914)
believed
nus II.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
584, &c.
; Fabric.
Bibl.
Graec.
vol.
led.
After the battle of Salamis (B.
C.
480), he
p. 232, vol. xi. p. 678. )
became alarmed for the consequences of the advice
17. HYDRUNTIS or Idruntis Episcopus, (érés he had given, and persuaded Xerxes to return
OKOTOS '18 puüvtos), Bishop of OTRANTO. Mar- home with the rest of the ariny, leaving 300,000
cus of Otranto is supposed to have lived in the men under his command for the subjugation of
eighth century. Allatius says he was oeconomus Greece. Having wintered in Thessaly, he re-
or steward of the great church of Constantinople, solved, before commencing operations, to consult
before he became bishop, which seems to be all the several Grecian oracles, for wbich purpose he
that is known of him. He wrote Tŷ werárq oab employed a man of the name of Mys, & native of
Cátw of arpoorixls, Hymnus Acrostichus in Mag- Europus in Caria Herodotus professes his igno-
num Sabbatum, 8. In Magno Sabbato Capita Ver- rance of the answers returned, but he connects
suum, which was published by Aldus Manutius, with them the step which Mardonius immediately
with a Latin version, in his edition of Prudentius afterwards took, of sending Alexander I. , king of
and other early Christian poets, 4to. , without Macedonia, to the Athenians, whose apótevos he
mark of date or place ; but judged to be Venice, was, with a proposal of very advantageous terms
1501. The hymn is not in metre ; the initial if they would withdraw themselves from the Greek
letters of the successive paragraphs are intended to confederacy. The proposal was rejected, and Mar-
make up the words kai onuepov dé, which are the donius poured his army into Attica and occupied
opening words of the hymn; but as divided by Athens without resistance, the Athenians having
Aldus, the acrostic is spoiled by the introduction of fled for refuge to Salamis. Thither he sent Mury-
one or two superfluous letters. A Latin version of chides, a Hellespontine Greek, with the same pro-
the hymn is given in several editions of the Biblio posal he had already made through Alexander,
theca Patrum. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. pp. 177, but with no better success than before. From
677 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 750, vol. i. p. 630. ) Attica (a country unfavourable for the operations
18. JOANNES. (JOANNES, No. 84. ]
of cavalry, and full of narrow defiles, through
19. MONACHUS. (No. 10. )
which retreat would be dangerous if he were de-
20. MonachUS S. SABAE. [No. 16. ) feated) he determined to fall back on Boeotia as
21. Of St. SABA. (No. 16. ) [J. C. M. ] soon as he heard that the Spartans under Pausa-
MARDOʻNIUS (Mapdovios), a Persian, son of nias were on their march against him. But before
Gobryas, who was one of the seven conspirators his departure he reduced Athens to ruins, having
Against Smerdis the Magian, in B. C. 521. (See previously abstained from damaging the city or
Herod. iii. 70, &c. ) In the spring of B. C. 492, the country as long as there had been any hope of
the second year from the close of the Ionian war, winning over the Athenians. On his retreat from
Mardonius, who had recently married Artazostra, Attica he received intelligence that a body of 1000
the daughter of Dareius Hystaspis, was sent by Lacedaemonians had advanced before the rest into
the king, with a large armament, as successor of Megara, and thither accordingly he directed his
Artaphernes, to complete the settlement of Jonia, march with the view of surprising them, and over-
and to punish Eretria and Athens for the aid they ran the Megarian plain, - the furthest point to
had given to the rebels. (Comp. Herod. v. 99, &c. ) wards the west, according to Herodotus, which
But while this was the nominal object of the ex- the Persian army ever reached. Hearing, how-
pedition, it was intended also for the conquest of ever, that the Greek force was collected at the
as many Grecian states as possible. Throughout Isthmus of Corinth, he passed eastward through
the Ionian cities Mardonius deposed the tyrants Deceleia, crossed Mount Parnes, and, descending
whom Artaphernes had placed in power, and esta- into Boeotia, encamped in a strong position on the
blished democracy, - a step remarkably opposed southern bank of the Asopus. The Greeks arrived
to the ordinary rules of Persian policy. He then not long after at Erythrae and stationed them-
crossed the Hellespont, and, while his fleet sailed selves along the skirts of Mount Cithaeron. Mar-
to Thasos and subdued it, he marched with his donius waited with impatience, expecting that
land forces through Thrace and Macedonia, re- they would descend into the plain and give him
ducing on his way the tribes which had not yet battle, and at length sent his cavalry against them
submitted to Persia. But the fleet was overtaken under MASISTIUS. After their success over the
by a storm off Mount Athos, in which it was said latter the Greeks removed further to the west near
that 300 ships and 20,000 men were lost ; and Plataea, where they would have a better supply of
Mardonius himself, on his passage through Mace-water, and hither Mardonius followed them. The
dunia, was attacked at night by the Brygians, a | two armies were now stationed on opposite banks
Pausanias again
iron stil neare
creased the river
of Plataza which
be fonght bravely
pated Persians
Aeinnestus or A
tas the signal fc
(Herod. vi. 43-
&c 113, &c. 13
65; Plut. Aris
Just ü. 13, 14;
1. )
MARDONT
man, son of Be
randed, in the
Greece, the force
galf (Herod.
Xentes, he was
of the feet, an
BC 479. (Her
YARGITE
epic poem, whi
1 work of Hot
where the Ma
the first lines
&
vol. i. . 82;
that Homer w
Hon 8), and
esmposed the
in Gottling's e
onsidered to
and Aristotle
Ethic, Nicon.
7), and was !
its hero Mary
sthenes bad be
Hupidity. (1
1. 247, ed. P
ede. Cusipa.
the Margites
that it was th
trotber of qu
time the auth
εε, Πίγρης;
poem, wbich
though not in
trimeters (He
p. 2524, ed. I
Enjoped great
the most succ
Colophon. I
written is un
have been at
hourishing
BC. 700.
afterwards Pi
and introduci
ai
## p. 949 (#965) ############################################
MARGITES.
949
MARIAMNE.
of a tributary of the A sopus which Herodotus heighten the comic effect of the poem. The cha-
alls by the name of the main stream. After racter of the hero, which was highly comic and
waiting ten days, during which the enemy's force ludicrous, was that of a conceited but ignorant
was receiving continual additions, Mardonius de person, who on all occasions exhibited his ig-
termined on an engagement in spite of the warn- norance: the gods had not made him fit even for
ings of the sooth sa vers and the advice of Artabazus, digging or ploughing, or any other ordinary craft.
who recommended him to fall back on Thebes, His parents were very wealthy ; and the poet un.
where plenty of provisions had been collected, and doubtedly intended to represent some ludicrous
to try the effect of Persian gold on the chief men personage of Colophon. The work seems to have
in the several Grecian states ; and his resolution been neither a parody nor a satire ; but the author
of fighting was further confirmed when, the Per- with the most naïve humour represented the follies
sian cavalry having taken and choked up the and absurdities of Margites in the most ludicrous
spring on which the Greeks depended for water, light, and with no other object than to cxcito
Pausanias again decamped and moved with his laughter. (Falbe, de Margile Homerico, 1798 ;
forces still nearer to Plataea. Mardonius then Lindemann, Die Lyra, vot i. p. 79, &c. ; Welcker,
crossed the river and pursued him. In the battle der Ep. Cycl. p. 184, &c. ).
(L. S. ]
of Plataea which ensued (September, B. C. 479), MARIA, the wife of the emperor Michael VII.
he fought bravely in the front of danger with 1000 Parapinales, some of whose coins have the head of
picked Persians about him, but was slain by both Michael and Maria. (MICHAEL VII. ; Eckhel,
Aeimnestus or Arimnestus, a Spartan, and his fall vol. viii. p. 259. )
(W. P. )
was the signal for a general rout of the barbarians. MA'RIA GENS, plebeian. The name of Ma-
(Herod. vi. 43—45, 94, vii. 5, 9, 82, viii. 100, rius was not of unfrequent occurrence in the towns
&c. 113, &c. 133—144, ix. 1-4, 12–15, 38— of Italy: thus, we find as early as the second
65; Plut. Arist. 10–19; Diod. xi. 1, 28-31 ; Punic war a Marius Blosius and a Marius Alfius at
Just. ii. 13, 14 ; Strab. ix. p. 412 ; C. Nep. Paus. Capua (Liv. xxiii. 7,35), and a Marius at Praeneste
1. )
[E. E. ] (Sil. Ital. ix. 401). But no Roman of this name
MARDONTES (Mapdbrons), a Persian noble is mentioned till the celebrated C. Marius, the
man, son of Bagaeus (see Herod. iii. 128), com- conqueror of the Cimbri and Teutones, who may
manded, in the expedition of Xerxes against be regarded as the founder of the gens. It was
Greece, the forces from the islands in the Persian never divided into any families, though in course of
gulf. (Herod. iii. 93, vii. 80. ) On the retreat of time, more especially under the emperors, several of
Xerxes, he was left behind as one of the admirals the Marii assumed surnames, of which an alphabe-
of the fleet, and he fell at the battle of Mycale, in tical list is given below. (Marius. ] On coins we
B. C. 479. (Herod. viii. 130, ix. 102. ) [E. E. ) find the cognomens Capito and Trogus, but who they
MARGITES (Mapyítas), the hero of a comic were is quite uncertain. (Capito; Trogus. )
epic poem, which most of the ancients regarded as MARIAMNE OF MARIAMME (Μαριάμνη,
a work of Homer. The inhabitants of Colophon, Mapıáuun), a Greek form of Mariam or Miriam.
where the Margites must have been written (see 1. Daughter of Alexander, the son of Aristo-
the first lines of the poem in Lindemann's Lyra, bulus II. , and Alexandra, the daughter of Hyrca-
vol i. p. 82 ; Schol. ad Aristoph. Av.
914) believed nus II. , was betrothed to Herod the Great, by her
that Homer was a native of the place (Herod. Vit. grandfather Hyrcanus, in B. c. 41. Their actual
Hom. 8), and showed the spot in which he had union, however, did not take place till B. C. 38. At
composed the Margites (Hesiod. et Hom. Certam. this period Herod was besieging Antigonus, son of
in Göttling's edit, of Hes. p. 241). The poem was Aristobulus II. , in Jerusalem, and, leaving the
considered to be a Homeric production by Plato operations there to be conducted for a time by
and Aristotle (Plat. Alcib. ii. p. 147, c. ; Aristot. trust-worthy officers, he went to Samaria for the
Ethic. Nicom. vi. 7, Magn. Moral. ad Eudem. v: purpose of consummating his marriage, –a step to
7), and was highly esteemed by Callimachus, and which he would be urged, not by passion only, but
its hero Margites as early as the time of Demo- by policy and a sense of the importance to his
sthenes had beco proverbial for his extraordinary cause of connecting his blood with that of the
stupidity. (Harpocrat. s. v. Mapyítns ; Phot. Lex. Asmonean princes. In B. C. 36, Herou, moved
p. 247, ed. Porson ; Plut. Demosth. 23 ; Aeschin. partly by the entreaties of Marianne, deposed
ado. Ctesiph. p. 297. ) Suidas does not mention Ananel from the priesthood and conferred it on
the Margites among the works of Homer, but states her brother, the young Aristobulus. The murder
that it was the production of the Carian Pigres, a of the latter, however, in B. c. 35, would naturally
brother of queen Artemisia, who was at the same alienate from Herod any affection which Mariamne
time the author of the Batrachomyomachia. (Suid. may have felt for him ; and this alienation was in-
8. 0. Niypns; Plut. de Malign. Herod. 43. ) The creased when she discovered that, on being sum-
poem, which was composed in hexameters, mixed, moned to meet Antony at Laodiceia (B. C. 34) 10
though not in any regular succession, with lambic answer for his share in the fate of Aristobulus, he
trimeters (Hephaest. Enchir. p. 16; Mar. Victorin. had left orders with his uncle Josephus, that, if he
p. 2524, ed. Putsch. ), is lost, but it seems to have were condemned, his wife should not be permitted
enjoyed great popularity, and to have been one of survive him. object of so atrocious a com-
the most successful productions of the Homerids at mand was to prevent her falling into the hands of
Colophon. The time at which the Margites was Antony, who had conceived a passion for her from
written is uncertain, though it must undoubtedly the mere sight of her picture, which her mother
have been at the time when epic poetry was most Alexandra, by the advice of Dellius, had sent to
flourishing at Colophon, that is, about or before him two years before, in the hope of gaining his
B. C. 700. It is, however, not impossible that favour. On Herod's return in safety, his mother
afterwards Pigres may have remodelled the poem, Cypros and his sister Salome, whom Mariamne,
and introduced the lambic trimeters, in order to proud of hier descent from the Maccabees, had
3 P 3
## p. 950 (#966) ############################################
950
MARIAMNE.
MARIANUS.
MA
of Marcos, a Roman
wired at Eleuthero
Taded in the reign
paraxes (DETECOCTELE
Greek artbors, name
Matica of Apolonic
the Afrie and the
Aratus, of the The
olen (Sudas, .
calis sim Mapinos.
There are ove epi
2007 bed to Marato
hags have been the
are descriptions of t
the ruburbs of Ama
m. i p. 511; Jaco
vol. II, p. 915. )
MARI CA, a La
a Minturnae, and
the river Lins. SE
Letnes by Faunu
na (ad Aen. Le
vont considered be
and others with C
MARIDIANG
porary of Julius
a coins a spec
He was one of the
from the letters A
ari fando ferium
The head on the
taunted overbearingly with their inferiority of however, otherwise than she did towards such 8
birth, excited his jealousy by accusing her of im- monster as Herod, was not to be expected, and
proper familiarity with Josephus ; and his suspi- would have been inconsistent with the magnani-
cions were further roused when he found that she mity for which Josephus commends her. She was
was aware of the savage order he had given on his distinguished by a peculiar grace and dignity of
departure, for he thought that such a secret could demeanour, and her beauty was of the most fasci-
never have been betrayed by Josephus had she not nating kind. The praise given her by Josephus
admitted him to too close an intimacy. He was for chastity was doubtless well merited in general,
on the point of killing her in his fury, but was and entirely so as far as regards any overt act of
withheld by his fierce and selfish passion for her, sin. But some deduction, at least, must be made
- love we cannot call it,—and vented his revenge from it, if she countenanced ber mother's conduct
on Josephus, whom he put to death, and on Alex. in sending her portrait to Antony.
andra, whom he imprisoned. In B. C. 30, the year 2. Daughter of Simon, a priest at Jerusalem.
after the battle of Actium, Herod, aware of the Herod the Great was struck with her beauty and
danger in which he stood in consequence of his married her, B. c. 23, at the same time raising her
attachment to the cause of Antony, took the bold father to the high-priesthood, whence he deposed
step of going in person to Octavian at Rhodes, and Jesus, the son of Phabes, to make room for him.
proffering him the same friendship and fidelity In B. c. 5, Mariamne being accused of being privy
which he had shown to his rival. But, before his to the plot of ANTIPATER and Pheroras against
departure, he resolved to secure the royal succession Herod's life, he put her away, deprived Simon of
in his own family, and he therefore put to death the high-priesthood, and erased from his will the
the aged Hyrcanus, and, having shut up Alexandra name of Herod Philip, whom she had borne him,
and Mariamne in the fortress of Alexandreium, and whom he had intended as the successor to his
gave orders to Josephus and Soëmus, two of his dominions after Antipater. (Jos. Ant. xv. 9, § 3,
dependants, to slay them if he did not come back xvii. 1, § 2, 4, § 2, xviii. 5, § 1, xix. 6, § 2, Bell. .
in safety. During Herod's absence, this secret Jud. i. 28, § 2, 30, $ 7. )
command was revealed by Soënius to Mariamne, 3. Wife of Archelaus, who was ethnarch of
who accordingly exhibited towards him, on his re- Judaea and son of Herod the Great. Archelaus
turn, the most marked aversion, and on one occa- divorced her, and married Glaphyra, daughter of
sion went so far as to upbraid him with the murder Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, and widow of his
of her brother and father, or (as perhaps we should brother Alexander, (Jos. Ant. xvii. 13, § 4. )
rather read) her grandfather. So matters continued (ARCHELAUS, Vol. I. p. 261, b. )
for a year, the anger which Herod felt at her con- 4. Daughter of Josephus, the nephew of Herod
duct being further increased by the instigations of the Great, and Olympias, Herod's daughter. She
his mother and sister. At length Salome suborned married Herod, king of Chalcis, by whom she be-
the royal cup-bearer to state to his master that he came the mother of ARISTOBULUS (No. 6]. (Jos.
had been requested by Mariamne to administer to Ant. xviii. 5. § 4. )
him in his wine a certain drug, represented by her 5. Daughter of Aristobulus (No. 4) by Bere
as a love-potion. The king, in anger and aların, nice, and sister to the infamous Herodias. (See
caused Mariamne's favourite chamberlain to be Vol. I. pp. 301, 483. ) After the death of Aris
examined by torture, under which the man declared tobulus, Herod repented of his cruelty and strove
that the ground of her aversion to Herod was the to atone for it by kindness to the children of his
information she had received from Soëmus of his victim. He betrothed Mariamne, so called after
order for her death. Herod thereupon nad Soëmus her grandmother (No. 1), to the son of Antipater,
immediately executed and brought Mariamne to his eldest son by Doris ; but Antipater prevailed
trial, entertaining the same suspicion as in the on him to alter this arrangement, and obtained
former case of his uncle Josephus of an adulterous Mariamne in marriage for himself, while his son
connection between them. He appeared in person was united to the daughter of Pheroras, Herod's
as her accuser, and the judges, thinking from his brother, who in the former arrangement had been
vehemence that nothing short of her death would assigned to the elder son of Alexander, brother of
satisfy him, passed sentence of condemnation Aristobulus. It is mere conjecture which would
against her. Herod, however, was still disposed identify this Mariamne with No. 3, supposing her
to spare her life, and to punish her by imprison to have married Archelaus after the death of his
ment; but his mother and sister, by urging the brother Antipater. (Jos. Ant. xvii. 1, 2, xvii.
great probability of an insurrection of the people in 5, § 4, Bell, Jud. i. 28 ; Noldius, de Vit. et Gest.
favour of an Asmonean princess, if known to be Herod. Ø 245. )
living in confinement, prevailed on him to order 6. Second daughter of Herod Agrippa I. , by his
her execution, B. c. 29. (Jos. Ant. xiv. 12. $ 1,wife Cypros, was ten years old when her father
15, $ 14, xv. 2, 3, 6, § 5, 7, Bell. Jud. i. 12, § 3, died, in A. D. 44. She married Archelaus, son of
17, § 8, 22. ) His grief and remorse for her death Helcias or Chelcias, to whom she had been be-
were excessive, and threw him into a violent and trothed by Agrippa ; but she afterwards divorced
dangerous fever. (HERODES, P. 426. ] According him, and married Demetrius, a Jew of high rank
to the ordinary reading in Bell. Jud. i. 22, § 5, we and great wealth, and alabarch at Alexandria (Ant
should be led to suppose that Mariamne was put xviii. 5, § 4, xix. 9, § 1, xx. 7, SS 1, 3. ) [E. E. )
to death on the former suspicion of adultery with MARIANDY'NUS (Mapiavo uvós), a son of
Josephus ; but there can be no doubt as to the text | Phineus, Titius, or Phrixus, was the ancestral hero
in that place having been mutilated. For the of the Mariandynians in Bithynia. (Schol. ad
tower which Herod built at Jerusalem and called by Apollon. ii. 723, 748. ) It also occurs as a sur-
her name, see Jos. Bell. Jud.
p. 232, vol. xi. p. 678. )
became alarmed for the consequences of the advice
17. HYDRUNTIS or Idruntis Episcopus, (érés he had given, and persuaded Xerxes to return
OKOTOS '18 puüvtos), Bishop of OTRANTO. Mar- home with the rest of the ariny, leaving 300,000
cus of Otranto is supposed to have lived in the men under his command for the subjugation of
eighth century. Allatius says he was oeconomus Greece. Having wintered in Thessaly, he re-
or steward of the great church of Constantinople, solved, before commencing operations, to consult
before he became bishop, which seems to be all the several Grecian oracles, for wbich purpose he
that is known of him. He wrote Tŷ werárq oab employed a man of the name of Mys, & native of
Cátw of arpoorixls, Hymnus Acrostichus in Mag- Europus in Caria Herodotus professes his igno-
num Sabbatum, 8. In Magno Sabbato Capita Ver- rance of the answers returned, but he connects
suum, which was published by Aldus Manutius, with them the step which Mardonius immediately
with a Latin version, in his edition of Prudentius afterwards took, of sending Alexander I. , king of
and other early Christian poets, 4to. , without Macedonia, to the Athenians, whose apótevos he
mark of date or place ; but judged to be Venice, was, with a proposal of very advantageous terms
1501. The hymn is not in metre ; the initial if they would withdraw themselves from the Greek
letters of the successive paragraphs are intended to confederacy. The proposal was rejected, and Mar-
make up the words kai onuepov dé, which are the donius poured his army into Attica and occupied
opening words of the hymn; but as divided by Athens without resistance, the Athenians having
Aldus, the acrostic is spoiled by the introduction of fled for refuge to Salamis. Thither he sent Mury-
one or two superfluous letters. A Latin version of chides, a Hellespontine Greek, with the same pro-
the hymn is given in several editions of the Biblio posal he had already made through Alexander,
theca Patrum. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. pp. 177, but with no better success than before. From
677 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 750, vol. i. p. 630. ) Attica (a country unfavourable for the operations
18. JOANNES. (JOANNES, No. 84. ]
of cavalry, and full of narrow defiles, through
19. MONACHUS. (No. 10. )
which retreat would be dangerous if he were de-
20. MonachUS S. SABAE. [No. 16. ) feated) he determined to fall back on Boeotia as
21. Of St. SABA. (No. 16. ) [J. C. M. ] soon as he heard that the Spartans under Pausa-
MARDOʻNIUS (Mapdovios), a Persian, son of nias were on their march against him. But before
Gobryas, who was one of the seven conspirators his departure he reduced Athens to ruins, having
Against Smerdis the Magian, in B. C. 521. (See previously abstained from damaging the city or
Herod. iii. 70, &c. ) In the spring of B. C. 492, the country as long as there had been any hope of
the second year from the close of the Ionian war, winning over the Athenians. On his retreat from
Mardonius, who had recently married Artazostra, Attica he received intelligence that a body of 1000
the daughter of Dareius Hystaspis, was sent by Lacedaemonians had advanced before the rest into
the king, with a large armament, as successor of Megara, and thither accordingly he directed his
Artaphernes, to complete the settlement of Jonia, march with the view of surprising them, and over-
and to punish Eretria and Athens for the aid they ran the Megarian plain, - the furthest point to
had given to the rebels. (Comp. Herod. v. 99, &c. ) wards the west, according to Herodotus, which
But while this was the nominal object of the ex- the Persian army ever reached. Hearing, how-
pedition, it was intended also for the conquest of ever, that the Greek force was collected at the
as many Grecian states as possible. Throughout Isthmus of Corinth, he passed eastward through
the Ionian cities Mardonius deposed the tyrants Deceleia, crossed Mount Parnes, and, descending
whom Artaphernes had placed in power, and esta- into Boeotia, encamped in a strong position on the
blished democracy, - a step remarkably opposed southern bank of the Asopus. The Greeks arrived
to the ordinary rules of Persian policy. He then not long after at Erythrae and stationed them-
crossed the Hellespont, and, while his fleet sailed selves along the skirts of Mount Cithaeron. Mar-
to Thasos and subdued it, he marched with his donius waited with impatience, expecting that
land forces through Thrace and Macedonia, re- they would descend into the plain and give him
ducing on his way the tribes which had not yet battle, and at length sent his cavalry against them
submitted to Persia. But the fleet was overtaken under MASISTIUS. After their success over the
by a storm off Mount Athos, in which it was said latter the Greeks removed further to the west near
that 300 ships and 20,000 men were lost ; and Plataea, where they would have a better supply of
Mardonius himself, on his passage through Mace-water, and hither Mardonius followed them. The
dunia, was attacked at night by the Brygians, a | two armies were now stationed on opposite banks
Pausanias again
iron stil neare
creased the river
of Plataza which
be fonght bravely
pated Persians
Aeinnestus or A
tas the signal fc
(Herod. vi. 43-
&c 113, &c. 13
65; Plut. Aris
Just ü. 13, 14;
1. )
MARDONT
man, son of Be
randed, in the
Greece, the force
galf (Herod.
Xentes, he was
of the feet, an
BC 479. (Her
YARGITE
epic poem, whi
1 work of Hot
where the Ma
the first lines
&
vol. i. . 82;
that Homer w
Hon 8), and
esmposed the
in Gottling's e
onsidered to
and Aristotle
Ethic, Nicon.
7), and was !
its hero Mary
sthenes bad be
Hupidity. (1
1. 247, ed. P
ede. Cusipa.
the Margites
that it was th
trotber of qu
time the auth
εε, Πίγρης;
poem, wbich
though not in
trimeters (He
p. 2524, ed. I
Enjoped great
the most succ
Colophon. I
written is un
have been at
hourishing
BC. 700.
afterwards Pi
and introduci
ai
## p. 949 (#965) ############################################
MARGITES.
949
MARIAMNE.
of a tributary of the A sopus which Herodotus heighten the comic effect of the poem. The cha-
alls by the name of the main stream. After racter of the hero, which was highly comic and
waiting ten days, during which the enemy's force ludicrous, was that of a conceited but ignorant
was receiving continual additions, Mardonius de person, who on all occasions exhibited his ig-
termined on an engagement in spite of the warn- norance: the gods had not made him fit even for
ings of the sooth sa vers and the advice of Artabazus, digging or ploughing, or any other ordinary craft.
who recommended him to fall back on Thebes, His parents were very wealthy ; and the poet un.
where plenty of provisions had been collected, and doubtedly intended to represent some ludicrous
to try the effect of Persian gold on the chief men personage of Colophon. The work seems to have
in the several Grecian states ; and his resolution been neither a parody nor a satire ; but the author
of fighting was further confirmed when, the Per- with the most naïve humour represented the follies
sian cavalry having taken and choked up the and absurdities of Margites in the most ludicrous
spring on which the Greeks depended for water, light, and with no other object than to cxcito
Pausanias again decamped and moved with his laughter. (Falbe, de Margile Homerico, 1798 ;
forces still nearer to Plataea. Mardonius then Lindemann, Die Lyra, vot i. p. 79, &c. ; Welcker,
crossed the river and pursued him. In the battle der Ep. Cycl. p. 184, &c. ).
(L. S. ]
of Plataea which ensued (September, B. C. 479), MARIA, the wife of the emperor Michael VII.
he fought bravely in the front of danger with 1000 Parapinales, some of whose coins have the head of
picked Persians about him, but was slain by both Michael and Maria. (MICHAEL VII. ; Eckhel,
Aeimnestus or Arimnestus, a Spartan, and his fall vol. viii. p. 259. )
(W. P. )
was the signal for a general rout of the barbarians. MA'RIA GENS, plebeian. The name of Ma-
(Herod. vi. 43—45, 94, vii. 5, 9, 82, viii. 100, rius was not of unfrequent occurrence in the towns
&c. 113, &c. 133—144, ix. 1-4, 12–15, 38— of Italy: thus, we find as early as the second
65; Plut. Arist. 10–19; Diod. xi. 1, 28-31 ; Punic war a Marius Blosius and a Marius Alfius at
Just. ii. 13, 14 ; Strab. ix. p. 412 ; C. Nep. Paus. Capua (Liv. xxiii. 7,35), and a Marius at Praeneste
1. )
[E. E. ] (Sil. Ital. ix. 401). But no Roman of this name
MARDONTES (Mapdbrons), a Persian noble is mentioned till the celebrated C. Marius, the
man, son of Bagaeus (see Herod. iii. 128), com- conqueror of the Cimbri and Teutones, who may
manded, in the expedition of Xerxes against be regarded as the founder of the gens. It was
Greece, the forces from the islands in the Persian never divided into any families, though in course of
gulf. (Herod. iii. 93, vii. 80. ) On the retreat of time, more especially under the emperors, several of
Xerxes, he was left behind as one of the admirals the Marii assumed surnames, of which an alphabe-
of the fleet, and he fell at the battle of Mycale, in tical list is given below. (Marius. ] On coins we
B. C. 479. (Herod. viii. 130, ix. 102. ) [E. E. ) find the cognomens Capito and Trogus, but who they
MARGITES (Mapyítas), the hero of a comic were is quite uncertain. (Capito; Trogus. )
epic poem, which most of the ancients regarded as MARIAMNE OF MARIAMME (Μαριάμνη,
a work of Homer. The inhabitants of Colophon, Mapıáuun), a Greek form of Mariam or Miriam.
where the Margites must have been written (see 1. Daughter of Alexander, the son of Aristo-
the first lines of the poem in Lindemann's Lyra, bulus II. , and Alexandra, the daughter of Hyrca-
vol i. p. 82 ; Schol. ad Aristoph. Av.
914) believed nus II. , was betrothed to Herod the Great, by her
that Homer was a native of the place (Herod. Vit. grandfather Hyrcanus, in B. c. 41. Their actual
Hom. 8), and showed the spot in which he had union, however, did not take place till B. C. 38. At
composed the Margites (Hesiod. et Hom. Certam. this period Herod was besieging Antigonus, son of
in Göttling's edit, of Hes. p. 241). The poem was Aristobulus II. , in Jerusalem, and, leaving the
considered to be a Homeric production by Plato operations there to be conducted for a time by
and Aristotle (Plat. Alcib. ii. p. 147, c. ; Aristot. trust-worthy officers, he went to Samaria for the
Ethic. Nicom. vi. 7, Magn. Moral. ad Eudem. v: purpose of consummating his marriage, –a step to
7), and was highly esteemed by Callimachus, and which he would be urged, not by passion only, but
its hero Margites as early as the time of Demo- by policy and a sense of the importance to his
sthenes had beco proverbial for his extraordinary cause of connecting his blood with that of the
stupidity. (Harpocrat. s. v. Mapyítns ; Phot. Lex. Asmonean princes. In B. C. 36, Herou, moved
p. 247, ed. Porson ; Plut. Demosth. 23 ; Aeschin. partly by the entreaties of Marianne, deposed
ado. Ctesiph. p. 297. ) Suidas does not mention Ananel from the priesthood and conferred it on
the Margites among the works of Homer, but states her brother, the young Aristobulus. The murder
that it was the production of the Carian Pigres, a of the latter, however, in B. c. 35, would naturally
brother of queen Artemisia, who was at the same alienate from Herod any affection which Mariamne
time the author of the Batrachomyomachia. (Suid. may have felt for him ; and this alienation was in-
8. 0. Niypns; Plut. de Malign. Herod. 43. ) The creased when she discovered that, on being sum-
poem, which was composed in hexameters, mixed, moned to meet Antony at Laodiceia (B. C. 34) 10
though not in any regular succession, with lambic answer for his share in the fate of Aristobulus, he
trimeters (Hephaest. Enchir. p. 16; Mar. Victorin. had left orders with his uncle Josephus, that, if he
p. 2524, ed. Putsch. ), is lost, but it seems to have were condemned, his wife should not be permitted
enjoyed great popularity, and to have been one of survive him. object of so atrocious a com-
the most successful productions of the Homerids at mand was to prevent her falling into the hands of
Colophon. The time at which the Margites was Antony, who had conceived a passion for her from
written is uncertain, though it must undoubtedly the mere sight of her picture, which her mother
have been at the time when epic poetry was most Alexandra, by the advice of Dellius, had sent to
flourishing at Colophon, that is, about or before him two years before, in the hope of gaining his
B. C. 700. It is, however, not impossible that favour. On Herod's return in safety, his mother
afterwards Pigres may have remodelled the poem, Cypros and his sister Salome, whom Mariamne,
and introduced the lambic trimeters, in order to proud of hier descent from the Maccabees, had
3 P 3
## p. 950 (#966) ############################################
950
MARIAMNE.
MARIANUS.
MA
of Marcos, a Roman
wired at Eleuthero
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paraxes (DETECOCTELE
Greek artbors, name
Matica of Apolonic
the Afrie and the
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calis sim Mapinos.
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hags have been the
are descriptions of t
the ruburbs of Ama
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MARI CA, a La
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MARIDIANG
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He was one of the
from the letters A
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The head on the
taunted overbearingly with their inferiority of however, otherwise than she did towards such 8
birth, excited his jealousy by accusing her of im- monster as Herod, was not to be expected, and
proper familiarity with Josephus ; and his suspi- would have been inconsistent with the magnani-
cions were further roused when he found that she mity for which Josephus commends her. She was
was aware of the savage order he had given on his distinguished by a peculiar grace and dignity of
departure, for he thought that such a secret could demeanour, and her beauty was of the most fasci-
never have been betrayed by Josephus had she not nating kind. The praise given her by Josephus
admitted him to too close an intimacy. He was for chastity was doubtless well merited in general,
on the point of killing her in his fury, but was and entirely so as far as regards any overt act of
withheld by his fierce and selfish passion for her, sin. But some deduction, at least, must be made
- love we cannot call it,—and vented his revenge from it, if she countenanced ber mother's conduct
on Josephus, whom he put to death, and on Alex. in sending her portrait to Antony.
andra, whom he imprisoned. In B. C. 30, the year 2. Daughter of Simon, a priest at Jerusalem.
after the battle of Actium, Herod, aware of the Herod the Great was struck with her beauty and
danger in which he stood in consequence of his married her, B. c. 23, at the same time raising her
attachment to the cause of Antony, took the bold father to the high-priesthood, whence he deposed
step of going in person to Octavian at Rhodes, and Jesus, the son of Phabes, to make room for him.
proffering him the same friendship and fidelity In B. c. 5, Mariamne being accused of being privy
which he had shown to his rival. But, before his to the plot of ANTIPATER and Pheroras against
departure, he resolved to secure the royal succession Herod's life, he put her away, deprived Simon of
in his own family, and he therefore put to death the high-priesthood, and erased from his will the
the aged Hyrcanus, and, having shut up Alexandra name of Herod Philip, whom she had borne him,
and Mariamne in the fortress of Alexandreium, and whom he had intended as the successor to his
gave orders to Josephus and Soëmus, two of his dominions after Antipater. (Jos. Ant. xv. 9, § 3,
dependants, to slay them if he did not come back xvii. 1, § 2, 4, § 2, xviii. 5, § 1, xix. 6, § 2, Bell. .
in safety. During Herod's absence, this secret Jud. i. 28, § 2, 30, $ 7. )
command was revealed by Soënius to Mariamne, 3. Wife of Archelaus, who was ethnarch of
who accordingly exhibited towards him, on his re- Judaea and son of Herod the Great. Archelaus
turn, the most marked aversion, and on one occa- divorced her, and married Glaphyra, daughter of
sion went so far as to upbraid him with the murder Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, and widow of his
of her brother and father, or (as perhaps we should brother Alexander, (Jos. Ant. xvii. 13, § 4. )
rather read) her grandfather. So matters continued (ARCHELAUS, Vol. I. p. 261, b. )
for a year, the anger which Herod felt at her con- 4. Daughter of Josephus, the nephew of Herod
duct being further increased by the instigations of the Great, and Olympias, Herod's daughter. She
his mother and sister. At length Salome suborned married Herod, king of Chalcis, by whom she be-
the royal cup-bearer to state to his master that he came the mother of ARISTOBULUS (No. 6]. (Jos.
had been requested by Mariamne to administer to Ant. xviii. 5. § 4. )
him in his wine a certain drug, represented by her 5. Daughter of Aristobulus (No. 4) by Bere
as a love-potion. The king, in anger and aların, nice, and sister to the infamous Herodias. (See
caused Mariamne's favourite chamberlain to be Vol. I. pp. 301, 483. ) After the death of Aris
examined by torture, under which the man declared tobulus, Herod repented of his cruelty and strove
that the ground of her aversion to Herod was the to atone for it by kindness to the children of his
information she had received from Soëmus of his victim. He betrothed Mariamne, so called after
order for her death. Herod thereupon nad Soëmus her grandmother (No. 1), to the son of Antipater,
immediately executed and brought Mariamne to his eldest son by Doris ; but Antipater prevailed
trial, entertaining the same suspicion as in the on him to alter this arrangement, and obtained
former case of his uncle Josephus of an adulterous Mariamne in marriage for himself, while his son
connection between them. He appeared in person was united to the daughter of Pheroras, Herod's
as her accuser, and the judges, thinking from his brother, who in the former arrangement had been
vehemence that nothing short of her death would assigned to the elder son of Alexander, brother of
satisfy him, passed sentence of condemnation Aristobulus. It is mere conjecture which would
against her. Herod, however, was still disposed identify this Mariamne with No. 3, supposing her
to spare her life, and to punish her by imprison to have married Archelaus after the death of his
ment; but his mother and sister, by urging the brother Antipater. (Jos. Ant. xvii. 1, 2, xvii.
great probability of an insurrection of the people in 5, § 4, Bell, Jud. i. 28 ; Noldius, de Vit. et Gest.
favour of an Asmonean princess, if known to be Herod. Ø 245. )
living in confinement, prevailed on him to order 6. Second daughter of Herod Agrippa I. , by his
her execution, B. c. 29. (Jos. Ant. xiv. 12. $ 1,wife Cypros, was ten years old when her father
15, $ 14, xv. 2, 3, 6, § 5, 7, Bell. Jud. i. 12, § 3, died, in A. D. 44. She married Archelaus, son of
17, § 8, 22. ) His grief and remorse for her death Helcias or Chelcias, to whom she had been be-
were excessive, and threw him into a violent and trothed by Agrippa ; but she afterwards divorced
dangerous fever. (HERODES, P. 426. ] According him, and married Demetrius, a Jew of high rank
to the ordinary reading in Bell. Jud. i. 22, § 5, we and great wealth, and alabarch at Alexandria (Ant
should be led to suppose that Mariamne was put xviii. 5, § 4, xix. 9, § 1, xx. 7, SS 1, 3. ) [E. E. )
to death on the former suspicion of adultery with MARIANDY'NUS (Mapiavo uvós), a son of
Josephus ; but there can be no doubt as to the text | Phineus, Titius, or Phrixus, was the ancestral hero
in that place having been mutilated. For the of the Mariandynians in Bithynia. (Schol. ad
tower which Herod built at Jerusalem and called by Apollon. ii. 723, 748. ) It also occurs as a sur-
her name, see Jos. Bell. Jud.
