No More Learning

Sintenis (Leipzig ; vol. III, 1881); trans. by M'Crindle in The Invasion of
India by Alexander the Great. ]
Justin (Marcus Junianus Justinus) ; second half of second century A. D. ;
composed an Epitome of the (now lost) Historiae Philippicae of Pompeius
Trogus, a man of Gallic origin, who published his Latin Historiae some
time between 20 B. C. and 14 A. D. ; edn. of Justin's Epitome, together with a
series of short summaries by another hand of the contents of the 44 Books
of the lost work (the Prologi), by I. Reuhl (Leipzig, 1886). (Book XII
contained an account of Alexander's campaigns in India ; trans, of Justin's
Epitome of the Book in M'Crindle, The Invasion of India. The chief


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BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
615
source of Trogus was probably a Greek work IIepi Baceou by Timagenes
of Alexandria (born between 80 and 75 B. C. ), who himself drew, for his
account of Alexander, mainly upon Clitarchus. )
Polyaenus, a Macedonian, wrote his Strategemata (in Greek) c. 162
A. D. (Book iv, chap. 3, deals with Alexander ; ed. J. Melber. Leipzig, 1887. ]
Two slighter works relating to the campaigns of Alexander seem
occasionally to give details derived from the contemporary accounts but
dropped in our more important extant sources :
(a) Alexandri Magni Macedonis Epitomae Rerum Gestarum, an
abridgement made in the 4th or 5th century A. D. of a lost Latin work of
uncertain date, combining history with elements taken from the Romance
of Alexander ; ed. Wagner in Fleckeisen's Jahrbücher fiir klassische Philo-
logie, Supplement band xxvi (1901), pp. 105 ff.
(6) Itinerarium Alexandri, written c. 360 A. D; printed at the end
of the Didot Arrian ; trans. M*Crindle in Ancient India as described in
Classical Literature.
Strabo, of Amasia in Asia Minor ; c. 64 B. C. -19 A. D. ; his great
geographical work (Greek) contains incidental notices of India and Alex-
ander's campaigns. [Book xv, chap. 1, is devoted, to India, its geography,
manners, and customs, its material being drawn from the companions of,
Alexander and from Megasthenes : ed. A. Meineke (Leipzig, 1852-3) ; trans.
M'Crindle in Ancient India as described in Classical Literature. ]
Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) ; 23-79 A. D. ; his encyclo-
paedic work in Latin, the Naturalis Historia, contains notices of India drawn
from the Greek books or from more recent reports of merchants ; ed. D.
Detlefsen (Berlin, 1866-73) : a translation of the passages relating to India
is given in M‘Crindle's Ancient India as described in Classical Literature.
A collection of the Fragments of Ctesias by Karl Müller is appended
to the Didot edn, of Herodotus ; trans. M Crindle, in Ancient India as
described by Ktesias (London, 1882).
A collection of the Fragments of the contemporary accounts of
Alexander (Ptolemy, Aristobulus, Clitarchus, etc. ) by Karl Müller is bound
up in the Didot edn. of Arrian (Paris, 1846).
A collection of the Fragments of Megasthenes, Daimachus, and
Patrocles is contained in K. Müller's Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum,
vol. II, pp. 397-439. The references to Megasthenes, Nearchus, and
Onesicritus in these chapters of The Cambridge History of India follow
Müller's numeration. An earlier collection of the Fragments of Megas-
thenes, with notes by E. A. Schwanbeck (Bonn, 1846), now out of print,
is still useful. This is the collection on which M'Crindle's translātion
(v. sup. ) is based. ]
2. MODERN WORKS.
An account of Alexander's campaigns in contained in the histories of
Grote, Droysen (best read in the French trans. by A. Bouché-Leclercq,
entitled Historie de l'Hell nisme, vol. 1. Paris, 1883), Holm (Eng. trans.
London, 1894-8), Niese (Geschichte der griechischen und makedonischen
Staaten, vol. I, Gotha, 1893), Kaerst (Geschichte des hellenistischen
Zeitalters, Leipzig, 1901), Beloch (Griechische Geschichte, vol. II, Strass-
burg, 1904).


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616
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
For monographs and articles see the Notes appended to M'Crindle's
translations (v. sup. ).
Smith, V. A. The Early History of India. 3rd edn. Oxford, 1914. [In his
account of Alexander's campaigns Dr Vincent Smith makes use of
more recent topographical researches than seem to be known to the
German scholars, for whom Cunningham is still generally the last
authority. ]
Anspach, A. E. De Alexandri Magni Expeditione Indica. London, 1903.
[The most full and thorough arrangement of the literary material. ]
Cunningham, A. The Ancient Geography of India. Vol I. London, 1871.
A work still of fundamental value, though necessarily to some
extent corrected by subsequent research. )
Raverty, H. G. Notes on Afghanistan and part of Baluchistan, London,
1880, 1881, 1883.
- The Mihrãn of Sind and its Tributaries. J. A. S. B. , 1892.
Tomaschek, W. Topographische Erlăuterung der Küsten fahrt Nearchs vom
Indus bis zum Euphrat. Sitz Wien, vol. cxxi. 1890.
Haig, M. R. The Indus Delta Country. London, 1894.
Yorck von Wartenburg. Kurze Uebersicht der Feldzüge Alexanders des
Grossen. Berlin, 1897. (An examination of Alexander's campaigns
by a modern German military specialist. )
Foucher, A. Sur la frontiere Indo-Afghan. Paris, 1901.
- La Géographie ancienne du Gandhara. Bulletin de l’E'cole française
d'Extréme Orient. Hanoi, 1901.
Holdich, T. H. The Greek Retreat from India. Jour, of the Royal Soc. of
Arts, vol. xlix (1901), pp. 417 ff.
--The Gates of India. London, 1910. [Based on exceptional local
knowledge and written with great descriptive power ; but suffers from
an imperfect understanding of the classical texts. )
Pearson C. Alexander, Porus, and the Panjab. Ind. Ant. vol. XXXIV
(1905), pp. 253 ff.
Stein, M. A. Report of Arch. Sur. Work in the N. W. Frontier Province for
1904-5. (This report 'shattered the plausible identification (of Aornus)
with Mabāban’; see V. A. Smith, Early Hist. of Ind. p. 57 n. )
For the battle on the Hydaspes see reff. in note l on p. 329 (supra).
NOTE TO CHAPTER XV
ATHENIAN AND MACEDONIAN COINS IN INDIA, .
For the most comprehensive discussion of the whole subject see B. V.
Head, Num. Chron. , 1906, pp. 1. ff. , and Historia Numorum, 2nd edn. , pp.
832 ff. For Sophytes see A. Cunningham, J. A. S. B. , 1865, pp. 46 f. , and
Num. Chron. , 1866, pp. 220 ff. , as well as other references given by Rapson
(Indian Coins, p. 4), to which ad. Num. Chron. , 1904, pp. 323 ff and
Z. f. N. XXIV, pp. 89 f. The “square' bronze coin of Alexander (p. 348) was
first published by A. von Sallat. Z. f. N. v. , p. 285,. the attribution to Bactria
having been proposed by Dannenberg.
On the decadrachm (p. 349 ; PI. I,
16) see P. Gardner, Num. Chron. , 1887, pp. 177 ff. , and on the double
darics (p. 349 ; Pl. I, 6) see E. Babelon, Les Perses Achéménides, p. xx ;
Head, Hist. Num. pp. 828 ff. ; and F. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. , Zeit 1895,
pp.
I ff. On the Oxus find see Cunningham, J. A. S. B. , 1881, pp. 151 ff. ,
and 1883, p. 258 ; cf. also O. M. Dalton, The Treasure of the Oxus (1905),
Introduction.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XVII
617
CHAPTER
XVII
THE HELLENIC KINGDOMS OF SYRIA, BACTRIA,
AND PARTHIA
1. ANCIENT AUTHORS
Appian. L. Mendelssohn. Leipzig, 1879-81.
Arrian, Τα μετά’ Αλεξανδρου. Ed. C. Müller. Paris, 1846.
Athenaeus. ' Ed. G. Kaibel. Leipzig, 1887-90.
Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum. Ed. C. Müller, Paris, 1878-85.
Josephus. Ed. S. A. Naber. Leipzig, 1888.
Pausanias. Ed. L. Dindorf. Paris, 1845.
Polybius. Paris, 1839.
Ptolemy, Bk. VII. Ed. C. F. A. Nobbe. Leipzig, 1843.
For Quintus Curtius, Diodorus Siculus, Pliny the Elder, Justin and
Pompeius Trogus, and Strabo see Bibl. to Chapters xv and xvi, 1.
The chief ancient authorities are cited in the text. See, moreover, for
the partitions of Babylon and Triparadisus : (a) Diodorus xviii, 3 ; Arrian,
Td uerd 'Aré Eau Spou, 5 ff. ; Dexippus in F. H. G. III, 667 f. ; Curtius x, 10;
Justin XIII, 4; and (b) Diodorus xvIII, 39; Arrian, Tá leta'alèačavdpov, 35 ff.
2. MODERN WORKS.
H. G. Rawlinson's Bactria, The History of a forgotten Empire (1912), is
a handy summary of the main facts and references.
Among modern works of a more general character the following are
important :
Bevan, E. R. The House of Seleucus. London, 1902.
Bouche-Leclercg, A. Histoire des Séleucides. Paris, 1913 etc.
Droysen, J. G. Geschichte des Hellenismus. 2 Auf. Gotha, 1877 etc.
von Gutschmid, A. Geschichte Irans. Tübingen, 1888.
Niese, B. Geschichte der griechischen und makedonischen Staaten. Gotha,
1893 etc.
Rawlinson, G. The Sixth Oriental Monarchy. London, 1873.
For Wilson, Ariana Antiqua, and Smith, Early History of India, see
Bibl. to Ch. xiv, 2.
Various special articles in Pauly-Wissowa's Real-Encycl. by Tomaschek,
W. Otto, and others ; also in Encyl. Brit. (Ilth edn. ) by E. Meyer.
W. W. Tarn's Notes on Hellenism in Bactria, and India, J. H. S, xxii, pp.
268 ff, touching on some interesting historical points.
3. NUMISMATICS.
Rapson's Indian Coins, Grund. d. indo-ar. Phil. , 1898, gives full refer-
ences to the numismatic authorities. Here the following may be cited as
the more important :
Cunningham, A. The Coins of Alexander's Successors in the East. London,
1873=Num. Chron. , 1868-73.
von Sallet, A. Nachfolger Alexanders des Grossen in Bactrien und Indien.
Berlin, 1883=Z. f. N. , 1879-83.


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618
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XVII
Gardner, P. Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India.
B. M. Cat. , 1886.
Imhoof-Blumer, F. Zur Münzkunde der Seleukiden. Num. Zeit. XLVI
(1914), pp. 171 ff.
Smith, V. A. Catalogue of Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Vol. 1.
Oxford, 1906.
Whitehead, R. B. Indo-Greek Coins, Lahore Mus. Cat. Vol. 1. Oxford,
1914.
Gardner, P. Seleucid Kings of Syria. B. M. Cat. , 1878.
Babelon, E. Les Rois de Syrie. Paris, 1890.
Worth, W. Coins of Parthia. B. M. Cat. , 1903.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTERS XVIII AND XIX
619
CHAPTERS XVIII AND XIX
CHANDRAGUPTA, THE FOUNDER OF THE MAURYA EMPIRE;
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF THE MAURYA
EMPIRE
1. GREEK AND LATIN AUTHORS.
For Arrian ('aleEaupou 'aud Baois and ’Iudik! n), Quintus Curtius, Diodo-
rus Siculus, Justin, Megasthenes, Plutarch, and Strabo see Bibl. to Chapters
XV and xvi, 1.
For Arrian (Td het d adzčau pou) and Ptolemy see Bibl, to Ch. XVI, 1,
2. BRAHMAN AUTHORITIES.
Arthaçāstra of Kautilya (Kautalya, Chāņakya, or Vishnugupta). Ed. R.
Shama Sastri. Mysore. 1909.
--- Trans, by the same : Books I-IV (=chapters 1-88), Mysore, 1908 etc. ;
Books V- xv (=chapters 89-150), Ind. Ant. 1909. 10.