of the aged monarch for
renewing
the war with
(Diod.
(Diod.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
In B.
C.
409, services in the Peloponnesian war, and which
Pharnabazus was defeated by Alcibiades and Thra- ended with a promise from Agesilaus to withdraw
syllus near Abydus, and his province was ravaged from his territory, and to refrain from any future
by the Athenians (Xen. Hell
. i. 1. SS 14, &c. , 31, invasion of it, as long as there should be any one
2. 88 16, 17; Diod. xiii. 49–51, 63 ; Plut. Alc. else for him to fight with. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. SS 12,
28. ) In B. C. 408, the success of Alcibiades and &c. , 25, &c. , iv. I. $$ 1, 15–41; Plut. Ages.
his colleagues at Chalcedon against Pbarnabazus 9-12; Diod. xiv. 35, 79, 80 ; Just, vi. 1. )
and the Spartan harmost, Hippocrates, who was Meanwhile, as early apparently as B. C. 397, Phar.
slain in the battle, induced the satrap to accept nabazus had connected himself with Conon, and
terms of accommodation from the Athenians, and we find them engaged together down to 393 in a
he further engaged to give a safe conduct to the series of successful operations under the sanction
ambassadors whom they purposed sending to Da- and with the assistance of the Persian king. [Co-
reius (Xen. Hell. i. 3. SS 4-14 ; Diod. xiii. 66 ; NON. ) Pharnabazus, in the last-mentioned year,
Plut. Alc. 30, 31. ) Early in the following spring returned to Asia, and we have no further account
he was journeying with the embassy in question on of him for some time. His satrapy was invaded
their way to the Persian court, when they were by Anaxibius in 389, but it does not appear
met by some Spartan envoys returning from Susa, whether he was himself residing there. (Xen.
where they had obtained from the king all they Hell. iv. 8. Ø 33. ) Two years after we find Ario-
wished, and closely followed by Cyrus, who had barzanes holding the government of Pharnabazus,
been invested by his father with the government who had gone up to court to marry the king's
of the whole sea-coast of Asia Minor, and had been daughter. (Xen. Hell. v. 1. $ 28, Ages. ii. 3 ;
commissioned to aid the Lacedaemonians in the Plut. Art. 27. ) So far we are on sure ground;
At the desire of the prince, Pharnabazus de- but it is very difficult to decide to what period we
tained the Athenian ambassadors in custody, and should refer the unsuccessful expedition of the
three years elapsed before he could obtain leave to Persians to Egypt under Pharnabazus, Abrocomas,
dismiss them (Xen. Hell. i. 4. $$ 1-7). Accord and Tithraustes. Rehdantz, however, gives some
ing to Diodorus (xiv. 22) it was he who gave very probable reasons for placing it in B. C. 392–
information to Artaxerxes of the designs of Cyrus ; 390. (Rehdantz, Vit. Iph. , Chair. , Timoth. pp.
but the name of Pharnabazus may be a mistake of 32, 239—242 ; comp. Isocr. Paneg. p. 69, d. ;
the author for Tissaphernes in this passage as it Aristoph. Plut. 178 ; Just, vi. 6. ) In B. C. 377,
certainly is in other parts of his work, e. g: Pharnabazus, by his remonstrances with the Athe-
xiii. 36, 37, 38. When the Ten Thousand nians, obtained the recall of Chabrias from the
Greeks, in their retreat, had reached Calpe in service of Acoris, king of Egypt, and also a pro-
Bithynia, Pharnabazus sent a body of cavalry to mise to send Iphicraies to co-operate with the
act against them, and these troops made an inef- Persian generals in the reduction of the rebellious
fectual attempt to check the progress of their march. province. The expedition, however, under Iphi-
(Xen. Anab. vi. 4. $S 24, &c. , 5. $$_26–32. ) crates and Pharnabazus ultimately failed in B. C.
On their arrival at Chrysopolis, on the eastern 374, chiefly through the dilatory proceedings and
shore of the Bosporus, the satrap induced Anax. the excessive caution of the latter, who excused
ibius by large promises, which he never redeemed, himself to his colleague by the remark that while
to withdraw them from his territory. [ANAXIBIUS. ] his words were in his own power, his actions were
The great acthority with which Tissaphernes was in that of the king. [CHABRIAS ; IPHICRATES ;
war.
## p. 241 (#257) ############################################
PHARNACES.
241
PHARNACES.
NectaNABIS. ) Whether the disastrous result I was on the throne before E. c. 183, in which year
B.
of the expedition in question threw Pharnabazus he succeeded in reducing the important city of
into disgrace at court, we do not know. Hence- Sinope, which had been long an object of ambition
forth he disappears from history.
to the kings of Pontus. The Rhodians sent an
The character of Pharnabazus is eminently dis- embassy to Rome to complain of this aggression, but
tinguished by generosity and openness. Through without effect. (Strab. xii
. p. 545; Polyb. xxiv. 10;
out a long career, the servant as he was of a Liv. xl. 2. ) About the same time Pharnaces
corrupt and exacting court, and beset by un became involved in disputes with his neighbour,
scrupulous opponents, we still find him unstained Eumenes, king of Pergamus, which led to repeated
by bad faith, if we except his breach of promise to embassies from both monarchs to Rome, as well as
Anaxibius, the very doubtful case of the murder of to partial hostilities. But in the spring of 181,
ALCIBIADEs, and his conduct above-mentioned to without waiting for the return of his ambassadors,
the Athenian ambassadors, in which he appears Pharnaces suddenly attacked both Eumenes and
to have been hardly a free agent.
Ariarathes, and invaded Galatia with a large force.
3. A Persian general, son of Artabazus (No. 4. ), Eumenes opposed him at the head of an army:
was joined with Autophradates in the command but hostilities were soon suspended by the arrival
of the fleet after the death of Memnon, in B. c. of the Roman deputies, appointed by the senate
333. [AUTOPHRADATES. ] They succeeded in to inquire into the matters in dispute. Nego-
reducing Mytilene, Tenedos, and Chios, and, having tiations were accordingly opened at Pergamus, but
despatched some ships to Cos and Halicarnassus, led to no result, the demands of Pharnaces being
they sailed with 100 of their fastest vessels to rejected by the Romans as unreasonable ; and the
Siphnus. Here they were visited by Agis, king war was in consequence renewed. It continued,
of Sparta, who came to ask for money and troops apparently with various interruptions, until the
to support the anti-Macedonian party in the summer of B. C. 179, when Pharnaces, finding
Peloponnesus. But just at this crisis intelligence himself unable to cope with the combined forces of
arrived of Alexander's victory at Issus, and Phar- Eumenes and Ariarathes, was compelled to purchase
nabazus, fearing that the effect of it might be the peace by the cession of all his conquests in Galatia
revolt of Chios, sailed thither with 12 ships and and Paphlagonia, with the exception of Sinope.
1500 mercenaries. He did not, however, prevent (Polyb. xxv. 2,4,6, xxvi. 6 ; Liv. xl. 20; Diod. xxix.
the islanders from putting down the Persian Exc. Vales. pp. 576, 577. ) How long he continued
government, and he was himself taken prisoner ; to reign after this we know not; but it appears,
but he escaped, and took refuge in Cos. (Arr. from an incidental notice, that he was still on the
Anal, ii. 1, 2, 13, iii. 2 ; Curt. iii. 3, iv. 1, 5. ) throne in B. c. 170. (Polyb. xxvii. 15; Clinton,
In B. c. 324, Artonis, the sister of Pharnabazus, F. H. vol. iii. p. 426. ) The impartial testimony
was given in marriage to Eumenes by Alexander of Polybius confirms the complaints of Eumenes
the Great; and in B. C. 321 we find Pharnabazus and the Romans in regard to the arrogant and
commanding a squadron of cavalry for Eumenes, in violent character of Pharnaces. [E. H. B. )
the battle in which he defeated Craterus and Neop- PHA'RNACES II. (aprárns), king of Pontus,
tolemus. (Arr. Anab. vii. 4 ; Plut. Eum. 7 ; Diod. or more properly of the Bosporus, was the son of
xviii. 30—32. )
[E. E. ) Mithridates the Great. According to Appian he
PHA'RNACES (Þapvárns). 1. The progenitor was treated by his father with great distinction,
of the kings of Cappadocia, who is himself styled and even designated as his successor, but we find
by Diodorus king of that country. He is said to no mention of him until the close of the life of
have married A tossa, a sister of Cambyses, the Mithridates, after the latter had taken refuge
father of Cyrus ; by whom he had a son named front the arms of Pompey in the provinces north
Gallus, who was the great-grandfather of Anaphas, of the Euxine. But the schemes and preparations
one of the seven Persians who slew the Magi.
of the aged monarch for renewing the war with
(Diod. xxxi. Exc. Phot. p. 517. ) [ANAPHAN]. the Romans, and even carrying his arms into the
But the whole genealogy is probably fictitious. heart of their empire, excited the alarm of Phar-
2. Father of Artabazus, who commanded the naces, and he took advantage of the spirit of dis-
Parthians and Chorasmians in the expedition of content which existed among the assembled troops
Xerxes against Greece. [ARTABAZUS, No. 2. ] to conspire against the life of his father. His
3. Son of Pbarnabazus, appears to have been designs were discovered ; but he was supported
satrap of the provinces of Asia near the Helles- by the favour of the army, who broke out into
pont, as early as B. C. 430. (Thuc. ii. 67. ) He is open mutiny, declared Pharnaces their king,
subsequently mentioned as assigning Adramyt- and marched against the unhappy Mithridates,
tium for a place of settlement to the Delians, who, after several fruitless appeals to his son, was
who had been expelled by the Athenians from compelled to put an end to his own life, B. C. 63.
their native island, B. C. 422. (Id. v. 1; Diod. (Appian. Mithr. 110, 111; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 12.
xii. 73. )
For further details and authorities see Mithri-
4. A Persian of high rank, and brother-in-law DATES. ). In order to secure himself in the posses-
of Dareius Codomannus, who was killed at the sion of the throne which he had thus gained by par-
battle of the Granicus, B. C. 334. (Arr. Anab. i. ricide, Pharnaces hastened to send an embassy to
16. & 5; Diod. xvii. 21. )
[E. H. B. ] Pompey in Syria, with offers of submission, and
PHARNACES I. (Þapvárns), king of Pontus, hostages for his fidelity, at the same time that he
was the son of Mithridates IV. , whom he suc- sent the body of Mithridates to Sinope to be
ceered on the throne. (Justin. xxxviii. 5, 6; at the disposal of the Roman general. 'Pompey
Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. pp. 424, 425). The date readily accepted his overtures, and granted him
of his accession cannot be fixed with certainty, but the kingdom of the Bosporus with the titles of
it is assigned conjecturally by Mr. Clinton to friend and ally of the Roman people. (Appian.
about B. c. 190. li is certain, at least, that he Mithr. 113, 114; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 14. )
YOL. ILL
## p. 242 (#258) ############################################
242
PIIARNASPES.
PHIAYLLUS.
]
For some time Pharaces appears to have re- sandane, a favourite wife of Cyrus the Great
mained contented with the limits thus assigned (Her, ii. 1, iii. 2. )
(E. E. )
him ; and we know no events of his reign during PHARNU'CHIU'S or PHARNU'CHES (pap.
this period, except that he entered into extensive rovyos, papvoúxus). 1. An officer of Cyrus the
relations, both hostile and friendly, with the sur- Elder, and one of the chiliarchs of his cavalry in
rounding Scythian tribes. (Strab. xi. p. 495, the war with Croesus. After the conquest of
506. ) But the increasing dissensions among the Babylon he was made satrap of the lellespontine
Romans themrelves emboldened him to turn his Phrygia and Aeolis. (Xen. Cyrop. vi. 3. § 32,
arms against the free city of Phanagoria, which vii. 1. $ 22, viii. 6. & 7. )
had been expressly excepted from the grant of 2. One of the three commanders of the cavalry
Pompey, but which he now reduced under his in the army of Xerxes. A fall from his horse brought
subjection. Not long afterwards, the civil war on an illness, which prevented himn from proceeding
having actually broken out between Caesar and with the expedition into Greece, and obliged him
Pompey, he determinsd to seize the opportunity to to remain behind at Sardis. By his order the horse's
reinstate himself in his father's dominions, and legs were cut off at the knees on the spot where he
made himself master, almost without opposition, of had thrown his master (Herod. vii. 88). The name
the whole of Colchis and the lesser Armenia. Pharnuchus occurs also as that of a Persian con-
Hereupon Deiotarus, the king of the latter country, mander in the Persae of Aeschylus (305, 9:28).
applied to Domitius Calvinus, the lieutenant of 3. A Lycian, was appointed by Alexander the
Caesar in Asia, for his support, which was readily Great to command the force sent into Sogdiana
granted ; but the combined forces of the Roman against Spitamenes in & c. 329. The result of the
general and the Galatian king were totally de expedition was disastrous. (Carants, No. 3. )
ſeated by Pharnaces near Nicopolis in Armenia, Pharnuches had been entrusted with its superin-
and the latter was now enabled to oecupy the tendence, becanse he was acquainted with the lan-
whole of Pontus, including the important cities of guage of the barbarians of the region, and had
Amisus and Sinope. (Appian. Mithr. 120 ; Dion shown much dexterity in his intercourse with them.
Cass. xlii. 45, 46 ; Hirt. B. Alex. 34–41; Strab. According to Aristobulus he was conscious of his
xii. p. 547. ) He now received intelligence of the deficiency in military skill, and wished to cede the
revolt of Asander, to whom he had entrusted the command to the three Macedonian officers who
government of Bosporus during his absence, and were acting under him, but they refused to acct pt
was preparing to return to chastise his rebel it. (Arr. Anab. iv. 3, 5, 6 ; Curt. vii, 6, 7. ) [E. E. ]
officer, when the approach of Caesar himself com. PHARNU'CHUS ("aproúxos), an historian
pelled him to turn all his attention towards a more of uncertain date, who wrote a history of Persia
formidable enemy. Pharnaces at first endeavoured He was a native of Antioch in Mesopotamia, and,
to conciliate the conqueror by peaceful messages and as this town was called Asibe or Nasibe by its in-
offers of submission, with the view of gaining time habitants, Pharnuchus received the name of Asi-
until the affairs of Rome should compel the dictator benus or Nasibenus. (Steph. Byz. s. r. 'Artió yria;
to return thither. But the rapidity and decision Voss. de Hist. Graec. p. 483, ed. Westermann;
of Caesar's movements quickly disconcerted these comp. Fabr. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. p. 540. ) (E. E. )
plans, and brought on a decisive action near Zela, PHARU'S (þápos ), the helmsman of Menelaus,
in which the army of Pharnaces was utterly de- from whom the island of Pharos, at the mouth of
feated, and he himself with difficulty made his the Nile, was believed to have derived its name.
escape with a small body of horsemen to Sinope. | (Steph. Byz. s. r. Pápos. )
(L. S. ]
From thence he proceeded by sea to the Bos- PHARYGAEA (Þapuyala), a surname of Hera,
porus, where he assembled a force of Scythian and derived from the town of Phary gae, in Locris,
Sarmatian troops, with which he regained posses- where she had a temple. (Steph. Byz. s. r. Þapú-
sion of the cities of Theodosia and Panticapaeum, 704; comp. Strab. ix. p. 426. ) (LS. )
but was ultimately defeated and slain by Asander. PHASELITES. (THEODECTES)
According to Appian, he died in the field fighting PHASIS (pãous), a painter, who is only known
bravely ; Dion Cassius, on the contrary, states by an epigram of Cornelius Longinus, in which he
that he was taken prisoner, and subsequently put is praised for having painted the great Athenian
to death. (Appian, Mithr. 120 ; Dion Cass. xlii
. general Cynegeirus, not, as he was usually repre-
45-48; Hirt. Bell. Alex. 65–77; Plut. Caes. sented, with one hand cut off (see Herod. vi. 114),
50 ; Suet. Jul. 35. )
but with both his hands still unmutilated ; it being
Pharnaces was about fifty years old at the time but fair, according to the conceit of the epigram-
of his death (Appian, l. c. ), of which he had matist, that the hero should not be deprived of
reigned nearly sixteen. It appears that he left those hands which had won him immortal fame!
Pharnabazus was defeated by Alcibiades and Thra- ended with a promise from Agesilaus to withdraw
syllus near Abydus, and his province was ravaged from his territory, and to refrain from any future
by the Athenians (Xen. Hell
. i. 1. SS 14, &c. , 31, invasion of it, as long as there should be any one
2. 88 16, 17; Diod. xiii. 49–51, 63 ; Plut. Alc. else for him to fight with. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. SS 12,
28. ) In B. C. 408, the success of Alcibiades and &c. , 25, &c. , iv. I. $$ 1, 15–41; Plut. Ages.
his colleagues at Chalcedon against Pbarnabazus 9-12; Diod. xiv. 35, 79, 80 ; Just, vi. 1. )
and the Spartan harmost, Hippocrates, who was Meanwhile, as early apparently as B. C. 397, Phar.
slain in the battle, induced the satrap to accept nabazus had connected himself with Conon, and
terms of accommodation from the Athenians, and we find them engaged together down to 393 in a
he further engaged to give a safe conduct to the series of successful operations under the sanction
ambassadors whom they purposed sending to Da- and with the assistance of the Persian king. [Co-
reius (Xen. Hell. i. 3. SS 4-14 ; Diod. xiii. 66 ; NON. ) Pharnabazus, in the last-mentioned year,
Plut. Alc. 30, 31. ) Early in the following spring returned to Asia, and we have no further account
he was journeying with the embassy in question on of him for some time. His satrapy was invaded
their way to the Persian court, when they were by Anaxibius in 389, but it does not appear
met by some Spartan envoys returning from Susa, whether he was himself residing there. (Xen.
where they had obtained from the king all they Hell. iv. 8. Ø 33. ) Two years after we find Ario-
wished, and closely followed by Cyrus, who had barzanes holding the government of Pharnabazus,
been invested by his father with the government who had gone up to court to marry the king's
of the whole sea-coast of Asia Minor, and had been daughter. (Xen. Hell. v. 1. $ 28, Ages. ii. 3 ;
commissioned to aid the Lacedaemonians in the Plut. Art. 27. ) So far we are on sure ground;
At the desire of the prince, Pharnabazus de- but it is very difficult to decide to what period we
tained the Athenian ambassadors in custody, and should refer the unsuccessful expedition of the
three years elapsed before he could obtain leave to Persians to Egypt under Pharnabazus, Abrocomas,
dismiss them (Xen. Hell. i. 4. $$ 1-7). Accord and Tithraustes. Rehdantz, however, gives some
ing to Diodorus (xiv. 22) it was he who gave very probable reasons for placing it in B. C. 392–
information to Artaxerxes of the designs of Cyrus ; 390. (Rehdantz, Vit. Iph. , Chair. , Timoth. pp.
but the name of Pharnabazus may be a mistake of 32, 239—242 ; comp. Isocr. Paneg. p. 69, d. ;
the author for Tissaphernes in this passage as it Aristoph. Plut. 178 ; Just, vi. 6. ) In B. C. 377,
certainly is in other parts of his work, e. g: Pharnabazus, by his remonstrances with the Athe-
xiii. 36, 37, 38. When the Ten Thousand nians, obtained the recall of Chabrias from the
Greeks, in their retreat, had reached Calpe in service of Acoris, king of Egypt, and also a pro-
Bithynia, Pharnabazus sent a body of cavalry to mise to send Iphicraies to co-operate with the
act against them, and these troops made an inef- Persian generals in the reduction of the rebellious
fectual attempt to check the progress of their march. province. The expedition, however, under Iphi-
(Xen. Anab. vi. 4. $S 24, &c. , 5. $$_26–32. ) crates and Pharnabazus ultimately failed in B. C.
On their arrival at Chrysopolis, on the eastern 374, chiefly through the dilatory proceedings and
shore of the Bosporus, the satrap induced Anax. the excessive caution of the latter, who excused
ibius by large promises, which he never redeemed, himself to his colleague by the remark that while
to withdraw them from his territory. [ANAXIBIUS. ] his words were in his own power, his actions were
The great acthority with which Tissaphernes was in that of the king. [CHABRIAS ; IPHICRATES ;
war.
## p. 241 (#257) ############################################
PHARNACES.
241
PHARNACES.
NectaNABIS. ) Whether the disastrous result I was on the throne before E. c. 183, in which year
B.
of the expedition in question threw Pharnabazus he succeeded in reducing the important city of
into disgrace at court, we do not know. Hence- Sinope, which had been long an object of ambition
forth he disappears from history.
to the kings of Pontus. The Rhodians sent an
The character of Pharnabazus is eminently dis- embassy to Rome to complain of this aggression, but
tinguished by generosity and openness. Through without effect. (Strab. xii
. p. 545; Polyb. xxiv. 10;
out a long career, the servant as he was of a Liv. xl. 2. ) About the same time Pharnaces
corrupt and exacting court, and beset by un became involved in disputes with his neighbour,
scrupulous opponents, we still find him unstained Eumenes, king of Pergamus, which led to repeated
by bad faith, if we except his breach of promise to embassies from both monarchs to Rome, as well as
Anaxibius, the very doubtful case of the murder of to partial hostilities. But in the spring of 181,
ALCIBIADEs, and his conduct above-mentioned to without waiting for the return of his ambassadors,
the Athenian ambassadors, in which he appears Pharnaces suddenly attacked both Eumenes and
to have been hardly a free agent.
Ariarathes, and invaded Galatia with a large force.
3. A Persian general, son of Artabazus (No. 4. ), Eumenes opposed him at the head of an army:
was joined with Autophradates in the command but hostilities were soon suspended by the arrival
of the fleet after the death of Memnon, in B. c. of the Roman deputies, appointed by the senate
333. [AUTOPHRADATES. ] They succeeded in to inquire into the matters in dispute. Nego-
reducing Mytilene, Tenedos, and Chios, and, having tiations were accordingly opened at Pergamus, but
despatched some ships to Cos and Halicarnassus, led to no result, the demands of Pharnaces being
they sailed with 100 of their fastest vessels to rejected by the Romans as unreasonable ; and the
Siphnus. Here they were visited by Agis, king war was in consequence renewed. It continued,
of Sparta, who came to ask for money and troops apparently with various interruptions, until the
to support the anti-Macedonian party in the summer of B. C. 179, when Pharnaces, finding
Peloponnesus. But just at this crisis intelligence himself unable to cope with the combined forces of
arrived of Alexander's victory at Issus, and Phar- Eumenes and Ariarathes, was compelled to purchase
nabazus, fearing that the effect of it might be the peace by the cession of all his conquests in Galatia
revolt of Chios, sailed thither with 12 ships and and Paphlagonia, with the exception of Sinope.
1500 mercenaries. He did not, however, prevent (Polyb. xxv. 2,4,6, xxvi. 6 ; Liv. xl. 20; Diod. xxix.
the islanders from putting down the Persian Exc. Vales. pp. 576, 577. ) How long he continued
government, and he was himself taken prisoner ; to reign after this we know not; but it appears,
but he escaped, and took refuge in Cos. (Arr. from an incidental notice, that he was still on the
Anal, ii. 1, 2, 13, iii. 2 ; Curt. iii. 3, iv. 1, 5. ) throne in B. c. 170. (Polyb. xxvii. 15; Clinton,
In B. c. 324, Artonis, the sister of Pharnabazus, F. H. vol. iii. p. 426. ) The impartial testimony
was given in marriage to Eumenes by Alexander of Polybius confirms the complaints of Eumenes
the Great; and in B. C. 321 we find Pharnabazus and the Romans in regard to the arrogant and
commanding a squadron of cavalry for Eumenes, in violent character of Pharnaces. [E. H. B. )
the battle in which he defeated Craterus and Neop- PHA'RNACES II. (aprárns), king of Pontus,
tolemus. (Arr. Anab. vii. 4 ; Plut. Eum. 7 ; Diod. or more properly of the Bosporus, was the son of
xviii. 30—32. )
[E. E. ) Mithridates the Great. According to Appian he
PHA'RNACES (Þapvárns). 1. The progenitor was treated by his father with great distinction,
of the kings of Cappadocia, who is himself styled and even designated as his successor, but we find
by Diodorus king of that country. He is said to no mention of him until the close of the life of
have married A tossa, a sister of Cambyses, the Mithridates, after the latter had taken refuge
father of Cyrus ; by whom he had a son named front the arms of Pompey in the provinces north
Gallus, who was the great-grandfather of Anaphas, of the Euxine. But the schemes and preparations
one of the seven Persians who slew the Magi.
of the aged monarch for renewing the war with
(Diod. xxxi. Exc. Phot. p. 517. ) [ANAPHAN]. the Romans, and even carrying his arms into the
But the whole genealogy is probably fictitious. heart of their empire, excited the alarm of Phar-
2. Father of Artabazus, who commanded the naces, and he took advantage of the spirit of dis-
Parthians and Chorasmians in the expedition of content which existed among the assembled troops
Xerxes against Greece. [ARTABAZUS, No. 2. ] to conspire against the life of his father. His
3. Son of Pbarnabazus, appears to have been designs were discovered ; but he was supported
satrap of the provinces of Asia near the Helles- by the favour of the army, who broke out into
pont, as early as B. C. 430. (Thuc. ii. 67. ) He is open mutiny, declared Pharnaces their king,
subsequently mentioned as assigning Adramyt- and marched against the unhappy Mithridates,
tium for a place of settlement to the Delians, who, after several fruitless appeals to his son, was
who had been expelled by the Athenians from compelled to put an end to his own life, B. C. 63.
their native island, B. C. 422. (Id. v. 1; Diod. (Appian. Mithr. 110, 111; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 12.
xii. 73. )
For further details and authorities see Mithri-
4. A Persian of high rank, and brother-in-law DATES. ). In order to secure himself in the posses-
of Dareius Codomannus, who was killed at the sion of the throne which he had thus gained by par-
battle of the Granicus, B. C. 334. (Arr. Anab. i. ricide, Pharnaces hastened to send an embassy to
16. & 5; Diod. xvii. 21. )
[E. H. B. ] Pompey in Syria, with offers of submission, and
PHARNACES I. (Þapvárns), king of Pontus, hostages for his fidelity, at the same time that he
was the son of Mithridates IV. , whom he suc- sent the body of Mithridates to Sinope to be
ceered on the throne. (Justin. xxxviii. 5, 6; at the disposal of the Roman general. 'Pompey
Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. pp. 424, 425). The date readily accepted his overtures, and granted him
of his accession cannot be fixed with certainty, but the kingdom of the Bosporus with the titles of
it is assigned conjecturally by Mr. Clinton to friend and ally of the Roman people. (Appian.
about B. c. 190. li is certain, at least, that he Mithr. 113, 114; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 14. )
YOL. ILL
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242
PIIARNASPES.
PHIAYLLUS.
]
For some time Pharaces appears to have re- sandane, a favourite wife of Cyrus the Great
mained contented with the limits thus assigned (Her, ii. 1, iii. 2. )
(E. E. )
him ; and we know no events of his reign during PHARNU'CHIU'S or PHARNU'CHES (pap.
this period, except that he entered into extensive rovyos, papvoúxus). 1. An officer of Cyrus the
relations, both hostile and friendly, with the sur- Elder, and one of the chiliarchs of his cavalry in
rounding Scythian tribes. (Strab. xi. p. 495, the war with Croesus. After the conquest of
506. ) But the increasing dissensions among the Babylon he was made satrap of the lellespontine
Romans themrelves emboldened him to turn his Phrygia and Aeolis. (Xen. Cyrop. vi. 3. § 32,
arms against the free city of Phanagoria, which vii. 1. $ 22, viii. 6. & 7. )
had been expressly excepted from the grant of 2. One of the three commanders of the cavalry
Pompey, but which he now reduced under his in the army of Xerxes. A fall from his horse brought
subjection. Not long afterwards, the civil war on an illness, which prevented himn from proceeding
having actually broken out between Caesar and with the expedition into Greece, and obliged him
Pompey, he determinsd to seize the opportunity to to remain behind at Sardis. By his order the horse's
reinstate himself in his father's dominions, and legs were cut off at the knees on the spot where he
made himself master, almost without opposition, of had thrown his master (Herod. vii. 88). The name
the whole of Colchis and the lesser Armenia. Pharnuchus occurs also as that of a Persian con-
Hereupon Deiotarus, the king of the latter country, mander in the Persae of Aeschylus (305, 9:28).
applied to Domitius Calvinus, the lieutenant of 3. A Lycian, was appointed by Alexander the
Caesar in Asia, for his support, which was readily Great to command the force sent into Sogdiana
granted ; but the combined forces of the Roman against Spitamenes in & c. 329. The result of the
general and the Galatian king were totally de expedition was disastrous. (Carants, No. 3. )
ſeated by Pharnaces near Nicopolis in Armenia, Pharnuches had been entrusted with its superin-
and the latter was now enabled to oecupy the tendence, becanse he was acquainted with the lan-
whole of Pontus, including the important cities of guage of the barbarians of the region, and had
Amisus and Sinope. (Appian. Mithr. 120 ; Dion shown much dexterity in his intercourse with them.
Cass. xlii. 45, 46 ; Hirt. B. Alex. 34–41; Strab. According to Aristobulus he was conscious of his
xii. p. 547. ) He now received intelligence of the deficiency in military skill, and wished to cede the
revolt of Asander, to whom he had entrusted the command to the three Macedonian officers who
government of Bosporus during his absence, and were acting under him, but they refused to acct pt
was preparing to return to chastise his rebel it. (Arr. Anab. iv. 3, 5, 6 ; Curt. vii, 6, 7. ) [E. E. ]
officer, when the approach of Caesar himself com. PHARNU'CHUS ("aproúxos), an historian
pelled him to turn all his attention towards a more of uncertain date, who wrote a history of Persia
formidable enemy. Pharnaces at first endeavoured He was a native of Antioch in Mesopotamia, and,
to conciliate the conqueror by peaceful messages and as this town was called Asibe or Nasibe by its in-
offers of submission, with the view of gaining time habitants, Pharnuchus received the name of Asi-
until the affairs of Rome should compel the dictator benus or Nasibenus. (Steph. Byz. s. r. 'Artió yria;
to return thither. But the rapidity and decision Voss. de Hist. Graec. p. 483, ed. Westermann;
of Caesar's movements quickly disconcerted these comp. Fabr. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. p. 540. ) (E. E. )
plans, and brought on a decisive action near Zela, PHARU'S (þápos ), the helmsman of Menelaus,
in which the army of Pharnaces was utterly de- from whom the island of Pharos, at the mouth of
feated, and he himself with difficulty made his the Nile, was believed to have derived its name.
escape with a small body of horsemen to Sinope. | (Steph. Byz. s. r. Pápos. )
(L. S. ]
From thence he proceeded by sea to the Bos- PHARYGAEA (Þapuyala), a surname of Hera,
porus, where he assembled a force of Scythian and derived from the town of Phary gae, in Locris,
Sarmatian troops, with which he regained posses- where she had a temple. (Steph. Byz. s. r. Þapú-
sion of the cities of Theodosia and Panticapaeum, 704; comp. Strab. ix. p. 426. ) (LS. )
but was ultimately defeated and slain by Asander. PHASELITES. (THEODECTES)
According to Appian, he died in the field fighting PHASIS (pãous), a painter, who is only known
bravely ; Dion Cassius, on the contrary, states by an epigram of Cornelius Longinus, in which he
that he was taken prisoner, and subsequently put is praised for having painted the great Athenian
to death. (Appian, Mithr. 120 ; Dion Cass. xlii
. general Cynegeirus, not, as he was usually repre-
45-48; Hirt. Bell. Alex. 65–77; Plut. Caes. sented, with one hand cut off (see Herod. vi. 114),
50 ; Suet. Jul. 35. )
but with both his hands still unmutilated ; it being
Pharnaces was about fifty years old at the time but fair, according to the conceit of the epigram-
of his death (Appian, l. c. ), of which he had matist, that the hero should not be deprived of
reigned nearly sixteen. It appears that he left those hands which had won him immortal fame!
