge, and put to death by the hand of Italy and advanced to Verona ; but alarmed by the
Heraclian (HERACLIANUS), his son, Eucherius, execution of Allobichus, with whom he seems to
escaping, for a time, to Rome. The plea for the have been in correspondence, and apprehending an
execution of Stilicho was that he was conspiring attack from his own partisan, Gerontius, who had
the deposition, if not the denth of Honorius, in revolted in Spain, he returned into Gaul, and was
order to make his own son, Eucherius, emperor in defeated and obliged to surrender (A. D. 411), on
his room. Eucherius is said to have been a heathen; promise of his life, to Constantius, the general of
and this circumstance may have either led him to Honorius, who besieged him in Arles. [Con-
cherish ambitious hopes, from a reliance on the stanTIUS III. ; Constantinus the tyrant ; GB-
support of the still numerous heathens ; or may RONTIUS. ] His life was spared at the time, but
have inspired a jealousy which led the emperor and he was sent into Italy, where Honorius had him
his court to impute evil designs to him and his put to death, in violation of the promise on which
father. The Christian writers, Orosius, Marcel- he had surrendered. Fear, the source of cruelty,
linus, and Prosper Tiro, speak of the alleged treason rendered Honorius regardless of a breach of faith
without doubt. Sozomen gives it as a rumour ; where his own safety was concerned.
while the heathen historians, Zosimus and Olym- Constantius was now the person of chief influ-
piodorus, appear to have believed him innocent : ence in the West. He had probably already
an indication that his death was connected with aspired to the hand of Placidia or Galla Placidia
the struggle of expiring Paganism with Christianity. [GALLA, No. 3), the emperor's sister, who had
By his death, which took place a. D. 408, Olym- fallen into the hands of the Visi-Gothic king,
pius became for a while the ruler of affairs. A Alaric, and was now in those of his successor,
severe prosecution was carried on against the Ataulphus. The energy and talent of Constantius
friends of Stilicho: his daughter, Thermantia, was rendered him of the greatest service to Honorius,
repudiated and sent home, still a virgin, to her around whom fresh difficulties were rising. Jovinus,
mother, Serena, and died soon after.
commander apparently of Moguntiacum, or some
The death of Stilicho furnished Alaric with a fortress on the Rhenish frontier, revolted; and At-
pretence for the invasion of Italy, now deprived of talus, the ex-emperor, who had, for his own safety,
its former defender. His demand of a sum of remained with the Visi-Goths, incited Ataulphus
money which he said was due to him being re- to make an alliance with him. The alliance, however,
jected, he crossed the Alps. Honorius sheltered did not take place : the intended confederates quar-
himself in Ravenna, while Alaric besieged Rome relled, Ataulphus made a treaty with Honorius,
(A. D. 408), which was obliged to pay a heavy seized Sebastian, brother of Jovinus, whom Jovinus
ransom. During the siege the unhappy Serena, bad proclaimed emperor, and sent his head to Hono-
who was in the city, was put to death, on a charge rius; and having drawn Jovinus himself into Valentia
of corresponding with the enemy. In A. D. 409 (Valence), and obliged him to surrender, delivered
Rome was again besieged and taken by him, and him up (A. D. 412 or 413) to Dardanus, one of
Attalus proclaimed emperor under his protection. Honorius' officers, who, without waiting for the
[ALARICUS ; ATTALUS. ) The court of Honorius emperor's authority, put him to death. About the
was the scene of intrigue ; Olympius was supplanted same time Sallustius, either an accomplice of Jo-
by Jovius, who became praefectus praetorio, but was, vinus or a rebel on his own account, was put to
in turn, succeeded by Eusebius, who was himself put death ; and Heraclian, who, in 409, had preserved
to death at the instigation of Allobichus, one of the Africa for Honorius, but had since revolted, was
generals of Honorius. Allobichus was executed not also defeated, taken, and executed. [HERACLI-
long after. Alaric and Attalus marched against Ra- ANUs. ] Ataulphus, who had again proclaimed
venna, which Honorius was on the point of abandon- Attalus emperor, rendered him no effective support;
ing, and fleeing by sea into the Eastern empire, when and having married (A. D. 414) Placidia, sister of
he was encouraged to hold out by a reinforcement Honorius (Galla, No. 3), became sincerely de-
of 4000 men (the corrupted text of Zosimus says sirous of peace. This was, however, prevented by
40,000)
from his nephew, Theodosius II. , emperor Constantius, who had also aspired to the hand of
of the East Africa was saved for him by the Placidia, and who attacked the Visi-Goths, drove
ability and good faith of Heraclian ; and in A. D. them out of Narbonne, which they bad taken, and
410 Attalus was deposed by Alaric, with whom he compelled them to retire into Spain, where Ataul-
had quarrelled, and a negotiation begun and almost phus was soon after assassinated (A. D. 415). At-
concluded between Honorius and the Visi-Gothic talus was afterwards taken; and Honorius, whose
king. The treaty was, however, broken off, ap- natural clemency was not now counteracted by his
parently from some act of hostility on the part of fears, contented himself with banishing him. For
Sarus, a Goth in the Roman service, and the other offenders a general amnesty was issued. We
bitter enemy of Alaric, who, in his irritation, re- have omitted during these stirring events to notice
stored to Attalus the imperial title, but almost im- the consulships of Honorius since A. D. 404. He
mediately again deprived him of it. He then was consul in a. D. 407, 409, 411, or rather 412,
marched to Rome, which he took and plundered. 415 and 417. Ravenna was his almost constant
He died soon after ; and his brother-in-law, Ataul- residence, except in 407 and 408.
phus, who succeeded him, retired with his army, The year 417 was distinguished by the marriage
LL 2
:
establisbing himsel in
istans to secure Spaz
h, to attack bis, bo
at. Meanwhile, ale
Sireen Honorius and
ilicho appears to have
tion of stars in the
e death of Arad
s time to Theodosies
But Serena, 2018
en the two ampio
band; and Suche
f the beseft elbis
family. Another
: Maria was dead
her sister, The
to his wish; best
be mutilated test
The main
nes of Olapas
1, whe, zoning
valignity udaa


## p. 516 (#532) ############################################

EOS
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Dune. Are DC
of this work,
an abridser
the Bere
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by J. Groot
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(Paus. 32-
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op gocisses of
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was. "
cmc: they
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kids of weath
s,463 ܫܕ݁ܰest
of Constantius (who was colleague of Honorius in | for the first time since its apture by the Gauls,
the consulship) with Placidia, who, after the death under Brennus, B. Co 390 ; and the barbarians ao
of A taulphus, had suffered much ill usage from quired a permanent settlement in the provinces ;
his murderer, but had been restored by Valia or the Visi-Goths, the Franks, and the Burgundians
Wallia, the successor (not immediately) of Ataul- in Gaul ; and the Suevi, Vandals, and Alans, in
phus ; and the year 418 (when Honorius was Spain ; while Britain and Armorica became vir-
consul for the twelfth time) by a treaty with the tually independent. The vigour of Theodosius the
Goths, ceding to them the south-western part of Great, and the energy of Stilicho, had deferred
Gaul, with Toulouse for their capital, in a sort of these calamities for a while; but the downfal of
feudal subordination to the empire of the West. the latter left the remote parts of the empire de-
The Franks were gradually occupying the left bank fenceless; and all the military ability of Constantius
of the lower Rhine, and the Armoricans, who alone just protected Italy, and preserved with difficulty
of the Gauls exhibited anything of a military some portions of the transalpine provinces. Ho-
spirit, were acquiring a precarious and turbulent norius, shut up in Ravenna, appears, from an anec-
independence ; and their revolt perhaps induced dote preserved by Procopius, as resting, however,
Honorius to concede to the portion of Gaul remain- on report only, and repeated with some variation
ing in the hands of the Romans a popular repre by Zonaras, to have looked on these calamities
sentative body. In Spain, which had been miserably with apathy. When Rome was plundered by
ravaged by Suevi, Alans, Vandals, and Visi-Goths, Alaric, a eunuch who had the care of the poultry
a new claimant of the purple arose in Maximus, of Honorius announced to him that “ Rome was
who occupied some part of that country for three destroyed " ('Puun arolwe). “And yet she just
years, when he was taken and sent to Ravenna. now ate out of my bands," was the reply of the
According to Prosper Tiro, who alone notices the emperor, referring to a favourite hen, of unusual
beginning of his revolt, it appears to have taken size, which he called “Rome. ” “I mean,” said
place in 418: its suppression is fixed by the better the eunuch, " that the city of Rome has been de-
authority of Marcellinus in a. D. 422. Meanwhile, stroyed by Alaric. " “ But 1," said the emperor,
troops of Honorius maintained some footing in the thought that my hen • Rome' was dead. "
country, and a part at least of the inhabitants re- stupid (adds Procopius) do they say this emperor
mained faithful to him.
Yet, weak and stupid as he was, he re-
In A. D. 421 the importunity of Placidia extorted tained his crown, so firmly had the ability of Theo-
from Honorius a share in the empire for her hus- dosius fixed the power of his family. (Zosimus, v.
band Constantius [CONSTANTIUS III. ), the dignity 58, 59, vi. ; Orosius, vii. 36–43 ; Olympiodor.
of Augusta for herself (Galla, No. 3), and that apud Phot. Bibl. cod. 80 ; Claudian, Opera, passim;
of Nobilissimus Puer for her infant son Valentinian Marcellin. Chron. ; Idatius, Fasti and Chronicon ;
(VALENTINIANUS III. ] The death of Constantius Prosper Aquitan. Chron. ; Prosper Tiro, Ckron. ;
a few months after delivered Honorius from a col-Cassiodor. Chron. ; Chron. Paschal, pp. 304–313,
league whom he had unwillingly accepted. His ed. Paris, vol. i. pp. 563—579, ed. Bonn ; Pro-
manifestations of affection for the widow, especially copius, De Bell. Vand. i. 1–3; Jornandes, De
" their incessant kissing,” according to Olympio. Reb. Getic. c. 29—32 ; Socrat. H. E. vi. 1, vii. 10;
dorus, gave occasion to some scandalous reports ; Sozom. H. E. viii. i, ix. 4, 6–16; Theodoret.
but their love was succeeded by hatred, and Placidia H. E. v. 26 ; Theophan. Chronog. pp. 63–72, ed.
fied with her children, Valentinian and Honoria Paris, pp. 116-130, ed. Bonn ; Zonaras, xiii. 21;
[Grata, No. 2], to her nephew Theodosius II. at Gothofred. Chronol. Cod. Theodos. ; Tillemont,
Constantinople, A. D. 423. The death of Honorius Hist. des Empereurs, vol. v. ; Gibbon, ch. 29, 30,
took place soon after his sister's flight. He died of 31, 33 ; Eckhel, vol. viii. pp. 171-174 ; Ducange,
dropsy, 27th Aug. 423, aged 39, after a disastrous Famil. Byzantinae. )
(J. C. M. ]
reign of twenty-eight years and eight months.
The place of his burial appears to have been at
Ravenna, where his tomb is still shown in a build-
ing said to have been erected by Placidia his sister;
though it was pretended that his body and that of
his two wives, Maria and Thermantia, were dis-
covered buried under the church of St. Peter at
Rome A. D. 1543. His thirteenth and last consul-
ship was a. D. 422, the year before his death.
The character of Honorius presents little that is
attractive.
His weakness was not accompanied HONOʻRIUS, JU'LIUS, the name prefixed to
either by the accomplishments or the amiableness a short geographical tract first published by J.
of Gratian and Valentinian II. ; and though not Gronovius, in his edition of Pomponius Mela (Lug.
naturally cruel, his fears impelled him occasionally Bat. 1685), from an imperfect MS. in the Thu-
to acts of blood and violations of good faith ; and anean library at Paris, under the title Julii Honorü
the interference of the secular power in the affairs Oratoris Excerpta quae ad Cosmographiam per-
of religion led to persecution and consequent dis- tinent. According to the arrangement here adopted,
content. His feebleness prevented all personal the world is divided into four Oceans, the Eastern,
exertion for the safety of his dominions ; and his Western, Northern, Southern (Oceanus Orientalis,
long reign, the longest the empire bad known, with Occidentalis, Septentrionalis, Meridianus), and a
the exception of those of Augustus and Constantine catalogue is given of the seas, islands, mountains,
the Great, determined the downfal of the Roman provinces, towns, rivers, and nations contained in
empire. A long catalogue of usurpers, the sure each, furnishing nought sare a bare enumeration of
indication of a weak government, is given by Oro- names, except in the case of the rivers, whose
Bius. Rome itself was taken by a foreign invader, source, termination, and occasionally length of
the weatbet,
ozding to the
is the pdiese
pases under »
107, 469,
are kind and be
was ther. g ta
454; comp. H
IT. ! 05; 05. 1
FANUCE
COIN OP HONORIUS.
!
has the power
dends, they are
Ketimes also
Mischus Ingle
in dient circt
or the seasons
epiteta are ac
(Tec. I. I
Carm ir. 7. 8
of the seasons
by the dance o
with the Charit
dite, they
Apoia's playa
(Hom. Hymn in
it. 2; Xen.
ettinued to be
wards, the Horas
We canons seaso
and antumn, le
tants. At Atbi
spring) and C
Forsi. pped from
fl; comp. Athe
&c; Val. Flacc i
The Hora of spri
peat on her ascen
Expression of T
is equivalent to "
Hyran xli. 7;P
Burckh. ) The a


## p. 517 (#533) ############################################

HORAE.
617
HORAPOLLO.
e by the Gaas
terbariani a
the prones;
ae Burgun
and last
fica because it
Theodora te
19, had deband
the down
f the expure de
its cf Coastas
ed with diście
- prerince Ho
35, froe annet
Testing, bcute
ith some randon
n these and
was plundered in
care of the fouloy
that - Roces
And ret sbe jos
as the report of
te hen, of EAIS
I mean," said
Rome has been de
said the empeits
' was dead. " -
ney ses this een
d as he was, bet
d the abilitr o The
family. (Tesisat
56–43; Olapit
audian, Opera peci;
Fasti and Cana;
course, are specified. With regard to the author | grance, and graceful freshness—are accordingly
of this work, or of the work of which this may be transferred to the Horae ; thus they adorned Aphro-
an abridgment, nothing whatsoever is known, al dire as she rose from the sea, made a garland of
though there can be little or no doubt that he is the flowers for Pandora, and even inanimate things are
Julius Orator mentioned by Cassiodorus (Div. Lecto described as deriving peculiar charms from the
c. 25) as a distinguished writer upon these topics, Home. (Hom. Hymn. viii. 5, &c. ; Hes. Op. 65 ;
and he is one of the many personages to whom the Hygin. Poel. Astr. ii. 6; Theocr. i. 150 ; Athen.
Itinerary of Antoninus has been ascribed, as well ii. p. 60. ) Hence they bear a resemblance to and
as the Cosmography of Aethicus Hister, a compi- are mentioned along with the Charites, and both are
lation in many points identical with the piece frequently confounded or identified. (Paus. ii. 17.
which we have been describing. (ANTONINUS ; | $4; Müller, Orchom. p. 176, &c. 2nd edit. ) As they
AETHICUR] (See the edition of Pomponius Mela were conceived to promote the prosperity of every
by J. Gronovius, Lug. Bat. 8vo. , 1685, and by thing that grows, they appear also as the protec-
A. Gronovius, Lug. Bat. 8vo. , 1722 ; also the tresses of youth and newly-born gods (Paus. ii. 13.
preface of Wesseling to his edition of the ancient $ 3; Pind. Pyth. ix. 62 ; Philostr. Imag. i 26 ;
Roman Itineraries, Amst. 4to. , 1735. ) (W. R. ) Nonnus, Dionys. xi. 50); and the Athenian youths,
HOPLADAMOS ('Orládanos), one of the on being admitted among the ephebi, mentioned
Gigantes who accompanied and protected Rhea Thallo, among other gods, in the oath they took in
when she was on the point of giving birth to Zeus. the temple of Agraulos. (Pollux, viii. 106. )
(Paus. riii. 32. § 4, 36. § 2. )
(L. S. )
In this, as in many other cases of Greek mytho-
HORAE (*2pai), originally the personifications logy, a gradual transition is visible, from purely
or goddesses of the order of nature and of the sea- physical to ethical notions, and the influence which
sons, but in later times they were regarded as the the Horae originally bad on nature was subse-
goddesses of order in general and of justice. In quently transferred to human life in particular.
Homer, who neither mentions their parents nor The first trace of it occurs even in Hesiod, for he
their number, they are the Olympian divinities of describes them as giving to a state good laws, jus-
the weather and the ministers of Zeus ; and in this tice, and peace ; he calls them the daughters of Zeus
capacity they guard the doors of Olympus, and and Themis, and gives them the significant names
promote the fertility of the earth, by the various of Eunomia, Dice, and Eirene. (Theog. 901, &c. ;
kinds of weather they send down. (Od. xxiv. 343; Apollod. i. 3. $ 1 ; Diod. v. 72. ) But the ethical
comp. x. 469, xix. 132, Il. v. 749, viii. 393. ) As and physical ideas are not always kept apart, and
the weather, generally speaking, is regulated ac- both are often mixed up with each other, as in Pindar.
cording to the seasons, they are further described (Ol. iv. 2, xiii. 6, Nem. iv. 34 ; Orph. Hymn. 42. )
as the goddesses of the seasons, i. e. the regular | The number of the Horae is different in the differ-
phases under which Nature manifests herself. (Od. ent writers, though the most ancient number seems
ii. 107, x. 469, xi. 294, xix. 152, xxiv. 141. ) They to have been two, as at Athens (Paus. iii. 18. $ 7,
are kind and benevolent, bringing to gods and men in 35. § 1); but afterwards their common number
many things that are good and desirable. (Il. xxi. is three, like that of the Moerae and Charites. Hy.
450 ; comp. Hymn. in Apoll. Pyth. 16; Theocrit ginus (Fab. 183) is in great confusion respecting
xv. 105 ; Ov. Fast. i. 125. ) As, however, Zeus the number and names of the Horae, as he mixes
has the power of gathering and dispersing the up the original names with surnames, and the de-
clouds, they are in reality only his ministers, and signations of separate seasons or hours. In this
sometimes also those of Hera. (II. viii, 433; comp. manner he first makes out a list of ten Horae, viz.
Moschus, Idyll. ii. 160; Paus. v. 11. & 2. ) Men Titanis, Auxo, Eunomia, Pherusa, Carpo, Dice,
in different circumstances regard the course of time Euporia, Eirene, Orthosia, and Thallo, and a second
(or the seasons) either as rapid or as slow, and both of eleven, Auge, Anatole, Musia, Gymnasia, Nym-
epithets are accordingly applied to the Horae. phes, Mesembria, Sponde, Telete, Acme, Cypridos,
(Theocr. xv. 104; Pind. Nem. iv. 34; Horat. Dysis. The Horae (Thallo and Carpo) were wor-
Curm. iv. 7. 8 ; Ov. Met. ii. 118. ) The course shipped at Athens, and their temple there also
of the seasons (or hours) is symbolically described contained an altar of Dionysus Orthus (Athen. ii.
by the dance of the Horae ; and, in conjunction p. 38 ; comp. xiv. p. 656 ; Hesych. s. v. apaia); they
with the Charites, Hebe, Harmonia, and Aphro were likewise worshipped at Argos (Paus. ii. 20.
dite, they accompany the songs of the Muses, and S 4), Corinth, and Olympia (v. 15. 83). In works of
Apollo's play on the lyre, with their dancing. art the Horae were represented as blooming maidens,
(Hom. Hymn. in Apoll.