, where for
(li/ driptiovTac we must read, with Canter, ovvOn-
peiovrar--Theogais, 1279, seqq.
(li/ driptiovTac we must read, with Canter, ovvOn-
peiovrar--Theogais, 1279, seqq.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
She was, as Appian remarks (Bell.
Parth.
),
'by some called Juno, by others Venus, and by others
held up to be Nature, or the cause which produced the
beginnings and seeds of things from Humidity:' so
? ? that she comprehended in one personification both
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? AST
ACTI. EA, the goddess of Justice. Her origin is dif-
ferenilT given. She ia either a. Titan or a descend-
ant of the Titans; being in the former case the daugh-
ter of Jove and Themis (7/e*i<<2, Tkeog. , 135, 191,
Kijq. ). or of Astrseus and Hemera, or Astrseus and
Aurora (Eos). When the Titans took up arms
against Jupiter, she left her father Astreus, who, as
the eon of a Titan, fought on their side, and descended
to earth, and mingled with the human race. This in-
tercourse with mortals continued during the golden
age, but was interrupted when that of silver ensued,
far. during this latter age, aho came down from the
mountains, only amid the shades of evening, unseen by,
ind refraining from all communion with, men. When
the brazen age commenced she fled to the skies, hav-
ing left the earth the last of the immortals. Jove there-
upon made her the constellation Virgo, among the
signs of the zodiac. (A. rat. , Fh&n. , 102, seqq. --Sc/iol.
Tiuox. , ad loc. --Hesiody Op. et D. , 254. --Pind. , 01. ,
13, 6. -- Orph. , H. , 61. Hygin,, Aitron. , 2, 25. --
Eritiuth. , Cat. , 9. ) As the constellation Virgo, she
a identical with Erigone, having a place in the zodiac
between the Scorpion and the Lion. On the old star-
tabjes. or celestial planispheres, the Scorpion extended
orer two signs, filling with its claws the space be-
tween itself and Virgo. ( Voss. ad. Virg. , Georg. , 1,
33. --Erajtosth. , Cat. , 7. Ooul, Met. , 2. 197. ) Later
astronomers, as we are told by Theon (ad Aral. , 89),
named the sign occupied by the claws of Scorpio the
Balance (Libra), and this balance Astrtea (Virgo) held
in her hand as a symbol of justice. Others, however,
as in the case of the Famese marble, made it the mark
of the equality of the day and night at the equinox. It
Uvery probable that this latter explanation was the ear-
lier one of the two, especially as Astnca ranked among
the Hors, and that the moral idea succeeded the physi-
cal. (Vollmer, \Vorterb. der Myt. 'iol. , p. 354. -- Gru-
-Vr. ttV<<r6. der Altclass. Myt/iol. , vol. 1, p. 666. --
Iddtr, Stcrnnomfn, p. 169. )
ASTB^CS, I. a son of the Titan Crius and Eurybia
the daughter of Pontus. Hyginus, however, makes
him the offspring of Terra and Tartarus, and brother
of the giants Enceladus, Pallas, &c. (ffyg. , Prof. ,
p. 3, ed. Mu. nk. ) He was the father of Astnea, men-
tioned in the preceding article, and begat also bv Eos
(Aurora) the winds Boreas, Notus, Zephyrus, arid the
<<tars of heaven. (Hts. , Theog. , 378. ) Some assign
him also a son named Argestes, but this is merely an
epithet of Zephyrus, meaning "the swift. " Astraus
united with the Titans against Jupiter, and was hurl-
ed along with them to Tartarus. (Sere, ad JEn. , 1,
136. ) -- H. A river of Macedonia, running by Beroea,
and falling into the Erigonus, a tributary of the Axius.
(JElian^ Hat. An. , 15, 1. ) It is now thought to be the
Vastritza. (Consult, however, as to the course of this
river, the remarks of Cramer, Ancient Greece, vol. 1,
p. 222, who makes it fall into the lake Ludias. --
Coal pare also Bitcho/und Muller, Worterb. der Geogr. ,
P 123. )
AsxCK. t, a small river and village of Latium, near
the coast, below Antiiim. In the neighbourhood was
a villa of Cicero, to which he retired to vent his grief
fcr the loss of his beloved daughter, and where he
thought of raising a monument to her memory. (/? . '/'
ed Alt. , 12, 19. ) When proscribed by Antony, ho
withdrew to this same place from Tusculum, and
*oaght escape from thence, intending to join Brutus
in Macedonia. (Piut. , Vtt. Cic. ) Astura seems to
? ? bare been also the residence of Augustus, during an
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? ATA
ATA
(10, 25), on the authority of I. eschcs, to Pyrrhus.
Racine, in his "Amlromaque," has indulged in the
poetic license of making Astyanax survive the fall of
Troy, and accompany his mother to Epirus. (Con-
sult Racine, Pre/, de VAndrom. ) A beautiful lament
over the corpse of Astyanax, from the lips of Hecuba,
may be found in the Troades of Euripides (1146-1196),
and also some line lines, in the earlier part of the same
plav, where Andromache is taking leave of her son
(743 781).
Astydamas, an Athenian tragic writer, son of Mor-
simus, and grandson of Philocles, the nephew of. -Es-
chylus. He studied under Isocratcs, and composed,
according to Suidas, two hundred and forty tragedies;
a rather improbable number. He lived sixty years.
His first exhibition was B. C. 398. (Diod. Sic, 14,
43. --Theatre of the Greeks, 2d ed. , p. 158. )
AstydamIa, daughter of Amyntor, king of Orcho-
menos in Li. Tolia, married Acastus, son of Pelias, who
was king of lolcos. She is called by some Hippolytc.
(Vid. Acastus. )
Astypai. *a, one of the Cycladcs, southeast of the
island of Cos. It is eighty-eight miles in circuit, and
distant, as Pliny (H. N. , 4, 12) reports, one hundred
and twenty-five miles from Cadistus in Crete. Stra-
bo informs us it contained a town of the same name.
It is said that hares having been introduced into this
island from Anaphc, it was so overrun with them
that the inhabitants were under the necessity of con-
sulting the oracle, which advised their hunting them
with dogs: in one year six thousand are said to have
been caught. (Hefresandrius, Delph. ap. Alhen. , 9,
*3. ) According to Cicero, divine honours were ren-
dvrcd here to Achilles. It was called Pyrrha when
'he Carians possessed it, and afterward Pylsa. Its
name Astypalsea, is said to have been derived from
that of a sister of Europa. It was also called Bcuv
TpaVefa. or the Table of the Gods, because its soil
was fertile, and almost enamelled with flowers. It is
now Stanpalia. {Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p.
416. )--II. A promontory of Caria, near the city of
Myndus,- now the peninsula of Pasha Ltman. (Cra-
mer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 176. )
Asychis, a king of Egypt, who, according to He-
rodotus (2, 136), during a scarcity of money, enacted
a law to the following effect: That any man, by giving
as a pledge the body of his father, might borrow money;
but that, in case he afterward refused to pay the debt,
he should neither be buried in the same place with his
father, nor in any other, nor have the liberty of bury-
ing the dead body of any of his friends. "This law
was based on the popular belief, that those deprived
of the rites of sepulchre were not permitted to enter
the peaceful realms of Osiris. Hence it was a statute,
in fact, of extraordinary severity. (Compare Zoega,
dc Obelise, p. 292. ) Herodotus also informs us. that
this same monarch, desiring to outdo all his predeces-
sors, erected a pyramid of brick for his monument,
with the following inscription: "Do not despise me
in comparison with the pyramids of stone, which I
excel as much as Jupiter surpasses the other gods ; for,
dipping down to the bottom of the lake with long poles,
and then collecting the mire that stuck to them, men
made bricks and formed me in this manner. " (He-
rod. , 2, 136. ) The pyramid here referred to is thought
to be the same with the one seen at the present day
near El Lahun, not far from the beginning of the ca-
? ? nal that leads to MedinaJ-el-Fayoum. (Dcscrtpt. de
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? ATA
their heads were fixed round the place of contest,
when Meilanion, her cousin, offered himself as a com-
petitor. Venus had presented him with three golden
apples from the garden of the Hcsperides, or, accord-
ing to others, from an orchard in Cyprus; and, as
T. i. m as he had started in the course, he artfully threw
down the apples at some distance one from the other.
While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to
gather the apples, Meilanion won the race. Atalanta
iwcaroe his wife, and they had a son named Partheno-
pa;us. It is added, that while hunting together on
one occasion, they profaned the temenos, or sacred
enclosure of Jove, with their love, for which offence
they were turned into 1 ions. (Apoliod. , I. c.
, where for
(li/ driptiovTac we must read, with Canter, ovvOn-
peiovrar--Theogais, 1279, seqq. --Hygin. , Fab. , 185.
-- Oeid. Met. , 10, 560, seqq. -- Schoi ad Thcocr. , 3,
40. --Mujsus, 153. ) Other authorities, however,
make the name of the victor Hippomenes, and say,
that on his neglecting to give thanks to Venus for her
lid, she inspired him with a sudden passion, which led
to the profanation of the sanctuary of Jove, and the
transformation of himself and his bride. (Ovid, I. c.
-- Sckot. ad Thcocr. I. c. ) According to other ac-
counts, Atalanta was the daughter of Schcenus, son
of Athamas, and therefore a Boeotian. (Hcsiod, ap.
ApMcd . I. e. -- Ovid, I. c. -- Hygin. , 1. c. ) There is
no necessity for supposing two of the same name, as
has usually been done. They arc both connected with
the Minjans, and are only examples of different ap-
propriations of the same legend. (Kcightlcy's My-
ikiogy, p. 427, scq. )
Amani, a people of Africa, ten days' journey
from the Garamantes. There was in their country a
hill of salt, with a fountain issuing out of the summit.
(Herod. , 4, 134. ) -- All the MSS. have "ArAaprec (At-
lanta), which Salmasius (in Solin. , p. 292) first alter-
ed to 'Arapuj'rec, an emendation now almost univcr-
aaflj adopted. Kennell thinks, that the people meant
here arc the same with the Hammanicntcs of Pliny
(5, 5). What Pliny, however, says of the Allantcs
toiU the case better (5, 8). Castiglioni makes the
Atlantes and Atarantes the same people. (Mem.
Gcogr. ct Xumism. , &c, Paris, 1826. ) Heeren, on
the other hand, places the Atarantes in the vicinity of
Tcgcny, the last city of Fezzan. (Idecn, vol. 2, pt.
1. p. 239. ) Herodotus says, that the Atarantes were
destitute of names for individuals; and they cursed
ike taa as he passed t>ver their heads, because he con-
sumed both the inhabitants and the country with his
scorching heat. (Herod. . I. c. )
Atjebechis, a city of Egypt, sacred to Venus, in
one of the small islands of the Delta, called Prosopitis.
The name of the city is said to be derived from Atar
or Alitor (Etynol. Slag. , s. v. 'AOvp), which signified
'? Venus. "" and Bek, "a city;" as Balbcck, "the city
of the Sun," called by the Greeks Heliopolis. Baki
is still found in the same sense among the Copts, and
in their language a is pronounced as e. Strabo and
Puny call the city Aphroditespolis. (Herod. , 2, 41. --
Lurcher, ad Herodot. , I. c. )
Atabgatis or Atebgatis, an Eastern deity, the
same with the Great Goddess of Syria. She was
worshipped principally at MabogorBanibycc(Edessa),
and at a later period at Hicrapolis. Strabo informs us
that her true name was Athara. (Compare Xanth. ,
Ljfd. ap. Hesych. , s. r. 'ATrayuBn. -- Crcuzcr, Fragm.
hut. Grac. amiquiss. , p. 183. )--Ctesias calls her Der-
? ? Eto. It is probable that this latter name is only a cor-
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? ATH
ATH
males the active labours of husbandry, while the males
were chiefly employed in tending their flocks. (He-
rod. Pont. , Frag. -- Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p.
95. seqq. )
Athamas, king of Thebes, in Bceotia, was son of
^Eolus. He married Ncphele, and by her had Phrixus
and Hclle. Some time after, having divorced Neph-
ele, he married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by
whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino
became jealous of the children of Ncphele, because
they were to ascend their father's throne in preference
to her own; therefore she resolved to destroy them;
but they escaped from her fury to Colchis on a golden
ram. (Vid. Argonauts. ) Athamas, through the en-
mity of Juno towards Ino, who had suckled the infant
Bacchus, was afterward seized with madness. In his
phrensy he shot his son Learchus with an arrow, or,
as others say, dashed him against a rock. Ino fled
with her other son, and, being closely pursued by her
furious husband, sprang with her child from the dill"
of Moluris, near Corinth, into the sea. The gods took
pity on her, and made her a sea-goddess, under the
name of Leucothea, and Melicerta a sea-god, under
that of Palcmon. Athamas subsequently, in accord-
ance with an oracle, settled in a place where he built
the town of Athamantia. ' This was in Thessaly, in the
''hthiotic district. Here he married Thcmisto, daugh-
ter of Hypscus, and had by her four children, Leucon,
Erythroc, Schccncus, and Ptoos. (Apollod. , 1, 9. )
Such is the account of Apollodorus. There are, how-
ever, many variations in the talc in different writers,
. specially in the tragic poets. (Kcightlcy's Mythology,
p. 333. )
Athamantiades, a patronymic of Melicerta, Phrix-
us, or Hclle, children of Athamas. (Ortd, Met. , 13,
319. )
Athanasius, a celebrated Christian bishop of the
fourth century. He was a native of Egypt, and a
deacon of the church of Alexandrea under Alexander
the bishop, whom he succeeded in his dignity A. D.
326. Previous to his obtaining this high office he had
been private secretary to Alexander, and had also led
for some time an ascetic life with the renowned an-
chorite St. Anthony. Alexander had also taken him
to the council at Nice, where he gained the highest
esteem of the fathers by the talent which he dis-
played in the Arian controversy. He had a great
share in the decrees passed here, and thereby drew
on himself the hatred of the Arians. On his ad-
vancement to the prelacy he dedicated all his time
and talents to the defence of the doctrine of the Trini-
ty, and resolutely refused the request of Constantine
for the restoration of Arius to the Catholic communion.
In revenge for this refusal, the Arian party brought
several accusations against him before the emperor.
Of these he was acquitted in the first instance;
but, on a new charge of having detained ships at Alex-
andrea, laden with corn for Constantinople, either from
conviction or policy, he was found guilty and banished
to Gaul. Here he remained an exile eighteen months,
or, as some accounts say, upward of two years, his see
in the mean time being unoccupied. On the death of
Constantine he was recalled, and restored to his func-
tions by Constantius; but the Arian party made new
complaints against him, and he was condemned by 90
Arian bishops assembled at Antioch. On the opposite
side, 100 orthodox bishops, assembled at Alexandrea,
? ? declared him innocent; and Pope Julius confirmed
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? ATHEN. E.
ATHEX. E.
Ceeropia. from Cccrops ; and finally Athena by Ercc-
thonius. from its being under the protecton of Minerva
or Athene (' Kdijuq). A distinction was also mado be-
tween the ancient city on the rock and the part subse-
quently added in the plain. The former, the primitive
Ceeropia, was called, from its situation, tj uvu voXic,
or 'AKpd770? uc, "the upper city," where afterward
stood the Parthenon, and other splendid edifices;
the buildings in the plain, where eventually Athens
itself stood, were termed 17 kutu iroXic, "the low-
er city. " (Compare, as regards the various names
given to this citv, Slepk. Byzant. , s. v. Kpaviin. --
)N>>n. , 7, 56. -- Kruse. Hellas, vol. 2, p. 77. ) --The
Acropolis was sixty stadia in circumference. We
have little or no information respecting the size of
Athens under its earliest kings; it is generally sup-
posed, however, that, even as late as the time of The-
seus, the town was almost entirely confined to the
Acropolis and the adjoining Hill of Mars. Subsequent-
ly to the Trojan war, it appears to have been increased
considerably, both in population and extent, since Ho-
mer applies to it the epithets of einTtpevoc and evpv-
ayvtoc- The improvements continued, probably, du-
ring the reign of Pisistratus, and, as it was able to
stand a siege against the Lacedemonians under his son
Hippias, it must evidently have possessed walls and
fortifications of sufficient height and strength to ensure
its safety. The invasion of Xerxes, and the subse-
quent irruption of Manlonius, effected the entire de-
struction of the ancient city, and reduced it to a heap
of ruins, with the exception only of such temples and
buildings as wore enabled, from the solidity of materi-
als, to resist the action of fire and the work of demoli-
tion. When, however, the battles of Salamis, Platea,
and Mycale had averted all danger of invasion, Athens,
restored to peace and security, soon rose from its state
of ruin and desolation; and, having been furnished by
the prudent foresight and energetic conduct of The-
mistocles with the military works requisite for its de-
fence, it attained, under the subsequent administrations
of Cimon and Pericles, to the highest pitch of beauty,
magnificence, and strength. The former is known to
have erected the temple of Theseus, the Dionysiac
theatre, the Stoae or porticoes, and Gymnasium, and
also to have embellished the Academy, the Agora, and
other parts of the city at his own expense. (Pint. , Vtt.
Cimon ) Pericles completed the fortifications which
had been left in an unfinished state by Themistocles
and Cimon; he likewise built several edifices destroy-
ed by the Persians, and to him his country was in-
debted for the temple of Eleusis, the Parthenon, and
the Propylsea, the most magnificent buildings, not of
Attica only, but of the world. It was in the time of
Pericles that Athens attained the summit of its beauty
and prosperity, hoth with respect to the power of the
republic and the extent and magnificence of the archi-
tectural decorations with which the capital was adorn-
ed. At this period, the whole of Athens, with its three
ports of Pirssus, Munychia, and Phalerus, connected
by means of the celebrated long walls, formed one great
"ity, enclosed within avast peribolus of massive forti-
fications. The wrhole of this circumference, as we col-
lect from Thucy Willi's, was not less than 124 stadia.
Of these, forty-three must be allotted to the circuit of
the city itself; the long walls, taken together, supply
twenty-five, and the remaining fifty-six are furnished
by the peribolus of the three harbours. Xenophon re-
? ? ports that Athens contained more than 10,000 houses,
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? ATHEN. E.
ATH
makes it appear probable, that, in the time of Pausa-
nias, many monuments were extant which belonged
to the period before the Persian war; because so tran-
sitory a possession as Xerxes had of the city scarcely
gave him time to finish the destruction of the walls
and principal public edifices. In the restoration of the
city to its former state, Themistocles looked more to
the useful, Cimon to magnificence and splendour;
and Pericles far surpassed them both in his buildings.
The great supply of money which he had from the
tribute of the other states belonged to no succeeding
ruler. Athens, at length, saw much of her ancient
splendour restored; but, unluckily, Attica was not an
island: and, after the sources of power, which be-
longed to the fruitful and extensive country of Mace-
donia, were developed by an able and enlightened
prince, the opposing interests of many free states
could not long withstand the disciplined army of a
warlike people, led by an active, able, and ambitious
monarch. When Sylla destroyed the works of the
Piraeus, the power of Athens by sea was at an end,
and with that fell the whole city. Flattered by the
triumvirate, favoured by Hadrian's love of the arts,
Athens was at no time so splendid as under the Anto-
nincs, when the magnificent works of from eight to
ten centuries stood in view, and the edifices of Peri-
cles were in equal preservation with the new build-
ings. Plutarch himself wonders how the structures
of Ictinus, of Mcnesicles and Phidias, which were
built with such surprising rapidity, could retain such a
perpetual freshness.
'by some called Juno, by others Venus, and by others
held up to be Nature, or the cause which produced the
beginnings and seeds of things from Humidity:' so
? ? that she comprehended in one personification both
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? AST
ACTI. EA, the goddess of Justice. Her origin is dif-
ferenilT given. She ia either a. Titan or a descend-
ant of the Titans; being in the former case the daugh-
ter of Jove and Themis (7/e*i<<2, Tkeog. , 135, 191,
Kijq. ). or of Astrseus and Hemera, or Astrseus and
Aurora (Eos). When the Titans took up arms
against Jupiter, she left her father Astreus, who, as
the eon of a Titan, fought on their side, and descended
to earth, and mingled with the human race. This in-
tercourse with mortals continued during the golden
age, but was interrupted when that of silver ensued,
far. during this latter age, aho came down from the
mountains, only amid the shades of evening, unseen by,
ind refraining from all communion with, men. When
the brazen age commenced she fled to the skies, hav-
ing left the earth the last of the immortals. Jove there-
upon made her the constellation Virgo, among the
signs of the zodiac. (A. rat. , Fh&n. , 102, seqq. --Sc/iol.
Tiuox. , ad loc. --Hesiody Op. et D. , 254. --Pind. , 01. ,
13, 6. -- Orph. , H. , 61. Hygin,, Aitron. , 2, 25. --
Eritiuth. , Cat. , 9. ) As the constellation Virgo, she
a identical with Erigone, having a place in the zodiac
between the Scorpion and the Lion. On the old star-
tabjes. or celestial planispheres, the Scorpion extended
orer two signs, filling with its claws the space be-
tween itself and Virgo. ( Voss. ad. Virg. , Georg. , 1,
33. --Erajtosth. , Cat. , 7. Ooul, Met. , 2. 197. ) Later
astronomers, as we are told by Theon (ad Aral. , 89),
named the sign occupied by the claws of Scorpio the
Balance (Libra), and this balance Astrtea (Virgo) held
in her hand as a symbol of justice. Others, however,
as in the case of the Famese marble, made it the mark
of the equality of the day and night at the equinox. It
Uvery probable that this latter explanation was the ear-
lier one of the two, especially as Astnca ranked among
the Hors, and that the moral idea succeeded the physi-
cal. (Vollmer, \Vorterb. der Myt. 'iol. , p. 354. -- Gru-
-Vr. ttV<<r6. der Altclass. Myt/iol. , vol. 1, p. 666. --
Iddtr, Stcrnnomfn, p. 169. )
ASTB^CS, I. a son of the Titan Crius and Eurybia
the daughter of Pontus. Hyginus, however, makes
him the offspring of Terra and Tartarus, and brother
of the giants Enceladus, Pallas, &c. (ffyg. , Prof. ,
p. 3, ed. Mu. nk. ) He was the father of Astnea, men-
tioned in the preceding article, and begat also bv Eos
(Aurora) the winds Boreas, Notus, Zephyrus, arid the
<<tars of heaven. (Hts. , Theog. , 378. ) Some assign
him also a son named Argestes, but this is merely an
epithet of Zephyrus, meaning "the swift. " Astraus
united with the Titans against Jupiter, and was hurl-
ed along with them to Tartarus. (Sere, ad JEn. , 1,
136. ) -- H. A river of Macedonia, running by Beroea,
and falling into the Erigonus, a tributary of the Axius.
(JElian^ Hat. An. , 15, 1. ) It is now thought to be the
Vastritza. (Consult, however, as to the course of this
river, the remarks of Cramer, Ancient Greece, vol. 1,
p. 222, who makes it fall into the lake Ludias. --
Coal pare also Bitcho/und Muller, Worterb. der Geogr. ,
P 123. )
AsxCK. t, a small river and village of Latium, near
the coast, below Antiiim. In the neighbourhood was
a villa of Cicero, to which he retired to vent his grief
fcr the loss of his beloved daughter, and where he
thought of raising a monument to her memory. (/? . '/'
ed Alt. , 12, 19. ) When proscribed by Antony, ho
withdrew to this same place from Tusculum, and
*oaght escape from thence, intending to join Brutus
in Macedonia. (Piut. , Vtt. Cic. ) Astura seems to
? ? bare been also the residence of Augustus, during an
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? ATA
ATA
(10, 25), on the authority of I. eschcs, to Pyrrhus.
Racine, in his "Amlromaque," has indulged in the
poetic license of making Astyanax survive the fall of
Troy, and accompany his mother to Epirus. (Con-
sult Racine, Pre/, de VAndrom. ) A beautiful lament
over the corpse of Astyanax, from the lips of Hecuba,
may be found in the Troades of Euripides (1146-1196),
and also some line lines, in the earlier part of the same
plav, where Andromache is taking leave of her son
(743 781).
Astydamas, an Athenian tragic writer, son of Mor-
simus, and grandson of Philocles, the nephew of. -Es-
chylus. He studied under Isocratcs, and composed,
according to Suidas, two hundred and forty tragedies;
a rather improbable number. He lived sixty years.
His first exhibition was B. C. 398. (Diod. Sic, 14,
43. --Theatre of the Greeks, 2d ed. , p. 158. )
AstydamIa, daughter of Amyntor, king of Orcho-
menos in Li. Tolia, married Acastus, son of Pelias, who
was king of lolcos. She is called by some Hippolytc.
(Vid. Acastus. )
Astypai. *a, one of the Cycladcs, southeast of the
island of Cos. It is eighty-eight miles in circuit, and
distant, as Pliny (H. N. , 4, 12) reports, one hundred
and twenty-five miles from Cadistus in Crete. Stra-
bo informs us it contained a town of the same name.
It is said that hares having been introduced into this
island from Anaphc, it was so overrun with them
that the inhabitants were under the necessity of con-
sulting the oracle, which advised their hunting them
with dogs: in one year six thousand are said to have
been caught. (Hefresandrius, Delph. ap. Alhen. , 9,
*3. ) According to Cicero, divine honours were ren-
dvrcd here to Achilles. It was called Pyrrha when
'he Carians possessed it, and afterward Pylsa. Its
name Astypalsea, is said to have been derived from
that of a sister of Europa. It was also called Bcuv
TpaVefa. or the Table of the Gods, because its soil
was fertile, and almost enamelled with flowers. It is
now Stanpalia. {Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p.
416. )--II. A promontory of Caria, near the city of
Myndus,- now the peninsula of Pasha Ltman. (Cra-
mer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 176. )
Asychis, a king of Egypt, who, according to He-
rodotus (2, 136), during a scarcity of money, enacted
a law to the following effect: That any man, by giving
as a pledge the body of his father, might borrow money;
but that, in case he afterward refused to pay the debt,
he should neither be buried in the same place with his
father, nor in any other, nor have the liberty of bury-
ing the dead body of any of his friends. "This law
was based on the popular belief, that those deprived
of the rites of sepulchre were not permitted to enter
the peaceful realms of Osiris. Hence it was a statute,
in fact, of extraordinary severity. (Compare Zoega,
dc Obelise, p. 292. ) Herodotus also informs us. that
this same monarch, desiring to outdo all his predeces-
sors, erected a pyramid of brick for his monument,
with the following inscription: "Do not despise me
in comparison with the pyramids of stone, which I
excel as much as Jupiter surpasses the other gods ; for,
dipping down to the bottom of the lake with long poles,
and then collecting the mire that stuck to them, men
made bricks and formed me in this manner. " (He-
rod. , 2, 136. ) The pyramid here referred to is thought
to be the same with the one seen at the present day
near El Lahun, not far from the beginning of the ca-
? ? nal that leads to MedinaJ-el-Fayoum. (Dcscrtpt. de
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? ATA
their heads were fixed round the place of contest,
when Meilanion, her cousin, offered himself as a com-
petitor. Venus had presented him with three golden
apples from the garden of the Hcsperides, or, accord-
ing to others, from an orchard in Cyprus; and, as
T. i. m as he had started in the course, he artfully threw
down the apples at some distance one from the other.
While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to
gather the apples, Meilanion won the race. Atalanta
iwcaroe his wife, and they had a son named Partheno-
pa;us. It is added, that while hunting together on
one occasion, they profaned the temenos, or sacred
enclosure of Jove, with their love, for which offence
they were turned into 1 ions. (Apoliod. , I. c.
, where for
(li/ driptiovTac we must read, with Canter, ovvOn-
peiovrar--Theogais, 1279, seqq. --Hygin. , Fab. , 185.
-- Oeid. Met. , 10, 560, seqq. -- Schoi ad Thcocr. , 3,
40. --Mujsus, 153. ) Other authorities, however,
make the name of the victor Hippomenes, and say,
that on his neglecting to give thanks to Venus for her
lid, she inspired him with a sudden passion, which led
to the profanation of the sanctuary of Jove, and the
transformation of himself and his bride. (Ovid, I. c.
-- Sckot. ad Thcocr. I. c. ) According to other ac-
counts, Atalanta was the daughter of Schcenus, son
of Athamas, and therefore a Boeotian. (Hcsiod, ap.
ApMcd . I. e. -- Ovid, I. c. -- Hygin. , 1. c. ) There is
no necessity for supposing two of the same name, as
has usually been done. They arc both connected with
the Minjans, and are only examples of different ap-
propriations of the same legend. (Kcightlcy's My-
ikiogy, p. 427, scq. )
Amani, a people of Africa, ten days' journey
from the Garamantes. There was in their country a
hill of salt, with a fountain issuing out of the summit.
(Herod. , 4, 134. ) -- All the MSS. have "ArAaprec (At-
lanta), which Salmasius (in Solin. , p. 292) first alter-
ed to 'Arapuj'rec, an emendation now almost univcr-
aaflj adopted. Kennell thinks, that the people meant
here arc the same with the Hammanicntcs of Pliny
(5, 5). What Pliny, however, says of the Allantcs
toiU the case better (5, 8). Castiglioni makes the
Atlantes and Atarantes the same people. (Mem.
Gcogr. ct Xumism. , &c, Paris, 1826. ) Heeren, on
the other hand, places the Atarantes in the vicinity of
Tcgcny, the last city of Fezzan. (Idecn, vol. 2, pt.
1. p. 239. ) Herodotus says, that the Atarantes were
destitute of names for individuals; and they cursed
ike taa as he passed t>ver their heads, because he con-
sumed both the inhabitants and the country with his
scorching heat. (Herod. . I. c. )
Atjebechis, a city of Egypt, sacred to Venus, in
one of the small islands of the Delta, called Prosopitis.
The name of the city is said to be derived from Atar
or Alitor (Etynol. Slag. , s. v. 'AOvp), which signified
'? Venus. "" and Bek, "a city;" as Balbcck, "the city
of the Sun," called by the Greeks Heliopolis. Baki
is still found in the same sense among the Copts, and
in their language a is pronounced as e. Strabo and
Puny call the city Aphroditespolis. (Herod. , 2, 41. --
Lurcher, ad Herodot. , I. c. )
Atabgatis or Atebgatis, an Eastern deity, the
same with the Great Goddess of Syria. She was
worshipped principally at MabogorBanibycc(Edessa),
and at a later period at Hicrapolis. Strabo informs us
that her true name was Athara. (Compare Xanth. ,
Ljfd. ap. Hesych. , s. r. 'ATrayuBn. -- Crcuzcr, Fragm.
hut. Grac. amiquiss. , p. 183. )--Ctesias calls her Der-
? ? Eto. It is probable that this latter name is only a cor-
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? ATH
ATH
males the active labours of husbandry, while the males
were chiefly employed in tending their flocks. (He-
rod. Pont. , Frag. -- Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p.
95. seqq. )
Athamas, king of Thebes, in Bceotia, was son of
^Eolus. He married Ncphele, and by her had Phrixus
and Hclle. Some time after, having divorced Neph-
ele, he married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by
whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino
became jealous of the children of Ncphele, because
they were to ascend their father's throne in preference
to her own; therefore she resolved to destroy them;
but they escaped from her fury to Colchis on a golden
ram. (Vid. Argonauts. ) Athamas, through the en-
mity of Juno towards Ino, who had suckled the infant
Bacchus, was afterward seized with madness. In his
phrensy he shot his son Learchus with an arrow, or,
as others say, dashed him against a rock. Ino fled
with her other son, and, being closely pursued by her
furious husband, sprang with her child from the dill"
of Moluris, near Corinth, into the sea. The gods took
pity on her, and made her a sea-goddess, under the
name of Leucothea, and Melicerta a sea-god, under
that of Palcmon. Athamas subsequently, in accord-
ance with an oracle, settled in a place where he built
the town of Athamantia. ' This was in Thessaly, in the
''hthiotic district. Here he married Thcmisto, daugh-
ter of Hypscus, and had by her four children, Leucon,
Erythroc, Schccncus, and Ptoos. (Apollod. , 1, 9. )
Such is the account of Apollodorus. There are, how-
ever, many variations in the talc in different writers,
. specially in the tragic poets. (Kcightlcy's Mythology,
p. 333. )
Athamantiades, a patronymic of Melicerta, Phrix-
us, or Hclle, children of Athamas. (Ortd, Met. , 13,
319. )
Athanasius, a celebrated Christian bishop of the
fourth century. He was a native of Egypt, and a
deacon of the church of Alexandrea under Alexander
the bishop, whom he succeeded in his dignity A. D.
326. Previous to his obtaining this high office he had
been private secretary to Alexander, and had also led
for some time an ascetic life with the renowned an-
chorite St. Anthony. Alexander had also taken him
to the council at Nice, where he gained the highest
esteem of the fathers by the talent which he dis-
played in the Arian controversy. He had a great
share in the decrees passed here, and thereby drew
on himself the hatred of the Arians. On his ad-
vancement to the prelacy he dedicated all his time
and talents to the defence of the doctrine of the Trini-
ty, and resolutely refused the request of Constantine
for the restoration of Arius to the Catholic communion.
In revenge for this refusal, the Arian party brought
several accusations against him before the emperor.
Of these he was acquitted in the first instance;
but, on a new charge of having detained ships at Alex-
andrea, laden with corn for Constantinople, either from
conviction or policy, he was found guilty and banished
to Gaul. Here he remained an exile eighteen months,
or, as some accounts say, upward of two years, his see
in the mean time being unoccupied. On the death of
Constantine he was recalled, and restored to his func-
tions by Constantius; but the Arian party made new
complaints against him, and he was condemned by 90
Arian bishops assembled at Antioch. On the opposite
side, 100 orthodox bishops, assembled at Alexandrea,
? ? declared him innocent; and Pope Julius confirmed
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? ATHEN. E.
ATHEX. E.
Ceeropia. from Cccrops ; and finally Athena by Ercc-
thonius. from its being under the protecton of Minerva
or Athene (' Kdijuq). A distinction was also mado be-
tween the ancient city on the rock and the part subse-
quently added in the plain. The former, the primitive
Ceeropia, was called, from its situation, tj uvu voXic,
or 'AKpd770? uc, "the upper city," where afterward
stood the Parthenon, and other splendid edifices;
the buildings in the plain, where eventually Athens
itself stood, were termed 17 kutu iroXic, "the low-
er city. " (Compare, as regards the various names
given to this citv, Slepk. Byzant. , s. v. Kpaviin. --
)N>>n. , 7, 56. -- Kruse. Hellas, vol. 2, p. 77. ) --The
Acropolis was sixty stadia in circumference. We
have little or no information respecting the size of
Athens under its earliest kings; it is generally sup-
posed, however, that, even as late as the time of The-
seus, the town was almost entirely confined to the
Acropolis and the adjoining Hill of Mars. Subsequent-
ly to the Trojan war, it appears to have been increased
considerably, both in population and extent, since Ho-
mer applies to it the epithets of einTtpevoc and evpv-
ayvtoc- The improvements continued, probably, du-
ring the reign of Pisistratus, and, as it was able to
stand a siege against the Lacedemonians under his son
Hippias, it must evidently have possessed walls and
fortifications of sufficient height and strength to ensure
its safety. The invasion of Xerxes, and the subse-
quent irruption of Manlonius, effected the entire de-
struction of the ancient city, and reduced it to a heap
of ruins, with the exception only of such temples and
buildings as wore enabled, from the solidity of materi-
als, to resist the action of fire and the work of demoli-
tion. When, however, the battles of Salamis, Platea,
and Mycale had averted all danger of invasion, Athens,
restored to peace and security, soon rose from its state
of ruin and desolation; and, having been furnished by
the prudent foresight and energetic conduct of The-
mistocles with the military works requisite for its de-
fence, it attained, under the subsequent administrations
of Cimon and Pericles, to the highest pitch of beauty,
magnificence, and strength. The former is known to
have erected the temple of Theseus, the Dionysiac
theatre, the Stoae or porticoes, and Gymnasium, and
also to have embellished the Academy, the Agora, and
other parts of the city at his own expense. (Pint. , Vtt.
Cimon ) Pericles completed the fortifications which
had been left in an unfinished state by Themistocles
and Cimon; he likewise built several edifices destroy-
ed by the Persians, and to him his country was in-
debted for the temple of Eleusis, the Parthenon, and
the Propylsea, the most magnificent buildings, not of
Attica only, but of the world. It was in the time of
Pericles that Athens attained the summit of its beauty
and prosperity, hoth with respect to the power of the
republic and the extent and magnificence of the archi-
tectural decorations with which the capital was adorn-
ed. At this period, the whole of Athens, with its three
ports of Pirssus, Munychia, and Phalerus, connected
by means of the celebrated long walls, formed one great
"ity, enclosed within avast peribolus of massive forti-
fications. The wrhole of this circumference, as we col-
lect from Thucy Willi's, was not less than 124 stadia.
Of these, forty-three must be allotted to the circuit of
the city itself; the long walls, taken together, supply
twenty-five, and the remaining fifty-six are furnished
by the peribolus of the three harbours. Xenophon re-
? ? ports that Athens contained more than 10,000 houses,
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? ATHEN. E.
ATH
makes it appear probable, that, in the time of Pausa-
nias, many monuments were extant which belonged
to the period before the Persian war; because so tran-
sitory a possession as Xerxes had of the city scarcely
gave him time to finish the destruction of the walls
and principal public edifices. In the restoration of the
city to its former state, Themistocles looked more to
the useful, Cimon to magnificence and splendour;
and Pericles far surpassed them both in his buildings.
The great supply of money which he had from the
tribute of the other states belonged to no succeeding
ruler. Athens, at length, saw much of her ancient
splendour restored; but, unluckily, Attica was not an
island: and, after the sources of power, which be-
longed to the fruitful and extensive country of Mace-
donia, were developed by an able and enlightened
prince, the opposing interests of many free states
could not long withstand the disciplined army of a
warlike people, led by an active, able, and ambitious
monarch. When Sylla destroyed the works of the
Piraeus, the power of Athens by sea was at an end,
and with that fell the whole city. Flattered by the
triumvirate, favoured by Hadrian's love of the arts,
Athens was at no time so splendid as under the Anto-
nincs, when the magnificent works of from eight to
ten centuries stood in view, and the edifices of Peri-
cles were in equal preservation with the new build-
ings. Plutarch himself wonders how the structures
of Ictinus, of Mcnesicles and Phidias, which were
built with such surprising rapidity, could retain such a
perpetual freshness.
