" Whether wil-
ling, or unwilling, by the Gods, I muft accufe ; for during
our whole Journey you attempted every Villainy againfl: me,
and I have now only the Choice between appearing a Partner
of fuch Crimes, or an Accufer.
ling, or unwilling, by the Gods, I muft accufe ; for during
our whole Journey you attempted every Villainy againfl: me,
and I have now only the Choice between appearing a Partner
of fuch Crimes, or an Accufer.
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
When we went upon our firft Embafly to negotiate a
Peace, you fent an Herald before us to demand the Faith of
Nations for our Security. As foon therefore as they arrived at
Oreum, they neither waited for the Herald, nor wafted a Mo-
ment of their Time, but although Alus was invefted, they en-
tered it by Sea, and from thence went to Parmenio, who be-
fieged it; then paffed through the Enemy's Army toPagaf^, and
advancing on their Journey met the Herald at Larifla. With
fuch Diligence and Solicitude did they travel. Yet afterwards
in Time of profound Peace, when they might have gone in
perfed: Security; when your Orders required their utmoft
L 2 Expe-
(24) When the Athenians heard, that went, but when he is apprehenfive of
Cherfobleptes was driven out of his Do- being fufpeiSted as a Partner in their Guilt,
minions, they fent Euclides to Philip to then they arrived at Oreum ; they neither
remonftrate againft his Conduft. The waited for the Herald, nor, i^c. Per-
Monarch anfwered, he was not informed haps Demofthenes never thought of fuch
by their Ambafiadors that the Peace was Refinements, which feem to have fome-
concluded, and had therefore a Right to what too trivial for his Cliarader. In
purfue his Conqueflrs. Scholiast, general, his natural Impetuofity frequently
(25) The Scholiafl: here defires his throws him into thefe Diforders, which
Readers to remark the Expreflions in pur Critics fhould not be too careful to
thefe Sentences. Our Orator fets out with correft.
his Colleagues upon his Embafly, we
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? ^6 ORATIONSOF
Expedition, then they travelled with not too much Alacrity,
nor ever thought of going by Sea. Whence this Difference?
Becaufe, an immediate Peace was then extremely neceffary to
Philip's Affairs, but now to confume as much Time as they
poffibly could, before they required his Oath, was of equal ad-
vantage. In Proof of thefe Fads, read me this Teftimony.
The Testimony.
Is it then pofTible, that ever Men fliould be more clearly
convi6led of perpetually a6ling in Favour of Philip, than thofe,
who, when Hafte was moft neceffary to your Affairs, fat down
in Indolence ; but when their going before the Herald was by
no means convenient, then preffed forward with their utmoft
Expedition ?
But while we ftaid thus indolently at Pella, behold, what
Employment each of us chofe for himfelf. Mine was to find out
Prifoners, and to ranfom them at my own Expence ; to implore
Philip, inftead of the Prefents of Hofpitality, which he offered
us, to give them their Liberty. In what Manner iEfchines
fpent his Time, you fhall hear immediately. " But really
" what was his Employment? " To engage Philip to make
Prefents in common to us all. For you fhould not be ignorant,
that he had feparately made Trial of our Integrity, fending
privately to each of us, and offering, O Men of Athens, indeed
large
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? DEMOSTHExNES. 77
large Sums of Gold. But when he was difappointed in one
particular Perfon (for I ought not to name myfelf, but let my
Adions and the Fads themfelves declare me) he imagined, that
all would inftantly receive without Scruple whatever was offered
publickly to all, and that they, who had privately fold them-
felves, would be perfedlly fecure, if we joined in receiving even
the flighted Prefents in common. Thefe were the true Rea-
fons of his offering, although the Pretence was Hofpitality.
When I prevented this Projedl from taking Effed, they once
more refumed their Deliberations. Afterwards, when I en-
treated Philip to expend thefe Prefents upon the Prifoners, and
he could neither handfomely difcover their Secret, by acknow-
ledging, that this, or any other Ambaiiador had already re-
ceived fuch or fuch Sums, nor yet avoid the Expence, he con-
fented to my Requeft, but eluded the Performance of it by pro-
miling to give them their Liberty at the Feftival of Minerva.
Read the Depodtions of Apollophanes, and afterwards thofe of
others, who were prefent.
The Depositions>>
I Shall now inform you how many Prifoners I redeemed.
While we waited at Pella before Philip's arrival, fome of them,
who had given Security for their Ranfom, diftrufting, as I ima-
gine, the Poffibility of perfuading Philip to give them their Li-
berty, declared they would ranfom themfelves, nor be under
any
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? yS ORATIONSOF
any Obligation to Philip, and therefore borrowed upon Ufury,
this Man three Minae, another five, and others according to
the different Conditions, upon which they could purchafe their
Freedom. But when Philip promifed he would fet the reft at
Liberty, I called the People together to whom I had lent Mo-
ney, and having informed them of the Manner, in which I
had aded, that they might not appear to have fuffered by their
Impatience, or that the poor Men fliould not be obliged out
of their own little Fortunes to purchafe their Freedom, while
the reft had Hopes of being fet at Liberty by Philip, I remitted
to them the Price of their Ranfom, both Principal and Inte-
reft. (26) Read thefe Depofitions.
The Depositions.
Such were the Sums I remitted, and gave to thefe unhappy
Citizens. When ^fchines therefore ftiall afk, " if then, De-
*' mofthenes, you were convinced by my defending Philocrates,
" that we fhould not a6t with Integrity, why did you again
" join with us in the Embafly for demanding Philip's Oath,
" and not fvvear yourfelf incapable of going? " Remember to
make him this Anfwer ; becaufe I had promifed to releafe thefe
PrI-
(26) The Terms our Author ufes in he afterwards makes them a Prefent of
this little Hiftory are managed with much their Ranfom, he then mentions both
Delicacy. At firft, the Prifoners take Principal and Intereft, as a Proof of his
up Money upon llfury, tSoivei^ovTo. Liberality ; 'iSuKtx iu^Buu tu Xut^x.
When he fpeaks of himfelf, he lends them Scholiast.
Money, ? %fi7(ra to ct^yvpiov ; but when
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? DEMOSTHENES. 79
Prifoners ; to carry them Money for their Ranfom, and preferve
them, to the utmoft of my Power. It were therefore highly
criminal to break my Faith, and abandon our Citizens in their
Mifery. But to have wandered about the Country in a private
Charadler, by retufing the Embafly, was neither honourable,
nor without Danger; and may I perifli inftantly, and come to
an untimely End, if I did not confent to be an Ambaflador only
with an Intention of preferving our Citizens ; or if ever I pur-
pofed to join with my Colleagues in receiving thefe immoderate
Sums of Money. " But the Proof" When in our third Em-
bafly, you twice appointed me an Ambaflador, I twice refu-
fed, and during our other Journey conftantly oppofed them.
Your Affairs, when I had any Authority in the Embafly, were
thus conduced for your Intereft, but when they, by having a
Majority of Votes, undertook the diredrion of them, they were
every where ruined : and yet they would have been fuccefsful,
if my Advice had any Influence. Neither am I fo miferably
infatuated, or fo fenfelels, as to have given away my own For-
tune for your Service, while I beheld others receiving large
Sums from Philip, yet not have endeavoured to do whatever
might have been done without Expence, and with greater Ad-
vantage to the Republic. Indeed, O Men of Athens, I fliould
have endeavoured it with Earneftnefs, but I imagine, they
would have had a greater Superiority over me, if I had gone in
that Embafly. (27)
Now
(27 j By the Majority of Suffrages.
8
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? go ORATIONSOF
Now behold in what Manner -^fchines and Philocrates aded
durinfT this Period, for their Adions will be better feen, when
fet in Oppofition to each other. Firft, they declared that the
Phocccans, Alenfes, and Cherfobleptes fliould not be included in
the Articles of Peace. This they did in Contradidion to yonr
Decree, and the Affurances they themfelvcs had given you.
They afterwards attempted to invalidate and alter the Decree,
by which we were appointed Ambaffadors. Then they inferted
the Cardians in the Treaty, as Philip's Confederates, and de-
termined not to fend you my Letters, but fent their own, with
not one Syllable of Truth. Yet the generous ^fchines decla-
red, that I had promifed Philip to deftroy your Democracy,
becaufe I blamed their Condud, not only conceiving it infa-
mous in itfelf, but apprehenfwe of my being involved with them
in one common Ruin. Yet ^Efchines never ceafed from having
his private Conferences with Philip. Other Inftances I pafs
over in Silence, but Dercyllus, not I, obferved him one Night
at Pher? e, and having this Slave of mine with him, furprifed
him going out of Philip's Tent, and ordered the Slave to tell
me, and to remember it himfelf. In fine, this abandoned and
fhamelefs Traitor was Night and Day, when we were difmilTed,
left alone with Philip. To prove the Truth of what I affirm,
I will infert my own Teftimony in the public Records, and
fubfcribe my Name to it, under the Penalty of any future Pro-
fecution.
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? DEMOSTHENES. 8i
fecution. (28) I will tlien fummon each of die Ambafllidors,
and compel them either to give Evidence of thefe Fads, or to
perjure themfelves. If they are perjured I fhall manifeftly con-
vict them in your Prefence.
You have now beheld by what Villainies and Difficulties,
I was opprefTed during our Embafly. (29) For what Crimes
do you imagine, did they commit at Fella, while they were
near Philip, who was conftantly giving, if they dare adl in this
Manner, even in your Prefence, who are able to reward, or
punifh ? But I fhall now recapitulate the Articles of this Ac-
cufation from the Beginning, that it may appear Ihavepundlu-
ally executed the Promife I made in the opening of this Oration.
I have demonftrated by the Evidence of Fa6ls, not of Words,
that i^fchines never made you one true report, but always de-
ceived you. I have demonftrated, that he was the Occafion of
your refufi. ng to hear me declare the Truth, having taken Pof-
feffion of you by Promifes and Aflurances ; that he advifed you
in every thing diredly contrary to your Interefts; that he oppo-
fed your including your Confederates in the Articles of the
Vol. II. M Peace,
(28) It feems extraordinary, that the ever afterward$ be profecuted for Perjury
Profecutor fliould be allowed to give or Prevjrrication. Scholiast.
Evidence againft the Perfon he accufed. (29) It is probable, that the Ambal-
'J o lay fome Reftraint however upon a fadors, whom he ordered to be fummon-
Piiviiege fo liable to be abufed, he was ed, had either refilled to give Evidence,
obliged to deliver his Teftimony in or gaveit with Rudenels and Keludanre.
Writing, which v a: bid up among the Scholiast. Wolfu s.
public Records, and upon which he might
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? 82 ORATIONSOF
Peace, and defended the Caufe of Philocrates ; that he wafted
away the Time, untill it was impoftible for you, however de-
termined, to march to the relief of the Phocasans; that he com-
mitted many other, and atrocious Crimes during our Journey ;
betraying, felHng every thing, receiving Bribes, nor leaving any
one Kind of Villainy unattempted. I have therefore demon-
ftrated what I promifed at the Beginning.
Now confider what followed ; for the Remainder of this O-
ration will be perfedlly fimple. You have fworn to decree ac-
cording to the Laws, the Refolutions of the People, and thole
of the Senate. Yet ^fchines appears to have ever ad:ed through
the whole EmbafTy in Contradidion to thefe Laws, thefe De-
crees, and to every Sentiment of Juftice. He muft therefore,
by wife and upright Judges, be certainly condemned. Were
he guilty of no other Crime, two of his Adlions were fufficient
to pronounce Sentence of Death upon him ; for he betrayed
not only the Phoceeans, but Thrace, to Philip, although it
were impollible to fhew two Places in the World of more im-
portance to the Republic, than Thermopylae by Land, and the
Hellefpont by Sea; both of which hebafely fold, and ruinoufly,
with regard to your Interefts, delivered into the Hands of Phi-
lip. How flagitious, therefore, was the Crime, even without
any other, to abandon Thrace, and its Fortreffes? A thou-
land Inftances might be given of Perfons put to Death by your
Order
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? DEMOSTHENES. 83
Order for fuch Crimes ; neither were it difficult to prove, what
confiderable Fines you have laid upon others, all of whom, I
might venture to affirn-v, lefs injured the Republic, than iEfchines
alone. But in thofe Days, O Men of Athens, you rationally-
guarded againft Danger ; you forefaw and prevented it ; but
now, except the very Day's Diilrefs difturb you ; except Ibme
prefent Afflidion grieve you, every Thing elfe you treat with
Contempt. Then here you publifli fome ineffedual Decrees,
" that Philip fhould adminifter the Oaths to Cherfobleptes ;
*' that he himfelf fhould never enter into the Council of the
" Amphidyons ; that the Articles of Peace fhould be amended. "
Yet none of thefe Decrees had been neceflary, if iEfchines had
confented to have failed to the Hellelpont, and then performed
his Duty, as an AmbafTador. But whatever they might have
faved by going by Sea, he totally loft by commanding them to
travel by Land ; and whatever might have been gained by
Truth, he loft by lying. Yet he will grievoufly lament, as I
am informed, that he alone, of all our Orators, fhould be fub-
jed:ed to render an Account of his Harangues to the People.
I fhall not mention with how much Juftice every one, who
fpeaks in Public, if he fpoke for Money, fhould be anfvverable
for what he fays ; but this I affirm, that if ^Efchines, in his
private Charader, hath committed Errors and Miftakes, you
fliould not inquire too curioufly ; but acquit him ; pardon him.
But as an Ambafiador, if he hath induftrioufly deceived you
M 2 for
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? 84 ORATIONSOF
for his Hire, do not acquit him ; do not fuffer him to aflert,
" that it is unjuft to fubjed him to a Trial for Words. " What
other Account, except that of Words, can you receive from
your Ambafiadors? They are not intrufted with the Command
of Fleets, or Armies, or Fortreiles. No Man commits any
Thing of this Kind to an AmbafTador ; nothing but the Power
of fpeaking, and the Management of Conjun6lures. If he,
therefore, has not deprived the Republic of any favourable
Occafions of acling, he hath committed no Crime ; if he did
deprive her of them, he is moft criminal. If the Reports,
which he brought home, were true, or advantageous to the
Commonwealth, let him be acquitted j if falfe and proceeding
from Corruption, and difadvantageous, let him be condemned :
becaufe nothing is capable of doing you a greater Injury than
the Man, who reports a political Fahehood. If the Admini-
ftration ot a State depends upon the Orations of its Minifters,
how can it pofTibly, if they utter Untruths, be preferved in
Safety ? Or when, to earn the Prefents they have received,
they fpcak for the Advantage of your Enemies, fhall you not be
in extreme Danger ? Neither is it an equal Crime in an Oli-
garchy or Monarchy to rob them of thefe favourable Conjunc-
tures for adting, as in a Democracy, like yours. The Differ-
ence is not inconnderable. Becaufe in thofe Forms of Po-
lity, I imagine every Thing is with the utmoft Expedition
carried into Execution by Command of Government j but in
your
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? DEMOSTHENES. 85
your Democracy, it is neceffary, firft, that the Senate fliould
hear and determine upon every Meafure ; and this the cufto-
mary Proceeding, when an Edidl is pubhfhed, either for fend-
ing abroad your own AmbaiTadors, or hearing thofe of other
States. Thefe Forms, however, are not always obferved. Then
an Afiembly is to be convened, upon the Days appointed by
Law, and afterwards they, who give you the moft falutary
Counfels, are obHged to conquer, and maintain a Superiority
over thofe, who, either through Ignorance, or a MaHgnity of
Spirit, enter into Oppofition. In Addition to all thefe Delays,
after the Meafure hath been deliberated upon, and hath ap-
peared advantageous, fome Time muft neceflarily be allowed
to the Indigence of the Multitude, that they may procure the
NecelTaries they want, and carry your Decrees into Execution.
Whoever therefore takes from fuch a Government as yours
thefe ftated Times, does not really take away the Opportuni-
ties for adling, no, but even the very Meafures themfelves.
Although the Perfons, who purpofe to deceive you, have
always this Objedlion ready, " thefe Difturbers of the City
" hinder Philip from doing Ads of Benevolence to the Com-
*' monwealth," yet, I fhall return them no Anfwer, but only
read Philip's Letters to you, and delire you to recoiled: the
particular Occafions, in every one of which you have been de-
ceived, to convince you, that Philip, while he was deceiving
you.
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? 86 ORATIONSOF
youj repeated, even to Satiety, his own cold Expreilion, " even
" to Satiety. " (30)
The Letters.
Yet ^fchines, after having committed Co many Adlions
in his Embaily, thus full of Turpitude ; thus contrary to your
Interefts, now goes about exclaiming, " What can be faid of
" Demoflhenes, who accufes his Colleagues?
" Whether wil-
ling, or unwilling, by the Gods, I muft accufe ; for during
our whole Journey you attempted every Villainy againfl: me,
and I have now only the Choice between appearing a Partner
of fuch Crimes, or an Accufer. I therefore declare, I never
adled as your Colleague in our Embafly, and that you were
guilty of many flagitious Offences, while I confulted, to the
utmoft of my Power, the Welfare of the Republic. Philo-
crates was your Colleague ; you and Phrynon were his Col-
leagues, for your Adlions were always the fame, and you all
approved of the fame Counfels. " But where are the common
'' Rights of Hofpitality ; of our Entertainments ; of our Li-
" bations ? " Thus he wanders about, exclaiming in the Spirit
of Tragedy, as if, not the Perfons, who aded in Violation
of
(30) The very learned and ingenious to Satiety. The Tranflator therefore.
Defter Markland imagines this cold Ex- befides the Probability of the Conjeihire
prefTion even to Satiety had been ufed by itfelf, is not meanly fupperted by fucli
Philip in his Letters, in which he had an Authority,
promifed to facisfy the Athenians, even
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? DEMOSTHENES. 87
of their Duty, but they, who maintained their Integrity, had
betrayed thefe Rights. But this I know, that our Magiftrates
all i'acrifice in common j they fup together; they perform their
Libations in common, yet not for that Reafon do the virtuous
imitate the vicious, but when they apprehend any of their own
Members negleding his Duty, they openly difcover him to the
Senate, and the People. Our Senators perform the fame Sacri-
fices to Jupiter, the Advifer; our Generals, and I had almoft
faid all our Magiftrates, partake of the fame Entertainments; the
fame common Libations. Do they therefore allow the guilty
to perpetrate their Crimes with Impunity? Far otherwife.
Leon accufed Timagoras, although he had been four Years his
Colleague in an Embafly. Eubulus accufed Tharreces and
Smicythus, the Companions with whom he had lived in the
ftri<5teft Familiarity, and the ancient Conon profecuted Adi-
mantus, with whom he was joint Commander of our Forces.
Who therefore, iEfchines, violated the Rights of Hofpitality
and Libations? The Traitor, the criminal Ambaftador, the
corrupted Mercenary, or their Accufers ? Certainly they, who
had evidently violated, not only the Libations of private Friend-
fhip, but, as you have done, the public Libations of their Country
But to convince you, that of all your Citizens, who have ever
gone either in a public, or private Character to Philip; that
of all Mankind, thefe are moft worthlefs, and raoft abandoned,
^ permit
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? 88 ORATIONSOF
permit me to tell you a little Story, although It hath not indeed
any Relation to this Embafly. When Philip had taken Olynthus,
he celebrated the Olympic Games. (31) To this Feftival and
its Solemnity he invited all the Comedians of Greece. Making
Entertainments for them, and crowning the Vidlors, he afked
Satyrus, the Comedian, why he alone had never made him any
Requeft, or whether he had ever perceived in him any Sordid-
nefs of Spirit, or any particular Dillike towards him ? Satyrus,
as they report, made him this Anfwer ; that he was not covetous
of what others ufually alked : The R-equeft, which he could
make with Pleafure, it was moft eafy for Philip to grant, and
to oblige him; but he was afraid of being refufed. Philip
commanding him to fpeak, and adding, with a youthful viva-
city, that he would grant whatever he afkcd, Satyrus replied,
that he had lived with ApoUophanes, the Pydnaean, in Hofpitality
and Friendfhip; that when he was treacheroufly affaiTmated,
his
(31) The Scholiaft enters with great Feflival, and the approaching Slavery
Spirit into the Circumftances of this httle of Greece, while Philip appears in his
Story, and (hews the Orator's Art to great proper Charader, the grand Corrupter,
Advantage. She Scene opens with the fearching into the Hearts, and purchafing
Deftrudion of Olynthus, a capital City, the Secrets of Mankind. The mode. ft
and the Bulwark of Greece againft the Diffidence of Satyrus is finely oppofed to
Invafions of Philip. The Audience is the Arrogance of Philip, who piomifes
juftly aftefted with the Calamities of a whatever he afked, while the Orator in-
brave, unhappy People, and fee with In- finuates, that if iEfchines had interceded
dignation the triuinphal Feaft, that cele- in this Manner for the Phopsans, Philip
bratcs their Ruin. Satyrus, a Man of would have felt the Sentiments of hu-
Probity and Modefty, is reprefented fi- man Nature, and he would have fuc-
{ently lamenting over the Occafion of this cecded in his Requeft.
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? DEMOSTHENES. 89
his Relations, alarmed for his Daughters, who were then in
their Infancy, had privately conveyed them to Olynthus. That
City being taken, they are become Prifoners ; they are now in
your Power, and at the Age of Marriage. I entreat and implore
you to give them to me. Yet I defire you to hear, and be infor-
med, what kind of Prelent you give me, if indeed you give. I
propofe, in Truth, no pecuniary Advantage from it, but fliall
add a little Fortune to their Freedom to difpofe of them in
Marriage, and fhall be careful, that they do not fuffer any thing
unworthy of their Father, or of our Friendihip. When the
Guefts heard this Anfwer, there was fuch Clapping of Hands,
(32) fuch Applaufe, fuch Tumults among them, that Philip
was affeded with CompafHon, and granted the Requeft, although
Apollophanes was one of the Perfons, who had killed his Brother
Alexander.
Let us now compare the Banquet of Satyrus with another
celebrated by our Ambafladors in Macedonia, that you may
perceive, whether there be any Equality, any Rcfemblance
between them. (33) Being invited by Xenophon, the Son of Phai-
dimus, one of our thirty Tyrants, they impatiently hurried to
him. 1 refufed. When they began to drink, their Hoft intro-
duces an Olynthian Woman, handfome indeed, but well born,
and
(32) The Applaufe of the Guefls is atre. Scholiast-
exprefled by a Term peculiar to the The= (33) We have now a very different
Vol. II, N Enter-
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? ^o O R A T I O N S O F
and, as appeared in the Event, modeft. At firft, they prefTed
her gently, and without any Defign, as I imagine, and as
latrocles informed me the Day following, to eat and drink.
(34) But when the Affair proceeded a little farther, and they
grew heated with their Wine, they ordered her to fit down,
and fmg fome certain Songs. (35) The Woman refenting this
Treatment, and neither willing, nor knowing how to fing,
^fchines and Phrynon declared it was an infult and intolerable,
that a Prifoner, born among the Olynthians, a People detefted
by the Gods, and Enemies to Athens, lliould prefume to be
delicate. Call a Slave, cries iEfchines, and let fome one bring
Scourges. The Slave enters with a leathern Thong in his
Hand; when thefe Wretches, having drunk, I prefume, more
largely, became now enflamed with Rage, and although ftie
niade every Excufe, and even burft into Tears, the Slave tore
off her Clothes, and gave her feveral Stripes upon the fhoulders.
Now
F. ntertainment on the Scene. The Maf- but whether they thought him unfit for
ter of the Feaft is difcinguiflied by the their Society, or that he refufed their In-
Name of his Father, one of the thirty vitation, is equally an Honour to his
Tyrants, who had deltroyed the Liberties Charafter. He, whofe proper Paffion
and Conftitution of Athens. As we may was the Love of his Country, muft have
fuppjfe him bred in the lAixury and Riot detefted all Correfpondence with the
of Tyranny, he gives us no very favour- Defcendants of its Tyrants. Scholiast.
able Idea of the Modefty and Decency (34) He fays he heard thefe Circum-
of his Entertainment. jEfchines and ftances the Day after the Entertainment,
Phrynon, and Fhilocrates, who could to iniinuate that it continued all Night,
hold a Friendfliip with the Enemy of (j^'j Here our Guefts grow mufical ;
t'leir Country, were proper Guefts ior by which our Author ftrongly marks the'
fuch an Ho. 't. Our Author infinuates. Nature of Drunkennefs and its Abfurdi-
that he was invited and refufed to go j ties. Scholiast.
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? DEMOSTHENES. 91
Now out of her Senfes with the Infamy, and the Cruelty,
with which (he was treated, {he fprings forward, throws herfelf
at the Feet of latrocles, overturns the Table, and unlefs he had
carried her off, fhe muft have been murdered in this drunken
Riot; for terrible indeed is the Cruelty of this Wretch in his
Drunkennefs.
The Story of this Woman was the common Converfatioa
of a thoufand People in Arcadia ; it was related to you by
Diophantus, whom I fhall now compel to give his Teftimony;
it was a common Report in Theflaly, and indeed in every other
Part of Greece. Yet fhall the Wretch, who is confcious to
himfelf of fuch Impurities, have the Hardinefs to look you in
the Face? Shall he pompoufly boaft, with that fonorous Voice,
the Purity of his Life? This affurance provokes my Indigna-
tion. Is there a Citizen of Athens, who is ignorant, that you
very early u{ed to read her Books of Incantation to your Mother,
when fhe was initiating her Difciples in fome profane Myfteries>>
and that, even when you were a Boy, you devoted yourfelf to
the Feftivals of Bacchus, and the Commerce of Drunkards?
That you were afterwards an under Secretary to our Magiftrates,
and commenced a Villain for two or three Drachmas? (36)
N 2 Or
(36) Thefe Secretaries were employed often read falfely for a Bribe of two or
ih reading Laws, Decrees, or Decifions three Drachmas. Scholiast.
of private Property to the People ; and
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? 92 ORATIONSOF
Or laftly, that you very lately thought yourfelf extremely
happy to earn a Subfiftence by playing third-rate Characlers
for whoever would employ you in their Theatres? What Kind
of Life therefore will you boaft of? Certainly, that, which
you have never lived; becaufe the Life you really lived, is ex-
actly fuch as I have defcribed. Or will you make Profeflion
of that profligate AfTurance, with which you accufed Timar-
chus for the Turpitude of his Manners? But I fliall not enter
into that Subjed: at prefent. Read thefe Depofitions.
Depositions.
What Kind of Villainy is there, that is not included in
thofe enormous Crimes, of which he is convidled? Corruption,
Adulation, Perjury, devoted to the infernal Gods, Treachery to
Friends, whatever is moft flagitious is included in them; nor
for any one of them fhall he ever be able to make a Defence ;
any jufl: and Ample Apology. That, which he propofes to
make, as I am informed, is almofl: Madnefs. But, perhaps>>
whoever has nothing reafonable to urge in his excufe, is under
a Neceflity of inventing. For I hear he will affirm, that in
every Infliance, in which I accufe him, I was a common Part-
ner ; that I approved of all his Meafures, and affifl:ed him in
the Execution, although I now fuddenly alter my Condud:,
and become his Accufer. Such an Apology with regard to him,
is neither juft nor honourable, although againfl: me a Kind of
Accu-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 93
Accufation ; becaufe, if I have adted in this Manner, I am
certainly a very bad Man, but the Adions themfelves are, upon
that Account, nothing better. This reafoning requires very
little Proof. However, I think myfelf obliged to convince you,
that he utters a Falfehood in fuch an AfTertion, and only means
to avoid a regular Trial. It were indeed a reafonable and
clear Defence, either to prove he never was guilty of the Crimes,
of which he is accufed, or that his Condud was for the general
Intereft of the Republic. Neither of thefe will he ever be
able to prove. ImpofTible he fliould be able to prove,
that the Deftrudion of Phocis, Philip's taking Poffeflion of
Thermopyl^, the growing Power of Thebes, the aflem-
bling of the Troops in Eub^ea, the fecret Defigns upon the
Megarasans, and the Peace concluded without Philip's Oath,
were for the Intereft of the Republic; the very contrary to
which he then afferted would be for your Advantage, and pro-
mifed fhould be executed. Nor fhall he ever be able to per-
fuade you, in Contradidtion to what you have feen and experi-
enced, that thefe Things have not (ince happened. It therefore
only remains for me to demonftrate, that I never had any Share
in thefe Tranfadions.
Is It your Pleafure therefore, that, omitting all otlierCircum-
ftances, for Inftance, in what Manner I contradicted them in
your Prefence J thwarted them during our Journey, and oppofed
them all the Time of our Embaffy, I fhould produce my
Witnelles.
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? 94 QRATIONSOF
Witnefles to prove, that all our Adioiis have been totally diffe-
rent, and that they received, ruinoully for your Interefts, thofe
Bribes, which I refufed to accept. Then confider, who amongft
your Citizens is rnoft infamous, moft defpicable, and fhamelefs?
I am well convinced, that you can never, even by Miftake,
name any other, but Philocrates. Who of all others is moft
clamorous; who pronounces with a fonorous Voice whatever
he pleafes in your Aflemblies ? ^fchines undoubtedly. Whom
do they call fpiritlefs, and a Coward in popular Tumults,
though I fhould rather call him modeft? Demofthenes. For
I was never turbulent; never made ufe of Violence in oppofing
your Inclinations. In all your Affemblies, whenever thefe
Affairs have been debated, you always heard me accufing,
reproving, and openly declaring, that your Ambaffadors were
corrupted, and had abfolutely fold the Republic. Yet while
they heard thefe Accufations and Reproofs, not one of them
prefumed to contradid: me, nor opened his Mouth, nor ventu-
red even to fhew himfelf in Public.
What Reafon then can be afilgned, that thefe Men, the
boldeft Profligates, and loudeft Talkers in the City, fhould be
fo often foiled in our Difnutes by me, of all Mankind the leaft
prefjmiiig, and never exerting any fuperior Force in fpeaking?
becaufc, Truth i^ powerful , and Fahehood weak: becaufe, the
Confcioufnefs of their having fold their Country takes away
their
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? DEMOSTHENES. 95
their Confidence, perverts their Utterance, ftops their Mouths,
fuffocates and forces them to be filent. Laftly, you may re-
member, that when you lately refufed in the Pyrseum to appoint
iEfchines one of your Ambaffadors, he vociferoufly declared,
with many a tragical Exclamation, that he would impeach and
profecute me before the Senate. Thefe paflionate Exclamations
are ufually the Beginnings of long and numerous Difputes, where-
as the following Expreflions are perfedly fimple, and fuch as a
Slave, purchafed even yefterday, might repeat; " This Affair,
" O Men of Athens, in all its Circumftances is moft unjuft.
** Demofthenes accules me of thofe Crimes, of which he was
" equally guilty ; he fays, I received Bribes, which he himfelf
" received, either alone, or in Partnerfhip with others. " But
he never mentioned ; he never urged an Objedlion of this Kind ;
you never heard him fpeak this Language. Yet he made ufe
of Menaces. Why? becaufe, he was confcious of having
committed thefe Crimes, and therefore dreaded thefe Expref-
iions like a Slave. His Imagination never ventured fo far; it
refufed the Tafk, and his Confcience recoiled upon him ; while
nothing hindered him from abufing and calumniating.
But the greateft of all his Villainies does not confiR: in
Words, but Deeds. When I had determined, as was reafonable
fince I was twice an Ambaflador, to render twice an Account
of my Condudl, this JEkhmes, in Prefence of a thoufand Wit-
nelles,
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? 96 ORATIONSOF
nefles, went forward to the Clerks, and forbad fhem to fum-
mon me into the Court, becaufe, I had alrtddy paft my Ac-
counts, and was therefore no longer liable to any other Fnfpec-
tion. The Affair was excelTively ridiculous. When he had
given in the Accounts of his firfl: Embafly, for which he never
was accufed, yet he would not venture a Trial of the fecond,
for which he is now indi6ted, and in which all his Crimes are
included. If I had been permitted to have given in an Account
of my fecond Embafly, he too had neceflarily been obliged to
appear a fecond Time. He therefore would not fuffer me to
be fummoned. This Adion alone, O Men of Athens, mani-
feflly difcovers, that he ftands felf-condemned ; that you cannot,
with Reverence to the Gods, acquit him, and that with regard
to me, he never uttered a Syllable of Truth. Becaufe, if
he had any thing in his Power; if he had difcovered aught
whereof to reproach or accufe me, he certainly would not have
hindered my being fummoned. In Proof of thefe Fads, let
the Witneflfis be called.
The Witnesses.
If however he fhould calumniate me in any other Inftance,
befides this Embafly, there are many Reafons, which forbid
you to hear him.
Peace, you fent an Herald before us to demand the Faith of
Nations for our Security. As foon therefore as they arrived at
Oreum, they neither waited for the Herald, nor wafted a Mo-
ment of their Time, but although Alus was invefted, they en-
tered it by Sea, and from thence went to Parmenio, who be-
fieged it; then paffed through the Enemy's Army toPagaf^, and
advancing on their Journey met the Herald at Larifla. With
fuch Diligence and Solicitude did they travel. Yet afterwards
in Time of profound Peace, when they might have gone in
perfed: Security; when your Orders required their utmoft
L 2 Expe-
(24) When the Athenians heard, that went, but when he is apprehenfive of
Cherfobleptes was driven out of his Do- being fufpeiSted as a Partner in their Guilt,
minions, they fent Euclides to Philip to then they arrived at Oreum ; they neither
remonftrate againft his Conduft. The waited for the Herald, nor, i^c. Per-
Monarch anfwered, he was not informed haps Demofthenes never thought of fuch
by their Ambafiadors that the Peace was Refinements, which feem to have fome-
concluded, and had therefore a Right to what too trivial for his Cliarader. In
purfue his Conqueflrs. Scholiast, general, his natural Impetuofity frequently
(25) The Scholiafl: here defires his throws him into thefe Diforders, which
Readers to remark the Expreflions in pur Critics fhould not be too careful to
thefe Sentences. Our Orator fets out with correft.
his Colleagues upon his Embafly, we
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? ^6 ORATIONSOF
Expedition, then they travelled with not too much Alacrity,
nor ever thought of going by Sea. Whence this Difference?
Becaufe, an immediate Peace was then extremely neceffary to
Philip's Affairs, but now to confume as much Time as they
poffibly could, before they required his Oath, was of equal ad-
vantage. In Proof of thefe Fads, read me this Teftimony.
The Testimony.
Is it then pofTible, that ever Men fliould be more clearly
convi6led of perpetually a6ling in Favour of Philip, than thofe,
who, when Hafte was moft neceffary to your Affairs, fat down
in Indolence ; but when their going before the Herald was by
no means convenient, then preffed forward with their utmoft
Expedition ?
But while we ftaid thus indolently at Pella, behold, what
Employment each of us chofe for himfelf. Mine was to find out
Prifoners, and to ranfom them at my own Expence ; to implore
Philip, inftead of the Prefents of Hofpitality, which he offered
us, to give them their Liberty. In what Manner iEfchines
fpent his Time, you fhall hear immediately. " But really
" what was his Employment? " To engage Philip to make
Prefents in common to us all. For you fhould not be ignorant,
that he had feparately made Trial of our Integrity, fending
privately to each of us, and offering, O Men of Athens, indeed
large
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? DEMOSTHExNES. 77
large Sums of Gold. But when he was difappointed in one
particular Perfon (for I ought not to name myfelf, but let my
Adions and the Fads themfelves declare me) he imagined, that
all would inftantly receive without Scruple whatever was offered
publickly to all, and that they, who had privately fold them-
felves, would be perfedlly fecure, if we joined in receiving even
the flighted Prefents in common. Thefe were the true Rea-
fons of his offering, although the Pretence was Hofpitality.
When I prevented this Projedl from taking Effed, they once
more refumed their Deliberations. Afterwards, when I en-
treated Philip to expend thefe Prefents upon the Prifoners, and
he could neither handfomely difcover their Secret, by acknow-
ledging, that this, or any other Ambaiiador had already re-
ceived fuch or fuch Sums, nor yet avoid the Expence, he con-
fented to my Requeft, but eluded the Performance of it by pro-
miling to give them their Liberty at the Feftival of Minerva.
Read the Depodtions of Apollophanes, and afterwards thofe of
others, who were prefent.
The Depositions>>
I Shall now inform you how many Prifoners I redeemed.
While we waited at Pella before Philip's arrival, fome of them,
who had given Security for their Ranfom, diftrufting, as I ima-
gine, the Poffibility of perfuading Philip to give them their Li-
berty, declared they would ranfom themfelves, nor be under
any
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? yS ORATIONSOF
any Obligation to Philip, and therefore borrowed upon Ufury,
this Man three Minae, another five, and others according to
the different Conditions, upon which they could purchafe their
Freedom. But when Philip promifed he would fet the reft at
Liberty, I called the People together to whom I had lent Mo-
ney, and having informed them of the Manner, in which I
had aded, that they might not appear to have fuffered by their
Impatience, or that the poor Men fliould not be obliged out
of their own little Fortunes to purchafe their Freedom, while
the reft had Hopes of being fet at Liberty by Philip, I remitted
to them the Price of their Ranfom, both Principal and Inte-
reft. (26) Read thefe Depofitions.
The Depositions.
Such were the Sums I remitted, and gave to thefe unhappy
Citizens. When ^fchines therefore ftiall afk, " if then, De-
*' mofthenes, you were convinced by my defending Philocrates,
" that we fhould not a6t with Integrity, why did you again
" join with us in the Embafly for demanding Philip's Oath,
" and not fvvear yourfelf incapable of going? " Remember to
make him this Anfwer ; becaufe I had promifed to releafe thefe
PrI-
(26) The Terms our Author ufes in he afterwards makes them a Prefent of
this little Hiftory are managed with much their Ranfom, he then mentions both
Delicacy. At firft, the Prifoners take Principal and Intereft, as a Proof of his
up Money upon llfury, tSoivei^ovTo. Liberality ; 'iSuKtx iu^Buu tu Xut^x.
When he fpeaks of himfelf, he lends them Scholiast.
Money, ? %fi7(ra to ct^yvpiov ; but when
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? DEMOSTHENES. 79
Prifoners ; to carry them Money for their Ranfom, and preferve
them, to the utmoft of my Power. It were therefore highly
criminal to break my Faith, and abandon our Citizens in their
Mifery. But to have wandered about the Country in a private
Charadler, by retufing the Embafly, was neither honourable,
nor without Danger; and may I perifli inftantly, and come to
an untimely End, if I did not confent to be an Ambaflador only
with an Intention of preferving our Citizens ; or if ever I pur-
pofed to join with my Colleagues in receiving thefe immoderate
Sums of Money. " But the Proof" When in our third Em-
bafly, you twice appointed me an Ambaflador, I twice refu-
fed, and during our other Journey conftantly oppofed them.
Your Affairs, when I had any Authority in the Embafly, were
thus conduced for your Intereft, but when they, by having a
Majority of Votes, undertook the diredrion of them, they were
every where ruined : and yet they would have been fuccefsful,
if my Advice had any Influence. Neither am I fo miferably
infatuated, or fo fenfelels, as to have given away my own For-
tune for your Service, while I beheld others receiving large
Sums from Philip, yet not have endeavoured to do whatever
might have been done without Expence, and with greater Ad-
vantage to the Republic. Indeed, O Men of Athens, I fliould
have endeavoured it with Earneftnefs, but I imagine, they
would have had a greater Superiority over me, if I had gone in
that Embafly. (27)
Now
(27 j By the Majority of Suffrages.
8
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? go ORATIONSOF
Now behold in what Manner -^fchines and Philocrates aded
durinfT this Period, for their Adions will be better feen, when
fet in Oppofition to each other. Firft, they declared that the
Phocccans, Alenfes, and Cherfobleptes fliould not be included in
the Articles of Peace. This they did in Contradidion to yonr
Decree, and the Affurances they themfelvcs had given you.
They afterwards attempted to invalidate and alter the Decree,
by which we were appointed Ambaffadors. Then they inferted
the Cardians in the Treaty, as Philip's Confederates, and de-
termined not to fend you my Letters, but fent their own, with
not one Syllable of Truth. Yet the generous ^fchines decla-
red, that I had promifed Philip to deftroy your Democracy,
becaufe I blamed their Condud, not only conceiving it infa-
mous in itfelf, but apprehenfwe of my being involved with them
in one common Ruin. Yet ^Efchines never ceafed from having
his private Conferences with Philip. Other Inftances I pafs
over in Silence, but Dercyllus, not I, obferved him one Night
at Pher? e, and having this Slave of mine with him, furprifed
him going out of Philip's Tent, and ordered the Slave to tell
me, and to remember it himfelf. In fine, this abandoned and
fhamelefs Traitor was Night and Day, when we were difmilTed,
left alone with Philip. To prove the Truth of what I affirm,
I will infert my own Teftimony in the public Records, and
fubfcribe my Name to it, under the Penalty of any future Pro-
fecution.
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? DEMOSTHENES. 8i
fecution. (28) I will tlien fummon each of die Ambafllidors,
and compel them either to give Evidence of thefe Fads, or to
perjure themfelves. If they are perjured I fhall manifeftly con-
vict them in your Prefence.
You have now beheld by what Villainies and Difficulties,
I was opprefTed during our Embafly. (29) For what Crimes
do you imagine, did they commit at Fella, while they were
near Philip, who was conftantly giving, if they dare adl in this
Manner, even in your Prefence, who are able to reward, or
punifh ? But I fhall now recapitulate the Articles of this Ac-
cufation from the Beginning, that it may appear Ihavepundlu-
ally executed the Promife I made in the opening of this Oration.
I have demonftrated by the Evidence of Fa6ls, not of Words,
that i^fchines never made you one true report, but always de-
ceived you. I have demonftrated, that he was the Occafion of
your refufi. ng to hear me declare the Truth, having taken Pof-
feffion of you by Promifes and Aflurances ; that he advifed you
in every thing diredly contrary to your Interefts; that he oppo-
fed your including your Confederates in the Articles of the
Vol. II. M Peace,
(28) It feems extraordinary, that the ever afterward$ be profecuted for Perjury
Profecutor fliould be allowed to give or Prevjrrication. Scholiast.
Evidence againft the Perfon he accufed. (29) It is probable, that the Ambal-
'J o lay fome Reftraint however upon a fadors, whom he ordered to be fummon-
Piiviiege fo liable to be abufed, he was ed, had either refilled to give Evidence,
obliged to deliver his Teftimony in or gaveit with Rudenels and Keludanre.
Writing, which v a: bid up among the Scholiast. Wolfu s.
public Records, and upon which he might
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? 82 ORATIONSOF
Peace, and defended the Caufe of Philocrates ; that he wafted
away the Time, untill it was impoftible for you, however de-
termined, to march to the relief of the Phocasans; that he com-
mitted many other, and atrocious Crimes during our Journey ;
betraying, felHng every thing, receiving Bribes, nor leaving any
one Kind of Villainy unattempted. I have therefore demon-
ftrated what I promifed at the Beginning.
Now confider what followed ; for the Remainder of this O-
ration will be perfedlly fimple. You have fworn to decree ac-
cording to the Laws, the Refolutions of the People, and thole
of the Senate. Yet ^fchines appears to have ever ad:ed through
the whole EmbafTy in Contradidion to thefe Laws, thefe De-
crees, and to every Sentiment of Juftice. He muft therefore,
by wife and upright Judges, be certainly condemned. Were
he guilty of no other Crime, two of his Adlions were fufficient
to pronounce Sentence of Death upon him ; for he betrayed
not only the Phoceeans, but Thrace, to Philip, although it
were impollible to fhew two Places in the World of more im-
portance to the Republic, than Thermopylae by Land, and the
Hellefpont by Sea; both of which hebafely fold, and ruinoufly,
with regard to your Interefts, delivered into the Hands of Phi-
lip. How flagitious, therefore, was the Crime, even without
any other, to abandon Thrace, and its Fortreffes? A thou-
land Inftances might be given of Perfons put to Death by your
Order
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? DEMOSTHENES. 83
Order for fuch Crimes ; neither were it difficult to prove, what
confiderable Fines you have laid upon others, all of whom, I
might venture to affirn-v, lefs injured the Republic, than iEfchines
alone. But in thofe Days, O Men of Athens, you rationally-
guarded againft Danger ; you forefaw and prevented it ; but
now, except the very Day's Diilrefs difturb you ; except Ibme
prefent Afflidion grieve you, every Thing elfe you treat with
Contempt. Then here you publifli fome ineffedual Decrees,
" that Philip fhould adminifter the Oaths to Cherfobleptes ;
*' that he himfelf fhould never enter into the Council of the
" Amphidyons ; that the Articles of Peace fhould be amended. "
Yet none of thefe Decrees had been neceflary, if iEfchines had
confented to have failed to the Hellelpont, and then performed
his Duty, as an AmbafTador. But whatever they might have
faved by going by Sea, he totally loft by commanding them to
travel by Land ; and whatever might have been gained by
Truth, he loft by lying. Yet he will grievoufly lament, as I
am informed, that he alone, of all our Orators, fhould be fub-
jed:ed to render an Account of his Harangues to the People.
I fhall not mention with how much Juftice every one, who
fpeaks in Public, if he fpoke for Money, fhould be anfvverable
for what he fays ; but this I affirm, that if ^Efchines, in his
private Charader, hath committed Errors and Miftakes, you
fliould not inquire too curioufly ; but acquit him ; pardon him.
But as an Ambafiador, if he hath induftrioufly deceived you
M 2 for
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? 84 ORATIONSOF
for his Hire, do not acquit him ; do not fuffer him to aflert,
" that it is unjuft to fubjed him to a Trial for Words. " What
other Account, except that of Words, can you receive from
your Ambafiadors? They are not intrufted with the Command
of Fleets, or Armies, or Fortreiles. No Man commits any
Thing of this Kind to an AmbafTador ; nothing but the Power
of fpeaking, and the Management of Conjun6lures. If he,
therefore, has not deprived the Republic of any favourable
Occafions of acling, he hath committed no Crime ; if he did
deprive her of them, he is moft criminal. If the Reports,
which he brought home, were true, or advantageous to the
Commonwealth, let him be acquitted j if falfe and proceeding
from Corruption, and difadvantageous, let him be condemned :
becaufe nothing is capable of doing you a greater Injury than
the Man, who reports a political Fahehood. If the Admini-
ftration ot a State depends upon the Orations of its Minifters,
how can it pofTibly, if they utter Untruths, be preferved in
Safety ? Or when, to earn the Prefents they have received,
they fpcak for the Advantage of your Enemies, fhall you not be
in extreme Danger ? Neither is it an equal Crime in an Oli-
garchy or Monarchy to rob them of thefe favourable Conjunc-
tures for adting, as in a Democracy, like yours. The Differ-
ence is not inconnderable. Becaufe in thofe Forms of Po-
lity, I imagine every Thing is with the utmoft Expedition
carried into Execution by Command of Government j but in
your
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? DEMOSTHENES. 85
your Democracy, it is neceffary, firft, that the Senate fliould
hear and determine upon every Meafure ; and this the cufto-
mary Proceeding, when an Edidl is pubhfhed, either for fend-
ing abroad your own AmbaiTadors, or hearing thofe of other
States. Thefe Forms, however, are not always obferved. Then
an Afiembly is to be convened, upon the Days appointed by
Law, and afterwards they, who give you the moft falutary
Counfels, are obHged to conquer, and maintain a Superiority
over thofe, who, either through Ignorance, or a MaHgnity of
Spirit, enter into Oppofition. In Addition to all thefe Delays,
after the Meafure hath been deliberated upon, and hath ap-
peared advantageous, fome Time muft neceflarily be allowed
to the Indigence of the Multitude, that they may procure the
NecelTaries they want, and carry your Decrees into Execution.
Whoever therefore takes from fuch a Government as yours
thefe ftated Times, does not really take away the Opportuni-
ties for adling, no, but even the very Meafures themfelves.
Although the Perfons, who purpofe to deceive you, have
always this Objedlion ready, " thefe Difturbers of the City
" hinder Philip from doing Ads of Benevolence to the Com-
*' monwealth," yet, I fhall return them no Anfwer, but only
read Philip's Letters to you, and delire you to recoiled: the
particular Occafions, in every one of which you have been de-
ceived, to convince you, that Philip, while he was deceiving
you.
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? 86 ORATIONSOF
youj repeated, even to Satiety, his own cold Expreilion, " even
" to Satiety. " (30)
The Letters.
Yet ^fchines, after having committed Co many Adlions
in his Embaily, thus full of Turpitude ; thus contrary to your
Interefts, now goes about exclaiming, " What can be faid of
" Demoflhenes, who accufes his Colleagues?
" Whether wil-
ling, or unwilling, by the Gods, I muft accufe ; for during
our whole Journey you attempted every Villainy againfl: me,
and I have now only the Choice between appearing a Partner
of fuch Crimes, or an Accufer. I therefore declare, I never
adled as your Colleague in our Embafly, and that you were
guilty of many flagitious Offences, while I confulted, to the
utmoft of my Power, the Welfare of the Republic. Philo-
crates was your Colleague ; you and Phrynon were his Col-
leagues, for your Adlions were always the fame, and you all
approved of the fame Counfels. " But where are the common
'' Rights of Hofpitality ; of our Entertainments ; of our Li-
" bations ? " Thus he wanders about, exclaiming in the Spirit
of Tragedy, as if, not the Perfons, who aded in Violation
of
(30) The very learned and ingenious to Satiety. The Tranflator therefore.
Defter Markland imagines this cold Ex- befides the Probability of the Conjeihire
prefTion even to Satiety had been ufed by itfelf, is not meanly fupperted by fucli
Philip in his Letters, in which he had an Authority,
promifed to facisfy the Athenians, even
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? DEMOSTHENES. 87
of their Duty, but they, who maintained their Integrity, had
betrayed thefe Rights. But this I know, that our Magiftrates
all i'acrifice in common j they fup together; they perform their
Libations in common, yet not for that Reafon do the virtuous
imitate the vicious, but when they apprehend any of their own
Members negleding his Duty, they openly difcover him to the
Senate, and the People. Our Senators perform the fame Sacri-
fices to Jupiter, the Advifer; our Generals, and I had almoft
faid all our Magiftrates, partake of the fame Entertainments; the
fame common Libations. Do they therefore allow the guilty
to perpetrate their Crimes with Impunity? Far otherwife.
Leon accufed Timagoras, although he had been four Years his
Colleague in an Embafly. Eubulus accufed Tharreces and
Smicythus, the Companions with whom he had lived in the
ftri<5teft Familiarity, and the ancient Conon profecuted Adi-
mantus, with whom he was joint Commander of our Forces.
Who therefore, iEfchines, violated the Rights of Hofpitality
and Libations? The Traitor, the criminal Ambaftador, the
corrupted Mercenary, or their Accufers ? Certainly they, who
had evidently violated, not only the Libations of private Friend-
fhip, but, as you have done, the public Libations of their Country
But to convince you, that of all your Citizens, who have ever
gone either in a public, or private Character to Philip; that
of all Mankind, thefe are moft worthlefs, and raoft abandoned,
^ permit
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? 88 ORATIONSOF
permit me to tell you a little Story, although It hath not indeed
any Relation to this Embafly. When Philip had taken Olynthus,
he celebrated the Olympic Games. (31) To this Feftival and
its Solemnity he invited all the Comedians of Greece. Making
Entertainments for them, and crowning the Vidlors, he afked
Satyrus, the Comedian, why he alone had never made him any
Requeft, or whether he had ever perceived in him any Sordid-
nefs of Spirit, or any particular Dillike towards him ? Satyrus,
as they report, made him this Anfwer ; that he was not covetous
of what others ufually alked : The R-equeft, which he could
make with Pleafure, it was moft eafy for Philip to grant, and
to oblige him; but he was afraid of being refufed. Philip
commanding him to fpeak, and adding, with a youthful viva-
city, that he would grant whatever he afkcd, Satyrus replied,
that he had lived with ApoUophanes, the Pydnaean, in Hofpitality
and Friendfhip; that when he was treacheroufly affaiTmated,
his
(31) The Scholiaft enters with great Feflival, and the approaching Slavery
Spirit into the Circumftances of this httle of Greece, while Philip appears in his
Story, and (hews the Orator's Art to great proper Charader, the grand Corrupter,
Advantage. She Scene opens with the fearching into the Hearts, and purchafing
Deftrudion of Olynthus, a capital City, the Secrets of Mankind. The mode. ft
and the Bulwark of Greece againft the Diffidence of Satyrus is finely oppofed to
Invafions of Philip. The Audience is the Arrogance of Philip, who piomifes
juftly aftefted with the Calamities of a whatever he afked, while the Orator in-
brave, unhappy People, and fee with In- finuates, that if iEfchines had interceded
dignation the triuinphal Feaft, that cele- in this Manner for the Phopsans, Philip
bratcs their Ruin. Satyrus, a Man of would have felt the Sentiments of hu-
Probity and Modefty, is reprefented fi- man Nature, and he would have fuc-
{ently lamenting over the Occafion of this cecded in his Requeft.
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? DEMOSTHENES. 89
his Relations, alarmed for his Daughters, who were then in
their Infancy, had privately conveyed them to Olynthus. That
City being taken, they are become Prifoners ; they are now in
your Power, and at the Age of Marriage. I entreat and implore
you to give them to me. Yet I defire you to hear, and be infor-
med, what kind of Prelent you give me, if indeed you give. I
propofe, in Truth, no pecuniary Advantage from it, but fliall
add a little Fortune to their Freedom to difpofe of them in
Marriage, and fhall be careful, that they do not fuffer any thing
unworthy of their Father, or of our Friendihip. When the
Guefts heard this Anfwer, there was fuch Clapping of Hands,
(32) fuch Applaufe, fuch Tumults among them, that Philip
was affeded with CompafHon, and granted the Requeft, although
Apollophanes was one of the Perfons, who had killed his Brother
Alexander.
Let us now compare the Banquet of Satyrus with another
celebrated by our Ambafladors in Macedonia, that you may
perceive, whether there be any Equality, any Rcfemblance
between them. (33) Being invited by Xenophon, the Son of Phai-
dimus, one of our thirty Tyrants, they impatiently hurried to
him. 1 refufed. When they began to drink, their Hoft intro-
duces an Olynthian Woman, handfome indeed, but well born,
and
(32) The Applaufe of the Guefls is atre. Scholiast-
exprefled by a Term peculiar to the The= (33) We have now a very different
Vol. II, N Enter-
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? ^o O R A T I O N S O F
and, as appeared in the Event, modeft. At firft, they prefTed
her gently, and without any Defign, as I imagine, and as
latrocles informed me the Day following, to eat and drink.
(34) But when the Affair proceeded a little farther, and they
grew heated with their Wine, they ordered her to fit down,
and fmg fome certain Songs. (35) The Woman refenting this
Treatment, and neither willing, nor knowing how to fing,
^fchines and Phrynon declared it was an infult and intolerable,
that a Prifoner, born among the Olynthians, a People detefted
by the Gods, and Enemies to Athens, lliould prefume to be
delicate. Call a Slave, cries iEfchines, and let fome one bring
Scourges. The Slave enters with a leathern Thong in his
Hand; when thefe Wretches, having drunk, I prefume, more
largely, became now enflamed with Rage, and although ftie
niade every Excufe, and even burft into Tears, the Slave tore
off her Clothes, and gave her feveral Stripes upon the fhoulders.
Now
F. ntertainment on the Scene. The Maf- but whether they thought him unfit for
ter of the Feaft is difcinguiflied by the their Society, or that he refufed their In-
Name of his Father, one of the thirty vitation, is equally an Honour to his
Tyrants, who had deltroyed the Liberties Charafter. He, whofe proper Paffion
and Conftitution of Athens. As we may was the Love of his Country, muft have
fuppjfe him bred in the lAixury and Riot detefted all Correfpondence with the
of Tyranny, he gives us no very favour- Defcendants of its Tyrants. Scholiast.
able Idea of the Modefty and Decency (34) He fays he heard thefe Circum-
of his Entertainment. jEfchines and ftances the Day after the Entertainment,
Phrynon, and Fhilocrates, who could to iniinuate that it continued all Night,
hold a Friendfliip with the Enemy of (j^'j Here our Guefts grow mufical ;
t'leir Country, were proper Guefts ior by which our Author ftrongly marks the'
fuch an Ho. 't. Our Author infinuates. Nature of Drunkennefs and its Abfurdi-
that he was invited and refufed to go j ties. Scholiast.
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? DEMOSTHENES. 91
Now out of her Senfes with the Infamy, and the Cruelty,
with which (he was treated, {he fprings forward, throws herfelf
at the Feet of latrocles, overturns the Table, and unlefs he had
carried her off, fhe muft have been murdered in this drunken
Riot; for terrible indeed is the Cruelty of this Wretch in his
Drunkennefs.
The Story of this Woman was the common Converfatioa
of a thoufand People in Arcadia ; it was related to you by
Diophantus, whom I fhall now compel to give his Teftimony;
it was a common Report in Theflaly, and indeed in every other
Part of Greece. Yet fhall the Wretch, who is confcious to
himfelf of fuch Impurities, have the Hardinefs to look you in
the Face? Shall he pompoufly boaft, with that fonorous Voice,
the Purity of his Life? This affurance provokes my Indigna-
tion. Is there a Citizen of Athens, who is ignorant, that you
very early u{ed to read her Books of Incantation to your Mother,
when fhe was initiating her Difciples in fome profane Myfteries>>
and that, even when you were a Boy, you devoted yourfelf to
the Feftivals of Bacchus, and the Commerce of Drunkards?
That you were afterwards an under Secretary to our Magiftrates,
and commenced a Villain for two or three Drachmas? (36)
N 2 Or
(36) Thefe Secretaries were employed often read falfely for a Bribe of two or
ih reading Laws, Decrees, or Decifions three Drachmas. Scholiast.
of private Property to the People ; and
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? 92 ORATIONSOF
Or laftly, that you very lately thought yourfelf extremely
happy to earn a Subfiftence by playing third-rate Characlers
for whoever would employ you in their Theatres? What Kind
of Life therefore will you boaft of? Certainly, that, which
you have never lived; becaufe the Life you really lived, is ex-
actly fuch as I have defcribed. Or will you make Profeflion
of that profligate AfTurance, with which you accufed Timar-
chus for the Turpitude of his Manners? But I fliall not enter
into that Subjed: at prefent. Read thefe Depofitions.
Depositions.
What Kind of Villainy is there, that is not included in
thofe enormous Crimes, of which he is convidled? Corruption,
Adulation, Perjury, devoted to the infernal Gods, Treachery to
Friends, whatever is moft flagitious is included in them; nor
for any one of them fhall he ever be able to make a Defence ;
any jufl: and Ample Apology. That, which he propofes to
make, as I am informed, is almofl: Madnefs. But, perhaps>>
whoever has nothing reafonable to urge in his excufe, is under
a Neceflity of inventing. For I hear he will affirm, that in
every Infliance, in which I accufe him, I was a common Part-
ner ; that I approved of all his Meafures, and affifl:ed him in
the Execution, although I now fuddenly alter my Condud:,
and become his Accufer. Such an Apology with regard to him,
is neither juft nor honourable, although againfl: me a Kind of
Accu-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 93
Accufation ; becaufe, if I have adted in this Manner, I am
certainly a very bad Man, but the Adions themfelves are, upon
that Account, nothing better. This reafoning requires very
little Proof. However, I think myfelf obliged to convince you,
that he utters a Falfehood in fuch an AfTertion, and only means
to avoid a regular Trial. It were indeed a reafonable and
clear Defence, either to prove he never was guilty of the Crimes,
of which he is accufed, or that his Condud was for the general
Intereft of the Republic. Neither of thefe will he ever be
able to prove. ImpofTible he fliould be able to prove,
that the Deftrudion of Phocis, Philip's taking Poffeflion of
Thermopyl^, the growing Power of Thebes, the aflem-
bling of the Troops in Eub^ea, the fecret Defigns upon the
Megarasans, and the Peace concluded without Philip's Oath,
were for the Intereft of the Republic; the very contrary to
which he then afferted would be for your Advantage, and pro-
mifed fhould be executed. Nor fhall he ever be able to per-
fuade you, in Contradidtion to what you have feen and experi-
enced, that thefe Things have not (ince happened. It therefore
only remains for me to demonftrate, that I never had any Share
in thefe Tranfadions.
Is It your Pleafure therefore, that, omitting all otlierCircum-
ftances, for Inftance, in what Manner I contradicted them in
your Prefence J thwarted them during our Journey, and oppofed
them all the Time of our Embaffy, I fhould produce my
Witnelles.
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? 94 QRATIONSOF
Witnefles to prove, that all our Adioiis have been totally diffe-
rent, and that they received, ruinoully for your Interefts, thofe
Bribes, which I refufed to accept. Then confider, who amongft
your Citizens is rnoft infamous, moft defpicable, and fhamelefs?
I am well convinced, that you can never, even by Miftake,
name any other, but Philocrates. Who of all others is moft
clamorous; who pronounces with a fonorous Voice whatever
he pleafes in your Aflemblies ? ^fchines undoubtedly. Whom
do they call fpiritlefs, and a Coward in popular Tumults,
though I fhould rather call him modeft? Demofthenes. For
I was never turbulent; never made ufe of Violence in oppofing
your Inclinations. In all your Affemblies, whenever thefe
Affairs have been debated, you always heard me accufing,
reproving, and openly declaring, that your Ambaffadors were
corrupted, and had abfolutely fold the Republic. Yet while
they heard thefe Accufations and Reproofs, not one of them
prefumed to contradid: me, nor opened his Mouth, nor ventu-
red even to fhew himfelf in Public.
What Reafon then can be afilgned, that thefe Men, the
boldeft Profligates, and loudeft Talkers in the City, fhould be
fo often foiled in our Difnutes by me, of all Mankind the leaft
prefjmiiig, and never exerting any fuperior Force in fpeaking?
becaufc, Truth i^ powerful , and Fahehood weak: becaufe, the
Confcioufnefs of their having fold their Country takes away
their
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? DEMOSTHENES. 95
their Confidence, perverts their Utterance, ftops their Mouths,
fuffocates and forces them to be filent. Laftly, you may re-
member, that when you lately refufed in the Pyrseum to appoint
iEfchines one of your Ambaffadors, he vociferoufly declared,
with many a tragical Exclamation, that he would impeach and
profecute me before the Senate. Thefe paflionate Exclamations
are ufually the Beginnings of long and numerous Difputes, where-
as the following Expreflions are perfedly fimple, and fuch as a
Slave, purchafed even yefterday, might repeat; " This Affair,
" O Men of Athens, in all its Circumftances is moft unjuft.
** Demofthenes accules me of thofe Crimes, of which he was
" equally guilty ; he fays, I received Bribes, which he himfelf
" received, either alone, or in Partnerfhip with others. " But
he never mentioned ; he never urged an Objedlion of this Kind ;
you never heard him fpeak this Language. Yet he made ufe
of Menaces. Why? becaufe, he was confcious of having
committed thefe Crimes, and therefore dreaded thefe Expref-
iions like a Slave. His Imagination never ventured fo far; it
refufed the Tafk, and his Confcience recoiled upon him ; while
nothing hindered him from abufing and calumniating.
But the greateft of all his Villainies does not confiR: in
Words, but Deeds. When I had determined, as was reafonable
fince I was twice an Ambaflador, to render twice an Account
of my Condudl, this JEkhmes, in Prefence of a thoufand Wit-
nelles,
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? 96 ORATIONSOF
nefles, went forward to the Clerks, and forbad fhem to fum-
mon me into the Court, becaufe, I had alrtddy paft my Ac-
counts, and was therefore no longer liable to any other Fnfpec-
tion. The Affair was excelTively ridiculous. When he had
given in the Accounts of his firfl: Embafly, for which he never
was accufed, yet he would not venture a Trial of the fecond,
for which he is now indi6ted, and in which all his Crimes are
included. If I had been permitted to have given in an Account
of my fecond Embafly, he too had neceflarily been obliged to
appear a fecond Time. He therefore would not fuffer me to
be fummoned. This Adion alone, O Men of Athens, mani-
feflly difcovers, that he ftands felf-condemned ; that you cannot,
with Reverence to the Gods, acquit him, and that with regard
to me, he never uttered a Syllable of Truth. Becaufe, if
he had any thing in his Power; if he had difcovered aught
whereof to reproach or accufe me, he certainly would not have
hindered my being fummoned. In Proof of thefe Fads, let
the Witneflfis be called.
The Witnesses.
If however he fhould calumniate me in any other Inftance,
befides this Embafly, there are many Reafons, which forbid
you to hear him.
