As he is being dragged off to the
slaughter
let him recognize his brother's hand.
Claudian - 1922 - Loeb
401.
116
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
East quarrel with those of the West ? Can Gildo's salvation be fit guerdon for this mad rivalry ? Great no doubt are his virtues, great should be the price paid to preserve them and such his merits as to banish affection in a brother. Look you, though I, thy sire, willed it not, civil war raged ; the fortunes of Rome stood on a razor's edge. Was there a distant king of Armenia, an unknown monarch by Maeotis' shore but sent aid to mine enterprises ? The Getae gave me succour, the Geloni came to my assistance. Gildo alone sent not a man, not a ship, but waited
the issue in wavering loyalty. Had he sought the confronting host as an open foe my wrath had been less bitter. He stood apart on Fortune's watch- tower and, withdrawn from the throng, weighed this side against that,meaning to let the event decide him, dependent upon the turn things might take and ready to embrace the side of the victor. His fortune hung in the balance as well as his intention. Had I not been hurried to heaven by the impatient stars I would have followed the example of Tullus Hostilius and dragged the impious wretch limb from limb fastened to chariots driven different ways through thorn bushes. 1
Up to this time he has owed obedience to thy brother, now behold he spurns his commands. After thy father's and thy brother's fate art thou ready to trust thyself to such a villain ? Is thine answer that he maketh great return and hath brought over many cities to thine allegiance ? Shall honour, then, give place to utility ? Can gain render treachery welcome ? I make no mention of his cruel betrayal of thy brother ; of his fickle nature ; were a traitor to bring safety even when at peril's height death threatened, never shall he win gratitude. When our life is saved
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perfidiam nec nos patimur committere tali. 265 hoc genus emptori cives cum moenibus offert,
hoc vendit patriam. plerique in tempus abusi
mox odere tamen : tenuit sic Graia Philippus
oppida ; Pellaeo libertas concidit auro.
Romani scelerum semper sprevere ministros. 270 noxia pollicitum domino miscere venena
Fabricius regi nudata fraude remisit,
infesto quem Marte petit, bellumque negavit
per famuli patrare nefas, ductosque Camillus
trans murum pueros obsessae reddidit urbi. 275
" Traduntur poenis alii, cum proelia tollunt ;
hie manet ut moveat ? quod respuit alter in hostem, suscipis in fratrem ? longi pro dedecus aevi !
cui placet, australes Gildo condonat habenas
tantaque mutatos sequitur provincia mores. 280 quaslibet ad partes animus nutaverit aneeps, transfundit secum Libyam refluumque malignus commodat imperium. Mauri fuit Africa munus. tollite Massylas fraudes, removete bilingues
insidias et verba soli spirantia virum. 285
ne consanguineis certetur comminus armis,
ne, precor. haec trucibus Thebis, haec digna Myeenis ;
in Mauros hoc crimen eat.
molitur Stilicho ? quando non ille iubenti
" Quid noster iniquum
THE. WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
we condemn the treachery nor brook to entrust ourselves to such protection. 'Tis this sort that offers for purchase cities and their inhabitants, that sells its fatherland. Most make use of such for the moment but soon learn to hate them. 'Twas
thus that Philip held the cities of Greece ; liberty fell before the attack of Macedonian gold. Rome has ever despised the ministers of guilt. Fabricius,
discovering the plot, sent back to King Pyrrhus the slave who had promised to mingle deadly poison for his lord; fierce war raged between them, but Fabricius refused to end it by means of the
treachery of a slave. Camillus, too, gave back to the beleaguered city the boys brought to his camp from out the walls.
" These were consigned to punishment for seeking to put an end to wars. Is Gildo to five that he may kindle them ? Takest thou such measures
against thy brother as another would disdain to take against an enemy ? O shame for unending ages ! Gildo entrusts the governance of the south
to whom he will ; the great province of Africa obeys a tyrant's whim. To whichever side his fickle mind inclines, he carries Libya over with him and malignantly subjects it to a rule shifting as the tide. Africa was the gift of the Moor. Away with the trickery of the Massyli, their treacherous
wiles and their words that breathe forth the poison of their land. Let not brother wage war on brother, I pray. That were worthy of cruel Thebes and Mycenae ; let that accusation be levelled against the Moors.
"What wrong is Stilicho devising
? when did he fail in his obedience ? than him what more loyal
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ut sileam varios mecum quos gesserit actus, quae vidi post fata, loquar. cum divus abirem,
res incompositas (fateor) tumidasque reliqui. stringebat vetitos etiamnum exercitus enses
Alpinis odiis, alternaque iurgia victi 295 victoresque dabant. vix haec amentia nostris
excubiis, nedum puero rectore quiesset.
heu quantum timui vobis, quid libera tanti
militis auderet moles, cum patre remoto
ferveret iam laeta novis ! dissensus acerbus 300 et gravior consensus erat. tunc ipse paterna successit pietate mihi tenerumque rudemque
fovit et in veros eduxit principis annos,
Rufinumque tibi, quem tu tremuisse fateris,
depulit. hunc solum memorem solumque fidelem 305 experior. volui si quid, dum vita maneret,
aut visus voluisse, gerit ; venerabilis illi
ceu praesens numenque vocor. si tanta recusas,
at soceri reverere faces, at respice fratris
conubium pignusque meae regale Serenae. 310 debueras etiam fraternis obvius ire
hostibus, ille tuis. quae gens, quis Rhenus et Hister vos opibus iunctos conspirantesque tulisset ?
sed tantum permitte, cadat. nil poscimus ultra.
ille licet sese praetentis Syrtibus armet 315 oppositoque Atlante tegat, licet arva referta anguibus et solis medios obiecerit aestus :
120
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I will not mention the various brave deeds he did while yet with me ; of those only I will tell which I saw after my death. When I was raised to heaven disorder — I admit it— and tumult did I leave behind me. The army was still drawing the forbidden sword in that Alpine war,
and conquerors and conquered gave alternate cause for dissension. Scarce could this madness have been
calmed by my vigilance, much less by a boy's rule. Ah, how I feared for you what the uncontrolled might of such vast armies might dare, when, your sire removed, there came the fevered delight in change ! Dangerous was discord, more dangerous still unanimity. 'Twas then that Stilicho took my place in paternal love for thee, tended thine immature youth, and brought thee to the years and estate of an emperor. 'Twas he drove back Rufinus whom thou didst confess thou fearedst. Gratitude and loyalty I find in him alone. Did I want or seem to want aught, while yet I lived he accomplished it. Now I am dead he
supporter have we ?
worships me as worthy of veneration and an ever
present helper. If the thought of his goodness move thee not, at least show respect to thy brother's
father-in-law :
the royal espousal of my niece Serena. Thou oughtest to face thy brother's foes, he thine. Could any nation, could the combined forces of Rhine and Danube have stood against you twain allied ?
protecting Syrtes and rely for safety on the inter vening ocean ; though he think to be defended by
reason of his serpent-infested country and the fierce 121
Enough
bring about but the defeat of Gildo
I ask
bethink thee of Honorius' marriage,
: nought else. Though he entrench himself behind the
!
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novi consilium, novi Stilichonis in omnes aequalem casus animum : penetrabit harenas, inveniet virtute viam. "
" Sic divus et inde 320
Talia dum longo secum sermone retexunt, 325 Hesperiam pervenit avus castumque cubile
iussis, genitor, parebitur ultro.
sic natus :
amplector praecepta libens, nec carior alter cognato Stilichone mihi. commissa profanus ille luat ; redeat iam tutior Africa fratri. "
ingreditur, Tyrio quo fusus Honorius ostro carpebat teneros Maria cum coniuge somnos. adsistit capiti ; tunc sic per somnia fatur :
" Tantane devictos tenuit fiducia Mauros, 330
care nepos ? iterum post me coniurat in arma
progenies vesana Iubae bellumque resumit
victoris cum stirpe sui ? Firmumne iacentem
obliti Libyam nostro sudore receptam
rursus habent ? ausus Latio contendere Gildo 335
germani nec fata timet ? nunc ire profecto,
nunc vellem notosque senex ostendere vultus :
nonne meam fugiet Maurus cum viderit umbram ? quid dubitas ? exsurge toris, invade rebellem, captivum mihi redde meum. desiste morari. 340 hoc generi fatale tuo : dum sanguis in orbe
noster erit, semper pallebit regia Bocchi.
iungantur spoliis Firmi Gildonis opima ;
1 Firmus, brother of Gildo, had, during the reign of Valentinian, risen against the oppressive government of Romanus, count of Africa, and had been defeated by
Theodosius the elder. 122
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
sun's mid-day heat, yet well I know Stilicho's in genuity—that mind of his equal to any emergency. He will force his way through the desert, his own greatness will lead him. "
Thus spake the dead emperor, whereon thus the son answered : " Right willingly, father, will I fulfil thy commands : ever ready am I to welcome thy behests. None is dearer to me than my kinsman Stilicho. Let the impious Gildo atone for his wrongs, and Africa be restored to my brother still safer than before. "
While father and son thus debated in long converse, Theodosius the grandfather made his way to Italy and entered the chaste bedchamber where on his couch of Tyrian purple Honorius lay in sweet sleep by the side of his wife Maria. At his head he stood and thus spake to him in a dream. " What rash confidence is this, dear grandson, that fills the conquered Moors ? Does the mad race descended from Juba, the people whom I subdued, once more conspire to oppose Rome's power and recommence the war with its conqueror's grandson ? Have they
forgotten the defeat of Firmus 1 ? Do they think to repossess Libya won back by the sweat of battle ? Dares Gildo strive with Rome ? Does he not fear his brother's fate. Fain would I go myself, old
I be, and show him the face he knows but too well. Will not the Moor flee my very shade, should he behold it ? Why delayest thou ? Up from thy bed ; attack the rebel ; give me back my prisoner ; waste no more time. 'Tis Fate's gift to thy family. While yet the race of Theodosius treads the earth the palace of Bocchus shall go in fear. Let the spoils of Gildo be added to those of Firmus ;
though
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exornet geminos Maurusia laurea currus :
una domus totiens una de gente triumphet. 345 di bene, quod tantis interlabentibus annis
servati Firmusque mihi fraterque nepoti. "
dixit et adflatus vicino sole refugit.
At iuvenem stimutis inmanibus aemula virtus exacuit ; iam puppe vehi, iam stagna secare 350 fervet et absentes invadere cuspide Mauros.
tum iubet acciri socerum dextramque vocato
conserit et, quae sit potior sententia, quaerit :
" Per somnos mihi, sancte pater, iam saepe futura panduntur multaeque canunt praesagia noctes. 355
namque procul Libycos venatu cingere saltus
et iuga rimari canibus Gaetula videbar.
maerebat regio saevi vastata leonis
incursu ; pecudum strages passimque iuvenci semineces et adhuc infecta mapalia tabo 360 sparsaque sanguineis pastorum funera campis. adgredior latebras monstri mirumque relatu conspicio : dilapsus honos, cervice minaces
defluxere iubae ; fractos inglorius armos
supposuit, servile gemens ; iniectaque vincla 365 unguibus et subitae collo sonuere catenae,
nunc etiam paribus secum certare tropaeis
hortator me cogit avus. quonam usque remoti cunctamur ? decuit pridem complere biremes
et pelagi superare moras, transmittere primus 370 ipse paro ; quaecumque meo gens barbara nutu stringitur, adveniat : Germania cuncta feratur
124
1 i. e. Stilicho.
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
let the bays of Mauretania deck chariots twain and one house triumph thus many times over one race. Thanks be to the gods who have interposed so many years between the sacrifice of Firmus to my arms and that of Firmus' brother to those of my grand son. " He spake, then fled, as he felt the breath of the approaching dawn.
Then emulous courage roused the emperor with insistent goad. He burns to set sail, to cleave the main, to assail with the spear the distant Moors. So he summons his father-in-law 1 and clasping his hand asks what course of action he advises. " Full often, reverend sire, is the future revealed to me in dreams ; many a night brings prophecy. Methought I surrounded in hunting the distant glades of Africa and scoured the Gaetulian mountains with
my hounds. The district was distressed by reason of the incursions of a ravening Hon. On all sides were
slaughtered
beasts and mangled heifers, and still
their homesteads ran red with blood, and corpses of
I approached the beast's cave and saw a sight wonderful to relate. Gone was that noble form, drooping on the neck the threatening mane ; there he crouched, defeated, humbled, with slavish moans ; fetters were upon his paws and a chain clanked of a sudden on his neck. Now, too, my grand- sire eagerly urges me to rival his triumphs with my own. Why, he asked, did I delay and hesitate so long ? Already my ships should have been manned
and the sea's threatened opposition overcome. I myself am ready to cross in the first vessel. Let every foreign nation that is bound beneath my rule come to our aid. Let all Germany be transported and
125
many a shepherd lay weltering in the bloody fields.
CLAUDIAN
navibus et socia comitentur classe Sygambri.
pallida translatum iam sentiat Africa Rhenum. 374
an patiar tot probra sedens iuvenisque relinquam
quae tenui rexique puer ? bis noster ad Alpes
alterius genitor defensum regna cucurrit. "
nos praedae faciles insultandique iacemus ? Finierat. Stilicho contra cui talia reddit :
" adversine tubam princeps dignabere Mauri ? 380 auferet ignavus clari solacia leti,
te bellante mori ? decernet Honorius inde,
hinc Gildo ? prius astra Chaos miscebit Averno. vindictam mandasse sat est ; plus nominis horror quam tuus ensis aget. minuit praesentia famam. 385 qui stetit aequatur campo, collataque nescit maiestatem acies. sed quod magis utile factu
atque hosti gravius (sensus adverte) docebo.
est illi patribus, sed non et moribus isdem
Mascezel, fugiens qui dira piacula fratris 390 spesque suas vitamque tuo commisit asylo.
hunc ubi temptatis frustra mactare nequivit
insidiis, patrias in pignora contulit iras
et, quos ipse sinu parvos gestaverat, una
occidit iuvenes inhumataque corpora vulgo 395 dispulit et tumulo cognatas arcuit umbras naturamque simul fratremque hominemque cruentus exuit et tenuem caesis invidit harenam.
hoc facinus refugo damnavit sole Mycenas
avertitque diem ; sceleri sed reddidit Atreus 400
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
the Sygambri come with allied fleet. Let trembling Africa now have experience of the dwellers on Rhine's banks. Or shall I sit here and submit to such disgrace ? Shall I relinquish, now that I am a man, what I ruled and governed as a boy ? Twice my father hurried to the Alps to defend another's realm. Am I to be an easy prey, an object of scorn? "
Wilt
thou, an emperor, deign to challenge a Moor to fight ? Is that coward to have the consolation of death in battle at thy hand ? Shall Honorius fight on our side and Gildo on the other ? Ere that, chaos
shall plunge the stars into Hell. 'Tis enough to command his punishment. Thy name shall strike
terror into him than thy sword. Presence
will minish awe ; he who stands in the lists admits
He ended and Stilicho thus made answer : "
greater
equality, and struggling hosts regard not majesty.
Listen and I will' tell thee something at once more
profitable for thyself and of more effect against the
Gildo has a brother of like descent but unlike in character, Mascezel, who, avoiding the evil courses of his brother, has entrusted his hopes and his life to thy keeping. When Gildo, after many vain attempts, found no means to kill Mascezel, he turned his anger from the father to the children and slew those whom himself had nursed as infants in his arms ; then cast aside their unburied bodies and refused sepulchre to the shades of those that had been his
kin. The bloody tyrant stifled all natural feelings, forgot he was a brother, forgot he was a man, and begrudged the slain a handful of dust. 'Twas a like deed brought its ill repute upon Mycenae, that put the sun to rout and turned back the day. But while Atreus paid back crime for crime and had excuse
127
enemy.
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crimen et infandas excusat coniuge mensas. hie odium, non poena fuit. te perdita iura, te pater ultorem, te nudi pulvere manes,
te pietas polluta rogat ; si flentibus aram
et proprium miseris numen statuistis, Athenae, 405 si Pandionias planctu traxere phalanges
Inachides belloque rogos meruere maritis,
si maesto squalore comae lacrimisque senatum
in Numidas pulsus solio commovit Adherbal :
hunc quoque nunc Gildo, tanto quem funere mersit, hunc doleat venisse ducem seseque minorem 411 supplicibus sciat esse tuis. quem sede fugavit,
hunc praeceps fugiat, fregit quem clade, tremiscat
agnoscatque suum, trahitur dum victima, fratrem. " Haec ubi sederunt genero, notissima Marti 415
robora, praecipuos electa pube maniplos
di^ponit portuque rates instaurat Etrusco.
Herculeam suus Alcides Ioviamque cohortem
rex ducit superum, premitur nec signifer ullo pondere : festinant adeo vexilla moved. 420 Nervius insequitur meritusque vocabula Felix dictaque ab Augusto legio nomenque probantes invicti clipeoque animosi teste Leones.
Dictis ante tamen princeps confirmat ituros
1 A reference to the support given by Theseus, King of Athens, to Adrastus, King of Argos, when the Thebans had refused to allow the burial of the Argives slain at Thebes ;
of. Eur. Supplices.
2 Orosius (vii. 36. 6) says Mascezel only had 5000 men.
The legion may have been leg. viii. Augusta. The other names are those of various numeri (the unit of the post- Diocletianic army).
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THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
for the bloody banquet in the unfaithfulness of his
wife, Gildo's motive was hatred, not
Violated rights, the sorrowing father, the unburied dead, the unnatural crime all call upon thee as
If thou, Athens, didst dedicate an altar to the sorrowing and ordain to those that mourn a special deity, if the women of Argos won to their aid the Athenian phalanx by their tears and bought burial for their slain lords at the price of war ; 1 if Adherbal, driven from his throne, roused the Senate against the Numidians by the sad appeal of unkempt locks and by his tears, then let Gildo be sorry that now this man also whom he has crushed by so many murders is come into the field against him, and let him learn that he must bow before thy suppliants. Let Gildo flee headlong before him whom he put to flight and fear him whom he o'erwhelmed with the murder of his children.
As he is being dragged off to the slaughter let him recognize his brother's hand. "
When this advice had been accepted by his son- in-law, Stilicho made ready for war the most famous regiments in the army, selecting therefrom special companies of picked men ; he further prepared the fleet in the harbours of Etruria. Alcides himself commands the Herculean cohort ; the king of the gods leads the Jovian. No standard-bearer feels the
weight of his eagle, so readily do the very standards press forward. The Nervian cohort follows and the Felix, well deserving its name, the legion, too, named after Augustus, that well called The Un- conquered, and the brave regiment of the Lion 2 to whose name their shields bear witness.
But before they start the emperor, standing upon a platform of earth, heartens them with his words :
vol. i k 129
avenger.
vengeance.
CLAUDIAN
aggere conspicuus ; stat circumfusa iuventus 425 nixa hastis pronasque ferox accommodat aures :
" Gildonem domitura manus, promissa minasque tempus agi. si quid pro me doluistis, in armis ostentate mihi ; iusto magnoque triumpho
civiles abolete notas ; sciat orbis Eous 430 sitque palam Gallos causa, non robore vinci.
nec vos, barbariem quamvis collegerit omnem, terreat. an Mauri fremitum raucosque repulsus umbonum et vestros passuri comminus enses ?
non contra clipeis tectos gladiisque micantes 435 ibitis : in solis longe fiducia telis.
exarmatus erit, cum missile torserit, hostis.
dextra movet iaculum, praetentat pallia laeva ;
cetera nudus eques. sonipes ignarus habenae ;
virga regit. non ulla fides, non agminis ordo : 440
arma oneri, fuga praesidio. conubia mille ;
non illis generis nexus, non pignora curae :
sed numero languet pietas. haec copia vulgi. umbratus dux ipse rosis et marcidus ibit
unguentis crudusque cibo titubansque Lyaeo, 445 confectus senio, morbis stuprisque solutus.
excitet incestos turmalis bucina somnos,
imploret citharas cantatricesque choreas
offensus stridore tubae discatque coactus,
quas vigilat Veneri, castris impendere noctes. 450
1 He appeals to the Gallic element cf the army to atone for its previous support of Maximus and Eugenius.
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THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
leaning upon their spears the soldiers throng around him and attune their ready ears to his inspiring voice. " My men, so soon to bring defeat upon Gildo, now is the time to fulfil your promises and make good your threats. If you felt indignation on my behalf, now take up arms and prove it. Wash out the stain of civil war by means of a great and deserved triumph. Let the empire of the East know, let it be plain to all the world, that Gaul can only owe defeat to the badness of a cause, not to her enemies' strength. 1 Let not Gildo affright you though he have all barbary at his back. Shall Moors stand up against the shock of your clashing shields and the near threat of your swords ? You shall not oppose men armed with shields or shining blades. These savages put their trust in javelins hurled from afar. Once he has discharged his missile the enemy will be disarmed. With his right hand he hurls his spear, with his left he holds his cloak before him ; no other armour has the horseman. His steed knows not the rein ; a whip controls it. Obedience and discipline are unknown in their ranks. Their arms are a burden to them, their salvation lies in flight. Though each has many wives, ties of family bind them not, nor have they any love for their children whose very number causes affection to fail. Such are the troops. The chief will come to battle crowned with roses, drenched with scents, his last feast still undigested ; drunken with wine, foredone with eld, enervated with disease and venery. Let the war trumpet rouse him from a bed of incest, let him beg aid of lutes and choirs, for he likes not the
clarion's note, and let him learn (all unwilling) to spend in war nights that he now dedicates to love.
I
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CLAUDIAN
" Nonne mori satius, vitae quam ferre pudorem ? nam quae iam regio restat, si dedita Mauris
regibus Illyricis accesserit Africa damnis ?
ius Latium, quod tunc Meroe Rubroque solebat Oceano cingi, Tyrrhena clauditur unda ; 455 et cui non Nilus, non intulit India metas,
Romani iam finis erit Trinacria regni.
ite recepturi, praedo quem sustulit, axem
ereptumque Notum ; caput insuperabile rerum
aut ruet in vestris aut stabit Roma lacertis. 460 tot mihi debetis populos, tot rura, tot urbes
amissas. uno Libyam defendite bello.
vestros imperium remos et vestra sequatur
carbasa. despectas trans aequora ducite leges, tertia iam solito cervix mucrone rotetur 465 tandem funereis finem positura tyrannis. "
Omina conveniunt dicto fulvusque Tonantis armiger a liquida cunctis spectantibus aethra
correptum pedibus curvis innexuit hydrum,
dumque reluctantem morsu partitur obunco, 470 haesit in ungue caput ; truncatus decidit anguis. ilicet auguriis alacres per saxa citati
torrentesque ruunt ; nec mons aut silva retardat : pendula ceu parvis moturae bella colonis
ingenti clangore grues aestiva relinquunt 475 Thracia, cum tepido permutant Strymona Nilo : ordinibus variis per nubila texitur ales
littera pennarumque notis conscribitur aer.
Ut fluctus tetigere maris, tunc acrior arsit
1 The other two being Maximus and Eugenius. 2 i. e. the Greek A.
132
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
" Is not death preferable to a life disgraced ? If, in addition to the loss of Illyria, Africa is to be surrendered to Moorish kings, what lands still remain to us ? The empire of Italy, once bounded by the Nile and the Red Sea, is limited to-day by the sea of Tuscany ; shall Sicily now be the most distant province of Roman rule, to which in days of old neither Egypt nor India set an end ? Go : win back that southern realm a rebel has reft from me. It depends on your arms whether Rome, the uncon querable mistress of the world, stands or falls. You owe me so many peoples, countries, cities lost. Fight but one battle in defence of Libya. Let empire restored attend on your oars and sails. Give back to Africa the laws of Rome she now disregards. Let history repeat itself, and the sword smite from its trunk the head of this third tyrant 1 and so end at last the series of bloody usurpers. "
An omen confirms his word and before the eyes of all, the tawny bird, armour-bearer of Jove, swoops down from the open sky and seizes a snake in his curved talons ; and while the eagle tears his struggling prey with his hooked beak, his claws are embedded
initshead. The severed body falls to earth. Straight
way the soldiers come hurrying up, crossing rocks and streams in their eagerness at the call of this portent. Neither mountains nor woods delay them. Even as the cranes leave their summer home of Thrace clamorously to join issue in doubtful war with the Pygmies, when they desert the Strymon for warm-watered Nile, the letter 2 traced by the speeding line stands out against the clouds and the heaven is stamped with the figure of their flight.
When they reached the coast still fiercer blazed 133
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impetus ; adripiunt naves ipsique rudentes 480 expediunt et vela legunt et cornua summis
adsociant malis ; quatitur Tyrrhena tumultu
ora nec Alpheae capiunt navalia Pisae :
sic Agamemnoniam vindex cum Graecia classem solveret, innumeris fervebat vocibus Aulis. 485
non illos strepitus impendentisque procellae
signa nec"adventus dubii deterruit Austri.
" vellite proclamant " socii, iam vellite funem.
per vada Gildonem quamvis adversa petamus.
ad bellum nos trudat hiems per devia ponti. 490 quassatis cupio tellurem figere rostris.
heu nimium segnes, cauta qui mente notatis,
si revolant mergi, graditur si litore cornix.
ora licet maculis adsperserit occiduus sol
lunaque conceptis livescat turgida Cauris 495
et contusa vagos iaculentur sidera crines ;
imbribus umescant Haedi nimbosaque Taurum
ducat Hyas totusque fretis descendat Orion :
certa fides caeli, sed maior Honorius auctor ;
illius auspiciis inmensa per aequora miles, 500
non Plaustris Arctove regor. contemne Booten,
navita, turbinibus mediis permitte carinas.
si mihi tempestas Libyam ventique negabunt, Augusti Fortuna dabit. "
Iam classis in altum provehitur ; dextra Ligures, Etruria laeva 505
linquitur et caecis vitatur Corsica saxis. humanae specie plantae se magna figurat insula (Sardiniam veteres dixere coloni), dives ager frugum, Poenos Italosve petenti
134
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
their enthusiasm. They seize upon the ships and themselves make ready the hawsers ; furl the sails and fix the yards to the masts. Etruria's shore is shaken with their uproar and Arcadian-founded Pisa cannot contain so great > a number of ships. So Aulis rang with countless voices what time avenging Greece loosed the cables of Agamemnon's fleet. No storm-blast deterred them nor threat of coming tempest nor the presence of the treacherous south wind. " Seize the rope, fellow-soldiers," they
us to battle by how crooked so ever a course. Fain would I seize upon that shore though my ships' beaks be shattered. Cowards ye, who cautiously observe whether or no the sea-gulls fly back or the crow pace the beach. What if clouds fleck the face of the setting sun or a stormy moon wear the halo that betokens hurricane ? What if comets wave their
tails, or the constellation of the Kids threatens rain, or the cloudy Hyades lead forth the Bull and all Orion sink 'neath the waves ? Put your trust in the sky, but put more in Honorius. Beneath his auspices I, his soldier, range the bound less seas nor look to the Plough or the Bear to guide me. Make no account of Bootes, sailor ; launch your bark in mid tempest. If winds and storms deny me Libya, my emperor's fortune will grant it. "
The fleet is launched. They pass Liguria on their left hand, Etruria on their right, avoiding the sunken reefs of Corsica. There lies an island formed like a human foot (Sardinia its former inhabitants called it), an island rich in the produce of its fields, and
cry, " seize the rope :
let us sail
the very seas be against us. Let the storm drive
against
Gildo
though
spreading
conveniently
situated for them who sail either to 135
CLAUDIAN
opportuna situ : quae pars vicinior Afris, 510 plana solo, ratibus clemens ; quae respicit Arcton,
inmitis, scopulosa, procax subitisque sonora
flatibus ; insanos infamat navita montes.
hie hominum pecudumque lues, sic 1 pestifer aer saevit et exclusis regnant Aquilonibus Austri. 515
Quos ubi luctatis procul effugere carinis,
per di versa ruunt sinuosae litora terrae.
pars adit antiqua ductos Carthagine Sulcos ;
partem litoreo complectitur Olbia muro.
urbs Libyam contra Tyrio fundata potenti 520 tenditur in longum Caralis tenuemque per undas obvia dimittit fracturum flamina collem ;
efficitur portus medium mare, tutaque ventis omnibus ingenti mansuescunt stagna recessu.
hanc omni petiere manu prorisque reductis 525
suspensa Zephyros expectant classe faventes.
1 Birt, following the mss. , si. Older editions huic . . . huic. Iprint sic
1 This poem was never properly finished ; see Introduc tion, p. xi.
136
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
Africa or Italy. The part that faces Africa is flat and affords good anchorage for ships ; the northern shore is inhospitable, rock-bound, stormy, and loud with beating waves. The sailor curses these wild cliffs. Here the pestilence falls on men and beasts, so plague-ridden and deadly is the air, so omnipotent the South wind and the North winds banished.
When their much buffeted vessels had given a wide berth to these dangers, they came to land at different places on the broken coast -line. Some are beached at Sulci, a city founded by Carthage
of old. The sea-wall of Olbia shelters others. The city of Caralis over against the coast of Libya, a colony of great Phoenician Carthage, juts out into the sea and extends into the waves, a little pro
that breaks the force of the opposing winds. Thus in the midst a harbour is found and in a huge bay the quiet waters lie safe from every wind. For this harbour they make with every effort, and reversing their vessels they await the favouring breezes of the west wind with fleet at anchor. 1
montory
137
IN EUTROPIUM LIBER I
(XVIII)
Semiferos partus metuendaque pignora matri moenibus et mediis auditum nocte luporum
murmur et attonito pecudes pastore locutas
et lapidum duras hiemes nimboque minacem sanguineo rubuisse Iovem puteosque cruore 5 mutatos visasque polo concurrere lunas
et geminos soles mirari desinat orbis :
omnia cesserunt eunucho consule monstra.
heu terrae caelique pudor ! trabeata per urbes ostentatur anus titulumque effeminat anni. 10 pandite pontifices Cumanae carmina vatis,
fulmineos sollers Etruria consulat ignes
inmersumque nefas fibris exploret haruspex,
quae nova portendant superi. Nilusne meatu
deviiis et nostri temptat iam transfuga mundi 15 se Rubro miscere mari ? ruptone Niphate
rursum barbaricis Oriens vastabitur armis ?
an morbi ventura lues ? an nulla colono
responsura seges ? quae tantas expiet iras
victima ? quo diras iugulo placabimus aras ? 20
1 For the consulship of Eutropius see Introduction, p. xv. 2 A mountain in Armenia.
138
AGAINST EUTROPIUS BOOK I
(XVIII)
Let the world cease to wonder at the births of creatures half human, half bestial, at monstrous babes that affright their own mothers, at the howling of wolves heard by night in the cities, at beasts that speak to their astonied herds, at stones falling like rain, at the blood-red threatening storm clouds,
at wells of water changed to gore, at moons that clash in mid heaven and at twin suns. All portents pale before our eunuch consul. O shame to heaven and earth ! Our cities behold an old woman decked in a consul's robe who gives a woman's name to the year. 1 Open the pages of the Cumaean Sibyl, ye pontifs ; let wise Etrurian seers consult the light ning's flash, and the soothsayer search out the awful portent hidden in the entrails. What new dread warning is this the gods give ? Does Nile desert his bed and leaving Roman soil seek to mix his waters with those of the Red Sea ? Does cleft Niphates 2 once more let through a host of eastern barbarians to ravage our lands ? Does a pestilence threaten us ? Or shall no harvest repay the farmer ? What victim can expiate divine anger such as this ? What offering appease the cruel altars ? The consul's
139
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consule lustrandi fasces ipsoque litandum prodigio ; quodcumque parant hoc online fata, Eutropius cervice luat sic omnia nobis. 1
Hoc regni, Fortuna, tenes ? quaenam ista iocandi saevitia ? humanis quantum bacchabere rebus ? 25 si tibi servili placuit foedare curules
crimine, procedat laxata compede consul,
rupta Quirinales sumant ergastula cinctus ;
da saltem quemcumque virum. discrimina quaedam sunt famulis splendorque suus, maculamque minorem condicionis habet, domino qui vixerit uno. 31 si pelagi fluctus, Libyae si discis harenas,
Eutropii numerabis eros. quot iura, quot ille mutavit tabulas vel quanta vocabula vertit !
nudatus quotiens, medicum dum consulit emptor, 35 ne qua per occultum lateat iactura dolorem !
omnes paenituit pretii venumque redibat,
dum vendi potuit. postquam deforme cadaver mansit et in rugas totus defluxit aniles,
iam specie doni certatim limine pellunt 40 et foedum ignaris properant obtrudere munus.
tot translata iugis summisit colla, vetustum servitium semperque novum, nec destitit umquam, saepe tamen coepit.
Cunabula prima cruentis
debet suppliciis ; rapitur castrandus ab ipso 45
1 Birt begins the new paragraph at sic, printing a comma at nobis. Alternatively, read volvis for nobis (so Cuiacius'
codd. ). 140
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, I
own blood must cleanse the consular insignia, the monster itself must be sacrificed. Whatever it be that fate prepares for us and shows forth by such an omen, let Eutropius' death, I pray, avert it all.
Fortune, is thy power so all-embracing ? What is this savage humour of thine ? To what lengths
wilt thou sport with us poor mortals ?
will to disgrace the" consul's" chair with a servile occupant let some consul come forward with broken chains, let an escaped jail-bird don the robes of Quirinus—but at least give us a man. There are grades even among slaves and a certain dignity ; that slave who has served but one master holds a position of less infamy. Ganst thou count the waves of the sea, the grains of Africa's sands, if so thou canst number Eutropius' masters. How many owners has he had, in how many sale-catalogues has he appeared, how often has he changed his name ! How often has he been stripped while buyer con sulted doctor whether there lurked any flaw by reason ofsome hidden disease !
him and he always returned to the slave-market while he could yet fetch a price. When he became but a foul corpse-like body, a mass of senile pen dulous flesh, his masters were anxious to rid their houses of him by giving him away as a present and
If it was
thy
All repented
made haste to foist the loathsome gift on an unsus pecting friend. To so many different yokes did he submit his neck, this slave, old in years but ever new to the house ; there was no end to his servitude though many beginnings.
He is destined from his very cradle to bloody tortures ; straight from his mother's womb he is hurried away to be made a eunuch ; no sooner born
141
having bought
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ubere ; suscipiunt matris post viscera poenae. advolat Armenius certo mucrone recisos
edoctus mollire mares damnoque nefandum
aucturus pretium ; fecundum corporis imbrem 1 sedibus exhaurit geminis unoque sub ictu 50 eripit officium patris nomenque mariti.
ambiguus vitae iacuit, penitusque supremum in cerebrum secti traxerunt frigora nervi.
Laudemusne manum, quae vires abstulit hosti,
an potius fato causam tribuisse queramur ? 55 profuerat mansisse virum ; felicior extat
opprobrio ; serviret adhuc, si fortior esset.
Inde per Assyriae trahitur commercia ripae ;
hinc fora venalis Galata ductore frequentat
permutatque domos varias ; quis nomina possit 60 tanta sequi ? miles stabuli Ptolomaeus in illis
notior : hic longo lassatus paelicis usu
donat Arinthaeo ; neque enim iam dignus haberi
nec maturus emi. cum fastiditus abiret,
quam gemuit, quanto planxit divortia luctu ! 65 " haec erat, heu, Ptolomaee, fides ? hoc profuit aetas in gremio consumpta tuo lectusque iugalis
et ducti totiens inter praesaepia somni ? libertas promissa perit ? viduumne relinquis
Eutropium tantasque premunt oblivia noctes, 70 crudelis ? generis pro sors durissima nostri !
femina, cum senuit, retinet conubia partu,
1 codd. ignem ; Postdate imbrem
1 I take Ptolemy to have been a stationarius, i. e. a servant in a public post-house, but there is possibly some covert allusion to stabulum in the sense of prostibulum, a brothel.
142
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, I
than he becomes a prey to suffering. Up hastens the Armenian, skilled by operating with unerring knife to make males womanish and to increase their
value by such loss. He drains the body's life-giving fluid from its double source and with one blow deprives his victim of a father's function and the name of husband. Eutropius lay doubtful of life, and the severed sinews drew a numbness deep down into his furthest brain.
Are we to praise the hand that robbed an enemy of his strength ? Or shall we rather blame the fates ? It would have been better had he remained a man ; his very disgrace has proved a blessing to him. Had he had his full manly vigour he would still have been
a slave.
After this he is dragged from one Assyrian mart
to another ; next in the train of a Galatian slave- merchant he stands for sale in many a market and knows many diverse houses. Who could tell the
names of all his buyers ?
116
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
East quarrel with those of the West ? Can Gildo's salvation be fit guerdon for this mad rivalry ? Great no doubt are his virtues, great should be the price paid to preserve them and such his merits as to banish affection in a brother. Look you, though I, thy sire, willed it not, civil war raged ; the fortunes of Rome stood on a razor's edge. Was there a distant king of Armenia, an unknown monarch by Maeotis' shore but sent aid to mine enterprises ? The Getae gave me succour, the Geloni came to my assistance. Gildo alone sent not a man, not a ship, but waited
the issue in wavering loyalty. Had he sought the confronting host as an open foe my wrath had been less bitter. He stood apart on Fortune's watch- tower and, withdrawn from the throng, weighed this side against that,meaning to let the event decide him, dependent upon the turn things might take and ready to embrace the side of the victor. His fortune hung in the balance as well as his intention. Had I not been hurried to heaven by the impatient stars I would have followed the example of Tullus Hostilius and dragged the impious wretch limb from limb fastened to chariots driven different ways through thorn bushes. 1
Up to this time he has owed obedience to thy brother, now behold he spurns his commands. After thy father's and thy brother's fate art thou ready to trust thyself to such a villain ? Is thine answer that he maketh great return and hath brought over many cities to thine allegiance ? Shall honour, then, give place to utility ? Can gain render treachery welcome ? I make no mention of his cruel betrayal of thy brother ; of his fickle nature ; were a traitor to bring safety even when at peril's height death threatened, never shall he win gratitude. When our life is saved
117
C^AUDIAN
perfidiam nec nos patimur committere tali. 265 hoc genus emptori cives cum moenibus offert,
hoc vendit patriam. plerique in tempus abusi
mox odere tamen : tenuit sic Graia Philippus
oppida ; Pellaeo libertas concidit auro.
Romani scelerum semper sprevere ministros. 270 noxia pollicitum domino miscere venena
Fabricius regi nudata fraude remisit,
infesto quem Marte petit, bellumque negavit
per famuli patrare nefas, ductosque Camillus
trans murum pueros obsessae reddidit urbi. 275
" Traduntur poenis alii, cum proelia tollunt ;
hie manet ut moveat ? quod respuit alter in hostem, suscipis in fratrem ? longi pro dedecus aevi !
cui placet, australes Gildo condonat habenas
tantaque mutatos sequitur provincia mores. 280 quaslibet ad partes animus nutaverit aneeps, transfundit secum Libyam refluumque malignus commodat imperium. Mauri fuit Africa munus. tollite Massylas fraudes, removete bilingues
insidias et verba soli spirantia virum. 285
ne consanguineis certetur comminus armis,
ne, precor. haec trucibus Thebis, haec digna Myeenis ;
in Mauros hoc crimen eat.
molitur Stilicho ? quando non ille iubenti
" Quid noster iniquum
THE. WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
we condemn the treachery nor brook to entrust ourselves to such protection. 'Tis this sort that offers for purchase cities and their inhabitants, that sells its fatherland. Most make use of such for the moment but soon learn to hate them. 'Twas
thus that Philip held the cities of Greece ; liberty fell before the attack of Macedonian gold. Rome has ever despised the ministers of guilt. Fabricius,
discovering the plot, sent back to King Pyrrhus the slave who had promised to mingle deadly poison for his lord; fierce war raged between them, but Fabricius refused to end it by means of the
treachery of a slave. Camillus, too, gave back to the beleaguered city the boys brought to his camp from out the walls.
" These were consigned to punishment for seeking to put an end to wars. Is Gildo to five that he may kindle them ? Takest thou such measures
against thy brother as another would disdain to take against an enemy ? O shame for unending ages ! Gildo entrusts the governance of the south
to whom he will ; the great province of Africa obeys a tyrant's whim. To whichever side his fickle mind inclines, he carries Libya over with him and malignantly subjects it to a rule shifting as the tide. Africa was the gift of the Moor. Away with the trickery of the Massyli, their treacherous
wiles and their words that breathe forth the poison of their land. Let not brother wage war on brother, I pray. That were worthy of cruel Thebes and Mycenae ; let that accusation be levelled against the Moors.
"What wrong is Stilicho devising
? when did he fail in his obedience ? than him what more loyal
119
CLAUDIAN
ut sileam varios mecum quos gesserit actus, quae vidi post fata, loquar. cum divus abirem,
res incompositas (fateor) tumidasque reliqui. stringebat vetitos etiamnum exercitus enses
Alpinis odiis, alternaque iurgia victi 295 victoresque dabant. vix haec amentia nostris
excubiis, nedum puero rectore quiesset.
heu quantum timui vobis, quid libera tanti
militis auderet moles, cum patre remoto
ferveret iam laeta novis ! dissensus acerbus 300 et gravior consensus erat. tunc ipse paterna successit pietate mihi tenerumque rudemque
fovit et in veros eduxit principis annos,
Rufinumque tibi, quem tu tremuisse fateris,
depulit. hunc solum memorem solumque fidelem 305 experior. volui si quid, dum vita maneret,
aut visus voluisse, gerit ; venerabilis illi
ceu praesens numenque vocor. si tanta recusas,
at soceri reverere faces, at respice fratris
conubium pignusque meae regale Serenae. 310 debueras etiam fraternis obvius ire
hostibus, ille tuis. quae gens, quis Rhenus et Hister vos opibus iunctos conspirantesque tulisset ?
sed tantum permitte, cadat. nil poscimus ultra.
ille licet sese praetentis Syrtibus armet 315 oppositoque Atlante tegat, licet arva referta anguibus et solis medios obiecerit aestus :
120
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
I will not mention the various brave deeds he did while yet with me ; of those only I will tell which I saw after my death. When I was raised to heaven disorder — I admit it— and tumult did I leave behind me. The army was still drawing the forbidden sword in that Alpine war,
and conquerors and conquered gave alternate cause for dissension. Scarce could this madness have been
calmed by my vigilance, much less by a boy's rule. Ah, how I feared for you what the uncontrolled might of such vast armies might dare, when, your sire removed, there came the fevered delight in change ! Dangerous was discord, more dangerous still unanimity. 'Twas then that Stilicho took my place in paternal love for thee, tended thine immature youth, and brought thee to the years and estate of an emperor. 'Twas he drove back Rufinus whom thou didst confess thou fearedst. Gratitude and loyalty I find in him alone. Did I want or seem to want aught, while yet I lived he accomplished it. Now I am dead he
supporter have we ?
worships me as worthy of veneration and an ever
present helper. If the thought of his goodness move thee not, at least show respect to thy brother's
father-in-law :
the royal espousal of my niece Serena. Thou oughtest to face thy brother's foes, he thine. Could any nation, could the combined forces of Rhine and Danube have stood against you twain allied ?
protecting Syrtes and rely for safety on the inter vening ocean ; though he think to be defended by
reason of his serpent-infested country and the fierce 121
Enough
bring about but the defeat of Gildo
I ask
bethink thee of Honorius' marriage,
: nought else. Though he entrench himself behind the
!
CLAUDIAN
novi consilium, novi Stilichonis in omnes aequalem casus animum : penetrabit harenas, inveniet virtute viam. "
" Sic divus et inde 320
Talia dum longo secum sermone retexunt, 325 Hesperiam pervenit avus castumque cubile
iussis, genitor, parebitur ultro.
sic natus :
amplector praecepta libens, nec carior alter cognato Stilichone mihi. commissa profanus ille luat ; redeat iam tutior Africa fratri. "
ingreditur, Tyrio quo fusus Honorius ostro carpebat teneros Maria cum coniuge somnos. adsistit capiti ; tunc sic per somnia fatur :
" Tantane devictos tenuit fiducia Mauros, 330
care nepos ? iterum post me coniurat in arma
progenies vesana Iubae bellumque resumit
victoris cum stirpe sui ? Firmumne iacentem
obliti Libyam nostro sudore receptam
rursus habent ? ausus Latio contendere Gildo 335
germani nec fata timet ? nunc ire profecto,
nunc vellem notosque senex ostendere vultus :
nonne meam fugiet Maurus cum viderit umbram ? quid dubitas ? exsurge toris, invade rebellem, captivum mihi redde meum. desiste morari. 340 hoc generi fatale tuo : dum sanguis in orbe
noster erit, semper pallebit regia Bocchi.
iungantur spoliis Firmi Gildonis opima ;
1 Firmus, brother of Gildo, had, during the reign of Valentinian, risen against the oppressive government of Romanus, count of Africa, and had been defeated by
Theodosius the elder. 122
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
sun's mid-day heat, yet well I know Stilicho's in genuity—that mind of his equal to any emergency. He will force his way through the desert, his own greatness will lead him. "
Thus spake the dead emperor, whereon thus the son answered : " Right willingly, father, will I fulfil thy commands : ever ready am I to welcome thy behests. None is dearer to me than my kinsman Stilicho. Let the impious Gildo atone for his wrongs, and Africa be restored to my brother still safer than before. "
While father and son thus debated in long converse, Theodosius the grandfather made his way to Italy and entered the chaste bedchamber where on his couch of Tyrian purple Honorius lay in sweet sleep by the side of his wife Maria. At his head he stood and thus spake to him in a dream. " What rash confidence is this, dear grandson, that fills the conquered Moors ? Does the mad race descended from Juba, the people whom I subdued, once more conspire to oppose Rome's power and recommence the war with its conqueror's grandson ? Have they
forgotten the defeat of Firmus 1 ? Do they think to repossess Libya won back by the sweat of battle ? Dares Gildo strive with Rome ? Does he not fear his brother's fate. Fain would I go myself, old
I be, and show him the face he knows but too well. Will not the Moor flee my very shade, should he behold it ? Why delayest thou ? Up from thy bed ; attack the rebel ; give me back my prisoner ; waste no more time. 'Tis Fate's gift to thy family. While yet the race of Theodosius treads the earth the palace of Bocchus shall go in fear. Let the spoils of Gildo be added to those of Firmus ;
though
123
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exornet geminos Maurusia laurea currus :
una domus totiens una de gente triumphet. 345 di bene, quod tantis interlabentibus annis
servati Firmusque mihi fraterque nepoti. "
dixit et adflatus vicino sole refugit.
At iuvenem stimutis inmanibus aemula virtus exacuit ; iam puppe vehi, iam stagna secare 350 fervet et absentes invadere cuspide Mauros.
tum iubet acciri socerum dextramque vocato
conserit et, quae sit potior sententia, quaerit :
" Per somnos mihi, sancte pater, iam saepe futura panduntur multaeque canunt praesagia noctes. 355
namque procul Libycos venatu cingere saltus
et iuga rimari canibus Gaetula videbar.
maerebat regio saevi vastata leonis
incursu ; pecudum strages passimque iuvenci semineces et adhuc infecta mapalia tabo 360 sparsaque sanguineis pastorum funera campis. adgredior latebras monstri mirumque relatu conspicio : dilapsus honos, cervice minaces
defluxere iubae ; fractos inglorius armos
supposuit, servile gemens ; iniectaque vincla 365 unguibus et subitae collo sonuere catenae,
nunc etiam paribus secum certare tropaeis
hortator me cogit avus. quonam usque remoti cunctamur ? decuit pridem complere biremes
et pelagi superare moras, transmittere primus 370 ipse paro ; quaecumque meo gens barbara nutu stringitur, adveniat : Germania cuncta feratur
124
1 i. e. Stilicho.
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
let the bays of Mauretania deck chariots twain and one house triumph thus many times over one race. Thanks be to the gods who have interposed so many years between the sacrifice of Firmus to my arms and that of Firmus' brother to those of my grand son. " He spake, then fled, as he felt the breath of the approaching dawn.
Then emulous courage roused the emperor with insistent goad. He burns to set sail, to cleave the main, to assail with the spear the distant Moors. So he summons his father-in-law 1 and clasping his hand asks what course of action he advises. " Full often, reverend sire, is the future revealed to me in dreams ; many a night brings prophecy. Methought I surrounded in hunting the distant glades of Africa and scoured the Gaetulian mountains with
my hounds. The district was distressed by reason of the incursions of a ravening Hon. On all sides were
slaughtered
beasts and mangled heifers, and still
their homesteads ran red with blood, and corpses of
I approached the beast's cave and saw a sight wonderful to relate. Gone was that noble form, drooping on the neck the threatening mane ; there he crouched, defeated, humbled, with slavish moans ; fetters were upon his paws and a chain clanked of a sudden on his neck. Now, too, my grand- sire eagerly urges me to rival his triumphs with my own. Why, he asked, did I delay and hesitate so long ? Already my ships should have been manned
and the sea's threatened opposition overcome. I myself am ready to cross in the first vessel. Let every foreign nation that is bound beneath my rule come to our aid. Let all Germany be transported and
125
many a shepherd lay weltering in the bloody fields.
CLAUDIAN
navibus et socia comitentur classe Sygambri.
pallida translatum iam sentiat Africa Rhenum. 374
an patiar tot probra sedens iuvenisque relinquam
quae tenui rexique puer ? bis noster ad Alpes
alterius genitor defensum regna cucurrit. "
nos praedae faciles insultandique iacemus ? Finierat. Stilicho contra cui talia reddit :
" adversine tubam princeps dignabere Mauri ? 380 auferet ignavus clari solacia leti,
te bellante mori ? decernet Honorius inde,
hinc Gildo ? prius astra Chaos miscebit Averno. vindictam mandasse sat est ; plus nominis horror quam tuus ensis aget. minuit praesentia famam. 385 qui stetit aequatur campo, collataque nescit maiestatem acies. sed quod magis utile factu
atque hosti gravius (sensus adverte) docebo.
est illi patribus, sed non et moribus isdem
Mascezel, fugiens qui dira piacula fratris 390 spesque suas vitamque tuo commisit asylo.
hunc ubi temptatis frustra mactare nequivit
insidiis, patrias in pignora contulit iras
et, quos ipse sinu parvos gestaverat, una
occidit iuvenes inhumataque corpora vulgo 395 dispulit et tumulo cognatas arcuit umbras naturamque simul fratremque hominemque cruentus exuit et tenuem caesis invidit harenam.
hoc facinus refugo damnavit sole Mycenas
avertitque diem ; sceleri sed reddidit Atreus 400
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
the Sygambri come with allied fleet. Let trembling Africa now have experience of the dwellers on Rhine's banks. Or shall I sit here and submit to such disgrace ? Shall I relinquish, now that I am a man, what I ruled and governed as a boy ? Twice my father hurried to the Alps to defend another's realm. Am I to be an easy prey, an object of scorn? "
Wilt
thou, an emperor, deign to challenge a Moor to fight ? Is that coward to have the consolation of death in battle at thy hand ? Shall Honorius fight on our side and Gildo on the other ? Ere that, chaos
shall plunge the stars into Hell. 'Tis enough to command his punishment. Thy name shall strike
terror into him than thy sword. Presence
will minish awe ; he who stands in the lists admits
He ended and Stilicho thus made answer : "
greater
equality, and struggling hosts regard not majesty.
Listen and I will' tell thee something at once more
profitable for thyself and of more effect against the
Gildo has a brother of like descent but unlike in character, Mascezel, who, avoiding the evil courses of his brother, has entrusted his hopes and his life to thy keeping. When Gildo, after many vain attempts, found no means to kill Mascezel, he turned his anger from the father to the children and slew those whom himself had nursed as infants in his arms ; then cast aside their unburied bodies and refused sepulchre to the shades of those that had been his
kin. The bloody tyrant stifled all natural feelings, forgot he was a brother, forgot he was a man, and begrudged the slain a handful of dust. 'Twas a like deed brought its ill repute upon Mycenae, that put the sun to rout and turned back the day. But while Atreus paid back crime for crime and had excuse
127
enemy.
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crimen et infandas excusat coniuge mensas. hie odium, non poena fuit. te perdita iura, te pater ultorem, te nudi pulvere manes,
te pietas polluta rogat ; si flentibus aram
et proprium miseris numen statuistis, Athenae, 405 si Pandionias planctu traxere phalanges
Inachides belloque rogos meruere maritis,
si maesto squalore comae lacrimisque senatum
in Numidas pulsus solio commovit Adherbal :
hunc quoque nunc Gildo, tanto quem funere mersit, hunc doleat venisse ducem seseque minorem 411 supplicibus sciat esse tuis. quem sede fugavit,
hunc praeceps fugiat, fregit quem clade, tremiscat
agnoscatque suum, trahitur dum victima, fratrem. " Haec ubi sederunt genero, notissima Marti 415
robora, praecipuos electa pube maniplos
di^ponit portuque rates instaurat Etrusco.
Herculeam suus Alcides Ioviamque cohortem
rex ducit superum, premitur nec signifer ullo pondere : festinant adeo vexilla moved. 420 Nervius insequitur meritusque vocabula Felix dictaque ab Augusto legio nomenque probantes invicti clipeoque animosi teste Leones.
Dictis ante tamen princeps confirmat ituros
1 A reference to the support given by Theseus, King of Athens, to Adrastus, King of Argos, when the Thebans had refused to allow the burial of the Argives slain at Thebes ;
of. Eur. Supplices.
2 Orosius (vii. 36. 6) says Mascezel only had 5000 men.
The legion may have been leg. viii. Augusta. The other names are those of various numeri (the unit of the post- Diocletianic army).
128
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
for the bloody banquet in the unfaithfulness of his
wife, Gildo's motive was hatred, not
Violated rights, the sorrowing father, the unburied dead, the unnatural crime all call upon thee as
If thou, Athens, didst dedicate an altar to the sorrowing and ordain to those that mourn a special deity, if the women of Argos won to their aid the Athenian phalanx by their tears and bought burial for their slain lords at the price of war ; 1 if Adherbal, driven from his throne, roused the Senate against the Numidians by the sad appeal of unkempt locks and by his tears, then let Gildo be sorry that now this man also whom he has crushed by so many murders is come into the field against him, and let him learn that he must bow before thy suppliants. Let Gildo flee headlong before him whom he put to flight and fear him whom he o'erwhelmed with the murder of his children.
As he is being dragged off to the slaughter let him recognize his brother's hand. "
When this advice had been accepted by his son- in-law, Stilicho made ready for war the most famous regiments in the army, selecting therefrom special companies of picked men ; he further prepared the fleet in the harbours of Etruria. Alcides himself commands the Herculean cohort ; the king of the gods leads the Jovian. No standard-bearer feels the
weight of his eagle, so readily do the very standards press forward. The Nervian cohort follows and the Felix, well deserving its name, the legion, too, named after Augustus, that well called The Un- conquered, and the brave regiment of the Lion 2 to whose name their shields bear witness.
But before they start the emperor, standing upon a platform of earth, heartens them with his words :
vol. i k 129
avenger.
vengeance.
CLAUDIAN
aggere conspicuus ; stat circumfusa iuventus 425 nixa hastis pronasque ferox accommodat aures :
" Gildonem domitura manus, promissa minasque tempus agi. si quid pro me doluistis, in armis ostentate mihi ; iusto magnoque triumpho
civiles abolete notas ; sciat orbis Eous 430 sitque palam Gallos causa, non robore vinci.
nec vos, barbariem quamvis collegerit omnem, terreat. an Mauri fremitum raucosque repulsus umbonum et vestros passuri comminus enses ?
non contra clipeis tectos gladiisque micantes 435 ibitis : in solis longe fiducia telis.
exarmatus erit, cum missile torserit, hostis.
dextra movet iaculum, praetentat pallia laeva ;
cetera nudus eques. sonipes ignarus habenae ;
virga regit. non ulla fides, non agminis ordo : 440
arma oneri, fuga praesidio. conubia mille ;
non illis generis nexus, non pignora curae :
sed numero languet pietas. haec copia vulgi. umbratus dux ipse rosis et marcidus ibit
unguentis crudusque cibo titubansque Lyaeo, 445 confectus senio, morbis stuprisque solutus.
excitet incestos turmalis bucina somnos,
imploret citharas cantatricesque choreas
offensus stridore tubae discatque coactus,
quas vigilat Veneri, castris impendere noctes. 450
1 He appeals to the Gallic element cf the army to atone for its previous support of Maximus and Eugenius.
130
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
leaning upon their spears the soldiers throng around him and attune their ready ears to his inspiring voice. " My men, so soon to bring defeat upon Gildo, now is the time to fulfil your promises and make good your threats. If you felt indignation on my behalf, now take up arms and prove it. Wash out the stain of civil war by means of a great and deserved triumph. Let the empire of the East know, let it be plain to all the world, that Gaul can only owe defeat to the badness of a cause, not to her enemies' strength. 1 Let not Gildo affright you though he have all barbary at his back. Shall Moors stand up against the shock of your clashing shields and the near threat of your swords ? You shall not oppose men armed with shields or shining blades. These savages put their trust in javelins hurled from afar. Once he has discharged his missile the enemy will be disarmed. With his right hand he hurls his spear, with his left he holds his cloak before him ; no other armour has the horseman. His steed knows not the rein ; a whip controls it. Obedience and discipline are unknown in their ranks. Their arms are a burden to them, their salvation lies in flight. Though each has many wives, ties of family bind them not, nor have they any love for their children whose very number causes affection to fail. Such are the troops. The chief will come to battle crowned with roses, drenched with scents, his last feast still undigested ; drunken with wine, foredone with eld, enervated with disease and venery. Let the war trumpet rouse him from a bed of incest, let him beg aid of lutes and choirs, for he likes not the
clarion's note, and let him learn (all unwilling) to spend in war nights that he now dedicates to love.
I
131
CLAUDIAN
" Nonne mori satius, vitae quam ferre pudorem ? nam quae iam regio restat, si dedita Mauris
regibus Illyricis accesserit Africa damnis ?
ius Latium, quod tunc Meroe Rubroque solebat Oceano cingi, Tyrrhena clauditur unda ; 455 et cui non Nilus, non intulit India metas,
Romani iam finis erit Trinacria regni.
ite recepturi, praedo quem sustulit, axem
ereptumque Notum ; caput insuperabile rerum
aut ruet in vestris aut stabit Roma lacertis. 460 tot mihi debetis populos, tot rura, tot urbes
amissas. uno Libyam defendite bello.
vestros imperium remos et vestra sequatur
carbasa. despectas trans aequora ducite leges, tertia iam solito cervix mucrone rotetur 465 tandem funereis finem positura tyrannis. "
Omina conveniunt dicto fulvusque Tonantis armiger a liquida cunctis spectantibus aethra
correptum pedibus curvis innexuit hydrum,
dumque reluctantem morsu partitur obunco, 470 haesit in ungue caput ; truncatus decidit anguis. ilicet auguriis alacres per saxa citati
torrentesque ruunt ; nec mons aut silva retardat : pendula ceu parvis moturae bella colonis
ingenti clangore grues aestiva relinquunt 475 Thracia, cum tepido permutant Strymona Nilo : ordinibus variis per nubila texitur ales
littera pennarumque notis conscribitur aer.
Ut fluctus tetigere maris, tunc acrior arsit
1 The other two being Maximus and Eugenius. 2 i. e. the Greek A.
132
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
" Is not death preferable to a life disgraced ? If, in addition to the loss of Illyria, Africa is to be surrendered to Moorish kings, what lands still remain to us ? The empire of Italy, once bounded by the Nile and the Red Sea, is limited to-day by the sea of Tuscany ; shall Sicily now be the most distant province of Roman rule, to which in days of old neither Egypt nor India set an end ? Go : win back that southern realm a rebel has reft from me. It depends on your arms whether Rome, the uncon querable mistress of the world, stands or falls. You owe me so many peoples, countries, cities lost. Fight but one battle in defence of Libya. Let empire restored attend on your oars and sails. Give back to Africa the laws of Rome she now disregards. Let history repeat itself, and the sword smite from its trunk the head of this third tyrant 1 and so end at last the series of bloody usurpers. "
An omen confirms his word and before the eyes of all, the tawny bird, armour-bearer of Jove, swoops down from the open sky and seizes a snake in his curved talons ; and while the eagle tears his struggling prey with his hooked beak, his claws are embedded
initshead. The severed body falls to earth. Straight
way the soldiers come hurrying up, crossing rocks and streams in their eagerness at the call of this portent. Neither mountains nor woods delay them. Even as the cranes leave their summer home of Thrace clamorously to join issue in doubtful war with the Pygmies, when they desert the Strymon for warm-watered Nile, the letter 2 traced by the speeding line stands out against the clouds and the heaven is stamped with the figure of their flight.
When they reached the coast still fiercer blazed 133
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impetus ; adripiunt naves ipsique rudentes 480 expediunt et vela legunt et cornua summis
adsociant malis ; quatitur Tyrrhena tumultu
ora nec Alpheae capiunt navalia Pisae :
sic Agamemnoniam vindex cum Graecia classem solveret, innumeris fervebat vocibus Aulis. 485
non illos strepitus impendentisque procellae
signa nec"adventus dubii deterruit Austri.
" vellite proclamant " socii, iam vellite funem.
per vada Gildonem quamvis adversa petamus.
ad bellum nos trudat hiems per devia ponti. 490 quassatis cupio tellurem figere rostris.
heu nimium segnes, cauta qui mente notatis,
si revolant mergi, graditur si litore cornix.
ora licet maculis adsperserit occiduus sol
lunaque conceptis livescat turgida Cauris 495
et contusa vagos iaculentur sidera crines ;
imbribus umescant Haedi nimbosaque Taurum
ducat Hyas totusque fretis descendat Orion :
certa fides caeli, sed maior Honorius auctor ;
illius auspiciis inmensa per aequora miles, 500
non Plaustris Arctove regor. contemne Booten,
navita, turbinibus mediis permitte carinas.
si mihi tempestas Libyam ventique negabunt, Augusti Fortuna dabit. "
Iam classis in altum provehitur ; dextra Ligures, Etruria laeva 505
linquitur et caecis vitatur Corsica saxis. humanae specie plantae se magna figurat insula (Sardiniam veteres dixere coloni), dives ager frugum, Poenos Italosve petenti
134
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
their enthusiasm. They seize upon the ships and themselves make ready the hawsers ; furl the sails and fix the yards to the masts. Etruria's shore is shaken with their uproar and Arcadian-founded Pisa cannot contain so great > a number of ships. So Aulis rang with countless voices what time avenging Greece loosed the cables of Agamemnon's fleet. No storm-blast deterred them nor threat of coming tempest nor the presence of the treacherous south wind. " Seize the rope, fellow-soldiers," they
us to battle by how crooked so ever a course. Fain would I seize upon that shore though my ships' beaks be shattered. Cowards ye, who cautiously observe whether or no the sea-gulls fly back or the crow pace the beach. What if clouds fleck the face of the setting sun or a stormy moon wear the halo that betokens hurricane ? What if comets wave their
tails, or the constellation of the Kids threatens rain, or the cloudy Hyades lead forth the Bull and all Orion sink 'neath the waves ? Put your trust in the sky, but put more in Honorius. Beneath his auspices I, his soldier, range the bound less seas nor look to the Plough or the Bear to guide me. Make no account of Bootes, sailor ; launch your bark in mid tempest. If winds and storms deny me Libya, my emperor's fortune will grant it. "
The fleet is launched. They pass Liguria on their left hand, Etruria on their right, avoiding the sunken reefs of Corsica. There lies an island formed like a human foot (Sardinia its former inhabitants called it), an island rich in the produce of its fields, and
cry, " seize the rope :
let us sail
the very seas be against us. Let the storm drive
against
Gildo
though
spreading
conveniently
situated for them who sail either to 135
CLAUDIAN
opportuna situ : quae pars vicinior Afris, 510 plana solo, ratibus clemens ; quae respicit Arcton,
inmitis, scopulosa, procax subitisque sonora
flatibus ; insanos infamat navita montes.
hie hominum pecudumque lues, sic 1 pestifer aer saevit et exclusis regnant Aquilonibus Austri. 515
Quos ubi luctatis procul effugere carinis,
per di versa ruunt sinuosae litora terrae.
pars adit antiqua ductos Carthagine Sulcos ;
partem litoreo complectitur Olbia muro.
urbs Libyam contra Tyrio fundata potenti 520 tenditur in longum Caralis tenuemque per undas obvia dimittit fracturum flamina collem ;
efficitur portus medium mare, tutaque ventis omnibus ingenti mansuescunt stagna recessu.
hanc omni petiere manu prorisque reductis 525
suspensa Zephyros expectant classe faventes.
1 Birt, following the mss. , si. Older editions huic . . . huic. Iprint sic
1 This poem was never properly finished ; see Introduc tion, p. xi.
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THE WAR AGAINST GILDO, I
Africa or Italy. The part that faces Africa is flat and affords good anchorage for ships ; the northern shore is inhospitable, rock-bound, stormy, and loud with beating waves. The sailor curses these wild cliffs. Here the pestilence falls on men and beasts, so plague-ridden and deadly is the air, so omnipotent the South wind and the North winds banished.
When their much buffeted vessels had given a wide berth to these dangers, they came to land at different places on the broken coast -line. Some are beached at Sulci, a city founded by Carthage
of old. The sea-wall of Olbia shelters others. The city of Caralis over against the coast of Libya, a colony of great Phoenician Carthage, juts out into the sea and extends into the waves, a little pro
that breaks the force of the opposing winds. Thus in the midst a harbour is found and in a huge bay the quiet waters lie safe from every wind. For this harbour they make with every effort, and reversing their vessels they await the favouring breezes of the west wind with fleet at anchor. 1
montory
137
IN EUTROPIUM LIBER I
(XVIII)
Semiferos partus metuendaque pignora matri moenibus et mediis auditum nocte luporum
murmur et attonito pecudes pastore locutas
et lapidum duras hiemes nimboque minacem sanguineo rubuisse Iovem puteosque cruore 5 mutatos visasque polo concurrere lunas
et geminos soles mirari desinat orbis :
omnia cesserunt eunucho consule monstra.
heu terrae caelique pudor ! trabeata per urbes ostentatur anus titulumque effeminat anni. 10 pandite pontifices Cumanae carmina vatis,
fulmineos sollers Etruria consulat ignes
inmersumque nefas fibris exploret haruspex,
quae nova portendant superi. Nilusne meatu
deviiis et nostri temptat iam transfuga mundi 15 se Rubro miscere mari ? ruptone Niphate
rursum barbaricis Oriens vastabitur armis ?
an morbi ventura lues ? an nulla colono
responsura seges ? quae tantas expiet iras
victima ? quo diras iugulo placabimus aras ? 20
1 For the consulship of Eutropius see Introduction, p. xv. 2 A mountain in Armenia.
138
AGAINST EUTROPIUS BOOK I
(XVIII)
Let the world cease to wonder at the births of creatures half human, half bestial, at monstrous babes that affright their own mothers, at the howling of wolves heard by night in the cities, at beasts that speak to their astonied herds, at stones falling like rain, at the blood-red threatening storm clouds,
at wells of water changed to gore, at moons that clash in mid heaven and at twin suns. All portents pale before our eunuch consul. O shame to heaven and earth ! Our cities behold an old woman decked in a consul's robe who gives a woman's name to the year. 1 Open the pages of the Cumaean Sibyl, ye pontifs ; let wise Etrurian seers consult the light ning's flash, and the soothsayer search out the awful portent hidden in the entrails. What new dread warning is this the gods give ? Does Nile desert his bed and leaving Roman soil seek to mix his waters with those of the Red Sea ? Does cleft Niphates 2 once more let through a host of eastern barbarians to ravage our lands ? Does a pestilence threaten us ? Or shall no harvest repay the farmer ? What victim can expiate divine anger such as this ? What offering appease the cruel altars ? The consul's
139
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consule lustrandi fasces ipsoque litandum prodigio ; quodcumque parant hoc online fata, Eutropius cervice luat sic omnia nobis. 1
Hoc regni, Fortuna, tenes ? quaenam ista iocandi saevitia ? humanis quantum bacchabere rebus ? 25 si tibi servili placuit foedare curules
crimine, procedat laxata compede consul,
rupta Quirinales sumant ergastula cinctus ;
da saltem quemcumque virum. discrimina quaedam sunt famulis splendorque suus, maculamque minorem condicionis habet, domino qui vixerit uno. 31 si pelagi fluctus, Libyae si discis harenas,
Eutropii numerabis eros. quot iura, quot ille mutavit tabulas vel quanta vocabula vertit !
nudatus quotiens, medicum dum consulit emptor, 35 ne qua per occultum lateat iactura dolorem !
omnes paenituit pretii venumque redibat,
dum vendi potuit. postquam deforme cadaver mansit et in rugas totus defluxit aniles,
iam specie doni certatim limine pellunt 40 et foedum ignaris properant obtrudere munus.
tot translata iugis summisit colla, vetustum servitium semperque novum, nec destitit umquam, saepe tamen coepit.
Cunabula prima cruentis
debet suppliciis ; rapitur castrandus ab ipso 45
1 Birt begins the new paragraph at sic, printing a comma at nobis. Alternatively, read volvis for nobis (so Cuiacius'
codd. ). 140
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, I
own blood must cleanse the consular insignia, the monster itself must be sacrificed. Whatever it be that fate prepares for us and shows forth by such an omen, let Eutropius' death, I pray, avert it all.
Fortune, is thy power so all-embracing ? What is this savage humour of thine ? To what lengths
wilt thou sport with us poor mortals ?
will to disgrace the" consul's" chair with a servile occupant let some consul come forward with broken chains, let an escaped jail-bird don the robes of Quirinus—but at least give us a man. There are grades even among slaves and a certain dignity ; that slave who has served but one master holds a position of less infamy. Ganst thou count the waves of the sea, the grains of Africa's sands, if so thou canst number Eutropius' masters. How many owners has he had, in how many sale-catalogues has he appeared, how often has he changed his name ! How often has he been stripped while buyer con sulted doctor whether there lurked any flaw by reason ofsome hidden disease !
him and he always returned to the slave-market while he could yet fetch a price. When he became but a foul corpse-like body, a mass of senile pen dulous flesh, his masters were anxious to rid their houses of him by giving him away as a present and
If it was
thy
All repented
made haste to foist the loathsome gift on an unsus pecting friend. To so many different yokes did he submit his neck, this slave, old in years but ever new to the house ; there was no end to his servitude though many beginnings.
He is destined from his very cradle to bloody tortures ; straight from his mother's womb he is hurried away to be made a eunuch ; no sooner born
141
having bought
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ubere ; suscipiunt matris post viscera poenae. advolat Armenius certo mucrone recisos
edoctus mollire mares damnoque nefandum
aucturus pretium ; fecundum corporis imbrem 1 sedibus exhaurit geminis unoque sub ictu 50 eripit officium patris nomenque mariti.
ambiguus vitae iacuit, penitusque supremum in cerebrum secti traxerunt frigora nervi.
Laudemusne manum, quae vires abstulit hosti,
an potius fato causam tribuisse queramur ? 55 profuerat mansisse virum ; felicior extat
opprobrio ; serviret adhuc, si fortior esset.
Inde per Assyriae trahitur commercia ripae ;
hinc fora venalis Galata ductore frequentat
permutatque domos varias ; quis nomina possit 60 tanta sequi ? miles stabuli Ptolomaeus in illis
notior : hic longo lassatus paelicis usu
donat Arinthaeo ; neque enim iam dignus haberi
nec maturus emi. cum fastiditus abiret,
quam gemuit, quanto planxit divortia luctu ! 65 " haec erat, heu, Ptolomaee, fides ? hoc profuit aetas in gremio consumpta tuo lectusque iugalis
et ducti totiens inter praesaepia somni ? libertas promissa perit ? viduumne relinquis
Eutropium tantasque premunt oblivia noctes, 70 crudelis ? generis pro sors durissima nostri !
femina, cum senuit, retinet conubia partu,
1 codd. ignem ; Postdate imbrem
1 I take Ptolemy to have been a stationarius, i. e. a servant in a public post-house, but there is possibly some covert allusion to stabulum in the sense of prostibulum, a brothel.
142
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, I
than he becomes a prey to suffering. Up hastens the Armenian, skilled by operating with unerring knife to make males womanish and to increase their
value by such loss. He drains the body's life-giving fluid from its double source and with one blow deprives his victim of a father's function and the name of husband. Eutropius lay doubtful of life, and the severed sinews drew a numbness deep down into his furthest brain.
Are we to praise the hand that robbed an enemy of his strength ? Or shall we rather blame the fates ? It would have been better had he remained a man ; his very disgrace has proved a blessing to him. Had he had his full manly vigour he would still have been
a slave.
After this he is dragged from one Assyrian mart
to another ; next in the train of a Galatian slave- merchant he stands for sale in many a market and knows many diverse houses. Who could tell the
names of all his buyers ?
