No More Learning

(Halt's Analysts, vol. 4, p. 76, 81. ) According, how-
ever, to another modem writer, Cyaxares is the same
with the monarch styled Gustasp. (Hblty, Djemtchid,
Feriiun, Ac, p. 63, seqq. , Hanov. , 1829. )--II. Son
of Astyages, succeeded his father at the age of 49
years. Being naturally of an easy, indolent disposi-
tion, and fond of his amusements, he left the burden
of military affairs and the care of the government to Cy-
rus, his nephew and son-in-law, who married his only
daughter, and was, therefore, doubly entitled to suc-
ceed him. Xenophon notices this marriage as taking
place after the conquest of Babylon. (Cyrop. , 8,28. )
But to this Sir Isaac Newton justly objects: "This
daughter, saith Xenophon, was reported to be very
handsome, and used to play with Cyrus when they
were both children, and to say that she would marry
him; and, therefore, they were much of the same age.
Xenophon saith, that Cyrus married her after the ta-
king of Babylon; but she was then an old woman. It is
more probable that he married her while she was young
and handsome, and he a young man. " (Citron. , p.
310. ) Newton supposes that Darius the Mede was
the son of Cyaxares, and cousin of Cyrus; and that
Cyrus rebelled against, and dethroned him two years
after the capture of Babylon. But this is unfounded:
? ? for Darius the Mede was sixteen years older than Cy-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CYC
O If c
-In works of art Cybele exhibits the matronly air and
composed dignity, which distinguish Juno and Ceres.
Sometimes she is veiled, and seated on a throne with
lions at her side; at other times riding in a chariot
drawn by lions. Her head is always crowned with
towers. She frequently beats on a drum, and bears a
>>ceptre in her hand. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 223,
seqq. )--The name Cybele is derived, by some, from
the cymbals (kvu6oc, KvuSaXa) used in the worship of
the goddess. It is better, however, to suppose her so
called, because represented usually in her more mys-
terious character, under a globular or else square form:
(iiycrai Si not KvCe/. n utto roi kvCikov ox^uaroc,
naru ycuuerpiav, i) yf). --Lex. Antiq. , Frag, in Hcrm.
Grumm. --Knight's Inquiry, y 42, Class. Journ. , vol.
23, p. 233. --For an explanation of the myth of Cybele,
which cannot, of course, be given here, consult Guig-
niaul, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 67, seqq. )
Cvbistra, a town of Cappadocia, in the district of
Cataonia, and at the foot of Mount Taurus. (Ci'c,
Ep. ad Fam. , 15, 2 et i. --Ep. ad. Alt. , 5, 20. ) Ci-
cero made it his headquarters during his command in
Cilicia. I. cake is inclined to place Cybistra at Kara-
hiisar, near Mazaca, but this position does not agree
with Strata's account. D'Anvillc had imagined, from
a similarity of name, that Cybistra might be represented
by Buslcreh, a small place near the source of one of
the branches of the Halys; but it is not said whether
there are any remains of antiquity at Buslcreh, and,
besides, Leake affirms, that, according to the Arabian
geographer Hadji Khalfa, the true name of the place
is Kostcre. (Asia Minor, p. 63. ) Cybistra is men-
tioned by Hierocles among the Episcopal cities of
Cappadocia. (Hicrocl. , p. 700. --Manner! , Geogr. ,
vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 236, 262. )
CrcLAOes, a name applied by the ancient Greeks
to that cluster (kvkXoc) of islands which encircled
Dclos. Strabo (485) says, that the Cyclades were
nt first only twelve in number, but were afterward in-
creased to fifteen. These, as we learn from Artemi-
dorus, were Ceos, Cythnos, Seriphos, Melos, Siphnos,
Cimolos, Prepesinthos, Olearos, Paros, Naxos, Syros,
Myconos, Tcnos, Andros, and Gyaros, which last, how-
ever, Strabo himself was desirous of excluding, from
its being a mere rock, as also Prepesinthos and Olea-
ros. --It appears from the Greek historians, that the
Cyclades were first inhabited by the Phoenicians, Cari-
ans, and Leleges, whose piratical habits rendered them
formidable to the cities on the continent, till they were
conquered and finally extirpated by Minos. (Thucyd. ,
1, 4. --Hcrodot. , 1, 171. ) These islands were subse-
quently occupied for a short time by Polvcrates, ty-
rant of Samoa, and the Persians. (Hcrodot. , 5, 28. )
But, after the battle of Mycale, they became dependant
on the Athenians. (Thucyd. , I, 94. )
CyclIci pacta, a name given by the ancient gram-
marians to a class of minor bards, who selected, for the
subjects of their productions, things transacted as well
during the Trojan war, as before and after; and who,
in treating of these subjects, confined themselves with-
in a certain round or cycle of fable (kvk? . oc, circulus).
In order to understand the subject more fully, we must
observe, that there was both a Mythic and a Trojan
cycle. The former of these embr ced the whole se-
ries of fable, from the genealogies of the gods down to
the time of the Trojan war. The latter comprised the
fables that had reference to, or were in any way con-
? ? nected with, the Trojan wax. Of the first class were
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CYCLOPES.
When the Thunder, the Lightning, and the rapid
Flame had been converted by poetry into one-eyed
giants, and localized in the neighbourhood of volca-
noes, it was an easy process to convert them into
smiths, the assistants of Vulcan. (Callim. H. in
Dun. , 46, seqq. -- Virg. , Georg. , 4, 173. --Mn. , 8,
416, seqq. ) As they were now artists in one line, it
gate no surprise to find them engaged in a task adapt-
ed to their huge strength, namely, that of rearing the
a assive walls of Tiryns, for which purpose they were
Drought hv Proetus from Lycia. (Sckol. ad Eurip. ,
Ore si , 955. --Keightley's Mythology, p. 259, seqq. )
Hence, too, the name Cyclopian, is applied to this spe-
cies of architecture, respecting which we will give
some explanation at the close of this article. --This last-
mentioned circumstance has led some to imagine, that
the Cyclopes were nothing more than a caste or race of
miners, or, rather, workers in quarries, who descended
into, and came forth from, the bowels of the earth, with
a lamp attached to their foreheads, to light them on
their way, and which at a distance would appear like a
laroe, flaming eye: an explanation more ingenious than
satisfactory. (. Hire, Gesckiehle der Baukunst, vol. 1,
p. 198. --Agatharch. , ap. Phot. , Cod. , 250. ) Another
solution is that which refers the name Cyclops to the
circular buildings constructed by the Pelasgi, of which
we have so remarkable a specimen in what is called
the Treasury of Atreus, at Mycen>>. From the form
of these buildings, resembling within a hollow cone or
beehive, and the round opening at the top, the individ-
uals who constructed them are thought to have derived
their ippe-iation. (Kruse, Hellas, vol. 1, p. 440. --
Compare GcU's Argclis, p. 34. )--As regards the
country occupied by the Homeric Cyclopes, it may be
remarked, that this is usually supposed to have been
the island of Sicily. But it would be very inconsistent
in '. he poet to place the Cyclopes, a race contemning
the gods, in an island sacred to, and in which were
pastured the herds of, the Sun. The distance, too,
between the land of the Lotophagi and that of the Cy-
clopes, could not have been very considerable; since,
as has already been remarked, it is not given in days
and nights, a mode of measurement always adopted by
Homer when the distance mentioned is a great one.
Everything conspires, therefore, to induce the belief,
that the Cyclopes of Homer were placed by him on the
coast of Africa, a little to the north of the Syrtis Mi-
nor. (Compare Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 4, p. 9, seqq. )
They who make them to have dwelt in Sicily blend an
old tradition with one of more recent date. This last
probably took its rise when . 'Etna and the Lipari isl-
ands were assigned to Vulcan, by the popular belief
of the day, as his workshops; which could only have
happened when -Etna had become better known, and
Mount Moschylus, in the isle of Lemnos, had ceased
to be volcanic. --Before we conclude this article, a few
remarks will be made on the subject of Cyclopian
architecture. This style of building is frequently al-
luded to by the ancient writers. In fact, every archi-
tectural work of extraordinary magnitude, to the exe-
cution of which human labour appeared inadequate,
was ascribed to the Cyclopes. (Eunp. , Iph. in Aid. ,
SH--Id. , Here. Fur. , 15. --Id. , Troad. , 108. --Stra-
in, 373. --Senec. , Here. Fur. , 99G. --Stalius, Theb,
1,151. --Pausan. , 2, 25. ) The general character of
-he Cyclopian style is immense blocks of stone, with-
out cement, placed upon each other, sometimes irreg-
oUrly, and with jmallcT stones filling up the interstices,
? ? sometimes in regular and horizontal rows. The Cy-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? c ym
CYN
K>) Capt. Beaul^rt observes, that the sea must have
retired considerably fsom the mouth of the Cydnus;
since, in the time of the crusades, it is reported to
hare been six miles from Tarsus, and now that dis-
tance is more than doubled. {Karamania, p. 275. --
Cramer's Asia. Minor, vol. 2, p. 344. )
Cydonia, the most ancie. U city in the island of
Crete. {Strabo, 476. ) It is said to have been found-
ed by the Cydones of Homer (0<! . , 3, 292), whom
Strabo considered as indigenous. But Herodotus as-
cnbi's its origin to a party of Samians, who, having
been exiled by Polycrates, settled in Crete when they
had expelled the Zacynthians. Six years afterward,
the Samians were conquered in a naval engagement
by the ^Eginetaj and Cretans, and reduced to captivi-
ty: the town then probably reverted to its ancient
possessors the Cydonians. {Herodol. , 3, 59. ) It
stood on tho northern coast of the northwestern part
of Crete, and was the most powerful and wealthy city
of the whole island, since, in the civil wars, it with-
stood the united forces of Cnosus and Gortyna after
they had reduced the greater part of Crete. From
Cydonia the quince tree was first brought into Italy,
and thence the fruit was called malum Cydonium, or
Cydouian apple.
Its inhabitants were the best of the
Cretan archers. The ruins of this ancient city are to
be seen on the site of Jerami. {Cramer's Ancient
Greece, vol. 3, p. 365, scq. )
Cviikaba. a city of Phrygia. Mannert supposes it
to have been the same with Laodicea, on the confineB
of three provinces, Caria, Phrygia, and f. vdia, and
situate on the Lycus, which flows into the Maunder.
{Geogr. , vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 131. ) Herodotus speaks of
a pillar erected in Cydrara by Croesus, with an inscrip-
tion defining the boundaries of Phrygia and Lydia; so
that it must have been on the confines of these two
countries at /east. (Hcrodot. , 7, 30. )
Cyllarus, a celebrated horse of Castor, according to
Seneca, Valerius Flaccus, Claudian, and Martial, but,
according to Virgil, of Pollux. {Virg. , G. , 3,90. )
The point is gravely discussed by La Cerda and Mar-
tyn, in their respective commentaries, and the conclu-
sion to which both come is, what might'have easily
been surmised, that the steed in question was the com-
mon property of the two Dioscuri. Statius, in his
poem on Domitian's horse, mentions Cyllarus as serv-
ing the two brothers alternately. {Sylv. , 1, 1,54. ) Ste-
? ichorus also, according to Suidas, says that Mercury
gave Phlogeus, and Harpagus, and Cyllarus to both
Castor and Pollux. (Suid. ,s. v. KvAAapor. ) In the
Etyiiiol. Mag. it is stated, that Mercury gave them
Phlogeus and Harpagus, but Juno, Exalilhus and Cyl-
larus. {Elymol. Mag. , p. 544, 54. )
Cyllene, I. the port of Elis, the capital of the dis-
trict of Elis in the Peloponnesus. It is supposed to
be the modern Chiarenza. --II. The loftiest and most
celebrated mountain of Arcadia, rising between Stym-
phalus and Pheneos, on the borders of Achaia. It
was said to take its name from Cyllen, the son of Ela-
tus, and was, according to the poets, the birthplace
of Mercury, to whom a temple was dedicated on the
summit. Hence the epithet Cyllenius applied to him.
{I'ausan. , 8, 17. --Horn. , Hymn, in Merc. , 1. --Pind. ,
Olymp. , 6, 129. --//. , 2. 603-- Virg. , ,En. , 8, 138. )
The perpendicular height of this mountain was esti-
mated by some ancient geographers at twenty stadia,
by others at fifteen. (Strabo, 388. ) The modern
? ? name is Zyria. (Grit's //in. , p. 168. ) Pouqueville
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CYN
produced in Arcadia by the conduc. of the Cyne
Ihians, that, after a great massacre which took place
among them, many of the towns refused to receive
their deputies, and the Mantina? ans, who allowed them
a passage through their city, thought it necessary to
perform lustral rites and expiatory sacrifices in every
part of their territory. Cyntettue was burned by the
. Eiohans on their retreat from Arcadia (Po/yo. ,4, 19,
seqq. ), but was probably restored, as it still existed in
the time of Pausanias. {Cramer's Ancient Greece,
vol. 3, p. 319. ) Cynanhs is supposed to have stood
near the modem town of Calabryta, though there are
no remains of antiquity discernible near that place.
(DodtceU's Tour, vol. 2, p. 447. --Cell's Ilin. of Mo-
rea. p. 131. )
CvNEsii or Cynktes (KwiJoioi or KvvnTec), ac-
cording to Herodotus (3, 33), the most western in-
? abitants of Europe, living beyond the CelUe. Man-
ner! , following the authority of Avienus (Ora Marit. ,
v. 200), makes them to have been situate in Spain, on
both sides of the river Anas, and their western limit to
have corresponded with the modern Faro in Algarve,
while their eastern was the bay and islands formed by
the small river. Odicl and Tinlo. (Compare Larcher,
Hist. d'Herodote. --Tab. Geogr. , vol. 7, p. 159. --
Vkert, Geogr. , vol. 3, p. 247, 251. --Mannert, Ge-
ogr. , vol. 1, p. 235. ) Niebuhr, however, is of a dif-
ferent opinion. "Still more absurd," observes he,
"than this identification of the Celts of Herodotus
with the Celtici, is the notion that the Cynetes, who,
by his account, dwelt still farther west, being the most
remote people in that part of Europe, were the inhab-
itants of Algarve, merely because this district, on ac-
count of Cape St. Vincent, which projects in the shape
of a wedge, was called Cuneus by the Romans, and
unfortunately may, from its true situation, be consid-
ered the westernmost country in this direction. As
in historical geography we are not to look for the
Celts to the west of the Iberi, so the Cynetes are not
\t> be sought to the west of the Celts; yet assuredly
hey are not a fabulous people, but one which dwelt at
a Tcry great distance beyond the Celts, and, therefore,
probably in the north; for, the more distant the object
was, the farther it naturally diverged from the truth. "
{Ifiebuhr's Geography of Herodotus, p. 13. )
CvmIci, a sect of philosophers, so called either from
t^ynosarges, where Antisthenes, the founder of the
sect, lectured, or from the Greek term kvoiv, "a dog,"
in allusion to the snarling humour of their master.
This sect is to be regarded not so much as a school
of philosophers as an institution of manners. It was
formed rather for the purpose of providing a remedy
for the moral disorders of luxury, ambition, and ava-
rice, than with a view to establish any new theory of
>>|>eculative opinions. The sole end of the Cynic phi-
losophy was to subdue the passions, and produce sim-
plicity of manners. Hence the coarseness of their
outward attire, their haughty contempt of external
good, and patient endurance of external ill. The rig-
orous discipline of the first Cynics, however, degen-
erated afterward into the most absurd severity. The
Cynic renounced every kind of scientific pursuit, in
order to attend solely to the cultivation of virtuous
habits. The sect fell gradually into disesteem and
contempt, and many gross and disgraceful tales were
propagated respecting them. (Vid. Antisthenes and
Diogenes. --Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1,
p. 301, icqq. --Tcnncman, Grundriss ler Gesch. der
? ? Phil, p. 113. )
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? C VP
C YP
Diomjs was sacrificing to Hercules, snatched away
pan of the victim. It was adorned with several tem-
ples; that of Hercules was the most splendid. The
most remarkable thing in it, however, was the Gym-
nasium, where all strangers, who had but one parent
an Athenian, had to perforin their exercises, because
Hercules, to whom it was consecrated, had a mortal
for his mother, and was not properly one of the im-
mortal*. Cynosarges is supposed to have been situ-
ated at the foot of Mount Anchesmus, now the hill of
St. George. [Potter, Gr. Ant. , 1, 8. --Cramer's Anc.
Greece, vol. 2, p. 342. )
Cynossema (Me dog's tomb), a promontory of the
Thracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba was changed
into a dog, and buried. (Ovid, Met. , 13, 569. --
Strabo, 595. --SM. Lye, 315, et 1176. ) Here the
Athenian fleet, under the command of Thrasybulus
and Thrasyllus, gained an important victory over the
allied squadron of the Peloponnesus, towards the close
of the war with that country. (Thucyd. ,8,I03,seqq. )
The site is said to be now occupied by the Turkish
fortress of the Dardanelles, called Kclidil-Bahar.
{Chevalier, Voyage dans la Troade, pt. 1, p. 5. )
Cvnosuba, I. a nymph of Ida in Crete, one of the
nurses of Jove. She was changed into a constellation.
(Consult remarks under the article Arctos, near its
close. )--II. A promontory of Attica, formed by the
range. of Pentelicus. It is now Cape Cavala. (I'tol. ,
p. 86. --Suid. , s. r. )--III. A promontory of Attica,
lacing the northeastern extremity of Salamis. It is
mentioned in the oracle delivered to the Athenians,
prior to the battle of Salamis. (Herod. , 8, 76. --GeWs
//in, p. 103. )
Cynthia, I. a female name, occurring in some of
the ancient poets. (Propert. , 2, 33, 1. --(hid. Rem.
Am. , 764, etc )--II. A surname of Diana, from Mount
Cynthus, in the island of Delos, where she was born.
--III. A name given to the island of Delos itself.
(Plin. , 4, 12.