Lobon de Sala-
zar)), being but a well-won tribute to its unhack-
neyed drolleries and epigrammatic style.
zar)), being but a well-won tribute to its unhack-
neyed drolleries and epigrammatic style.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
An Arabic
scholar and writer; born at Arbc. a, 1211; died
at Damascus, 1281. He was renowned in his
own day for his numerous works in every de-
partment of literature. His best-known work
is the (Wafiat-ul-Aiyan, or Deaths of Emi-
nent Men.
Ibn Koteiba, Abdallah ibn Muslim. A noted
Arabic philologist and historian; born
at
Bagdad, 828 ; died there, 890. He composed,
among many other things, a (Handbook of
History, brought out in a German translation
in 1850; a work on "The Art of Poetry); and
"Contributions to the Knowledge of Poetry
among the Old Arabs.
Ibn Sina (ibn sen'ä). An Arabic philoso-
pher, known also as Avicenna; born in Af-
shena, Bokhara, 980; died at Hamaden, Persia,
1037. The titles of his works are so numerous
that the reader is referred to his biography in
the Library) for an authoritive enumeration of
them as well as for a history of his career. *
Ibn Tofail (ibn to-fil'). An Arabic philos-
opher and physician, who flourished towards
the close of the twelfth century in one of the
Spanish dominions of the Moors. His most
celebrated work is a philosophical romance
bearing the title “The Improvement of Hu-
man Reason Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn
Yokdhan, which has been translated into He-
brew, Latin, and English.
Ibrahim of Aleppo (ib-rä-hēm'). A famed
Ottoman writer on jurisprudence; born about
1490 (? ); died 1549. He compiled the great
code of laws known as "Muiteka-al-Abhar)
(Confluence of the Seas).
Ibsen, Henrik (ib'sen). A Norwegian dram-
atist; born in Skien, March 20, 1828. His plays
are : Brand, a drama; (A Doll's House, a
satiric comedy ; (Peer Gynt,' a dramatic poem ;
(Emperor and Galilean,' a historic drama (in
two parts: i. , Julian's Apostasy); ii. , (Julian
the Emperor'); (The Pillars of Society, a
satiric comedy; (The Warriors at Helgeland,
a historical drama; 'Love's Comedy,' a satiri.
cal play; and the series comprising (Ghosts,
(An Enemy of the People, (The Wild Duck,'
(Rosmersholm,' (The Lady from the Sea,
(Hedda Gabler,) and (Architect Solness,' all
of which are alike in that they aim to dissect
the conventionalities of the social system under
which we live. *
Ibycus (ib i-kus). A Greek lyric poet; born
in Rhegium, about B. C. 560 (? ); died there (or
near Corinth ? ), B. C. 525 (? ). The fragments
of exquisite metre that have come down to us,
and the picturesque fate that befell him -
fate that suggested to Dante one of his in-
imitable images -- have won for him a distinct
The ancients esteemed him highly,
although Cicero complains of the impurity of
his Muse as a sign of the degeneracy of the
Romans who admired it. The story told of him
is that the poet went on a journey to Corinth
but was captured by bandits near that city,
and murdered after having been despoiled.
As he expired he called to a flock of passing
cranes to avenge him; and as the bandits sat
in the theatre not many days later, a flight of
the stately birds took place, whereupon the
leader of the guilty men called attention, iron-
ically, to the dead poet's « avengers. ” The
word attracted notice and led to discovery.
Ide, George Barton. An American writer
and clergyman; born in Vermont, 1804; died
in 1872. He has published (Green Hollow);
(Bible Echoes, or Lessons from the War);
renown.
## p. 283 (#299) ############################################
IDRISI - INGEMANN
283
(The Power of Kindness,' a juvenile tale ; and
(Bible Pictures.
Idrisi (id're-sē). An Arabian geographer,
who flourished between 1100 and 1200, and
wrote a (Book About the World) which is of
importance the annals of geographical
science.
Iffland, August Wilhelm (if'fänd). A Ger-
man dramatist and actor; born in Hanover,
April 19, 1759; died at Berlin, Sept. 22, 1814.
He Aed his home and theological studies when
a mere youth, in order to go on the stage, and
soon became a great actor. As a playwright
he captured the public with (The Hunters )
and (The Crime of Ambition. He united in
a rare degree a mastery of stage-craft with a
knowledge of dramatic construction.
Iglesias, José Maria (ē-glā'se-äs). A Mex-
ican historian and publicist; born in the City
of Mexico, Jan. 5, 1823. He has figured very
prominently in his country's politics. He has
written 'Contribution to a History of the War
between Mexico and the United States) (1852),
and a (Historical Review of the French Inter-
vention (1870).
Iglesias de la Casa, José (ē-glā'se-äs dā lä
kä’sä). A Spanish poet; born in Salamanca,
Oct. 31, 1743; died there, Aug. 26, 1791. He
was a priest in his native diocese, and in con-
junction with Melendez, organized a devoted
band of poetasters, the fame of which spread far
and wide, under the name of the School of Sala-
manca, exercising in time no ordinary authority
over Spanish poetry. His volume of Light
Verse has, under various titles, passed through
numerous editions in Spain, where he will prob-
ably always be a classic.
Ilsley, Charles Parker. An American au-
thor; born in Maine in 1807; died in 1887.
He was a resident of Portland, Me. , until
1866. Among his works are : (The Liberty
Pole, a Tale of Machias); (Forest and Shore,
later republished as "The Wrecker's Daughter. )
Imbert, Barthelémi (an-băr'). A French
poet; born at Nîmes, 1747; died near Paris (? ),
Aug. 23, 1790. He attained celebrity with “The
Judgment of Paris,' a specimen of delicately
wrought and musical versification. He also
wrote a Book of Fables. '
Imbert de Saint-Amand, Arthur (an-băr'
dė sant-a-man). A French biographer and his-
torian; born in Paris, Nov. 22, 1834. His career
was a diplomatic and official one until he be.
gan a study of the lives of the women of the old
French courts, of the First Empire, and of the
restoration. His (Women of Versailles) is a
graphic presentation of court manners and
morals under the last three of the Louises be-
fore the Revolution, while the "Women of the
Tuileries) is a bit of realism in biography that
brings the era vividly before the reader. His
studies of the Napoleonic royalties sustain the
reputation established by the earlier works.
Imbriani, Vittorio lēm-bré-an'ē). An Ital-
ian poet and historian of literature ; born in
Naples, Oct. 27, 1840; died there, Jan. I, 1886.
His life was involved in political turmoil, but
he made himself known as a graceful and ele-
gant poet with Popular Songs of the Southern
Provinces,' and as an ode-writer of strength
and dignity in an (Address to Italy's Queen. In
prose he ranks high, as (Purloined (or Usurped)
Reputations,' a book of literary essays, demon-
strates. His Philological Studies in Dante )
is a valuable contribution to our knowledge
of the great Florentine.
Imlah, John. A Scottish poet and song-
writer; born in Aberdeen, 1799 ; died at St.
James, Jamaica, 1846. His songs met the pop-
ular fancy, and are to be found in all Scotch
collections. He published May Flowers) in
1827, followed by (Poems and Songs, (1841).
Immermann, Karl Leberecht (im'mer-män).
A German poet, dramatist, and romancer; born
in Magdeburg, April 24, 1796; died at Düssel.
dorf, Aug. 25, 1840. A university course and
the campaign of Waterloo supplied his early
experiences. As the result of years of hard
labor he produced plays above mediocrity but
below greatness. (The Princes of Syracuse )
and (The Eye of Love) merit notice among
his comedies, while as a tragedy, his (Ghis-
monda) ranks high. He lives in the brilliant
and original Epigoni. Münchhausen, his
lightest fancy, is well known. It must not be
confused with Baron Münchhausen. *
Inchbaid, Elizabeth Simpson. An English
actress, dramatist, and novelist; born 1753; died
1821. A Simple Story,) Nature and Art, are
among her best tales. She also wrote: (Such
Things Are); (The Married Man); (The Wed-
ding Day); (The Midnight Hour); Every
One Has his Fault'; 'Lovers' Vows); etc.
Ingalls, Joshua King. An American finan-
cier and writer; born 18— He has published:
(Social Wealth'; (Economic Equities); and
(Reminiscences of an Octogenarian' (1897).
Ingelow, Jean. An English poet and novel-
ist; born in Boston, Lincolnshire, in 1830; died
in London, July 19, 1897. (A Rhyming Chron-
icle of Incidents and Feeling,' her maiden
volume, reveals her melancholy disposition.
The Round of Days) brought her fame, and
the circle of her admirers constantly widened
as (Home Thoughts and Home Scenes, (A
Story of Doom, and Other Poems, (Mopsa the
Fairy, and "Little Wonder Horn) made evi-
dent the full range of her power. Her novels,
Fated to be Free, (Sarah de Berenger,' (Don
John, and one or two more, did not attract
wide attention. *
Ingemann, Bernhard Severin (ing'e-män).
A Danish poet and novelist; born 1789; died
1862. His Procne, Youthful Poems, and
(The Renegade) display genius. Blanca,
(The Voice in the Desert,) and (The Battle
for the Possession of Walhalla) are wonder-
ful plays, alive with inspiration. Waldemar
the Great and his Companions,' a historic
poem, is his masterpiece, while as a novelist
## p. 284 (#300) ############################################
284
INGERSOLL-IRVING
he stands among the chosen few with (Con-
queror Waldemar, one of the triumphs of the
Danish language. *
Ingersoll, Charles Jared. An American
poet and miscellaneous writer; born in Phila-
delphia, 1782; died there, 1862. He was the
author of Chiomara) (1800), a poem; (Edwy
and Elgira! (1801 ), a tragedy; (Inchiquin
the Jesuit's Letters on American Literature
and Politics) (1810); (Julian) (1831), a poem;
and a "Historical Sketch of the Second War
between the United States and Great Britain)
(4 vols. , 1845-52).
Ingersoll, Ernest. An American naturalist
and prose-writer; born in Michigan, 1852. The
summer of 1873 he spent with Louis Agassiz
in his seaside school on Penikese. After Agassiz
died he was naturalist and collector with the
Hayden survey in the West. He contributed
scientific articles to various newspapers. His
writings include: (Birds’-Nesting? (1881); His-
tory and Present Condition of the Oyster In-
dustries of the United States) (1881); “Knocking
Round the Rockies) (1882); (Country Cousins
(1884); (The Strange Ventures of a Stowaway)
(1886); and (Down-East Latch-Strings) (1887).
Ingersoll, Luther Dunham. An American
writer; born 18. He is librarian of the War
Department at Washington, and has published
(Iowa and the Rebellion); a (Life of Horace
Greeley); and a “History of the War Depart-
ment.
Ingersoll, Robert Green. A distinguished
American orator, lecturer, and lawyer; born in
Dresden, N. Y. , Aug. 11, 1833. He is well known
as a free-thinker. He went west when twelve
years old, becoming in time a school-teacher.
He began to practice law in 1854. He was
colonel of Illinois cavalry during the War. In
1866 he was made attorney-general for Illinois.
He now has his law office in New York. He
has published: (The Gods); (Ghosts); (Some
Mistakes of Moses); 'Lectures Complete);
(Prose Poems and Selections); and many other
pamphlets and miscellaneous articles.
Ingleby, Clement Mansfield. An English
Shakespearean critic and miscellaneous writer;
born at Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Oct. 29,
1823; died at Ilford, Essex, 1886. He was edu-
cated at Cambridge for the law, which he
abandoned for a literary career, and became
famous as a Shakespearean scholar and critic,
aiding in the Stanton edition. He wrote : (The
Principles of Acoustics and the Theory of
Sound); 'The Stereoscope); (The Ideality of
the Rainbow); (The Mutual Relation of The-
ory and Practice); (Law and Religion); (A
Voice for the Mute Creation); Miracles Versus
Nature. )
Inglis, Henry David (ing'lz). An English
descriptive prose-writer; born in Edinburgh,
1795; died in London, March 20, 1835. From
mercantile life he drifted into literature ; travel-
ing widely, and under the pseudonym of «Der-
went Conway," writing : ( Tales of the Ardennes)
(1825), a very popular book, duly followed by
(Solitary Walks through Many Lands) (1828),
(Rambles in the Footsteps of Don Quixote)
(1837), and various similar studies.
Ingraham, Joseph Holt. An American
writer and clergyman; born in Maine, 1809;
died 1866. He lived for a time in Holly Springs,
Miss. , and early in life wrote some very sensa-
tional romances, among them: Lafitte; the
Pirate of the Gulf); (Captain Kyd); and (The
Dancing Feather. After entering the minis-
try he wrote three religious romances: The
Prince of the House of David); (The Pillar
of Fire); and (The Throne of David.
Innsley, Owen. See Jennison, Lucy White.
Intra, Giambattista (ēn'trä). An Italian
novelist and essayist; born in Calvenzano, near
Bergamo, in 1832. He has contributed ably to
periodical literature and produced original and
interesting fiction, notably Agnese Gonzaga,
and (The Last of the Bonaccolsi.
Ion of Chios (i'on (or ē'on) ki'os). A Greek
poet and prose-writer; born in Chios about 484
B. C. ; died at Athens about 422. Few losses to
literature are so serious as the destruction of
his works, fragments only of which have de-
scended to us. Richly endowed, intellectually
and physically, and accomplished even for the
age of Pericles, he established himself in the
intimacy of Æschylus, Sophocles, and the other
men who ornament that unexampled era. He
distinguished himself by his versatility: trage-
dies, hymns, elegies, epigrams, and essays issued
in a splendid if not very deep stream from the
perennial springs of his fancy. Brilliant pass-
ages in his memoirs, saved to us by a happy
accident, tell of the banquet he gave to Sopho-
cles and the things said and done on that typ-
ically Hellenic occasion.
Iron, Ralph. See Schreiner, olive.
Irving, John Treat, Jr. An American writer;
born 1812; a nephew of Washington Irving, and
a lawyer of New York city. He has written:
(Indian Sketches); 'Hawk Chief); 'The Attor-
ney); Henry Harson); and (The Van Gelder
Papers.
Irving, Pierre Munroe. An American writer,
nephew of Washington Irving; born 1803; died
in 1876. He was the author of a "Life of
Washington Irving. He also edited various
compilations and acted as his uncle's literary
assistant.
Irving, Washington. An American histo-
rian, biographer, and man of letters; born in
New York, April 3, 1783 ; died at “Sunnyside,
near Tarrytown, N. Y. , Nov. 28, 1859. His works
include: A Voyage to the Eastern Part of
Terra Firma) (1806), a translation; Saima-
gundi (1807-8), with J. K. Paulding and Will.
iam Irving ; (History of New York by Diedrich
Knickerbocker) (1809); (The Sketch Book)
(1819-20); (Bracebridge Hall (1822); "Let-
ters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent. (1824); "Life
and Times of Christopher Columbus) (1828);
:
:
## p. 285 (#301) ############################################
IRVING - JACOBI
285
"Conquest of Granada) (1829); (Companions of
Columbus (1831); (The Alhambra) (1832);
(Crayon Miscellany) (1835); Astoria) (1836);
« The Rocky Mountains : Journal of Captain
B. L. E. Bonneville) (1837); Life of Oliver
Goldsmith) (1840); (Mahomet and his Suc-
cessors) (1849-50); (Wolfert's Roost! (1855);
"Life of Washington (1855-59). Among his
literary labors he made an edition of The
Poetical Works of Thomas Campbell (1810),
and Miscellaneous Works of Oliver Gold-
smith. *
Irving, William. An American prose-writer,
and brother of Washington Irving ; born in
New York city, 1766; died there, 1821. He con-
tributed largely in the production of Salma-
gundi; the political pieces were mostly his,
as also were the letters of Mustapha in Nos. 5
want. He is without a rival among his coun-
trymen, Cervantes always excepted, as a wit
and satirist; the prodigious popularity of his
(Life and Adventures of Friar Gerundio de
Campazas, upon its first appearance in 1758
(under the pseudonym of «F.
Lobon de Sala-
zar)), being but a well-won tribute to its unhack-
neyed drolleries and epigrammatic style. As a
portrait of Spanish life in the eighteenth cen-
tury it must ever remain a standard work. He
made an infelicitous translation of (Gil Blas)
from the French that led to a still more in-
felicitous controversy over the authorship of
that lengthy masterpiece. His other works are
without importance.
Isocrates (i-sok'ra-tēs). A Greek orator and
rhetorician; born in Athens in 436 B. C. ; died
at Athens (? ) 338 B. C. He was apparently
carefully educated, Socrates having been of
the number of his preceptors; and at an early
age he was celebrated for the facility with
which he used his native tongue, although the
weakness of his voice precluded any hope he
may once have entertained of distinction in
public life. He therefore opened a school of
oratory, the fame of which soon filled all Greece,
in consequence of the exceptional attainments of
its graduates. The ages have spared to us
twenty-one of his compositions, rhetorical and
epistolary. He is best represented by the dis-
courses known as the (Areopagiticus) and the
(Panegyricus.
and 14.
ous verse.
Isaaks, Jorge (ē'säks or i'zaks). A South
American novelist and poet; born in Cali,
Colombia. His extraction is partly English-
Jewish and partly Spanish. María,' a novel,
is his masterpiece, but he has written meritori-
*
Isla, José Francisco de (ēs'lä). A Spanish
satirist; born in Vidane, March 24, 1703; died
at Bologna, Nov. 2, 1781. H was a Jesuit and
taught successfully in the Jesuit seminaries for
years, but the expulsion of his order from Spain
reduced him to destitution, and he died in
J
:
Jablonsky, Boleslav (yab-lon'skē). (“Karl
Eugen Tupy. ”] A leading Czech poet; born
Jan. 14, 1813; died in Cracow, March 1881.
His love lyric Písne) and his didactic (The
Father's Wisdom) are universally popular.
Jackson, Edward Payson. An American
prose-writer; born in Erzeroum, Turkey, March
15, 1840. He graduated at Amherst in 1870.
He published : Mathematic Geography) (1873);
(A Demi-God (1886); and (The Earth in
Space) (1887).
Jackson, Helen Fiske. (“H. H. ] An
American poet and miscellaneous writer; born
1831; died 1885. She published: Poems';
Bits of Talk); Hetty's Strange History);
(Ramona'; (A Century of Dishonor); etc. *
Jackson, Henry. An English novelist; born
in Boston, Lincolnshire, April 15, 1831 ; died at
Hampstead, May 24, 1879. His novels : A Dead
Man's Revenge); (Gilbert Rugge) (1866); and
"Argus Fairburn (1874), had much vogue.
Jackson, Sheldon. An American missionary ;
born at Minaville, N. Y. , May 18, 1834. He was
superintendent of missions for the Rocky Mount-
ain region from 1870 to 1872. In 1885 he was
appointed general agent of education in Alaska.
Among his works are : (Alaska and Missions
on the North Pacific Coast) (1880); \Education
in Alaska' (1881).
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (yä-kõ'be). A
German philosopher and metaphysician; born
in Düsseldorf, Jan. 25, 1743; died at Munich,
March 10, 1819. He obtained recognition from
Wieland, Goethe, and other accomplished Ger-
mans as one of the most original thinkers of
their common country. Letters on Spinoza's
Philosophy); (Things Divine); Letter to
Fichte); (An Enterprise in Criticism to Render
Reason Reasonable); and (Woldemar, a phil.
osophical fiction, are among his most important
additions to literature.
Jacobi, Johann Georg.
A German poet,
brother of Friedrich ; born in Düsseldorf, Sept.
2, 1740; died at Freiburg, Jan. 4, 1814. His asso-
ciation with Wieland, Klopstock, Goethe, Her-
der, and “Father) Gleim, the poet and patron
of poets, quickened his talent, and the verse
that gives him such eminence among his coun-
try's minor bards was the result. (The Summer
Journey) and (The Winter Journey' are among
the prettiest of this poet's pieces.
Jacobi, ary Putnam. An American hy-
sician; born in London, England, Aug. 31, 1842
1
## p. 286 (#302) ############################################
286
JACOBSEN - JAMES
She graduated from the Woman's Medical Col-
lege, Philadelphia; College of Pharmacy, New
York; and the School of Medicine, Paris. Since
1871 she has practiced in New York city. Among
her works are: (The Value of Life) (1879);
(Hysteria, and Other Essays) (1888).
Jacobsen, Jens Peter (yä'kub-sen). A Dan-
ish novelist; born at Thisted, Jutland, April 7,
1847; died at Copenhagen, April 30, 1885. He
was a botanist and Darwinian who turned to
story-writing and became eminent as a realistic
novelist. Mogens,' (Niels Lyhne,' and Marie
Grubbe) are tales of great merit in plot, con-
struction, and style.
Jacobson, Eduard (yä'kub-son). A German
comic poet; born at Great Strelitz, Upper
Silesia, Nov. 10, 1833. He studied medicine,
but wrote (Faust and Gretchen) in his college
days, and thus learned what he was fitted for.
A host of laughable nothings have followed it.
Among his best works ( 500,000 Devils) and
( The Man in the Moon) may be cited.
Jacopone da Todi (yä'ko-põ'ne dä to'dē).
An Italian Pietist poet and satirist; born at
Todi about 1230; died at Collazzone, Dec. 25,
1306. He was a prominent lawyer, who lost
his wife, became a monk, and got involved in
politics. He wrote dialect poems in support
of his party; the stinging sarcasm of his rhymes
aimed against Pope Boniface VIII. causing
them to be particularly remembered. The
hymn (Stabat Mater) is attributed to him, al-
though the authorship has been disputed.
Jacotot, Jean Joseph (zhä-kō-to). A French
authority on education ; born in Dijon, March
4, 1770; died at Paris, July 31, 1840. He founded
a system of pedagogics that still bears his
name, and is based apparently upon the iter,
iterumque of Virgil,- constant repetition, and
learning by heart,- together with a harmony of
studies. His system is set forth in the (Uni-
versal Instruction,' an elaborate manual in
(mother tongue, and in Music, Design, and
Painting,' works of great vogue at one time,
and still widely accepted.
Jäger, Oskar (vā'ger). A German historian
and pedagogue; born at Stuttgart, Oct. 26,
1830. As an educator he has attained prestige
and official position; while his History of
Recent Times, from the Congress of Vienna
to our Own Day) (1874-75) is an acknowl.
edged masterpiece. (The Humanist Gymna-
sium) (1889) is an example of his achievements
in pedagogics; and he has written «The Punic
Wars) (1869–70) and John Wycliffe and his
Significance for the Reformation (1854), both
profound studies.
Jago, Richard. An English poet; born in
Beaudesert, Warwickshire, Oct. I, 1715; died at
Snitterfield, May 8, 1781. He was a clergyman
poetically endowed, whose elegy (The Black-
birds) (1753) pleases, and whose other works
are tasteful.
Jagodynski, Stanislas (ya-go-din'skē). A
Polish poet and prose-writer, who flourished in
the sixteenth century, and was, it would seem,
a laureate and epigrammatist at court, distin-
guishing himself by his wit and eloquence.
(Presents for Saxon Ladies,' a biting and
dainty satire, directed against the corruption
of the times; (The Courtesans, a volume of
epigrams; and (The Escape of Rugiera, a
drama, show him at his best.
Jalal-ud-din Rumi. See Rumi.
James I. , King of Scotland. Born at Dun-
fermline, Aug. 1 (? ), 1394; assassinated near
Perth, Feb. 20, 1437. His Kingis Quair' (King's
Booklet : 1404? ) is a poem of spirit; and in
(The Ballade of Guid Counsale, almost cer-
tainly his, are many fine passages.
James I. , King of England. Born in Edin-
burgh Castle, June 19, 1566; died at the palace
of Theobalds, March 27, 1625. His literary
gifts are revealed in Essays of a Prentice in
the Divine Art of Poetry) (1584); Poetical
Exercises) (1591); and “The True Law of Free
Monarchies’ (1603).
James, George Payne Rainsford. An Eng-
lish novelist; born in London, Aug. 9, 1801;
died in Venice, May 9, 1860. His historical
novel (Richelieu) (1829) won encomiums from
Scott. Next came (Darnley) (1830); (Delorme)
(1831); (Attila) (1837); and many stirring and
readable novels. He attempted the historian's
rôle, without encouraging results, in Dark
Scenes of History) (1849), and other books.
He wrote as many as seventy historical novels.
James, Henry. An American scholar; born
at Albany, N. Y. , June 3, 1811; died at Cam-
bridge, Mass. , Dec. 18, 1882. He resided at
Cambridge. Among the most noted of his
works on morals and religion are: What Is
the State ? ) (1845); Moralism and Christian-
ity) (1852); "Lectures and Miscellanies) (1852);
(The Nature of Evil (1855); (Christianity the
Logic of Creation? (1857); (Substance and
Shadow) (1863); (The Secret of Swedenborg
(1869).
James, Henry. An American novelist and
miscellaneous prose-writer, son of Henry (ist);
born in New York, April 15, 1843. His works
include: (Transatlantic Sketches) (1875); A
Passionate Pilgrim and Other Tales) (1875);
(Roderick Hudson (1876); (The American"
(1877); (Watch and Ward) (1878); French
Poets and Novelists) (1878); Daisy Miller:
a Study) (1878); (The Europeans: a Sketch)
( 1878 ); (An International Episode) (1879);
( The Madonna of the Future and Other
Tales) (1879); (Hawthorne) (1879); A Bun-
dle of Letters) (1880); <Confidence) (1880);
(The Diary of a Man of Fiſty) (1880); (Wash-
ington Square) (1880); (The Portrait of a
Lady' (1882); (Daisy Miller: a Comedy)
(1883); (The Siege of London; The Pension
Beaurepas; and The Point of View) (1883);
(Portraits of Places) (1883); (Tales of Three
Cities) (1884); (A Little Tour in France)
(1885); (The Art of Fiction (1885), with
Walter Besant; Stories Revived' (2 vols. ,.
>
>
## p. 287 (#303) ############################################
JAMES – JANVIER
287
>
1885); “The Author of Beltraffio) (1885); “The
Bostonians) (1886); (The Princess Casamas-
sima) (1886); (Partial Portraits) (1888); (The
Aspern Papers and Other Stories) (1888); (The
Reverberator) (1888); (A London Life) (1889);
(The Tragic Muse) (1890); (Port Tarascon)
(1891), a translation ; (The Lesson of the Mas-
ter) (1892), a volume of stories; (The Real
Thing and Other Tales) (1893); Picture and
Text' (1893); (The Private Life) (1893), a
volume of stories; (Essays in London and
Elsewhere) (1893); (The Wheel of Time)
(1894); (Theatricals) (1894); (Terminations)
(1895); (What Maisie Knew) (1897); etc. His
pen has been busy in brilliant and important
contributions to the periodical press during his
whole career. *
James, William. An American scholar and
psychologist, son of Henry (1st); born Jan. 11,
1842. Graduated at Harvard University, and
has been a professor since 1872 of anatomy,
physiology, and psychology. His published
works are : (Principles of Psychology (1890);
(Psychology, Briefer Course) (1892).
Jameson, Anna Brownell. An Irish mis-
cellaneous writer; born (Murphy) in Dublin,
May 17, 1794; died in London, March 17, 1860.
She was the daughter of a noted artist, and
began her literary work with (The Diary of
an Ennuyée) (1826). Then followed (Loves
of the Poets) (1829); "Celebrated Female Sov-
ereigns) (1831 ); Characteristics of Women);
"Companion to the Public Picture Galleries of
London (1842); (Memoirs of the Early Italian
Painters) (1845), edited ; (Sacred and Legend-
ary Art' (1848-52), not quite complete; etc.
Jameson, Robert William. A British jour-
nalist, novelist, poet, and miscellaneous writer;
born in Leith, 1805; died in London, Dec. 10,
1868. Radical in his politics, he wrote brill-
iantly during the Anti-Corn-Law agitation;
evolving between times, Nimrod (1848), a
poem in blank verse ; ( The Curse of Gold)
(1854), a novel; and a tragedy, (Timoleon,
which reached a second edition in 1852.
Jami, 'Abd-urrahman (jâ - mē', abd'ör-oi-
man). The last of Persia's classic poets; born
in Jam, Khorasan, August (? ) 1414; died at
Herat (? ), in May (? ) 1492 or 1493. His best-
known poetical works are: (The Abode of
Spring) (Behâristán); (The Chain of Gold);
and 'The Loves of Joseph and Zuleika and of
Mejnun and Leila. He is known in Europe
as the Persian Petrarch, while his countrymen
call him the fiery star to which the gold stars
bend," a metaphor illustrative of the glories
with which he invested the passion of love.
Jamison, Mrs. Celia V. (Hamilton). An
American writer of juvenile literature; born in
Louisiana, 18–. Among her best-known works
are : (Toinette's Philip'; 'Lady Jane';'Seraph. '
Jamyn, Amadis (jä-man'). A French poet ;
born in Chaource, Champagne, about 1538;
died there about 1585. He wrote in imitation
of Ronsard, producing neat and dainty but
rather insipid sonnets, in which we are assured
that love, while a grand thing, has yet its in-
conveniences. (The Hunt) and Liberality
are among his pieces.
Janda, Bohumil (yän'dä). A Bohemian nov-
elist and poet; born at Patek, May 1, 1831 ;
died at Prague (? ), Sept. 29, 1875. His poetry
and prose deal mostly with historical themes
afforded by the annals of his native land. Jan
Talafus z Ostrova' is his masterpiece in metre,
being an epic of a fifteenth-century knight. His
novel (Anna Městecká Bocek) is based upon
somewhat similar material.
Jan de Rijmer (yän dė rēmer). See Goever-
neur.
Janet, Paul (zhän-ā'). A French philosopher
and essayist; born in Paris, April 30, 1823. He
has received important professorships in ac-
knowledgment of the services conferred upon
education by "The Family) (1855), “Studies of
Dialectic in Plato and in Hegel' (1860), “Mas-
ters of Modern Thought) (1883), and others which
show the influence of Cousin.
Janin, Jules (zhä-nan). . A Frenchcritic,
journalist, and novelist; born in St. Étienne,
Feb. 16, 1804; died at Paris, June 19, 1874. He
caught the fancy of the Parisians with his lit.
erary and theatrical criticisms, displaying an
incredible aptitude for detecting the public taste,
and guiding himself wholly by it. In 1870 he
was elected to the French Academy. Among
his stories and novels, « The Dead Donkey and
the Guillotined Woman, (Confession, and (A
Heart for Two Loves, are conspicuous. His
permanent work is probably the collection of
papers called (History of Dramatic Literature.
Janson, Kristofer Nagel (yän’son). A Nor-
wegian poet; born in Bergen, May 5, 1841.
He is a clergyman and educator, and settled
in this country in 1881. Norse Poems, a col-
lection of lyrics, and Praerien's Saga,' are his
most popular works, but he has produced many
stories of merit. He writes in both Norse and
English.
Janssen, Johannes (yän'sen). A German
historian; born in Xanten, Düsseldorf, April
10, 1829; died in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Dec.
24, 1891. Distinguished for the zeal and learn-
ing with which he contends for the Catholic
point of view in various valuable historical
studies, he has produced in (The History of
the German People since the Close of the Mid-
dle Ages) (1877-94), a masterpiece of energetic
controversialism softened by a happy style.
Janvier, Francis de Haes. An American
poet, kinsman of Thomas A. ; born in Penn-
sylvania in 1817; died in 1885. He published:
(The Skeleton Monk, and Other Poems) (1860);
(The Sleeping Sentinel? (1863); Patriotic
Poems) (1866).
scholar and writer; born at Arbc. a, 1211; died
at Damascus, 1281. He was renowned in his
own day for his numerous works in every de-
partment of literature. His best-known work
is the (Wafiat-ul-Aiyan, or Deaths of Emi-
nent Men.
Ibn Koteiba, Abdallah ibn Muslim. A noted
Arabic philologist and historian; born
at
Bagdad, 828 ; died there, 890. He composed,
among many other things, a (Handbook of
History, brought out in a German translation
in 1850; a work on "The Art of Poetry); and
"Contributions to the Knowledge of Poetry
among the Old Arabs.
Ibn Sina (ibn sen'ä). An Arabic philoso-
pher, known also as Avicenna; born in Af-
shena, Bokhara, 980; died at Hamaden, Persia,
1037. The titles of his works are so numerous
that the reader is referred to his biography in
the Library) for an authoritive enumeration of
them as well as for a history of his career. *
Ibn Tofail (ibn to-fil'). An Arabic philos-
opher and physician, who flourished towards
the close of the twelfth century in one of the
Spanish dominions of the Moors. His most
celebrated work is a philosophical romance
bearing the title “The Improvement of Hu-
man Reason Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn
Yokdhan, which has been translated into He-
brew, Latin, and English.
Ibrahim of Aleppo (ib-rä-hēm'). A famed
Ottoman writer on jurisprudence; born about
1490 (? ); died 1549. He compiled the great
code of laws known as "Muiteka-al-Abhar)
(Confluence of the Seas).
Ibsen, Henrik (ib'sen). A Norwegian dram-
atist; born in Skien, March 20, 1828. His plays
are : Brand, a drama; (A Doll's House, a
satiric comedy ; (Peer Gynt,' a dramatic poem ;
(Emperor and Galilean,' a historic drama (in
two parts: i. , Julian's Apostasy); ii. , (Julian
the Emperor'); (The Pillars of Society, a
satiric comedy; (The Warriors at Helgeland,
a historical drama; 'Love's Comedy,' a satiri.
cal play; and the series comprising (Ghosts,
(An Enemy of the People, (The Wild Duck,'
(Rosmersholm,' (The Lady from the Sea,
(Hedda Gabler,) and (Architect Solness,' all
of which are alike in that they aim to dissect
the conventionalities of the social system under
which we live. *
Ibycus (ib i-kus). A Greek lyric poet; born
in Rhegium, about B. C. 560 (? ); died there (or
near Corinth ? ), B. C. 525 (? ). The fragments
of exquisite metre that have come down to us,
and the picturesque fate that befell him -
fate that suggested to Dante one of his in-
imitable images -- have won for him a distinct
The ancients esteemed him highly,
although Cicero complains of the impurity of
his Muse as a sign of the degeneracy of the
Romans who admired it. The story told of him
is that the poet went on a journey to Corinth
but was captured by bandits near that city,
and murdered after having been despoiled.
As he expired he called to a flock of passing
cranes to avenge him; and as the bandits sat
in the theatre not many days later, a flight of
the stately birds took place, whereupon the
leader of the guilty men called attention, iron-
ically, to the dead poet's « avengers. ” The
word attracted notice and led to discovery.
Ide, George Barton. An American writer
and clergyman; born in Vermont, 1804; died
in 1872. He has published (Green Hollow);
(Bible Echoes, or Lessons from the War);
renown.
## p. 283 (#299) ############################################
IDRISI - INGEMANN
283
(The Power of Kindness,' a juvenile tale ; and
(Bible Pictures.
Idrisi (id're-sē). An Arabian geographer,
who flourished between 1100 and 1200, and
wrote a (Book About the World) which is of
importance the annals of geographical
science.
Iffland, August Wilhelm (if'fänd). A Ger-
man dramatist and actor; born in Hanover,
April 19, 1759; died at Berlin, Sept. 22, 1814.
He Aed his home and theological studies when
a mere youth, in order to go on the stage, and
soon became a great actor. As a playwright
he captured the public with (The Hunters )
and (The Crime of Ambition. He united in
a rare degree a mastery of stage-craft with a
knowledge of dramatic construction.
Iglesias, José Maria (ē-glā'se-äs). A Mex-
ican historian and publicist; born in the City
of Mexico, Jan. 5, 1823. He has figured very
prominently in his country's politics. He has
written 'Contribution to a History of the War
between Mexico and the United States) (1852),
and a (Historical Review of the French Inter-
vention (1870).
Iglesias de la Casa, José (ē-glā'se-äs dā lä
kä’sä). A Spanish poet; born in Salamanca,
Oct. 31, 1743; died there, Aug. 26, 1791. He
was a priest in his native diocese, and in con-
junction with Melendez, organized a devoted
band of poetasters, the fame of which spread far
and wide, under the name of the School of Sala-
manca, exercising in time no ordinary authority
over Spanish poetry. His volume of Light
Verse has, under various titles, passed through
numerous editions in Spain, where he will prob-
ably always be a classic.
Ilsley, Charles Parker. An American au-
thor; born in Maine in 1807; died in 1887.
He was a resident of Portland, Me. , until
1866. Among his works are : (The Liberty
Pole, a Tale of Machias); (Forest and Shore,
later republished as "The Wrecker's Daughter. )
Imbert, Barthelémi (an-băr'). A French
poet; born at Nîmes, 1747; died near Paris (? ),
Aug. 23, 1790. He attained celebrity with “The
Judgment of Paris,' a specimen of delicately
wrought and musical versification. He also
wrote a Book of Fables. '
Imbert de Saint-Amand, Arthur (an-băr'
dė sant-a-man). A French biographer and his-
torian; born in Paris, Nov. 22, 1834. His career
was a diplomatic and official one until he be.
gan a study of the lives of the women of the old
French courts, of the First Empire, and of the
restoration. His (Women of Versailles) is a
graphic presentation of court manners and
morals under the last three of the Louises be-
fore the Revolution, while the "Women of the
Tuileries) is a bit of realism in biography that
brings the era vividly before the reader. His
studies of the Napoleonic royalties sustain the
reputation established by the earlier works.
Imbriani, Vittorio lēm-bré-an'ē). An Ital-
ian poet and historian of literature ; born in
Naples, Oct. 27, 1840; died there, Jan. I, 1886.
His life was involved in political turmoil, but
he made himself known as a graceful and ele-
gant poet with Popular Songs of the Southern
Provinces,' and as an ode-writer of strength
and dignity in an (Address to Italy's Queen. In
prose he ranks high, as (Purloined (or Usurped)
Reputations,' a book of literary essays, demon-
strates. His Philological Studies in Dante )
is a valuable contribution to our knowledge
of the great Florentine.
Imlah, John. A Scottish poet and song-
writer; born in Aberdeen, 1799 ; died at St.
James, Jamaica, 1846. His songs met the pop-
ular fancy, and are to be found in all Scotch
collections. He published May Flowers) in
1827, followed by (Poems and Songs, (1841).
Immermann, Karl Leberecht (im'mer-män).
A German poet, dramatist, and romancer; born
in Magdeburg, April 24, 1796; died at Düssel.
dorf, Aug. 25, 1840. A university course and
the campaign of Waterloo supplied his early
experiences. As the result of years of hard
labor he produced plays above mediocrity but
below greatness. (The Princes of Syracuse )
and (The Eye of Love) merit notice among
his comedies, while as a tragedy, his (Ghis-
monda) ranks high. He lives in the brilliant
and original Epigoni. Münchhausen, his
lightest fancy, is well known. It must not be
confused with Baron Münchhausen. *
Inchbaid, Elizabeth Simpson. An English
actress, dramatist, and novelist; born 1753; died
1821. A Simple Story,) Nature and Art, are
among her best tales. She also wrote: (Such
Things Are); (The Married Man); (The Wed-
ding Day); (The Midnight Hour); Every
One Has his Fault'; 'Lovers' Vows); etc.
Ingalls, Joshua King. An American finan-
cier and writer; born 18— He has published:
(Social Wealth'; (Economic Equities); and
(Reminiscences of an Octogenarian' (1897).
Ingelow, Jean. An English poet and novel-
ist; born in Boston, Lincolnshire, in 1830; died
in London, July 19, 1897. (A Rhyming Chron-
icle of Incidents and Feeling,' her maiden
volume, reveals her melancholy disposition.
The Round of Days) brought her fame, and
the circle of her admirers constantly widened
as (Home Thoughts and Home Scenes, (A
Story of Doom, and Other Poems, (Mopsa the
Fairy, and "Little Wonder Horn) made evi-
dent the full range of her power. Her novels,
Fated to be Free, (Sarah de Berenger,' (Don
John, and one or two more, did not attract
wide attention. *
Ingemann, Bernhard Severin (ing'e-män).
A Danish poet and novelist; born 1789; died
1862. His Procne, Youthful Poems, and
(The Renegade) display genius. Blanca,
(The Voice in the Desert,) and (The Battle
for the Possession of Walhalla) are wonder-
ful plays, alive with inspiration. Waldemar
the Great and his Companions,' a historic
poem, is his masterpiece, while as a novelist
## p. 284 (#300) ############################################
284
INGERSOLL-IRVING
he stands among the chosen few with (Con-
queror Waldemar, one of the triumphs of the
Danish language. *
Ingersoll, Charles Jared. An American
poet and miscellaneous writer; born in Phila-
delphia, 1782; died there, 1862. He was the
author of Chiomara) (1800), a poem; (Edwy
and Elgira! (1801 ), a tragedy; (Inchiquin
the Jesuit's Letters on American Literature
and Politics) (1810); (Julian) (1831), a poem;
and a "Historical Sketch of the Second War
between the United States and Great Britain)
(4 vols. , 1845-52).
Ingersoll, Ernest. An American naturalist
and prose-writer; born in Michigan, 1852. The
summer of 1873 he spent with Louis Agassiz
in his seaside school on Penikese. After Agassiz
died he was naturalist and collector with the
Hayden survey in the West. He contributed
scientific articles to various newspapers. His
writings include: (Birds’-Nesting? (1881); His-
tory and Present Condition of the Oyster In-
dustries of the United States) (1881); “Knocking
Round the Rockies) (1882); (Country Cousins
(1884); (The Strange Ventures of a Stowaway)
(1886); and (Down-East Latch-Strings) (1887).
Ingersoll, Luther Dunham. An American
writer; born 18. He is librarian of the War
Department at Washington, and has published
(Iowa and the Rebellion); a (Life of Horace
Greeley); and a “History of the War Depart-
ment.
Ingersoll, Robert Green. A distinguished
American orator, lecturer, and lawyer; born in
Dresden, N. Y. , Aug. 11, 1833. He is well known
as a free-thinker. He went west when twelve
years old, becoming in time a school-teacher.
He began to practice law in 1854. He was
colonel of Illinois cavalry during the War. In
1866 he was made attorney-general for Illinois.
He now has his law office in New York. He
has published: (The Gods); (Ghosts); (Some
Mistakes of Moses); 'Lectures Complete);
(Prose Poems and Selections); and many other
pamphlets and miscellaneous articles.
Ingleby, Clement Mansfield. An English
Shakespearean critic and miscellaneous writer;
born at Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Oct. 29,
1823; died at Ilford, Essex, 1886. He was edu-
cated at Cambridge for the law, which he
abandoned for a literary career, and became
famous as a Shakespearean scholar and critic,
aiding in the Stanton edition. He wrote : (The
Principles of Acoustics and the Theory of
Sound); 'The Stereoscope); (The Ideality of
the Rainbow); (The Mutual Relation of The-
ory and Practice); (Law and Religion); (A
Voice for the Mute Creation); Miracles Versus
Nature. )
Inglis, Henry David (ing'lz). An English
descriptive prose-writer; born in Edinburgh,
1795; died in London, March 20, 1835. From
mercantile life he drifted into literature ; travel-
ing widely, and under the pseudonym of «Der-
went Conway," writing : ( Tales of the Ardennes)
(1825), a very popular book, duly followed by
(Solitary Walks through Many Lands) (1828),
(Rambles in the Footsteps of Don Quixote)
(1837), and various similar studies.
Ingraham, Joseph Holt. An American
writer and clergyman; born in Maine, 1809;
died 1866. He lived for a time in Holly Springs,
Miss. , and early in life wrote some very sensa-
tional romances, among them: Lafitte; the
Pirate of the Gulf); (Captain Kyd); and (The
Dancing Feather. After entering the minis-
try he wrote three religious romances: The
Prince of the House of David); (The Pillar
of Fire); and (The Throne of David.
Innsley, Owen. See Jennison, Lucy White.
Intra, Giambattista (ēn'trä). An Italian
novelist and essayist; born in Calvenzano, near
Bergamo, in 1832. He has contributed ably to
periodical literature and produced original and
interesting fiction, notably Agnese Gonzaga,
and (The Last of the Bonaccolsi.
Ion of Chios (i'on (or ē'on) ki'os). A Greek
poet and prose-writer; born in Chios about 484
B. C. ; died at Athens about 422. Few losses to
literature are so serious as the destruction of
his works, fragments only of which have de-
scended to us. Richly endowed, intellectually
and physically, and accomplished even for the
age of Pericles, he established himself in the
intimacy of Æschylus, Sophocles, and the other
men who ornament that unexampled era. He
distinguished himself by his versatility: trage-
dies, hymns, elegies, epigrams, and essays issued
in a splendid if not very deep stream from the
perennial springs of his fancy. Brilliant pass-
ages in his memoirs, saved to us by a happy
accident, tell of the banquet he gave to Sopho-
cles and the things said and done on that typ-
ically Hellenic occasion.
Iron, Ralph. See Schreiner, olive.
Irving, John Treat, Jr. An American writer;
born 1812; a nephew of Washington Irving, and
a lawyer of New York city. He has written:
(Indian Sketches); 'Hawk Chief); 'The Attor-
ney); Henry Harson); and (The Van Gelder
Papers.
Irving, Pierre Munroe. An American writer,
nephew of Washington Irving; born 1803; died
in 1876. He was the author of a "Life of
Washington Irving. He also edited various
compilations and acted as his uncle's literary
assistant.
Irving, Washington. An American histo-
rian, biographer, and man of letters; born in
New York, April 3, 1783 ; died at “Sunnyside,
near Tarrytown, N. Y. , Nov. 28, 1859. His works
include: A Voyage to the Eastern Part of
Terra Firma) (1806), a translation; Saima-
gundi (1807-8), with J. K. Paulding and Will.
iam Irving ; (History of New York by Diedrich
Knickerbocker) (1809); (The Sketch Book)
(1819-20); (Bracebridge Hall (1822); "Let-
ters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent. (1824); "Life
and Times of Christopher Columbus) (1828);
:
:
## p. 285 (#301) ############################################
IRVING - JACOBI
285
"Conquest of Granada) (1829); (Companions of
Columbus (1831); (The Alhambra) (1832);
(Crayon Miscellany) (1835); Astoria) (1836);
« The Rocky Mountains : Journal of Captain
B. L. E. Bonneville) (1837); Life of Oliver
Goldsmith) (1840); (Mahomet and his Suc-
cessors) (1849-50); (Wolfert's Roost! (1855);
"Life of Washington (1855-59). Among his
literary labors he made an edition of The
Poetical Works of Thomas Campbell (1810),
and Miscellaneous Works of Oliver Gold-
smith. *
Irving, William. An American prose-writer,
and brother of Washington Irving ; born in
New York city, 1766; died there, 1821. He con-
tributed largely in the production of Salma-
gundi; the political pieces were mostly his,
as also were the letters of Mustapha in Nos. 5
want. He is without a rival among his coun-
trymen, Cervantes always excepted, as a wit
and satirist; the prodigious popularity of his
(Life and Adventures of Friar Gerundio de
Campazas, upon its first appearance in 1758
(under the pseudonym of «F.
Lobon de Sala-
zar)), being but a well-won tribute to its unhack-
neyed drolleries and epigrammatic style. As a
portrait of Spanish life in the eighteenth cen-
tury it must ever remain a standard work. He
made an infelicitous translation of (Gil Blas)
from the French that led to a still more in-
felicitous controversy over the authorship of
that lengthy masterpiece. His other works are
without importance.
Isocrates (i-sok'ra-tēs). A Greek orator and
rhetorician; born in Athens in 436 B. C. ; died
at Athens (? ) 338 B. C. He was apparently
carefully educated, Socrates having been of
the number of his preceptors; and at an early
age he was celebrated for the facility with
which he used his native tongue, although the
weakness of his voice precluded any hope he
may once have entertained of distinction in
public life. He therefore opened a school of
oratory, the fame of which soon filled all Greece,
in consequence of the exceptional attainments of
its graduates. The ages have spared to us
twenty-one of his compositions, rhetorical and
epistolary. He is best represented by the dis-
courses known as the (Areopagiticus) and the
(Panegyricus.
and 14.
ous verse.
Isaaks, Jorge (ē'säks or i'zaks). A South
American novelist and poet; born in Cali,
Colombia. His extraction is partly English-
Jewish and partly Spanish. María,' a novel,
is his masterpiece, but he has written meritori-
*
Isla, José Francisco de (ēs'lä). A Spanish
satirist; born in Vidane, March 24, 1703; died
at Bologna, Nov. 2, 1781. H was a Jesuit and
taught successfully in the Jesuit seminaries for
years, but the expulsion of his order from Spain
reduced him to destitution, and he died in
J
:
Jablonsky, Boleslav (yab-lon'skē). (“Karl
Eugen Tupy. ”] A leading Czech poet; born
Jan. 14, 1813; died in Cracow, March 1881.
His love lyric Písne) and his didactic (The
Father's Wisdom) are universally popular.
Jackson, Edward Payson. An American
prose-writer; born in Erzeroum, Turkey, March
15, 1840. He graduated at Amherst in 1870.
He published : Mathematic Geography) (1873);
(A Demi-God (1886); and (The Earth in
Space) (1887).
Jackson, Helen Fiske. (“H. H. ] An
American poet and miscellaneous writer; born
1831; died 1885. She published: Poems';
Bits of Talk); Hetty's Strange History);
(Ramona'; (A Century of Dishonor); etc. *
Jackson, Henry. An English novelist; born
in Boston, Lincolnshire, April 15, 1831 ; died at
Hampstead, May 24, 1879. His novels : A Dead
Man's Revenge); (Gilbert Rugge) (1866); and
"Argus Fairburn (1874), had much vogue.
Jackson, Sheldon. An American missionary ;
born at Minaville, N. Y. , May 18, 1834. He was
superintendent of missions for the Rocky Mount-
ain region from 1870 to 1872. In 1885 he was
appointed general agent of education in Alaska.
Among his works are : (Alaska and Missions
on the North Pacific Coast) (1880); \Education
in Alaska' (1881).
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (yä-kõ'be). A
German philosopher and metaphysician; born
in Düsseldorf, Jan. 25, 1743; died at Munich,
March 10, 1819. He obtained recognition from
Wieland, Goethe, and other accomplished Ger-
mans as one of the most original thinkers of
their common country. Letters on Spinoza's
Philosophy); (Things Divine); Letter to
Fichte); (An Enterprise in Criticism to Render
Reason Reasonable); and (Woldemar, a phil.
osophical fiction, are among his most important
additions to literature.
Jacobi, Johann Georg.
A German poet,
brother of Friedrich ; born in Düsseldorf, Sept.
2, 1740; died at Freiburg, Jan. 4, 1814. His asso-
ciation with Wieland, Klopstock, Goethe, Her-
der, and “Father) Gleim, the poet and patron
of poets, quickened his talent, and the verse
that gives him such eminence among his coun-
try's minor bards was the result. (The Summer
Journey) and (The Winter Journey' are among
the prettiest of this poet's pieces.
Jacobi, ary Putnam. An American hy-
sician; born in London, England, Aug. 31, 1842
1
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286
JACOBSEN - JAMES
She graduated from the Woman's Medical Col-
lege, Philadelphia; College of Pharmacy, New
York; and the School of Medicine, Paris. Since
1871 she has practiced in New York city. Among
her works are: (The Value of Life) (1879);
(Hysteria, and Other Essays) (1888).
Jacobsen, Jens Peter (yä'kub-sen). A Dan-
ish novelist; born at Thisted, Jutland, April 7,
1847; died at Copenhagen, April 30, 1885. He
was a botanist and Darwinian who turned to
story-writing and became eminent as a realistic
novelist. Mogens,' (Niels Lyhne,' and Marie
Grubbe) are tales of great merit in plot, con-
struction, and style.
Jacobson, Eduard (yä'kub-son). A German
comic poet; born at Great Strelitz, Upper
Silesia, Nov. 10, 1833. He studied medicine,
but wrote (Faust and Gretchen) in his college
days, and thus learned what he was fitted for.
A host of laughable nothings have followed it.
Among his best works ( 500,000 Devils) and
( The Man in the Moon) may be cited.
Jacopone da Todi (yä'ko-põ'ne dä to'dē).
An Italian Pietist poet and satirist; born at
Todi about 1230; died at Collazzone, Dec. 25,
1306. He was a prominent lawyer, who lost
his wife, became a monk, and got involved in
politics. He wrote dialect poems in support
of his party; the stinging sarcasm of his rhymes
aimed against Pope Boniface VIII. causing
them to be particularly remembered. The
hymn (Stabat Mater) is attributed to him, al-
though the authorship has been disputed.
Jacotot, Jean Joseph (zhä-kō-to). A French
authority on education ; born in Dijon, March
4, 1770; died at Paris, July 31, 1840. He founded
a system of pedagogics that still bears his
name, and is based apparently upon the iter,
iterumque of Virgil,- constant repetition, and
learning by heart,- together with a harmony of
studies. His system is set forth in the (Uni-
versal Instruction,' an elaborate manual in
(mother tongue, and in Music, Design, and
Painting,' works of great vogue at one time,
and still widely accepted.
Jäger, Oskar (vā'ger). A German historian
and pedagogue; born at Stuttgart, Oct. 26,
1830. As an educator he has attained prestige
and official position; while his History of
Recent Times, from the Congress of Vienna
to our Own Day) (1874-75) is an acknowl.
edged masterpiece. (The Humanist Gymna-
sium) (1889) is an example of his achievements
in pedagogics; and he has written «The Punic
Wars) (1869–70) and John Wycliffe and his
Significance for the Reformation (1854), both
profound studies.
Jago, Richard. An English poet; born in
Beaudesert, Warwickshire, Oct. I, 1715; died at
Snitterfield, May 8, 1781. He was a clergyman
poetically endowed, whose elegy (The Black-
birds) (1753) pleases, and whose other works
are tasteful.
Jagodynski, Stanislas (ya-go-din'skē). A
Polish poet and prose-writer, who flourished in
the sixteenth century, and was, it would seem,
a laureate and epigrammatist at court, distin-
guishing himself by his wit and eloquence.
(Presents for Saxon Ladies,' a biting and
dainty satire, directed against the corruption
of the times; (The Courtesans, a volume of
epigrams; and (The Escape of Rugiera, a
drama, show him at his best.
Jalal-ud-din Rumi. See Rumi.
James I. , King of Scotland. Born at Dun-
fermline, Aug. 1 (? ), 1394; assassinated near
Perth, Feb. 20, 1437. His Kingis Quair' (King's
Booklet : 1404? ) is a poem of spirit; and in
(The Ballade of Guid Counsale, almost cer-
tainly his, are many fine passages.
James I. , King of England. Born in Edin-
burgh Castle, June 19, 1566; died at the palace
of Theobalds, March 27, 1625. His literary
gifts are revealed in Essays of a Prentice in
the Divine Art of Poetry) (1584); Poetical
Exercises) (1591); and “The True Law of Free
Monarchies’ (1603).
James, George Payne Rainsford. An Eng-
lish novelist; born in London, Aug. 9, 1801;
died in Venice, May 9, 1860. His historical
novel (Richelieu) (1829) won encomiums from
Scott. Next came (Darnley) (1830); (Delorme)
(1831); (Attila) (1837); and many stirring and
readable novels. He attempted the historian's
rôle, without encouraging results, in Dark
Scenes of History) (1849), and other books.
He wrote as many as seventy historical novels.
James, Henry. An American scholar; born
at Albany, N. Y. , June 3, 1811; died at Cam-
bridge, Mass. , Dec. 18, 1882. He resided at
Cambridge. Among the most noted of his
works on morals and religion are: What Is
the State ? ) (1845); Moralism and Christian-
ity) (1852); "Lectures and Miscellanies) (1852);
(The Nature of Evil (1855); (Christianity the
Logic of Creation? (1857); (Substance and
Shadow) (1863); (The Secret of Swedenborg
(1869).
James, Henry. An American novelist and
miscellaneous prose-writer, son of Henry (ist);
born in New York, April 15, 1843. His works
include: (Transatlantic Sketches) (1875); A
Passionate Pilgrim and Other Tales) (1875);
(Roderick Hudson (1876); (The American"
(1877); (Watch and Ward) (1878); French
Poets and Novelists) (1878); Daisy Miller:
a Study) (1878); (The Europeans: a Sketch)
( 1878 ); (An International Episode) (1879);
( The Madonna of the Future and Other
Tales) (1879); (Hawthorne) (1879); A Bun-
dle of Letters) (1880); <Confidence) (1880);
(The Diary of a Man of Fiſty) (1880); (Wash-
ington Square) (1880); (The Portrait of a
Lady' (1882); (Daisy Miller: a Comedy)
(1883); (The Siege of London; The Pension
Beaurepas; and The Point of View) (1883);
(Portraits of Places) (1883); (Tales of Three
Cities) (1884); (A Little Tour in France)
(1885); (The Art of Fiction (1885), with
Walter Besant; Stories Revived' (2 vols. ,.
>
>
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JAMES – JANVIER
287
>
1885); “The Author of Beltraffio) (1885); “The
Bostonians) (1886); (The Princess Casamas-
sima) (1886); (Partial Portraits) (1888); (The
Aspern Papers and Other Stories) (1888); (The
Reverberator) (1888); (A London Life) (1889);
(The Tragic Muse) (1890); (Port Tarascon)
(1891), a translation ; (The Lesson of the Mas-
ter) (1892), a volume of stories; (The Real
Thing and Other Tales) (1893); Picture and
Text' (1893); (The Private Life) (1893), a
volume of stories; (Essays in London and
Elsewhere) (1893); (The Wheel of Time)
(1894); (Theatricals) (1894); (Terminations)
(1895); (What Maisie Knew) (1897); etc. His
pen has been busy in brilliant and important
contributions to the periodical press during his
whole career. *
James, William. An American scholar and
psychologist, son of Henry (1st); born Jan. 11,
1842. Graduated at Harvard University, and
has been a professor since 1872 of anatomy,
physiology, and psychology. His published
works are : (Principles of Psychology (1890);
(Psychology, Briefer Course) (1892).
Jameson, Anna Brownell. An Irish mis-
cellaneous writer; born (Murphy) in Dublin,
May 17, 1794; died in London, March 17, 1860.
She was the daughter of a noted artist, and
began her literary work with (The Diary of
an Ennuyée) (1826). Then followed (Loves
of the Poets) (1829); "Celebrated Female Sov-
ereigns) (1831 ); Characteristics of Women);
"Companion to the Public Picture Galleries of
London (1842); (Memoirs of the Early Italian
Painters) (1845), edited ; (Sacred and Legend-
ary Art' (1848-52), not quite complete; etc.
Jameson, Robert William. A British jour-
nalist, novelist, poet, and miscellaneous writer;
born in Leith, 1805; died in London, Dec. 10,
1868. Radical in his politics, he wrote brill-
iantly during the Anti-Corn-Law agitation;
evolving between times, Nimrod (1848), a
poem in blank verse ; ( The Curse of Gold)
(1854), a novel; and a tragedy, (Timoleon,
which reached a second edition in 1852.
Jami, 'Abd-urrahman (jâ - mē', abd'ör-oi-
man). The last of Persia's classic poets; born
in Jam, Khorasan, August (? ) 1414; died at
Herat (? ), in May (? ) 1492 or 1493. His best-
known poetical works are: (The Abode of
Spring) (Behâristán); (The Chain of Gold);
and 'The Loves of Joseph and Zuleika and of
Mejnun and Leila. He is known in Europe
as the Persian Petrarch, while his countrymen
call him the fiery star to which the gold stars
bend," a metaphor illustrative of the glories
with which he invested the passion of love.
Jamison, Mrs. Celia V. (Hamilton). An
American writer of juvenile literature; born in
Louisiana, 18–. Among her best-known works
are : (Toinette's Philip'; 'Lady Jane';'Seraph. '
Jamyn, Amadis (jä-man'). A French poet ;
born in Chaource, Champagne, about 1538;
died there about 1585. He wrote in imitation
of Ronsard, producing neat and dainty but
rather insipid sonnets, in which we are assured
that love, while a grand thing, has yet its in-
conveniences. (The Hunt) and Liberality
are among his pieces.
Janda, Bohumil (yän'dä). A Bohemian nov-
elist and poet; born at Patek, May 1, 1831 ;
died at Prague (? ), Sept. 29, 1875. His poetry
and prose deal mostly with historical themes
afforded by the annals of his native land. Jan
Talafus z Ostrova' is his masterpiece in metre,
being an epic of a fifteenth-century knight. His
novel (Anna Městecká Bocek) is based upon
somewhat similar material.
Jan de Rijmer (yän dė rēmer). See Goever-
neur.
Janet, Paul (zhän-ā'). A French philosopher
and essayist; born in Paris, April 30, 1823. He
has received important professorships in ac-
knowledgment of the services conferred upon
education by "The Family) (1855), “Studies of
Dialectic in Plato and in Hegel' (1860), “Mas-
ters of Modern Thought) (1883), and others which
show the influence of Cousin.
Janin, Jules (zhä-nan). . A Frenchcritic,
journalist, and novelist; born in St. Étienne,
Feb. 16, 1804; died at Paris, June 19, 1874. He
caught the fancy of the Parisians with his lit.
erary and theatrical criticisms, displaying an
incredible aptitude for detecting the public taste,
and guiding himself wholly by it. In 1870 he
was elected to the French Academy. Among
his stories and novels, « The Dead Donkey and
the Guillotined Woman, (Confession, and (A
Heart for Two Loves, are conspicuous. His
permanent work is probably the collection of
papers called (History of Dramatic Literature.
Janson, Kristofer Nagel (yän’son). A Nor-
wegian poet; born in Bergen, May 5, 1841.
He is a clergyman and educator, and settled
in this country in 1881. Norse Poems, a col-
lection of lyrics, and Praerien's Saga,' are his
most popular works, but he has produced many
stories of merit. He writes in both Norse and
English.
Janssen, Johannes (yän'sen). A German
historian; born in Xanten, Düsseldorf, April
10, 1829; died in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Dec.
24, 1891. Distinguished for the zeal and learn-
ing with which he contends for the Catholic
point of view in various valuable historical
studies, he has produced in (The History of
the German People since the Close of the Mid-
dle Ages) (1877-94), a masterpiece of energetic
controversialism softened by a happy style.
Janvier, Francis de Haes. An American
poet, kinsman of Thomas A. ; born in Penn-
sylvania in 1817; died in 1885. He published:
(The Skeleton Monk, and Other Poems) (1860);
(The Sleeping Sentinel? (1863); Patriotic
Poems) (1866).
