Harduin quotes
Plutarch
(Arat.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
28), views (for which he in vain endeavoured to obtain
and from this time forward his name continually the support of Eumenes) he crossed over into
occurs, together with those of Hephaestion, Per Europe at the head of a considerable army, and
diccas, and Ptolemy, among the officers immediately advanced into Thessaly to the relief of Antipater,
about the king's person, or employed by him on who was at this time blockaded in Lamia by the
occasions requiring the utmost confidence. Thus combined forces of the Greeks (B. C. 322). He
we find him making one of the secret council ap- was met by the Athenians and their allies under
pointed to inquire into the guilt of Philotas; present Antiphilus, and a pitched battle ensued, in which,
at the quarrel between Alexander and Cleitus, and though the main army of the Macedonians suffered
attempting in vain to check the fury of the king ; l but little, their cavalry, commanded by Leonnatus
3c
VOL. IL
## p. 754 (#770) ############################################
754
LEONTIADES.
LEONTISCUS.
in person, was totally defeated, and he himself fell, | ducted over Callidromus, Leontiades and the force
covered with wounds, after displaying in the com- under his command surrendered to the enemy and
bat his accustomed valour. (Diod. xviii, 12, 14, obtained quarter. Herodotus tells us, however,
15; Plut. Eum. 3, Phoc. 25 ; Justin. xiii. 5. ) that some of them were nevertheless slain by the
The only personal traits recorded to us of Leon barbarians, and that most of the remainder, includ-
natus are his excessive passion for hunting, and his ing Leontiades, were branded as slaves by the order
love of magnificence and display, the latter a of Xerxes. (Herod. vii. 233. ) Plutarch contra-
quality common to most of his brother captains in dicts this (de Herod. Mal. 33), -if, indeed, the
the service of Alexander. (Plut. Alex. 40; Aelian. treatise be his, -and also says that Anaxander,
V. H. ix. 3 ; Athen. xii. p. 539. )
and not Leontiades, commanded the Thebans at
2. Another officer in the service of Alexander, Thermopylae. [EURYMACHU. . ]
a native of Aegae, and son of Antipater. (Arr. 2. Son of Eurymachus, and grandson, apparently,
Ind. 18. ) The anecdote related by Arrian (Anab. of the above, was one of the polemarchs at Thebes,
iv. 12. $ 3. ) may perhaps refer to this Leonnatus, in B. c. 382, when the Spartan commander, Phoe-
rather than the preceding.
bidas, stopped there on his way against Olynthus.
3. A Macedonian officer in the service of Pyrrhus, Unlike Ismenias, his democratic colleague, Leon-
king of Epeirus, who saved the life of that monarch | tiades courted Phoebidas from the period of his
at the battle of Heraclea, B. C. 280. (Plut. Pyrrh. arrival, and, together with Archias and Philip, the
16 ; Dionys. Erc. xviii. 2, 3. ) [E. H. B. ) other chiefs of the oligarchical party, instigated him
LEONNORIUS, one of the leaders of the to seize the Cadmeia with their aid. This enter-
Gauls in their invasion of Macedonia and the ad- prise having been effected on a day when the
joining countries. When the main body under women were keeping the Thesmophoria in the
Brennus marched southwards into Macedonia and citadel, and the council therefore sat in or near the
Greece (B. C. 279), Leonnorius and Lutarius led a agora, Leontiades proceeded to the council and an-
detachment, 20,000 strong, into Thrace, where nounced what had taken place, with an assurance
they ravaged the country to the shores of the that no violence was intended to such as remained
Hellespont, compelled the Byzantines to pay them quiet. Then, asserting that his office of polemarch
tribute, and made themselves masters of Lysima- gave him power to apprehend any one under sus-
chia. The rich Asiatic shores of the Hellespont picion of a capital offence, he caused Ismenias to
afforded them a tempting prospect; and while be seized and thrown into prison. Archias was
Leonnorius returned to Byzantium, in order to forth with appointed to the office thus vacated, and
compel the inhabitants of that city to give him the Leontiades went to Sparta and persuaded the La-
means of transporting his troops to Asia, Lutarius cedaemonians to sanction what had been done.
contrived to capture a few vessels, with which he Accordingly, they sent commissioners to Thebes,
conveyed all the force remaining under his com- who condemned Ismenias to death, and fully esta-
mand across the Hellespont. While Leonnorius blished Leontiades and bis faction in the govern-
was still before Byzantium, Nicomedes, king of ment under the protection of the Spartan garrison.
Bithynia, being in want of support in his war with (Xen. Hell. v. ii. SS 25—36 ; Diod. xv. 20; Plut.
Antiochus, agreed to take him and his troops, as Ages. 23, Pelop. 5, de Gen. Soc. 2. ) In this position,
well as those of Lutarius, into his pay, and fur- exposed to the hostility and machinations of some
nished them with the means of passing over into 400 democratic exiles, who had taken refuge at
Asia (B. c. 278). They first assisted him against Athens (Xen. Hell. v. 2. & 31), Leontiades, watch-
his rival, Zipoetes, in Bithynia; after which they ful, cautious, and energetic, presented a marked con-
made plundering excursions through various parts trast to Archias, his voluptuous colleague, whose
of Asia ; and ultimately established themselves in reckless and insolent profligacy he discountenanced,
the province, called thenceforth from the name of as tending obviously to the overthrow of their joint
its barbarian conquerors, Galatia.
No farther power.
His unscrupulousness, at the same time,
mention is made of either of the leaders after they was at least equal to his other qualifications for a
had crossed into Asia. (Memnon. c. 19, ed. Orell. ; party-leader ; for we find him sending emissaries
Liv. xxxviii. 16; Strab. xii. p. 566. ) [E. H. B. ] to Athens to remove the chief of the exiles by as-
LEONTEUS (AEOVTEÚS), a son of Coronus, and sassination, though Androcleidas was the only one
prince of the Lapithae. In conjunction with Poly- who fell a victim to the plot. In B. C. 379, when
poetes, he led the Lapithae, in 40 ships, against the refugees, associated with Pelopidas, had entered
Troy, where he took part in the games at the funeral on their enterprise for the deliverance of Thebes,
of Patroclus. (Hom. Il. ii. 745, &c. , xii. 130, &c. , Pelopidas himself, with Cephisodorus, Damocleidas,
xxiii. 837, &c. )
(L. S. ] and Phyllidas, went to the house of Leontiades,
LEONTEUS (AEOVTUS), of Argos, was a tragic while Mellon and others were dealing with
poet and the slave of Juba, king of Mauritania, Archias. The house was closed for the night, and
who ridiculed his Hypsipyle in an epigram preserved it was with some difficulty that the conspirators
by Athenaeus (viii. p. 343, e. f. ). (P. S. ) gained admittance. Leontiades met them at the
LEONTI'ADES (Aeovtiadns). 1. A Theban, door of his chamber, and killed Cephisodorus, who
of noble family, commanded at Thermopylae the was the first that entered ; but, after an obstinate
forces supplied by Thebes to the Grecian army. struggle, he was himself despatched by Pelopidas.
(Herod. vii. 205 ; comp. Diod. xi. 4. ) They came (Xen. Hell. v. 4. SS 1–7; Plut. Pel. 6, 11, Ages.
unwillingly, according to Herodotus, and therefore 24, de Gen. Soc. 4, 6, 31 ; Diod. xv. 25. ) It may
were retained by Leonidas, rather as hostages than be remarked that Plutarch calls him, throughout,
allies, when he sent away the main body of the Leontidas (Schn. ad Xen. Hell. v. 2. 8 25). [E. E. ]
Greekis. (Herod. vii. 220-222 ; but see Plut. de LEONTISCUS (Aeovrlokos), a son of Ptolemy
Herod. Mu. 31; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. ii. p. 287. ) Soter, by the celebrated Athenian courtezan,
In the battle- --a hopeless one for the Greeks —
Thaïs. He was taken prisoner by Denetrius
which was fought after the Persians had been con- Poliorcetes in the great sea fight off Cyprus (B. C.
## p. 755 (#771) ############################################
LEONTIUS.
755
LEONTIUS.
306), together with his uncle, Menelaus, but was remained any longer exposed to the consequences of
immediately restored to his father without ransom. the numerous court-revolutions at Constantinople.
(Athen. xiii. p. 576 ; Justin. xv. 2. ) [E. H. B. ] The Venetians, accordingly, resolved upon forming
LEONTISCUS, a painter of the Sicyonian an independent government, and in 697 chose
school, contemporary with Aratus, whose portrait he Paulus Lucas Anafestus, commonly called Paoluc-
painted, with a trophy (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 11. s. cio, their first sovereign duke or doge. It seems,
40. g 35). It seems almost idle to inquire which however, that this change took place with the con-
of the victories of Aratus this picture was intended nivance of the Byzantine government, for during
to celebrate.
Harduin quotes Plutarch (Arat. 38, many years afterwards friendly relations were kept
fol. ), as making it probable that the victory referred up between Venice and Constantinople. In the
to was that over Aristippus, the tyrant of Argos same year, 697, the Arabs set out for their fifth
This would place the painter's date about B. c. invasion of Africa ; and, after having defeated the
235.
[P. S. ] Greeks in many engagements, their commander,
LEOʻNTION, a Greek painter, contemporary Hasan, took Carthage. He lost it again, but re-
with Aristides of Thebes (about B. C. 340), who took it in the following year, 698. In order to
painted his portrait. Nothing further is known of expel the Arabs from the capital of Africa, Leon-
him (Plin. xxxv. 10. 6. 36. & 19). [P. S. ] tius sent reinforcements to the Patrician Joannes,
LÈO'NTIUM (AEOVT. Ov), an Athenian hetaera, the commander-in-chief in Africa, who succeeded
the disciple and mistress of Epicurus. She wrote in forcing the entrance of the harbour, but was
a treatise against Theophrastus, which Cicero cha- beaten back again, and compelled to a shameful
racterises as written scito quidem sermone et Attico. flight. Carthage now was destroyed by the Arabs,
According to Pliny (Praef. ) the audacity of the and has since disappeared from among the cities of
attempt gave rise to the proverb suspendio arborem the world. Joannes sailed for Constantinople in
eligere. Pliny mentions a painting of her by Theo- order to obtain a re-inforcement, and try another
dorus, in which she was represented in a meditative chance. His land and sea forces were both equally
attitude. Among her numerous lovers we also mortified at the disgraceful result of the expedi-
find mentioned Metrodorus, the disciple of Epi- tion; and Absimarus, one of their leaders, per-
curus, and Hermesianay of Colophon. She had a suaded them that they would suffer for a defeat of
daughter, Danae, who was also an hetaera of some which the commander-in-chief was the only cause.
notoriety. (Diog. Laërt. x. 4; Athen. xiii. p. 588, His words took effect; a mutiny broke out when
a. b. 593, b. 597, a ; Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 33; the fleet was off Crete; Joannes was put to death
Plin. H. N. xxxv. 11. )
[C. P. M. ] by the exasperated soldiers ; and Absimarus was
LEOʻNTIUS I. , a Syrian, and an officer of re proclaimed emperor. The surprise of Leontius was
putation, joined Illus in rebelling against Zeno, the extreme when he saw his fleet return to the har-
emperor of Constantinople. Leontius was pro bour of Constantinople, and, instead of saluting
claimed emperor in A. D. 482, and was taken pri- him, raise the standard of rebellion. Absimarus
soner and put to death at Constantinople in A. D. having bribed the guards on the water side, entered
488. The history of this rebellion is given under the city without resistance, and seized upon the
ILLUS and ZENO.
person of Leontius, who was treated by the usurper
LEOʻNTIUS II. (AeóvTiOs), emperor of Con- as he had treated his predecessor Justinian Rhino.
stantinople (A. D. 695—698), deposed and suc- tmelus, for the captive emperor had his nose and
ceeded the emperor Justinian II. towards the end ears cut off, and was confined in a convent, where
of A. D. 695. He appears first in history as com- he finished his days. The deposition of Leontius
mander of the imperial troops against the Maronites, and the accession of Absimarus, who adopted the
in which capacity he gave cause for suspicion, name of Tiberius, took place in 698. (TIBERIUS. ]
and accordingly after his return to Constanti- (Theoph. p. 309, &c. ; Cedren. p. 443, &c. ; Ni-
nople, he was put into prison. His popularity, ceph. p. 26 ; Const. Manasses, p. 80; Zonar. vol.
however, was so great, that the emperor did not ii. p. 94, 95; Glycas, p. 279; Paul. Diacon. vi. 10
dare to give him a fair trial, but kept him in con- --14. )
[W. P. ]
finement during three years, when, at last, he re- LEO'NTIUS (Aeóttios), literary. 1. Of AN-
leased him on condition of his leaving the capital, TIOCH. Leontius was born in Phrygia, and was a
and taking the supreme civil and military com- disciple of the martyr Lucianus; and having en-
mand in Greece. Leontius was on the point of tered the church was ordained presbyter. In order
sailing from the Golden Horn, when the people, to enjoy without scandal the society of a young
exasperated by the tyranny of Justinian, rose in female, Eustolius or Eustolia, to whom he was
rebellion, in consequence of which Justinian was much attached, he mutilated himself ; but, not-
deposed, and Leontius raised to the imperial dignity. withstanding, did not escape suspicion, and was
The particulars of this revolution are given in the deposed from his office. On the deposition, how-
life of Justinian II. In the first year of the reign ever, of Stephanus or Stephen, bishop of Antioch,
of Leontius the empire enjoyed universal peace, as he was by the favour of the Emperor Constantius
Theophanus says, except, however, at Ravenna, and the predominant Arian party appointed to that
where a frivolous riot caused much destruction and see, about 348 or 349. He was one of the in-
bloodshed. In the second year of his reign (697) structors of the heresiarch Aëtius [Aetius), to
an event occurred which is of the greatest import- whom, according to Philostorgius, he expounded
ance in the history of Italy, as well as of all Europe the writings of the prophets, especially Ezekiel ;
and the East. Until that year Venice had be but, after appointing him deacon, he was compelled
longed to the Byzantine empire, forming part of by the opposite party under Diodorus (DIODORUS
the government of Istria ; but its advantageous No. 3) and Flavian (FLAVIANUS, No. 1] to silence
position, and the independent and enterprising and depose him. Leontius died about A. D. 358.
spirit of its inhabitants, had raised it to such im- Of his writings, which were numerous, nothing
portance and wealth, that its ruin was certain, if it remains escept a fragment of what Cave describus,
3 c 2
## p. 756 (#772) ############################################
756
· LEONTIUS.
· LEONTIUS.
TITE
we know not on what authority, as Oratio in Pas- | Graec. Monum. vol. iii. p. 366), but the work De
siomem S. Babylae, which is cited in the Paschal Sectis appears from internal evidence to have been
Chronicle in the notice of the Decian persecution. | written at least half a century after Justinian's
In this fragment Leontius distinctly asserts that death, and must therefore be the work of a later
both the Emperor Philip, the Arabian, and his Leontius. Photius (cod. 231) and Nicephorus
wife, were avowed Christians. (Socraz. H. E. ii. Callisti (H. E. xviii. 48) call the author of the De
26 ; Sozomen, H. E. ii. 20 ; Theodoret. 11. E. ii. Sectis a monk, and do not notice his earlier pro-
10, 24 ; Philostorg. H. E. iii. 15, 17, 18 ; Athanas. fession. Galland (Bibl. Patrum, vol. xii. Prolegom.
Apolog. de Fuga sua, c. 26, Hist. Arianor. ad c. 20) says that Leontius retired from the bar, and
Monachos, c. 28, Chron. Pusch, vol. i. pp. 270, embraced a monastic life in Palestine ; but we ap
289, ed. Paris, pp. 216, 231, ed. Venice, pp. 503, prehend this is only a supposition, intended to
535, ed. Bonn ; Cave, llistoria Litterariu, vol. i. account for the designation HIEROSOLYMITANUS
p. 211, ed. Oxon. 1740—43 ; Fabric. Bill. Graec. in the title of some of the works, which he ascribes
vol. viii. 324. )
to this Leontius. Oudin, who is disposed to iden-
2. Of ARALissus, in Cappadocia, of which town tify several of the Leontii, supposes that the ex-
he was bishop, an ecclesiastical writer of uncertain scholasticus became a monk and abbot of St. Saba
date. l'hotius has noticed two of his works:- 1. (comp. No. 26), near Jerusalem. (De Scriptorið.
Els try ktíow dóyos, Sermo de Crculione; and, Eecles. vol. i. col. 1462, &c. )
2. Eis tov na čapov, De Luzuro ; and gives a long The works which appear to be by this Leontius
extract from the former, and a shorter extract from are as follows:- 1. Exonia, Scholia, " taken down
the latter. (Photius, Cod. 272 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. from the lips of Theodorus, the most godly abbot
vol. i. p. 551; Fabric.
and from this time forward his name continually the support of Eumenes) he crossed over into
occurs, together with those of Hephaestion, Per Europe at the head of a considerable army, and
diccas, and Ptolemy, among the officers immediately advanced into Thessaly to the relief of Antipater,
about the king's person, or employed by him on who was at this time blockaded in Lamia by the
occasions requiring the utmost confidence. Thus combined forces of the Greeks (B. C. 322). He
we find him making one of the secret council ap- was met by the Athenians and their allies under
pointed to inquire into the guilt of Philotas; present Antiphilus, and a pitched battle ensued, in which,
at the quarrel between Alexander and Cleitus, and though the main army of the Macedonians suffered
attempting in vain to check the fury of the king ; l but little, their cavalry, commanded by Leonnatus
3c
VOL. IL
## p. 754 (#770) ############################################
754
LEONTIADES.
LEONTISCUS.
in person, was totally defeated, and he himself fell, | ducted over Callidromus, Leontiades and the force
covered with wounds, after displaying in the com- under his command surrendered to the enemy and
bat his accustomed valour. (Diod. xviii, 12, 14, obtained quarter. Herodotus tells us, however,
15; Plut. Eum. 3, Phoc. 25 ; Justin. xiii. 5. ) that some of them were nevertheless slain by the
The only personal traits recorded to us of Leon barbarians, and that most of the remainder, includ-
natus are his excessive passion for hunting, and his ing Leontiades, were branded as slaves by the order
love of magnificence and display, the latter a of Xerxes. (Herod. vii. 233. ) Plutarch contra-
quality common to most of his brother captains in dicts this (de Herod. Mal. 33), -if, indeed, the
the service of Alexander. (Plut. Alex. 40; Aelian. treatise be his, -and also says that Anaxander,
V. H. ix. 3 ; Athen. xii. p. 539. )
and not Leontiades, commanded the Thebans at
2. Another officer in the service of Alexander, Thermopylae. [EURYMACHU. . ]
a native of Aegae, and son of Antipater. (Arr. 2. Son of Eurymachus, and grandson, apparently,
Ind. 18. ) The anecdote related by Arrian (Anab. of the above, was one of the polemarchs at Thebes,
iv. 12. $ 3. ) may perhaps refer to this Leonnatus, in B. c. 382, when the Spartan commander, Phoe-
rather than the preceding.
bidas, stopped there on his way against Olynthus.
3. A Macedonian officer in the service of Pyrrhus, Unlike Ismenias, his democratic colleague, Leon-
king of Epeirus, who saved the life of that monarch | tiades courted Phoebidas from the period of his
at the battle of Heraclea, B. C. 280. (Plut. Pyrrh. arrival, and, together with Archias and Philip, the
16 ; Dionys. Erc. xviii. 2, 3. ) [E. H. B. ) other chiefs of the oligarchical party, instigated him
LEONNORIUS, one of the leaders of the to seize the Cadmeia with their aid. This enter-
Gauls in their invasion of Macedonia and the ad- prise having been effected on a day when the
joining countries. When the main body under women were keeping the Thesmophoria in the
Brennus marched southwards into Macedonia and citadel, and the council therefore sat in or near the
Greece (B. C. 279), Leonnorius and Lutarius led a agora, Leontiades proceeded to the council and an-
detachment, 20,000 strong, into Thrace, where nounced what had taken place, with an assurance
they ravaged the country to the shores of the that no violence was intended to such as remained
Hellespont, compelled the Byzantines to pay them quiet. Then, asserting that his office of polemarch
tribute, and made themselves masters of Lysima- gave him power to apprehend any one under sus-
chia. The rich Asiatic shores of the Hellespont picion of a capital offence, he caused Ismenias to
afforded them a tempting prospect; and while be seized and thrown into prison. Archias was
Leonnorius returned to Byzantium, in order to forth with appointed to the office thus vacated, and
compel the inhabitants of that city to give him the Leontiades went to Sparta and persuaded the La-
means of transporting his troops to Asia, Lutarius cedaemonians to sanction what had been done.
contrived to capture a few vessels, with which he Accordingly, they sent commissioners to Thebes,
conveyed all the force remaining under his com- who condemned Ismenias to death, and fully esta-
mand across the Hellespont. While Leonnorius blished Leontiades and bis faction in the govern-
was still before Byzantium, Nicomedes, king of ment under the protection of the Spartan garrison.
Bithynia, being in want of support in his war with (Xen. Hell. v. ii. SS 25—36 ; Diod. xv. 20; Plut.
Antiochus, agreed to take him and his troops, as Ages. 23, Pelop. 5, de Gen. Soc. 2. ) In this position,
well as those of Lutarius, into his pay, and fur- exposed to the hostility and machinations of some
nished them with the means of passing over into 400 democratic exiles, who had taken refuge at
Asia (B. c. 278). They first assisted him against Athens (Xen. Hell. v. 2. & 31), Leontiades, watch-
his rival, Zipoetes, in Bithynia; after which they ful, cautious, and energetic, presented a marked con-
made plundering excursions through various parts trast to Archias, his voluptuous colleague, whose
of Asia ; and ultimately established themselves in reckless and insolent profligacy he discountenanced,
the province, called thenceforth from the name of as tending obviously to the overthrow of their joint
its barbarian conquerors, Galatia.
No farther power.
His unscrupulousness, at the same time,
mention is made of either of the leaders after they was at least equal to his other qualifications for a
had crossed into Asia. (Memnon. c. 19, ed. Orell. ; party-leader ; for we find him sending emissaries
Liv. xxxviii. 16; Strab. xii. p. 566. ) [E. H. B. ] to Athens to remove the chief of the exiles by as-
LEONTEUS (AEOVTEÚS), a son of Coronus, and sassination, though Androcleidas was the only one
prince of the Lapithae. In conjunction with Poly- who fell a victim to the plot. In B. C. 379, when
poetes, he led the Lapithae, in 40 ships, against the refugees, associated with Pelopidas, had entered
Troy, where he took part in the games at the funeral on their enterprise for the deliverance of Thebes,
of Patroclus. (Hom. Il. ii. 745, &c. , xii. 130, &c. , Pelopidas himself, with Cephisodorus, Damocleidas,
xxiii. 837, &c. )
(L. S. ] and Phyllidas, went to the house of Leontiades,
LEONTEUS (AEOVTUS), of Argos, was a tragic while Mellon and others were dealing with
poet and the slave of Juba, king of Mauritania, Archias. The house was closed for the night, and
who ridiculed his Hypsipyle in an epigram preserved it was with some difficulty that the conspirators
by Athenaeus (viii. p. 343, e. f. ). (P. S. ) gained admittance. Leontiades met them at the
LEONTI'ADES (Aeovtiadns). 1. A Theban, door of his chamber, and killed Cephisodorus, who
of noble family, commanded at Thermopylae the was the first that entered ; but, after an obstinate
forces supplied by Thebes to the Grecian army. struggle, he was himself despatched by Pelopidas.
(Herod. vii. 205 ; comp. Diod. xi. 4. ) They came (Xen. Hell. v. 4. SS 1–7; Plut. Pel. 6, 11, Ages.
unwillingly, according to Herodotus, and therefore 24, de Gen. Soc. 4, 6, 31 ; Diod. xv. 25. ) It may
were retained by Leonidas, rather as hostages than be remarked that Plutarch calls him, throughout,
allies, when he sent away the main body of the Leontidas (Schn. ad Xen. Hell. v. 2. 8 25). [E. E. ]
Greekis. (Herod. vii. 220-222 ; but see Plut. de LEONTISCUS (Aeovrlokos), a son of Ptolemy
Herod. Mu. 31; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. ii. p. 287. ) Soter, by the celebrated Athenian courtezan,
In the battle- --a hopeless one for the Greeks —
Thaïs. He was taken prisoner by Denetrius
which was fought after the Persians had been con- Poliorcetes in the great sea fight off Cyprus (B. C.
## p. 755 (#771) ############################################
LEONTIUS.
755
LEONTIUS.
306), together with his uncle, Menelaus, but was remained any longer exposed to the consequences of
immediately restored to his father without ransom. the numerous court-revolutions at Constantinople.
(Athen. xiii. p. 576 ; Justin. xv. 2. ) [E. H. B. ] The Venetians, accordingly, resolved upon forming
LEONTISCUS, a painter of the Sicyonian an independent government, and in 697 chose
school, contemporary with Aratus, whose portrait he Paulus Lucas Anafestus, commonly called Paoluc-
painted, with a trophy (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 11. s. cio, their first sovereign duke or doge. It seems,
40. g 35). It seems almost idle to inquire which however, that this change took place with the con-
of the victories of Aratus this picture was intended nivance of the Byzantine government, for during
to celebrate.
Harduin quotes Plutarch (Arat. 38, many years afterwards friendly relations were kept
fol. ), as making it probable that the victory referred up between Venice and Constantinople. In the
to was that over Aristippus, the tyrant of Argos same year, 697, the Arabs set out for their fifth
This would place the painter's date about B. c. invasion of Africa ; and, after having defeated the
235.
[P. S. ] Greeks in many engagements, their commander,
LEOʻNTION, a Greek painter, contemporary Hasan, took Carthage. He lost it again, but re-
with Aristides of Thebes (about B. C. 340), who took it in the following year, 698. In order to
painted his portrait. Nothing further is known of expel the Arabs from the capital of Africa, Leon-
him (Plin. xxxv. 10. 6. 36. & 19). [P. S. ] tius sent reinforcements to the Patrician Joannes,
LÈO'NTIUM (AEOVT. Ov), an Athenian hetaera, the commander-in-chief in Africa, who succeeded
the disciple and mistress of Epicurus. She wrote in forcing the entrance of the harbour, but was
a treatise against Theophrastus, which Cicero cha- beaten back again, and compelled to a shameful
racterises as written scito quidem sermone et Attico. flight. Carthage now was destroyed by the Arabs,
According to Pliny (Praef. ) the audacity of the and has since disappeared from among the cities of
attempt gave rise to the proverb suspendio arborem the world. Joannes sailed for Constantinople in
eligere. Pliny mentions a painting of her by Theo- order to obtain a re-inforcement, and try another
dorus, in which she was represented in a meditative chance. His land and sea forces were both equally
attitude. Among her numerous lovers we also mortified at the disgraceful result of the expedi-
find mentioned Metrodorus, the disciple of Epi- tion; and Absimarus, one of their leaders, per-
curus, and Hermesianay of Colophon. She had a suaded them that they would suffer for a defeat of
daughter, Danae, who was also an hetaera of some which the commander-in-chief was the only cause.
notoriety. (Diog. Laërt. x. 4; Athen. xiii. p. 588, His words took effect; a mutiny broke out when
a. b. 593, b. 597, a ; Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 33; the fleet was off Crete; Joannes was put to death
Plin. H. N. xxxv. 11. )
[C. P. M. ] by the exasperated soldiers ; and Absimarus was
LEOʻNTIUS I. , a Syrian, and an officer of re proclaimed emperor. The surprise of Leontius was
putation, joined Illus in rebelling against Zeno, the extreme when he saw his fleet return to the har-
emperor of Constantinople. Leontius was pro bour of Constantinople, and, instead of saluting
claimed emperor in A. D. 482, and was taken pri- him, raise the standard of rebellion. Absimarus
soner and put to death at Constantinople in A. D. having bribed the guards on the water side, entered
488. The history of this rebellion is given under the city without resistance, and seized upon the
ILLUS and ZENO.
person of Leontius, who was treated by the usurper
LEOʻNTIUS II. (AeóvTiOs), emperor of Con- as he had treated his predecessor Justinian Rhino.
stantinople (A. D. 695—698), deposed and suc- tmelus, for the captive emperor had his nose and
ceeded the emperor Justinian II. towards the end ears cut off, and was confined in a convent, where
of A. D. 695. He appears first in history as com- he finished his days. The deposition of Leontius
mander of the imperial troops against the Maronites, and the accession of Absimarus, who adopted the
in which capacity he gave cause for suspicion, name of Tiberius, took place in 698. (TIBERIUS. ]
and accordingly after his return to Constanti- (Theoph. p. 309, &c. ; Cedren. p. 443, &c. ; Ni-
nople, he was put into prison. His popularity, ceph. p. 26 ; Const. Manasses, p. 80; Zonar. vol.
however, was so great, that the emperor did not ii. p. 94, 95; Glycas, p. 279; Paul. Diacon. vi. 10
dare to give him a fair trial, but kept him in con- --14. )
[W. P. ]
finement during three years, when, at last, he re- LEO'NTIUS (Aeóttios), literary. 1. Of AN-
leased him on condition of his leaving the capital, TIOCH. Leontius was born in Phrygia, and was a
and taking the supreme civil and military com- disciple of the martyr Lucianus; and having en-
mand in Greece. Leontius was on the point of tered the church was ordained presbyter. In order
sailing from the Golden Horn, when the people, to enjoy without scandal the society of a young
exasperated by the tyranny of Justinian, rose in female, Eustolius or Eustolia, to whom he was
rebellion, in consequence of which Justinian was much attached, he mutilated himself ; but, not-
deposed, and Leontius raised to the imperial dignity. withstanding, did not escape suspicion, and was
The particulars of this revolution are given in the deposed from his office. On the deposition, how-
life of Justinian II. In the first year of the reign ever, of Stephanus or Stephen, bishop of Antioch,
of Leontius the empire enjoyed universal peace, as he was by the favour of the Emperor Constantius
Theophanus says, except, however, at Ravenna, and the predominant Arian party appointed to that
where a frivolous riot caused much destruction and see, about 348 or 349. He was one of the in-
bloodshed. In the second year of his reign (697) structors of the heresiarch Aëtius [Aetius), to
an event occurred which is of the greatest import- whom, according to Philostorgius, he expounded
ance in the history of Italy, as well as of all Europe the writings of the prophets, especially Ezekiel ;
and the East. Until that year Venice had be but, after appointing him deacon, he was compelled
longed to the Byzantine empire, forming part of by the opposite party under Diodorus (DIODORUS
the government of Istria ; but its advantageous No. 3) and Flavian (FLAVIANUS, No. 1] to silence
position, and the independent and enterprising and depose him. Leontius died about A. D. 358.
spirit of its inhabitants, had raised it to such im- Of his writings, which were numerous, nothing
portance and wealth, that its ruin was certain, if it remains escept a fragment of what Cave describus,
3 c 2
## p. 756 (#772) ############################################
756
· LEONTIUS.
· LEONTIUS.
TITE
we know not on what authority, as Oratio in Pas- | Graec. Monum. vol. iii. p. 366), but the work De
siomem S. Babylae, which is cited in the Paschal Sectis appears from internal evidence to have been
Chronicle in the notice of the Decian persecution. | written at least half a century after Justinian's
In this fragment Leontius distinctly asserts that death, and must therefore be the work of a later
both the Emperor Philip, the Arabian, and his Leontius. Photius (cod. 231) and Nicephorus
wife, were avowed Christians. (Socraz. H. E. ii. Callisti (H. E. xviii. 48) call the author of the De
26 ; Sozomen, H. E. ii. 20 ; Theodoret. 11. E. ii. Sectis a monk, and do not notice his earlier pro-
10, 24 ; Philostorg. H. E. iii. 15, 17, 18 ; Athanas. fession. Galland (Bibl. Patrum, vol. xii. Prolegom.
Apolog. de Fuga sua, c. 26, Hist. Arianor. ad c. 20) says that Leontius retired from the bar, and
Monachos, c. 28, Chron. Pusch, vol. i. pp. 270, embraced a monastic life in Palestine ; but we ap
289, ed. Paris, pp. 216, 231, ed. Venice, pp. 503, prehend this is only a supposition, intended to
535, ed. Bonn ; Cave, llistoria Litterariu, vol. i. account for the designation HIEROSOLYMITANUS
p. 211, ed. Oxon. 1740—43 ; Fabric. Bill. Graec. in the title of some of the works, which he ascribes
vol. viii. 324. )
to this Leontius. Oudin, who is disposed to iden-
2. Of ARALissus, in Cappadocia, of which town tify several of the Leontii, supposes that the ex-
he was bishop, an ecclesiastical writer of uncertain scholasticus became a monk and abbot of St. Saba
date. l'hotius has noticed two of his works:- 1. (comp. No. 26), near Jerusalem. (De Scriptorið.
Els try ktíow dóyos, Sermo de Crculione; and, Eecles. vol. i. col. 1462, &c. )
2. Eis tov na čapov, De Luzuro ; and gives a long The works which appear to be by this Leontius
extract from the former, and a shorter extract from are as follows:- 1. Exonia, Scholia, " taken down
the latter. (Photius, Cod. 272 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. from the lips of Theodorus, the most godly abbot
vol. i. p. 551; Fabric.
