No More Learning

Any other question about meaning is an advertisement for the world.
The Nazis: the world has a meaning. The terrorist element in this idealism's lapse into the question of meaning condemns it retrospectively: it already contained the untruth of the mirroring.
Mirroring is the primary phenomenon of ideology. The totality of the question of meaning as a spell.
Ifa suicidal person asks about the meaning oflife, the helpless helper will be unable to name one.
Ifhe attempts to do so he can be convicted oftalking rubbish.
Life which had meaning would not ask about it; it shuns the question. But abstract nihilism just as untrue.
It would have no answer to the question: Why, in that case, are you
yourself alive?
To aim at the whole, to calculate the net profit of life is precisly the
death which calculation seeks to evade.
Where there is meaning, it is in the open, not in what is closed in on
itself
The thesis that life has no meaning is, as a positive statement, as false
as its antithesis; true only as a blow against empty affirmation.
The close affinity of Schopenhauer to the German idealists.
The rekindling of nature religions; the blind will as demon.
The truth in monotheism against Schopenhauerian irrationalism. Regression to the stage before the awakening ofgenius amid the mute
world.
Denial offreedom; this makes the escape by the back door in Book 4
[ofThe World as Will and Representation] so feeble.
Total determinism no less mythical than the totalities in Hegelian
logic.
The tatum is the totem.
(Theodor W. Adorno Archiv, VA 10806-10808)
? 190
NOTES TO PAGE 145
? 17 Regarding Adorno's paradox of the 'impossibility of thinking that which must nevertheless be thought', cf. Kierkegaard: 'The paradox is not an admission, but a category, an ontological determination, which expresses the relationship between an existing, cognizant mind and the eternal truth' (source: S0ren Kierkegaard, Die Tagebiicher, ed. Hayo Gerdes, vol. 2, Dusseldorf, Cologne 1963, p. 80 [VIII, A 11]). But also see
Adorno's critique in Negative Dialectics: 'The theological conception of the paradox, that last, starved-out bastion, is past rescuing - a fact ratified by the course of the world in which the skandalon that caught Kierkegaard's eye is translated into outright blasphemy' (ibid. , p. 375).
? ? ? ? EDITOR'S AFTERWORD
As a rule, Adorno's academic teaching and his writing proceeded separately side-by-side, but not always. Hardly qualified as a lecturer in the summer semester of 1932, he devoted one of his first lecture series to the philosophy of Kierkegaard, the subject of his still unprinted doctoral thesis. Later, after their return from emigration, Adorno and Horkheimer covered the content of both Dialectic of Enlightenment and Metakritik der Erkenntnistheorie in their joint philosophy seminars between 1956 and 1958. But the most striking
exception to the rule is Negative Dialectics, of which Adorno wrote in 1968, when it had already been published, that it represented 'what [he] had to put on the scales' (cf. GS 7, p. 537). This book which, despite Adorno's reservations about the genre, one can hardly help calling his magnum opus, crystallized during a lecture series entitled 'Ontology and Dialectics' that he gave in the winter semester of 196011. The lecture with the same title that Adorno gave at the College de France in March 1961 was the first version of the first
part of Negative Dialectics - the systematic, critical discussion of Heidegger's philosophy which formed the starting point of Adorno's 'anti-system'. Then, from 1 964 to 1 966, no fewer than three successive lecture series by Adorno had themes which are central to Negative Dialectics, on which he was working intensively at that time. In the summer semester of 1 967 and in the following winter semester, when the book was already finished, it was discussed in the philosophy
seminar. The lectures on Negative Dialectics are the only evidence of the courses which Adorno held in conjunction with his own writings,
192 EDITOR'S AFTERWORD
? and even they have not been completely preserved. The first was announced for the winter semester of 1964/5 with the title 'Theories of History and Freedom', and dealt with the thematic complexes to which the studies of Kant and Hegel in Negative Dialectics are de- voted - the first two 'models' in Part 3. The lecture series 'Metaphysics.
Concept and Problems', contained in the present volume and relating to the last 'model' in Negative Dialectics, the 'Meditations on Meta- physics', followed in the summer semester of 1965. The last lecture series, held in the winter semester of 1965/6, developed the idea of a
dialectic of non-identity from a certain distance; Adorno gave this idea the name 'negative dialectics', and used the same title for the lectures as for the book. Adorno's intention in these lectures was to provide 'a kind of methodological reflection on what I do' (Theodor W. Adorno Archiv, Vo 1 0 8 1 3 ) - a definition corresponding to that of the 'methodology of the author's material works' in the preface of Negative Dialectics (p. XIX).
On the relationship between his lectures and the book with which they are associated Adorno made some remarks at the beginning of
his lectures entitled 'Negative Dialectics' which throw light on the climate in which he was then having to teach:
As you know, the traditional definition of a university calls for a unity of research and teaching. As you also know, the realization of this idea, which is still upheld, is very problematic. My own work suffers badly from this problematic, since the quantity of teaching and admin- istrative tasks I have to contend with makes it almost impossible for me to attend to my so-called research tasks - if one wishes to speak of philosophy as research - during term time in the way which is not only objectively called for but which, above all, matches my own inclina- tion and disposition. In such a situation, and under such compulsion and pressure, one develops certain characteristics which can best be described as peasant cunning. I try to make the best of this situation
by . . . deriving a substantial part of my lectures from the copious and quite onerous book I have been working on for the last six years and which will bear the title Negative Dialectics. . . . I am aware that one might object to such a procedure, as those with a positivist outlook will be particularly inclined to do, that an academic teacher ought only to serve up finished, valid, watertight results. While I do not wish to make a virtue of necessity, I do not think that this view quite fits the concept of philosophy; that philosophy is thought in a permanent status nascendi; and that, as the great founder of the dialectic, Hegel, said, what matters in philosophy is the process as much as the result; that process and result . . . are even the same thing. Beyond that, I think that philosophical thinking has an inherent moment of trying out, experimenting, of non-conclusiveness, which distinguishes it from
? ? EDITOR'S AFTERWORD 193
-
? ? the positive sciences, and to investigate this further will be not the least of my concerns in these lectures. Accordingly, the reflections I am presenting to you here will have such experimental traits as long as they have not reached the definitive linguistic form attainable to me, as far as my strength allows. And I would really like to encourage you . . . by what I have to say to think with me and to conduct your own reflections, rather than handing you a piece of certain knowledge that you can confidently take home. (Theodor W. Adorno Archiv, Vo
10812f)
An important feature of the lecture series relating to Negative Dialectics is that all three or - if we include 'Ontology and Dialectics' - all four were held at a time when the parallel texts in the book version had not yet reached their final form, so that the lectures stemmed, as Adorno liked to put it, from work in progress or, better, reflected a specific stage in the still continuing evolution of Negative Dialectics. The reader may find confirmed in them what was said of the lectures on 'Kant's Critique ofPure Reason':
To be able to accompany Adorno's thinking in its detours and byways reveals aspects in which the closed and conclusive form characteristic of Adorno's writings is broken open, giving rise to possibilities the author was unable to follow up in his finished works. . . . Only the transcripts of his lectures enable us to watch him in his exertions of thought, to get a glimpse into the workshop where, like Siegfried forging his sword in Mime's cave, the philosopher was fashioning his concepts . . . . (NaS IV. 4, pp. 420f)
Adorno himself, as can be easily gathered from his comments, had a very indecisive attitude towards the experimental character of his lectures. On the one hand the experimental aspect was supposed to represent an integrating moment of philosophical thinking, for which, on the other, Adorno nevertheless hoped to achieve the binding, de- finitive formulation which would 'dispose of' the provisional quality of the experimental stage, in keeping with Hofmannsthal's dictum
that 'the form disposes of the problem'. In the tension between the linguistic form in the strong sense and the thought which cannot be concluded, the special character of Adorno's philosophy is probably to be sought, a character which emerges far more clearly from his lectures than from the finished writings.
The course on 'Metaphysics' differs from the directly preceding and succeeding lecture series in that its contents go beyond the scope of 'Meditations on Metaphysics' and Negative Dialectics. Two-thirds of it are devoted to Aristotle's Metaphysics. As far as can be seen
? ?
? 194 EDITOR'S AFTERWORD
? from our present knowledge of Adorno's teaching activities, he only lectured twice on Greek philosophy. In the winter semester of 1953/ 4 and in the following summer semester of 1954 he gave a two-part series on 'The Problem of Idealism'; while the second part was an 'Introduction to Kant's Critique ofPure Reason', the first dealt with the pre-Socratics, especially Parmenides and Heraclitus, Plato's doc- trine of Forms and the critique of it by Aristotle. Only Adorno's brief notes for the lectures have been preserved, and while the outline of the lectures can be precisely reconstructed from these, little of the argumentation can be gleaned (d. Theodor W. Adorno, 'Das Problem des Idealismus. Stichworte zur Vorlesung', in Frankfurter Adorno Blatter V, Munich 1998). The discussion of the Aristotelian categories in the lectures on 'Metaphysics' from the summer semester of 1965 is the only extensive treatment of a theme from ancient philosophy by Adorno which has been preserved. The relevance of these discussions
lies not so much in the fact that they concern one of the key works in the history of philosophy as in the context in which Adorno placed them: with the question 'whether after Auschwitz you can go on living' (Negative Dialectics, p. 363), the last third of the lectures on 'Metaphysics' poses the most serious question faced by philosophy today. Although the part devoted to Aristotle seems to be somewhat self-contained and unconnected to the freely improvised commentary on 'Meditations on Metaphysics', Adorno's reflections are not motiv- ated by an historical interest in Aristotle's philosophy, but are guided rather by problems arising from his own thought. Thus, they do not need to be based on Aristotle's text itself, but can largely make do with Eduard Zeller's account of it. The identity and difference of Aristotle's categories in relation to those of a 'negative' metaphysics, which is only possible after Kant, are not a philological problem. Unlike Paul Tillich, for example, who explicitly took over Aristotle's distinction between 8vvu/u<; and EVEpYELU as 'principal qualities of being' in his discussion of the so-called 'life-dimensions' in his Systematische Theologie - especially in the third volume, which Adorno asked the
author to lend him while writing 'Meditations on Metaphysics' - Adorno seeks to find out what history has made of such supra- temporal categories in the meantime; whether and how far Aristotle's categories still hold good in the utterly administered world. That the discussion of Aristotle's Metaphysics has no counterpart in the book version of Negative Dialectics does not mean that antiquity is not ubiquitously present in it - or for that matter, in Adorno's philosophy as a whole. It is present, and to a far higher degree than the relatively rare mentions of Greek philosophers in Adorno's writings might sug- gest. Even if there is no work by him which is explicitly devoted to
? ? ". " . ?
? ? ? EDITOR'S AFTERWORD
? ancient philosophy, Adorno's thought presupposed Plato and Aris- totle just as much as any other great philosophy has done, at least up to the threshold at which positivism silenced it. For Adorno, 'as far back as we can trace it, the history of thought has been a dialectic of enlightenment'. In Negative Dialectics he traced it back to its origins in archaic thought, in which he did not differ from Heidegger, except in opposing the archaic and favouring demythologization. 'The toil and trouble of the metaphysicists of antiquity - from Parmenides, who had to split thinking and Being so that he might identify them, down to Aristotle - consisted in forcing the division.
Demythologization is division; the myth is the deceptive unity of the undivided' (Negative Dialectics, p. 118). Because identity and unity, without which no thought can be thought, terminated in the catas- trophe of modernity, Adorno's 'thinking after Auschwitz', in its solid- arity with the multiple, the non-identical, enquires once again into the categorial distinctions of Aristotle, a 'last philosophy' enquiring into the 'first'. However suspect the proximity of apx? , the mythical concept of origin, may have been to that of the fatherland for Adorno,
he would nevertheless have agreed with Hegel, who 'always felt at home when [he] heard the word Greece'.
To meditate on metaphysics was already as untimely in the mid- 1960s, when Adorno gave his lectures, at it seems thirty years later, at the time of their publication. For Adorno metaphysics was more
than a 'conversation' in which the participants are more concerned with each other than with the content of the conversation, the prob- lems traditionally called metaphysical; he persisted in believing that philosophy had to do with the perception of truth, and could not be dissolved into such casual contexts as a 'conversation of mankind' (d. Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Oxford 1980, pp. 389ff). If metaphysics is to be understood, with Aristotle, as a 'thinking of thinking', as the 'concept which has become aware of itself', with which thinking itself and its forms are elevated to categories of being, to something absolute, then, with Adorno, metaphysics today can be 'nothing other than a thinking about meta-
physics', about 'whether thinking and its constitutive forms are in fact the absolute' (p. 99 above). In the 'Metaphysics' lectures, as in Negative Dialectics, this question receives an unqualified 'no', in which Adorno is in agreement with the Horkheimer of Dammerung: 'There is no metaphysics; no positive statement on anything abso- lute is possible' (Max Horkheimer, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 2: Philosophische Fruhschriften 1 922-J 932, ed. Gunzelin Schmid Noerr, Frankfurt/Main 1987, p. 430), although he added: 'Metaphysics can-
? not be a positive doctrine about any ontological content which might
?
195
? ?
196 EDITOR'S AFTERWORD
? be proclaimed as metaphysical; it consists of the questions relating to such entities. . . . To put it trenchantly: negative metaphysics is meta- physics no less than positive metaphysics' (Theodor W. Adorno, Philosophische Terminologie. Zur Einleitung, ed. Rudolf zur Lippe, vol. 2, Frankfurt/Main 1974, p. 166). Adorno, in his recorded com- ments on 'metaphysical experience', would like to insist that experience of the metaphysical, the sphere which, since Kant, cannot in principle be fulfilled by experience, is nevertheless possible. It is, nevertheless,
an incontrovertible experience of contingency, of death, of loss of meaning, that metaphysics, throughout history the quintessence of the spiritual, has 'slipped into material questions of existence' (Neg- ative Dialectics, p. 366) in the era of Auschwitz. For Adorno, meta- physics - of which he might have said, as Benjamin said of theology, that it is small and ugly and should not show its face today - has withdrawn into the relation of thought to need, to the material want
of human beings; this need 'survives' only as negation.
Represented in the inmost cell of thought is that which is unlike thought. The smallest intramundane traits would be of relevance to the abso- lute, for the micrological view cracks the shells of what, measured by the subsuming cover concept, is helplessly isolated and explodes its
identity, the delusion that it is but a specimen. There is solidarity between such thinking and metaphysics at the time of its fall. (ibid. , p. 408)
Metaphysics no longer leads into any Platonic heaven of Forms, it is no longer guaranteed any K6af-to? xwpwT6? , it is only a last refuge both against the ideology of 'the metaphysics that has risen nowadays' (ibid. , p. 372) and against the cult of 'that which is the case'. In the only place where Adorno brought himself to offer a kind
of definition of metaphysics, he gave it the form of a negation of the first proposition of the Tractatus logico-philosophicus: metaphysics, he wrote, stood
against scientism, for example Wittgenstein's position that funda- mentally consciousness has to do only with that which is the case. That might call forth another definition: metaphysics is the form of consciousness in which it attempts to know what is more than the case, or is not merely the case, and yet must be thought, because that which, as one says, is the case compels us to do so. (Adorno, Philosophische Terminologie, vol. 2, p. 167; on Wittgenstein's dictum
also cf. GS 8, pp. 337f)
It was Adorno's hope that reflection on the limits within which thought is blocked might open the prison a little: '[the ability of
? ? ? EDITOR'S AFTERWORD 197
? philosophy] to think beyond itself, into openness - that, precisely, is metaphysics' (p. 68 above). Adorno refused to an extent to share in the pessimism of his friend Horkheimer, in his materialist grief that past suffering could not be made good, when he wrote that 'if thought is not decapitated it will flow into transcendence, down to the idea of
a world that would not only abolish extant suffering but revoke the suffering that is irrevocably past' (Negative Dialectics, p. 403). It may be that such revocation in all its impotence represents the meta- physical minimum which is left to a negative dialectics.
The edited text of the lectures is based on a transcript of the tape- recording - a transcript which was made in the Institut fur Sozialforschung, usually directly after the individual lectures. The transcribed tapes were erased at that time so that they could be reused. The transcript is now kept in the Theodor W. Adorno Archiv
and numbered Vo 10347-10808.
In establishing the text the editor has tried to proceed in the same
way as Adorno when editing extempore lectures, if indeed he re- leased them for publication; in particular, he has tried to retain their character as lectures. As the text of the transcript has deteriorated
badly, an unusually large number of interventions had to be made, in comparison, for example, with the lectures on Kants 'Kritik der reinen Vernunft'. The transcript was clearly made by someone who was neither familiar with Adorno's peculiarities nor remotely able to un- derstand the subject matter of the lectures. It not infrequently shows omissions from the text, Greek words have always been omitted and names often misunderstood; in addition, there are numerous factual errors when the transcriber failed to hear properly. Nevertheless,
it was, as a rule, not difficult to surmise and tacitly insert what was said or at least intended. In view of the necessity to make frequent emendations to the text, the editor believed himself authorized to retouch it further in a way which would not have been appropriate in a more authentic original, and was not done, for example, in the case of the Kant lectures just mentioned. Clear violations of gram- matical rules have been corrected, and superfluous words, especially the particles nun, also, ja have been removed where they merely filled awkward gaps. Adorno's use of the definite article before names, following a peculiarity of the Hessian dialect ('der Aristoteles'), was deleted where it occurred over-frequently. Any too-distracting repeti- tions were discreetly removed, and cumbersome syntactical construc- tions were occasionally modified. The editor felt most free in inserting missing punctuation, attempting to articulate the spoken text as clearly
?
and unambiguously as possible, regardless of the rules applied by
?
198 EDITOR'S AFTERWORD
? Adorno to written texts. However, he never attempted to 'improve' Adorno's text, but only to establish his text, as far as the editor was able. The notes give references to the quotations used in the lectures, and cite passages to which Adorno refers or might have referred. addition, parallel passages from Adorno's writings are adduced both to clarify what is said in the lectures and to demonstrate that manifold connections exist between the author's lectures and writings. 'One needs to develop a faculty for discerning the emphases and accents peculiar to that philosophy in order to uncover their relationships within the philosophical context, and thus to understand the philo- sophy itself - that is at least as important as knowing unequivocally:
such and such is metaphysics' (p. 51 above). The notes are intended to assist a reading which follows this inj unction of Adorno's. In their totality they are meant to help the reader gain an awareness of the context of learning in which Adorno's lecturing took place, and which cannot be taken for granted now. If the notes here and there give the impression of verging on a commentary, it should be borne in mind that this impression is not unintentional.
In
GLOSSARY OF GREEK TERMS
? TO dya&6v (the good) dKtV'TJTO? , -ov (unmoved)
? dVaYK1] (necessity)
o av&pw7To? (man)
? dv8pEta (courage) d6pWTO? , -ov (indefinite)
TO a7TELpOV (the infinite)
? dpX? (principle, beginning) TO aVT6f-taTOV (chance)
yap (for)
8dJTEpO? , -a, -ov (secondary), see ovaLa, 8dJTEpa ? 8LKaWaVV1] (justice)
? 8vVaf-tL? (power, potentiality)
El8EvaL (to know)
TO El8o? (form)
ElvaL (to be)
EKaaTo? , -1], ov (each, each individual) Ev8EX0f-taL (to be possible, to admit)
? EVEpYELa (actuality)
E'V KaTu 7TO'\'\WV (one in the many) ? EVTEMxELU (realization)
EaTLV (is, is the case)
200 GLOSSARY OF GREEK TERMS
? "
EGxaTO? , -Y], -ov (1ast), see Vlly], EGXaTY]
? ? w? (life) ? f-tEt? (we)
Ot {}EO{ (the gods)
o {}EO? (God)
{}EGH (by position)
? {}Ewp{a (study, speculation)
? lSEa (the idea)
LStO? , -a, -ov (personal, private)
Ka{ (and)
? KaTy]yop{a (category)
TO (dKLV'ryTOV] KtVOVV (the (unmoved] mover) o KOGf-tO? (world, order)
o '\oyo? (speech, reason, definition)
? f-tE{}Egt? (participation)
? f-tEaOTry? (mean state)
f-tETU (after)
f-tETuf3aGt? El? &'\'\0 YEVO? (transition to another kind) f-t? (not)
TO f-t? OV (what is not the case) ? f-tY]xav? (device)
? f-t0PCP? (form)
VOEtV (to think, perceive) VOY]TO? , -? , OV (mental)
? voY]at? (thought, perception) o vov? (intellect, mind)
? olK{a (house)
TO OV, Ttl OVTa (that which is the case, existing things) OVTW? (really)
opEYWf-tat (to desire, reach for)
? OPf-t? (impulse)
TO 015 EVEKa (final cause, purpose)
? ova{a (substance)
ouata, 7TPWTry (primary substance)
ova{a, ckuTEpa (secondary substance)
? "\',
? ? ? GLOSSARY OF GREEK TERMS
201
? miS', miaa, miv, pI. mlvTES' (aU, every) TO 1TELpap (end, boundary, bounding) 1TOLELV (to make, do, act)
? 1To{YJaLS' (creation, poetry)
? 1T(SALS' (city-state)
? 1TpagLS' (action)
1TPUTTHV (to do)
1TpOS' (with regard to)
1TPOTEPOS', -a, -ov (former, prior)
TO 1TPWTOV (the first) 1TPWTOS', -YJ, -ov (first)
? aocp{a (wisdom)
? aTEpYJaLS' (privation)
TO TEAOS' (end)
TO T{ ? V E? VaL (essence)
TOSE TL (individual thing)
TOWVTOS', TOLaUTYJ, TOWVTO(V) (such) o T01TOS' (place, topic)
? TUXYJ (fate, chance)
? VAYJ (matter)
VAYJ' EaxuTYJ (last matter)
VAYJ' 1TPWTYJ (primary matter)
TO lJ1TOKE{/-tEVOV (the substratum) vaTEpoS', -a, -ov (later)
cpLAoaocp{a (philosophy)
cpLAoaocp{a, 1TPWTYJ (first philosophy) cpuaH (by nature)
Tel cpvaLKu (physics)
? cpuaLS' (nature)
XpOVl{J (in time) xwp{S' (separately)
o xwpw/-toS' (separation) XWPWTOS' (separable)
? ? ? ?
?
a priori 164-5n contingent and valid logic 54-5
matter 53-5
53-4
antinomies, doctrine of 57 Antisthenes 16, 153n Aquinas, St Thomas 73, 105
Christian metaphysical speculation 6
justification of metaphysics 8
occultism 3 Arendt, Hannah 115 Aristotle 4, 12
absolute indetermination of matter 52-3
absolute perfection equated with absolute reality 89
Adorno's reflection 194-5 bringing together two spheres
37-8
Categories 25 cause 73-4, 169n
change and the unchangeable 56-8, 60, 87
Christian metaphysical speculation 6
conflicting approach to primary being 80-1
detemporalization of concepts 69-71
the dialectic 47, 48
the absolute demonized Hegel 1 22
121
183n anti-system 191
Adler, H. G. Adorno, Theodor W.
Dialectic of Enlightenment (with Horkheimer) 108
The Jargon ofAuthenticity
131
Kleine Proust-Kommentare Metakritik der Erkenntnistheorie
95, 99
Minima Maralia 140 Negative Dialectics 191-5
Aesthetics (Hegel) 1 10 Amery, Jean 106, 109
torture 1 79n Anaxagoras of Clazomenae
Anaximander of Miletus 1 66n
12 St Anselm of Canterbury
Andronicus of Rhodes
INDEX
? 91 57, 74,
89
106,
136
'human urge to know' hylozoism 14, 85, 1 53n hypostasis of form and
21-3
immortality 73
imperfection arises from matter
individuation 79-80 intervening activity of God legacy of dualism 77-83 matter 64, 167-8n, 17ln mediation 45-7, 161-2n metaphysics begins with motion 81-4, 171-2n
no subjective reflection
not a nominalist 19, 26, 38 objective idealism 48-9, 62-4
the One in the Many ontology 22-3
Organon 25, 28
overlooks abstractive quality of
concepts 55-6
the particular and the universal
25-6, 39-41
and Plato 17-18, 20, 154n Politics 47
primary status of form over
matter 36-41, 42, 52, 61, 63 principle of moderation (W(J6T'T/")
science of first principles and causes 24-6
spirits 3, 4
the static and dynamic 172n substance 28-30, 31-2, 66-7 synthesis 6 5 - 6
The Authoritarian Personality
(Adorno) 3
Bachofen, Johann Jakob 78 'back world' 2-3, 8, 147n Bacon, Francis
liberated from tradition 139 Barth, Karl
metaphysics and culture 121-2 Beck, Maximilian
Psychology. The Nature and
93 33-5
71-3 Beckett, Samuel 114, 117-18
1 5
INDEX
203
? ? divine action 173n
Jv? pYHa (actuality) and 8vvaJL"
(potentiality) 36-7 essence in things themselves
tension and difficulty in concept of VA'T/ 74
theology and thought 88-90 thinking of thinking (v6'T/(Jt,
? 26-32
ethics 47, 163n
first matter (7TpWT'T/ VA'T/)
form (JLOpf('? ) and matter (VA'T/)
35-6
genesis and validity
vO? (J"w,,) 94-5 transience 170n the unmoved mover
76, 88, 172-3n
see also Metaphysics
42, 44, Heidegger's interpretation of
Aristotlean Peripatetics
ataraxy 1 12
St Augustine 78
Auschwitz see extermination camps
160-1n
66-7
40, 5 8-9, 97
Reality ofthe Soul
negation and truth 124, 135-6, 186n
Being and Time (Heidegger) 21, 107, 177n
Benjamin, Walter 133, 163n Berg, Alban 143-4
Berkeley, Bishop George 4 Black Banners (Strindberg) 126 Bloch, Ernst 132, 170n Bolzano, Bernard 39
Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme
(Moliere) 78, 1 69-70n Bradley, Francis Herbert 164n Brecht, Bertolt 1 07, 1 08, 1 1 6-17
palace of dogshit 1 1 8, 1 80n
Brentano, Franz Brunner, Emil Buber, Martin
39
121, 182n 108
the Cabbala 138 Capital ( Marx) 1 1 8
? 77-9
97
47
?
204
INDEX
? categones
abstractions produced by the
mind 48
ancient philosophy and
cosmology 1 3
The Critique ofJudgement (Kant)
63, 125-6, 1 83n
The Critique of Practical Reason
(Kant) 143
moral law acting upon empirical
world 27-8
The Critique of Pure Reason (Kant)
and Plato 20 culture
death 130-1 demolishing 1 2 7 failure 1 2 7- 8 industry of 177-8n man-made 1 3 0
and metaphysics 121-8 narrow-mindedness 1 1 8 resurrection and abolition 119 self-preservation 129 suppression of nature 1 1 8
Curtius, Ludwig 168n
death
different meanings 106-7 Heidegger's metaphysics 184n and metaphysics 130-8
old age and identity 134-5 reconciliation to 133-6 Schopenhauer 1 85n
time 133
Democritus 9 Descartes, Rene
dualism of body and soul 83 liberated from tradition 139 nominalist protest against
?
hylozoism 85-6 form and matter 66 internal development
Categories (Aristotle) causality
97 25
avaYK"l 74-5
and chance (TlJX"l) formal 74
freedom 76
goals (-dAoS')
identity 75
inherent in the world moving 74
sensible appearance
chance ('TVX"l) 75 change 8 1
Aristotle's interest in
and ontology 87 presupposes unchangeability
57 Christianity
Aristotle's dualism in heaven and earth 78
metaphysical speculation monotheism 90
mysticism 100, 138
need for good/divine re-emergence of metaphysics
19-20 cognition 34
common sense Comte, Auguste concepts
84
63
5-6, 148-9n
scholasticism 60
Principles ofPhilosophy
substance 28 the dialectic
63
75
52 33
abiding 72-3
abstraction 55-6
are themselves in the objects conclusion drawn from pure detemporalization of meaning
70-1
divinity 88
drawing conclusions from
of the non-conceptual 67-8
56 82
28 57
Dialectic ofEnlightenment (Adorno and Horkheimer) 108
Duns Scotus, John 8
88 The Confessions ( Rousseau) 1 77n
56-8
? 6-7
antinomies, doctrine of Aristotle and 47, 48 positive moments 142 problem of mediation 69 synthesis 65-6
Ebner, Ferdinand 121, 182n education 132
1 1 2
form (fLOPfPTJ)
abstractions produced by the
mind 48
Aristotle 3 5 - 6
autonomy used in immortality
argument 71-3
and being 61
change confined to 81
EVEpYEW 83
eternal relationship with matter
8 6 - 8 goal 62-3
immanent not transcendent 33 logic 99
made into true reality 61
matter yearns towards 83-4 necessity in antithesis with matter
Platonic Ideas 3, 15-19, 61
pnmary status over matter 36-41, 42, 49-50, 52
related to matter in moments 41
social origin 45 France, Anatole 135-6 freedom
causality 76
and guilt 1 12-13
Hegel 178n
unmediated antitheses of vATJ and
16, 81 deadening of affect
165n
Eleatic school
emotIOns
a priori of
?
emplnclsm
mediation
sacrificed in self-reflection
Epicureanism 97 epistemology 44
? ? ?
43
antithesis between tradition and cognition 138-9
attempt to reconcile concepts of form and matter 42
entwined with metaphysics
5
123
see also knowledge essences
Husserl's region of
within or without Ethics (Spinoza) 28 evil
27 26-7
?
95
INDEX
205
? ? appropriation of language
and triviality
eXIstence absurdity
115
103-4, 1 10-1 1
?
force
10
95
existence/non-existence 17-18, 87
?
1 09
affirmation
death as the meaning of guilt 1 1 3
Hamlet and transience non-existence (fL? QV) time 133
existentialism 106
expenence
relation to Platonic Idea restriction on thinking about
truth 124-5
extermination camps 101, 104,
? 115-16, 178n poetry after Auschwitz
179n
faith
and knowledge 164n
Feuerbach, Ludwig A. anthropomorphic divinity
44
131
136 52
fLOPfPTJ 76
French Revolution 79 Freud, Sigmund 117
ego-drives 134, 185-6n Gehlen, Arnold 1 84n
genesIs
distinct from validity 39 relation to validity 42 truth content of concepts
Gestalt 35
gnosticism 10, 138, 150n goal (TEAoS")
form and matter 62-3 God
1 8
1 10-11,
?
9 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
?
73-4
? 206 INDEX
? Gogarten, Friedrich Gohlke, Paul 172n good
121, 182n highest good is highest purpose
Dasein 13, 177n
need of matter for form guilt
and freedom 112-13
84
demolishing culture 127 freedom and guilt 112 invariant temporality 87 non-theological theology 107 ontology 155-6n rationalistic decline of
abstract existence
Aesthetics 1 1 0
agent of movement
concept of reification definition of logic 92 dialectic 65, 81, 86 doctrine of positive negation
1 44
equates freedom with death
108-9
freedom 178n
History of Philosophy individuation 79
Logic 29, 50, 81, 82-3 mediation 29, 43
motive to do justice to differences
96-7
objectivism 5 0
ontology and dialectic 81, 86 Phenomenology ofSpirit
Heraclitus 16
eternal movement 87
Hesiod 40
Hippolytos 1 75 n
History of Philosophy (Hegel) 65 Hitler, Adolf 1 16
Hofmannsthal, Hugo von
'Chandos' letter' 123 Horkheimer, Max 125, 172n, 197 '
Dialectic of Enlightenment (with Adorno) 108
Greek self-contemplation 173n human beings 13
instinct for self-preservation 134, 185-6n
108-9, 175n reality of the rational
The Science ofLogic
takes Schelling to task theology 142
thought and being 94, 99 transcendental analysis 89
Heidegger, Martin 58
and Aristotle's first sentence
2 0 -3
Being and Time
care/Sorge 22
21
135
82 142
death as spur to 130-1, 133, 184n
metaphysics
? Haag, Karl Heinz 38, 159n, 161n Hamlet (Shakespeare) 136 Hauser, Arnold 158-9n
Hegel, Georg W. F.
the absolute 79, 122
metaphysics 19 'What is Metaphysics? '
154-5n Helvetius, Claud-Adrien 132
? 65
82 174n
96
motion 83
non-identity 1 85n
potentiality and actuality
unity of experience of death 133
Humboldt, Wilhelm von 123 Hume, David
idealism 62
substance 30 Husser! , Edmund
contingent and formal a priori 53, 164-5n
idealism 1 74 -5 n
Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology 28
mathematical versus conceptual validity 44
ontology 3 9
Prolegomena to Pure Logic 39 region of pure essences 27
132-3
? 96
sacrifice of the empirical
soul 72
hylozoism 14, 85, 153n
Greek emancipation from
idea
see form ( fLOPf('? )
idealism
Aristotle's objectivism
89
concept of reification everything reducible to mind
The Jargon of Authenticity
(Adorno) 106, 131 Jaspers, Karl 131
Jews
looking for affirmative art 124 Joel, Karl 168n
St John of the Cross 1 3 9
Kafka, Franz 130
metaphysical experience 181n and Proust 136
theological categories 121
Kant, Immanuel
avoids hypostasis in question of
immortality 73 categories different from
Aristotle's 25
change and the unchanging 57 cognition in generality and
necessity 79
conclusions drawn from pure
concepts 82
Critique ofJudgement 63,
125-6, 183n
Critique of Practical Reason 28,
1 43
doctrine of antinomies 57, 58 feeling of sublime 125-6
form and possibility 65-6 imperative 1 16
knowledge and faith 164n metaphysics 2, 7, 143, 147n Metaphysics of Morals 2 8 moral law acting upon empirical
world 2 7- 8
non-sensible and sensible 55,
1 65n
noumena and phenomena 33 and Plato 20
possibility, reality and necessity
37, 55, 65-6 reason and faith 52
substance 30
sujective constitution of physical
world 1 1
synthetic judgements 45
93
forms (d87]) 62
Husserl 1 74-5n
Plato's doctrine of Ideas
a priori 54
sensible objects as mere functions
62
source from dualism 80 and subjectivity 49, 69 unity and diversity 90
Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology
(Husserl) 28 identity
and diverisity 96-7 moment of causality
old age and death
unity and diversity ideology 44
Christianity
culture 1 1 9
mediated by culture and
knowledge 1 2 9-30 and temporal events
immortality autonomy of form
103-6
71-3 inductive and deductive thought
13, 151n infinity
ancient dislike for
foreign to antiquity Islamic philosophy
88 57-8
rationalism 1 9
relation to theology 6-7
105
75 134-5
90
95 15
69, 80-1,
142
1 5-19
INDEX
207
""
? ? ? ?
208 INDEX
? Kant (cont. ) teleology 63 unity in diversity
Kierkegaard, Soren mind/Geist 122
Mach, Ernst 62
male and female dualism Marx, Karl
accumulation of misery concept of reification historical materialism narrow-mindedness of culture
1 1 8 materialism
Leucippus and Democritus 9 Marxism 8, 162n
and metaphysics 152n
mathematics
the infinite unknown 57-8
matter (vA'T/)
a priori 53-5
absolutely indeterminate 52-3 Aristotle's concept 74, 80-1,
167-8n
conferred only with possibility
64
distingushed from being 61 iSVvafLtS' (potentiality) 63-4 first matter (7TpWT'T/ vA'T/) 66-7 fortuitousness 53
goal (re'AoS') 62-3
hylozoism 85-6
imperfection arises from 77-9 logic ultimate refers to 54-5 mere potentiality 61
mythical categories 75-6 relationship with form 36-41,
49-50, 52, 73-4, 83-4, 86 and subjectivism 63 substrate 6 0 - 1
meaning, absence of 105-6 mediation
abstraction of the sensible 55-6 defining 3 1
failure of 43
form and matter 36, 41, 43, 84 genesis and validity 39
genetic meaning within truth 45 immediate necessary for 57 Kierkegaard's concept of 122
Kleine Proust-Kommentare
(Adorno) 136 knowledge
concept of reification . dl3Evat (to know) 21-2 and faith 164n
genesis and validity mediated by culture
in philosophical speculation
subjectivity
temporality
Kogon, Eugen
Kohler, Wolfgang 1 1 Koyre, Alexandre 28 Krieck, Ernst 131, 184n
123 68
8, 1 62n
language
appropriated by evil moments of reality religion 1 82n written and spoken
137 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
175n Leucippus 9
Lincoln, Abraham Locke, John 105
2
48 45
the best of all possible worlds 105
nominalist protest against scholasticism 60
spiritualism 3, 4 Lessing, Gotthold Ephriam
109, 125
influence of Platonic Ideas primary and secondary qualities
1 53-4n logic
Hegel's definition
refers to sensible matter relationship to metaphysics 5 validity of forms 99
Logic (Hegel) 29, 50, 81, 82-3 The Loved One (Waugh) 130
34
92
141-2
39 129-30
96,
16
54-5
115
knowledge and culture and moderation 47
129-30
78
151-2n 141-2
movement 82
thinking 98-9
time 133-6
values idea and reason over
matter 53 Metaphysics (Aristotle) 12
dualism of form and matter
of substance mental sphere
logic 54-5
29-32
see also idea, form
Metakritik der Erkenntnistheorie
(Adorno) 95, 99 metaphysical experience 1 39-40,
181n
fruitless waiting 143-4 religious 138-9, 181n transcendental 100, 144-5
metaphysics
affirmative 103-4
as breach between ideas and
phenomenal world 19 change in self and its substance
107-8
concept of non-conceptual matter
how is change possible?
motif of form and change 56
INDEX
209
? ? see also Aristotle Metaphysics ofMorals (Kant) mind/Geist
28
Kierkegaard 122
Minima Moralia (Adorno) 140 Moliere (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin)
Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme 78, 169-70n
moral philosophy
motIOn
agency 82
effect of mover
human beings
mediation 82
movement is the realization of
1 16-17
81
? 67-8
and culture
and death
defining 1-5, 195-6 encompasses all doctrines about
objective world 8
entwined with epistemology and
logic 5
fallability 141
highest good is highest purpose
96
idea more real than empirical
36-41
ideology and temporal events
relationship with theology 6-8 relevance of the temporal 101-2 self-evident truths severed from
?
the possible 81-4 moving cause 74 the unmoved mover
76, 88, 96, 172-3n Mure, Geoffrey R. G.
121-8 130-8
171-2n 83
150n nature ('fJlJULS") 22
necessity
avaYK7] 74-5, 82 material 73-4
Negative Dialectics (Adorno) 19-20 191-5
1 03-6
inductive and deductive
Kant's critique 7
and materialism
occultism mistaken for
openness 68, 141
re-emerges in High Middle Ages
context 77
slips into material existence structural relationships 76
117
Neo-Platonism 12, 1 38
Newton, Isaac 82
Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle) 47 Nietzsche, Friedrich
the 'back world' 2-3, 147n complaints about metaphysics 2
152n
?
13, 151n
3-4
mysticism occultism
? ?
religious
Scheler spiritualism 3-4
3-4, 147-8n 138, 181n
40, 58-9, 50, 164n
74
the unmoved mover 59
210
INDEX
? narrow-mindedness of culture 118
Nohl, Herman 142 nominalism 8, 88
appropriation of language 123
Aristotle 19, 26, 38 defined 26
mediation of substance protest against scholasticism
Otto, Rudolf
religious mysticism 181n
ova{a, 7TPWT'T/ (primary substance) 42, 80-1
Ovid 169n
panpsychism see hylozoism Parmenides 1 6
absolute oneness same as thinking 90-1
in Plato dialogue 17 Parmenides (Plato) 1 7, 34, 5 7,
154n participation 17
particular and universal
Aristotle 38
Aristotle's deliberations 25-6 attribution of reality 30-1 individuation 79-80 precedence of universal 88
perfection
Christian heaven and earth
78
equated with reality 89-90 imperfection arises from matter
77-9
Phaedrus (Plato) 17 phenomena
Kant 33 phenomenology
a priori and the sensible 53-4 Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel)
108-9, 175n philosophy
ancient 85-6, 97, 194-5 archaisms 58
fashions 1 0
first (7TpWT'T/ ff'I;>"oaoff'{a) 40 justifying 113-15
meaning through structure in
? 60 noumena
Kant 33 nuclear weapons
104, 116
objective world metaphysics encompasses
doctrines about 8 subjective constitution of
1 1
On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason
(Schopenhauer)
73
ontology a priori
1 3 54
Aristotle
and change 87
character of finitude
concept is itself in the object
56
deficiency of doctrine of
invariants 71
genesis and validity
Hegel 86
Heidegger 155-6n
Plato 4
relation of particular to the
universal 3 8 religion 1 82n Sartre's new view scholasticism 166n
separate essences 96
thought and categories of being
99
unity in diversity
optics 54 Organon (Aristotle)
34-5 25, 28
22-3
39
101
58
30
categories 76 methodology and nuance
53
monotheistic tendency 90 openness 68
or history 65
5 1 ,
? ? facts 110-11
task of understanding
truth in contradictions understanding and criticism
64-5 physics
Plato
absolute perfection equated with
absolute reality 89
and Aristotle 17-18, 20, 154n change 56, 57
1 1 4 53
6
126
INDEX
211
? ? pre-judgement in favour of principles 43
potentiality (DuvalL" ) 74
praxIs
in the face of evil
moral sense and making sense
91-2 political 92
primary and secondary qualities 16, 153-4n
see also substance
Principles of Philosophy (Descartes)
2 8 probability 75
Prolegomena to Pure Logic
(Husserl) 39 Proust, Marcel
Bergotte's death 1 35-6, 1 86n metaphysical experience
139-40, 143
psycho-physical parallelism 1 0-1 1 Psychology. The Nature and Reality
oftheSoul(Beck) 71-3 purpose
matter endowed with 104 Pythagoreans 92
Ralfs, Gunther 1 60-1n realism 8
reality
actuality (EVEpyta) 63-4 form 63
idea more real than empirical
36-41
language 68
only particular things 30-1
reason
critique of theological categories
36, 37,
? process and result 192
process of differentiation
relates to tendencies rather than
?
Platonic Academy poetry
97
82
doctrine of being doctrine of Ideas
8 1
3, 1 5-1 9, 33,
? 62
immortality 73
knowledge and imagination
164n
monotheism 90
non-existence of sensible matter
5 2
the One in the Many parable of the cave
34 1 6
Parmenides 17, 34, 57, 154n Phaedrus 1 7
sensory experience 29 separation (XWpwILo,)
spirits 4 Theaetetus 16, 29 universal comes first
after Auschwitz
politics 98-9
praxis 92
Politics (Aristotle) 47 positivism 1 1 4 - 1 5
logic 6 8
theory of stages 5-6 possibility
Aristotle and matter cause 74
64
reification
Marx 141-2
religion
experiences 1 3 8 -9 language 182n
Riese, Adam 42 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
26-7 39-40
110-11, 179n
? The Confessions 177n
?
212
I N D EX
? Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de
senses
existence of sensible matter
52-3
experience 43
immediacy 29
Kant's sensible and non-sensible
mediation 55-6
as mere function 62
non-being of the sensible 16, 18
separation (xwPW/LO,) 26-8, 32 Shakespeare, William
Rouvroy, Comte de Sartre, Jean-Paul
absurdity of existence 1 1 1
existence over being
5
109-10,
105
101 interpretation of meaning
Scheler, Max 10, 159-60n
39, 45 150n
genesis and validity mystical speculation two worlds theory
162-3n urge of feeling 1 71 n
valid a priori 53-4 Schelling, Friedrich W. J. von
96, 130
matter 63, 166-7n positive philosophy Die Weltalter ISO-In
10,
Hamlet and transience 136 ?
scholasticism 1 9 nominalist protest ontology 1 66n substance 2 8
138, 187n
60
fortuitous ends 75 guilt 108
motifs from internal argument- ation of individual philosophers 97-8
sociology 45 soul
Beck's thesis on the reality of
71-3
rational doctrine of 107 Spengler, Oswald 67, 1 12
the Apollonian soul 1 68n Spinoza, Baruch
Ethics 28
nominalist protest against
scholasticism 60 spmt
Geist 58
and thought 90-1
Schopenhauer, Artur
death 1 85n
doctrine of the denial of the Will
to Live 105, 176n
On the Fourfold Root of the Principle ofSuffrcient Reason 73
opposition to affirmative metaphysics 105
principle of the blind Will thoughts of mortality 132 urge and cognition 1 70-1n The World as Will and
Representation 1 32
Schwartz, Eduard 168n
Schweppenhauser, Hermann
sCience
inductive thought 13 metaphysics as fundamental positivism 5-6, 114
The Science of Logic (Hegel) das Seiende 4
self
Stoicism 97 context of guilt
Strindberg, August
Black Banners
1 12 126
?
structure
meaning in philosophical themes
76 subjectivism
Aristotle 48-9, 93
the dialectic 48
person undergoing objective
experience 109
validity and knowledge 48
change in metaphysics liquidation of the ego
107-8 108-11
105
122
10 1 74n
? ?
society
death as social phenomenon 131
55
? ? 28-30
primary (7TpWT7] ova{a) 31 secondary (DEvTEpat ova{a)
36,
65
implied genetic meaning
in philosophical contradictions
53
self-evident truths severed from
context 77
separation from genesis of
concepts 44
the unbounded (a7TEtpov) 66-7 unity and diversity
Aristotle's One in the Many 33-5
identity of differences 96-7
ontology 34-5 universal see particular and
universal utopia 132
3,
33, 37, 40
two essences come together for
torture 106, 109 Amery's experience
truth 3 9
concept of reification
in extreme situations
the history of philosophy
reality 66
teleology 63
cause 76 existence of God final cause 73-4
Thales
primary substance
Theaetetus (Plato) theology 1 3
141-2 124-5
anthropomorphic divinity Aristotle claims no intervening
activity of God 97 categories and rational critique
98-9
of crisis 121-3 non-theological possibilities
107 ontology
1 66n 5-6
positivism
prime mover and the One
89-90
relationship to metaphysics
6 - 8
secularization self-reflection
taking refuge in 121 teleology 95-6
and thought 88-90 the unmoved mover
validity
distinct from genesis 39 mathematical versus conceptual
44-5
relation to genesis 42 subjectivity 48
of thinking in idealism 93-4
thought
Aristotle and hylozoism 13 glorification of pure theory knowledge of conditional and
vIrtue
dianoetic 92
Voltaire (Franc;:ois M. Arouet) loses faith in the best possible
world 105, 106
response to Lisbon earthquake
unconditional 7-8 and praxis 91-2
spirit ())ou,) 90-1 theology 94-5
thinking of thinking value/validity 93-4
176-7n atrocities 1 1 6
95
40, 41 16, 29
45
1 8-1 9 94-5
58-9
1 74n
war
31-2,
95
92
INDEX 213
? substance 26, 156n, 157n immediacy of external world
Tillich, Paul 182n, 194
time
existence 133-6
TODE Tt (individual thing) 35, 38, 40-1
?
.
179n
?
214
I N D EX
? Waugh, Evelyn
The World as Will and Representation (Schopenhauer) 132
Zeller, Eduard 24-5, 161-2n, 194 Aristole on motion 171-2n causality 168-9n
divine action 173n
matter 80, 167n, 171n
The Loved One
130 Weber, Alfred 38, 158-9n
Die Weltalter (Schelling) ISO-In
Wesenhaftigkeit 4
'What is Metaphysics? ' (Heidegger)
154-5n
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 196
?