No More Learning

)
himself master under the pretext of dislodging a Pliny mentions two other statues of Cephiso
band of pirates who had taken refuge there. Un dotus (xxxiv. 8. s. 19. $ 27), one a Mercury nursing
able to cope with Charidemus, he entered into a the infant Bacchus, that is to say, holding him in
compromise
. by which the place was indeed yielded his arms in order to entrust him to the care of the
to Athens, but on terms 60 disadvantageous that Nymphs, a subject also known by Praxiteles'
he was recalled from his command and brought to statue (Paus. ix. 39. § 3), and by some basso-
trial for his life. By a majority of only three votes relievos, and an unknown orator lifting his hand,
he escaped sentence of death, but was condemned which attitude of Hermes Logeos was adopted by
to a fine of five talents. (Dem. C. Aristokr. pp. his successors, for instance in the celebrated statue
670–676; Suid. s. v. Knoiobotos. ) This was of Cleomenes in the Louvre, and in a colossus at
perhaps the Cephisodotus who, in B. c. 355, joined Vienna. (Meyer's Note to Winckelmann, vii. 2,
Aristophon the Azenian and others in defending 26. ) It is probable that the admirable statue of
the law of Leptines against Demosthenes, and who Athena and the altar of Zeus Soter in the Peiraeeus
is mentioned in the speech of the latter as inferior (Plin. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. § 14). — perhaps the same
to none in eloquence. (Dem. c. Lept. p. 501, &c. ; which Demosthenes decorated after his return from
cump. Ruhnk. Hist. Crit
. Orat. Gr. p. 141. ) Aris- exile, B. C. 323 (Plut. Dem. c. 27, Vit. X Orat.
totle speaks of him (Rhet. iii. 10) as an opponent of p. 846, d. ) -- were likewise his works, because they
Chares when the latter had to undergo his eúdúvn must have been erected soon after the restorativo
after the Olynthian war, B. C. 347. (E. E. ) of the Peiraeeus by Conon, B. C. 393.


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670)
CEPHISODOTUS.
CEPHISOPHON
2. The younger Cephisodotus, likewise of | of all these idle people together. In fact the two
Athens, a son of the great Praxiteles, is mentioned ladies whom Cephisodotus is there stated to have
by Pliny (xxxiv. 8. § 19) with five other sculptors represented, are very well known to us as poetesses,
in bronze under the 120th Olympiad (B. C. 300), Myro or Mocro of Byzantium, mother of the
probably because the battle of Ipsus, B. C. 301, tragic poet Homer (who flourished B. c. 284 ; see
gave to the chronographers -a convenient pause to Suidas, s. v. 'Oumpos), and Anyte. (ANYTE. ]
enumerate the artists of distinction then alire ; it All the works of Cephisodotus are lost. One
is, therefore, not to be wondered at if we find only, but one of the noblest, the Symplegma,
Cephisodotus engaged before and probably after praised by Pliny (xxxvi. 4. & 6) and visible at his
that time. Heir to the art of his father (Plin. time at Pergamus, is considered by many anti-
xxxvi. 4. & 6), and therefore always a sculptor in quarians as still in existence in an imitation
bronze and marble, never, as Sillig (p. 144 ) states, only, but a very good one, the celebrated group
a painter, he was at first employed, together with of two wrestling youths at Florence. (Gull. di
his brother Timarchus, at Athens and Thebes in Firenze Statue, iii. tavv. 121, 122. ) Winckelmann
some works of importance. First, they executed seems to have changed his mind about its meaning,
wooden statues of the orator and statesman Ly- for in one place (Gesch. d. Kunst, ix. 2. 28) he
curgus (who died B. c. 323), and of his three sons, refers it to the group of Niobe with which it was
Abron, Lycurgus, and Lycophron, which were found, and in another (ix. 3. & 19) he takes it to be
probably ordered by the family of the Butadae, a work either of Cephisodotus or of Heliodorus ;
and dedicated in the temple of Erechtheus on the and to the former artist it is ascribed by Maffei.
Acropolis, as well as the pictures on the walls placed (Collectan. Statuar. Antiq. tab. 29, p. 31; Meyer,
there by Abron. (Paus. i. 26. § 6; Plut. Vit. in his Note to Winckelmann, Gesch. der bildenden
X Orat. p. 843. ) Sillig confounds by a strange Künste, vol. i. pp. 138, 304 ; Müller, Hundu. d.
mistake the picture of Ismenias with the statues of Archäol. $ 126. 4, § 423. 4, Denkmäler der alten
Praxiteles’ sons (Trivat and eixoves &ú ivai). The Kunst, Heft, iji. 149. ) Now this opinion is cer-
marble basement of one of these statues has been tainly more probable than the strange idea of
discovered lately on the Acropolis, together with Hirt (Gesch. d. bildend. K'ünste b. d. Alten. p. 187),
another pedestal dedicated by Cepbisodotus and that we see in the Florentine work an imitation of
Timarchus to their uncle Theoxenides. (Ross, the wrestlers of Daedalus (Plin. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. S
Kunstblatt, 1840, No. 12. ) It is very likely that 15), which were no group at all, but two isolated
the artists performed their task so well, that the athletes. But still it is very far from being true.
people, when they ordered a bronze statue to be There is no doubt that the Florentine statues do
erected to their benefactor, B. c. 307 (Psephism. . not belong to the Niobids, although Wagner, in
ap. Plut. I. c. p. 852 ; Paus. i. 8. & 2), committed his able article respecting these master-works
it to them. The vicinity at least of the temple of (Kunstblatt, 1830, No. 55), has tried to revive that
Mars, where the sons of Praxiteles had wrought a old error of Winckelmann, and Krause (Gymnastik
statue of Enyo (Paus. l. c. $ 5), supports this sup- der Hellenen, vol. i. pp. 414, 540) admits it as
position. Another work which they executed in possible. (Comp. Welcker, Rhein Museum, 1836,
common was the altar of the Cadmean Dionysus at p. 264. ) But they have nothing to do with
Thebes (Paus. ix. 12. $ 3: Bwuóv is the genuine the work of Cephisodotus, because Pliny's words
reading, not the vulgate káðuov), probably erected point to a very different representation. He speaks
soon after the restoration of Thebes by Cassander, of “ digitis verius corpori, quam marmori impres
B. C. 315, in which the Athenians heartily con- sis," and in the group of Florence there is no im-
curred. This is the last work in which both pression of fingers at all. This reason is adranced
artists are named.
also by Zannoni (Gall. di Firenze, iii. p. 108,
The latter part of the life of Cephisodotus dic. ), who, although he denies that Cephisodotus
is quite unknown. Whether he remained at | inrented the group, persists in considering it as
Athens or left the town after B. C. 303 in its a combat between two athletes. The “ alterum
disasters, for the brilliant courts of the succes in terris symplegma nobile” (Plin. xxxvi. 4. §
sors of Alexander, or whether, for instance, as 10) by Heliodorus shewed “ Pana et Olympum
might be inferred from Pliny (xxxvi. 4. & 6), he luctantes. ” Now as there were but two fanious
was employed at Pergamus, cannot be decided. symplegmata, one of which was certainly of an
It would seem, on account of Myros's portrait, amorous description, that of Cephisodotus could not
that he had been at Alexandria at any rate. Of be a different one, but represented an amorous strife
his statues of divinities four-Latona, Diana, Aes- of two individuals. To this kind there belongs a
culapius, and Venus, were admired at Rome in group which is shewn by its frequent repetitions to
various buildings. (Plin. l. c.
) Cephisodotus was hare been one of the most celebrated of ancient
also distinguished in portrait-sculpture, especially art, namely, the beautiful though indecent contest
of philosophers (Plin. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. $ 27), under of an old Satyr and a Hermaphrodite, of which
which general term Pliny comprises perhaps all two fine copies are in the Dresden museum, the
literary people. According to the common opinion print and description of which is contained in
of antiquarians (Sillig. 1. c. ; Meyer, Note to Böttiger's Archäologie und Kunst (p. 165, &c. ).
Winckelmans, l. c. ; Hirt, Geschichte der bildenden This seems to be the work of our artist, where the
Künste, p. 220), he portrayed likewise courtezans, position of the hands in particular agrees perfectly
for which they quote Tatian (advers. Graecos, c. with Pliny's description.
[L. U. )
52, p. ) 14, ed. Worth. ), and think probably of CEPHI'SOPHON (Knolooow), a friend of
the well-known similar works of Praxiteles. But Euripides, is said not only to have been the chief
Tatian in that chapter does not speak of courtezans, actor in his dramas, but also to have aided him
but of poets and poetesses, whose endeavours were with his advice in the composition of them. (Aris
of no use 10 mankind; it is only in c. 53 that he toph. Ran. 942, 1404, 1448, with the Scholia. )
speaks of dissipated mon and women, and in c. 55 | Traditionary scandal accuses him of an intrigue


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CER.
671
CERCIDAS.
cause.
with one of the wives of Euripides, whose enmity / wounded and the dead, and dragging them away
to the sex has sometimes been ascribed to this by the feet. (1l
. xviii. 535, &c. ) According to He-
But the story is more than suspicious from siod, with whom the Kñpes assume a more definite
the absence of any mention of it in Aristophanes, form, they are the daughters of Nyx and sisters of
unless, indeed, as some have thought, it be alluded the Moere, and punish men for their crimes.
to in the Frogs (1044). We can hardly suppose, (Theog. 211, 217; Paus. v. 19. § 1. ) Their fear-
however, that the comic poet would have denied ful appearance in battle is described by Hesiod.
himself the pleasure of a more distinct notice of (Scul. Herc. 249, &c. ) They are mentioned by
the tale, had it been really true, especially in the later writers together with the Erinnyes as the
Tlusmophoriazusae and the Frogs. (Comp. Har goddesses who arenge the crimes of men. (Aesch.
lung, Eurip. restitutus, i. p. 164, &c. , and the pas- Sept. 1055; comp. Apollon. Rhod. iv. 1665, &c. )
sages there referred to. )
(E. E. ) Epidemic diseases are sometimes personified as
CEPHISSUS (Knoooós), the divinity of the Kñpes. (Orph. Hymn. xi. 12, lxvi. 4, Lith. vii.
river Cephissus, is described as a son of Pontus 6 ; Eustath. ad Ilom. p. 847. ) [L. S. ]
and Thalassa, and the father of Diogencia and CERAMEUS, THEO'PHANES (eopávns
Narcissus, who is therefore called Cephisius. (Hy- Kepaueús), archbishop of Tauromenium in Sicily
gin. Fab. Praef. ; Apollod. iii. 5. $ 1; Or. Met
. during the reim of Roger (A. D. 1129_1152), was
ii. 343, &c. ) He had an altar in common with a native of this town or of a place in its immediate
Pan, the Nymphs, and Achelous, in the temple of vicinity. He wrote in Greek a great number of
Amphiaraus near Oropus. (Paus. i. 34. $ 2. ) [L. S. ) homilies, which are said to be superior to the
CEPHREN (Keopriv) is the name, according majority of similar productions of his age. Sixty-
to Diodoris, of the Egyptian king whom Herodotus two of these homilies were published by Franciscus
calls Chephren. He was the brother and successor Scorsus at Paris, 1644, fol. , with a Latin version
of Cheops, whose example of tyranny he followed, and notes. There are still many more extant in
and built the second pyramid, smaller than that of manuscript. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. xi. p. 208, &c. )
Cheops, by the compulsory labour of his subjects. CE'RBERUS (Képkepos), the many-headed dog
His reign is said to have lasted 56 years. The that guarded the entrance of Hades, is mentioned
pyramids, as Diodorus tells us, were meant for the as early as the Homeric poems, but simply as “ the
tombs of the royal builders ; but the people, groan- dog," and without the name of Cerberus. (N. viii.
ing under their yoke, threatened to tear up the 368, Od. xi. 623. ) Hesiod, who is the first that
bodics, and therefore both the kings successively gives his name and origin, calls him (Theog: 311)
desired their friends to bury thein elsewhere in fifty-headed and a son of Typhaon and Echidna.
an unmarked grave. In Herodotus it is said that | Later writers describe him as a monster with only
the Egyptians so hated the memory of these three heads, with the tail of a serpent and a mane
brothers, that they called the pyramids, not by consisting of the heads of various snakes. (Apol-
their names, but by that of Philition, a shepherd lod. ii. 5. $ 12; Eurip. Herc. fur. 24, 611; Virg.
who at that time fed his flocks near the place. Aen. vi. 17; Or. Met. iv. 449. ) Some poets
We are told by Diodorus that, according to some again call him many-headed or hundred-headed.
accounts, Chembes (the Cheops of Herodotus) was (Horat. Carm. ï. 13. 34 ; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 678;
succeeded by his son Chabryis, which name is per- Senec. Herc. fur. 784. ) The place where Cerberus
haps only another form of Cephren. In the letter kept watch was according to some at the mouth
in which Synesius, bishop of the African Ptolemais, of the Acheron, and according to others at the
announces to his brother bishops his sentence of gates of Hades, into which he admitted the shades,
excommunication against Andronicus, the president but never let them out again.
(L. S. )
of Libya, Cepbren is classed, as an instance of an CE'RCIDAS (Kepkidas). 1. A poet, philoso-
atrocious tyrant, with Phalaris and Sennacherib. pher, and legislator for his native city, Megalopolis.
(Herod. ij. 127, 128; Diod. i. 64; Synes. Epist. He was a disciple of Diogenes, whose death he re-
58. )
(E. E. ) corded in some Meliambic lines. (Diog. Laërt. vi.
CER (Kúp), the personified necessity of death | 76. ) He is mentioned and cited by Athenaeus
(Kup or Kapes JardT010). The passages in the (viii
. p. 347, e. , xii. 554, d. ) and Stobaeus (iv.
Homeric poems in which the Kúp or Knpes appear 43, lviii. 10). At his death he ordered the first
as real personifications, are not very numerous (Il. and second books of the Iliad to be buried with
ij. 302, iii. 454, xvii. 535), and in most cases the him. (Prol. Hephaest. ap. Phot. Cod. 190, p. 151,
word may be taken as a common noun. The a. , 14, ed. Bekker. ) Aelian (V. H. xii. 20) re-
plural form seems to allude to the various modes of lates that Cercidas died expressing his hope of being
dying which Homer (11. xii. 326). pronounces to with Pythagoras of the philosophers, Hecataeus of
be uupiai, and may be a natural, sudden, or violent the historians, Olympus of the musicians, and
death. (Od.