No More Learning

Fourteen of the statues called Daedala were distribu-
ted by lot among the Platsans, Lcbadaeans, Corone-
ans, Orchomenians, Thespians, Thebans, Tanagraans,
and Chaeroneans, because they had effected a recon-
? ? ciliation among the Plataeans, and caused them to be
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? DAL
DAM
the wooden cow for Pasiphae, Vie incurred the die-
pleasure ct" the King, and was thrown into prison.
Having, bj means of Pasiphae, escaped from confine-
ticnt, he determined to nee from Crete; but, being
mable to get away by sea. he resolved to attempt
light through the air He made, accordingly, wings
sf leathers united by wax, foi himself and his son Ica-
ics. They mounted into the air; but Icarus ascend-
ii',' too high, and approaching too near the sun, its
lea: melted the wax, and the youth fell into the sea
? lid was drowned. Dsdalus arrived in safety in Sici-
/y, where he was Kindly received by Cocalus, king
of thai island, who took up arms in his defence against
Minos, when the latter pursued him thither. (Apollod. ,
3, 15, ft. (hid, Met. , 8,103, sega. --Plulisti fragm. ,
1, p. 145, ct. ffWitl 1 Here, too, he was employed
in erecting several great architectural works, some of
which were extant even in the time of Diodorus.
This author states that he died in Sicily, but others
mention that ho went to Egypt, where he left monu-
ments of his ability (Stylus. Peripl. ); and others,
again, assert, that he was a member of the colony which
Aristsus is said by some to have established in Sar-
dinia. --Thus much for the pretended history of Daeda-
lus. It must be evident, that under the name of this
artist are concealed facts respecting the origin of Gre-
cian art, which took its rise in Attica, and then spread,
under different circumstances, into Crete and Sicily.
Daslalus, therefore (daicSaAoc, "ingenious," ? ' invent-
ic";. is merely a personification of manual art. He
was the Eponymus of the class of Daedalids, or statua-
ries, at Athens, and there were various wooden stat-
ues, preserved till late times, and said to be the work
of his hands. Icarus (from eUu, "to be like," eixuv,
Utkoc) was a suitable name for his son, and the re-
? enibUnce between it and the name of the Icarian Sea
probably gave occasion to the legend of the flight
through '. he air. (Silltg, Diet. Art. , s. v. --Keight-
. ''(,? '? Mythology, p. 398. ) Daedalus is said to have
introduced several improvements into the forms of an-
cient statues, by separating the legs, which before
were closed together, and representing his statues in
the attitude of moving forward; and also by opening
the eyes, which were previously shut. Hence arose
the fabulous statement, invented at a subsequent pe-
riod, that Uaidalus communicated motion to statues by
in infusion of quicksilver. {Plat. , Men. , p. 97, ed.
Statb. --Arislot. , Polil. , 1, 4. --Suid , s. v. Aai. 6d2. ov
-roiriuara--Holtiger, Aniteulungcn, p. 49. ) Daedalus
is mentioned as the inventor of the axe, plumbline,
? uger, and also of glue ; and likewise as the person who
lirst introduced masts and sails into ships. (Plin. , 7,
56--Varr. , Fragm. , p. 325, cd. Hip)--II. A statua-
ry of Sicvon. who flourished in the 95th Olympiad, or
400-397 B. C. (Pltn. . 34,8--Silltg, Diet. Art. ,*, v. )
--III. A statuary of liilhvnia, author of an admirable
figure of Zeve Zrpurfoc, which was preserved at Ni-
eomedia (,4rria>>, ap. Eustath. , atl Dionyg. Pcricg. ,
796 ) Thiersch thinks that ho lived after the found-
ing of N'icomcdia. He certainly flourished when the
arts had been brought to a high state of perfection in
Greece. (Silhg, Diet. Art. , t. v. )
Dahx. Vid. Daae.
Dtt-DATiA, a part of Illyricuin, between the rivers
Tunis and Drums, and the ranges of the Bebian
nounlains and Scardus. It derived its name from the
Dalmates, a barbarous but valiant race, supposed to be
? ? ? f Thrician origin, anil who were very skilful in nav-
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? DAM
DAM
ana pleasant plain, still called Goiileh Dimcsk, or lit.
orchard of Damascus, and watered by a river callec
by the Greeks Bardine or Chrysorrhoas, the golden
ttrcam, now Baradi. The Syriac name of this stream
was Pkarpluir. Damascus is supposed to have been
founded by Uz, the eldest son of Aram. (Gen. , 10
23. ) However this may bo, it subsisted in the time
of Abraham, and may be reckoned one of the most
ancient cities of Syria. It was conquered by David
{'1 Sam. , S, G), but freed itself from the Jewish yoke in
the time of Solomon (1 Kings, 11, 23, seqq. ), and
became the seat of a new principality, which often
harassed the kingdoms of both Judah and Israel. It
afterward fell, in succession, under the power of the
Assyrians and Persians, and came from the latter into
the hands of the Seleucidx. Damascus, however, did
not flourish as much under the Greek dynasty as it
had while held by the Persians. The Scleucidse neg-
lected the place, and bestowed all their favour on the
new cities erected by them in the northern parts of
Syria; and here, no doubt, lies the reason why the
later Greek and Roman writers say so little of the city
itself, though they are all loud in their praises of the
adjacent country. Damascus was seized by the Ro-
mans in the war of Pompcy with Tigranes, B. C. 65,
but still continued, as under the Greek dynasty, a
comparatively unimportant place, until the time of
Dioclesian. This omperor, feeling the necessity of a
strongly fortified city in this quarter, as a depot for
munitions of war, and a military post against the fre-
quent inroads of the Saracens, selected Damascus for
the purpose. Everything was done, accordingly, to
strengthen the place; extensive magaz'nes were also
established, and likewise numerous workshops fcr the
preparation of weapons of war. (Stalala, Citron. , 11,
p. 132. --Nolitia Imperil. ) It is not unlikely that the
high reputation to which Damascus afterward at-
tained, for its manufacture of sword-blades and other
works in steel, may have had its first foundations laid
by this arrangement on the part of Dioclesian. The
city continued from this time a flourishing place. In
the 7th century it fell into the hands of the Saracens,
and was for some time after this the seat of the ca-
lifs. Its prosperity, too, remained unimpaired, since
the route of the principal caravans to Mecca lay through
it. It is now the capital of a pachalic. The Arabs
call it El-Sham, and the Oriental name Demctk is
known only to geographers. It is one of the most
beautiful and pleasant cities of Asia, and is by the
Arabs considered the first of the four terrestrial par-
adises. Its population is variously estimated from
80,000 to 200,000. Volney gives the former number,
and Ali Bey the latter. The Christian population
is estimated by Connor at about 20,000, including
Greeks, Catholics, Latins, Maronites, Armenians, and
Nesloriins, but he says " thi's is a rough calculation.
It is impossible to know the exact number. " (Man-
nert, Geogr , vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 409, tea. )
DAHASIPPUS, I. a praetor during the consulship of
Papirius Carbo and the younger Marius, A. U. C. 671.
As a follower of the Marian party, he indulged in
many cruel excesses against the opposite faction, and
also against such as were suspected of favouring it.
He was put to death by Sylla. (Salltut, Cat. , 51. --
Veil. Paterc. , 2, 26. )--II. A character in Horace, who
is there represented as having been at first a virtuoso,
or dealer in antiques, but who, proving unfortunate in
? ? this branch of business, assumed the name and ap-
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? UK'S
DAN
Willi his fingers unlairl stretched out, struck Crt gas
on the side: and such, observes Pausanias, was the
hardness of his nails and the violence of the blow,
lust his hand pierced his side, seized on his bowels,
and, drawing them outward, gave instant death to
Creugas. --A fine piece of sculpture has come down
to us, with this for its subject. (Pausan. , 8, 40. )
Dana, a large town of Cappadocia. D'Anville
makes it to have been the same with Tyana, an opin-
ion which is ably refuted by Manncrt, who maintains
that it lay more to the southeast, and coincided with
the Tanadaris of Ptolemy. It is mentioned in Xenp-
phon's Anabasis as being in the vicinity of the Cili-
cian Gates (1, 2). The position of Tyana on Man-
ncrt'a chart is north of the Gilician pass; in D'An-
ville's it is to the northeast. (Mannert, Gcogr. ,yo\. 6,
pt. 2, p. 239, 263 )
Danae, I. the daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos,
by Eurydice, daughter of Lacedatmon. Acrisius in-
quired of the oracle about a son; and the god replied
that he would himself have no male issue, but that his
daughter would bear a son, whose hand would deprive
him of life. Fearing the accomplishment of this pre-
diction, he framed a brazen subterranean chamber
(duXauov jr/u/. /ceoi' v--o y//i'), in which he shut up his
daughter and her nurse, in o,der that she might never
become a mother. (The Latin poets call the place of
confinement a brazen tower. ) But Jupiter had seen
and loved the maiden ; and, under the form of a gold-
en shower, he poured through the roof into her bosom.
Danae became, in consequence, the mother of a son,
whom she and her nurse reared in secrecy until he
had attained his fourth year. Acrisius then chanced
to hear the voice of the child at play. He brought
out his daughter and her nurse, and, putting the lat-
ter instantly to death, drew Danae privately, with her
child, to the altar of H crccan Jove, where he made her
ar. swer on oath whose was her son. She replied that
he was the offspring of Jove. Her father gave no
credit to her protestations. Enclosing her and the
boy in a coffer, he cast them into the sea, to the
mercy of the winds and waves, a circumstance which
has afforded a subject for a beautiful piece by the
poet Simonides. '1'hc coffer was carried to the little
island of Scriphus, whore a person named Dictys drew
it out in his nets (ilt'<<rta); and, freeing Danae and
Perseus from their confinement, treated them with
the greatest attention. Polydectes, the brother of
Dictys, reigned over the island. He fell in love with
Danae; but her son Perseus, who was now grown
up, was an invincible obstacle in his way. He had,
therefore, recourse to artifice to deliver himself of his
presence; and, feigning that he was about to become
a suitor to Hippodamia, the daughter of (Enomaus, he
managed to send Perseus, who had bound himself by a
rash promise, in quest of the head of the Gorgon Medu-
sa, which he pretended that he wished for a bridal gift.
When Perseus bad succeeded, by the aid of Hermes,
in destroying the Gorgon, he proceeded to Seriphus,
where he found that his mother and Diclys had been
obliged to fly to the protection of the altar from the
violence of Polydectes. He immediately went to the
royal residence; and when, at his desire, Polydectes
had summoned thither all the people, to see the formi-
dable head of the Gorgon, it was displayed, and each
became a stone of the form and position which he ex-
hibited at the moment of the transformation. Hav-
? ? ing established Dictys as king of Seriphus, Perseus
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? DAN
DAP
toustns in marriage. Danaiis, retaining a perfect
recollection of the injuries they had done him, and
distrustful of their promises, consented to bestow upon
them his daughters, whom he divided among them by
lot; but, on the wedding-day, he armed the hands of
the brides with daggers, and enjoined upon them to slay
in the night their unsuspecting bridegrooms. All but
Hypermncstra obeyed the cruel orders of their father;
and, cutting off the heads of their husbands, they flung
them into Lerna, and buried their bodies with all
due rites outside of the town.
At the command of
Jupiter, Mercury and Minerva purified them from the
guilt of their deed. Hypermncstra had spared Lyn-
ceus, for the delicate regard which he had shown to
her modesty. Her father, at first, in his anger at her
disobedience, put her into close confinement. Re-
lenting, however, after some time, he gave his consent
to her union with Lynceus, and proclaimed gymnas-
tic games, in which the victors were to receive his
oilier daughters as the prizes. It was said, however,
that the crime of the Danaides did not pass without
due punishment in the lower world, where they were
condemned to draw water, for ever, with perforated
vessels. (Apollod. , 2, 1, i. --Hygin. , fab. , 168, 169,
170. --Schol. ad II. , 1, 42, el ad 4, 171. --Schol. ad
Eurip. , Hcc, 872)--Thus much for the story of Da-
naiis. The intimate connexion between this popular
legend and the peculiar character of the Argue soil,
which exhibited a striking contrast between the upper
part of the plain and the low grounds of Lerna, has
given rise to a bold and ingenious theory. Argos was
greatly deficient in water (whence Horr. ar calls it
''thirsty" xoXvitywv), and the word davoc signifies
r dry. " We have here, then, a simple derivation for
'? he name Danai, namely, the people of the thirsty land
if Argos; and, in the usual manner, tho personifica-
tion of their name is a hero, Danaiis. Again, springs
Are daughters of the earth, as they are called by the
\rabs: the nymphs of the springs are therefore
laughters of Danaiis, that is, of the thirsty land; and
<s a confirmation, in some degree, of this view of the
subject, we may state, that four of the daughters of
Danaiis, namely, Amymone, Peircne, Physadea, and
Asteria, were names of springs. Still farther, a head
[Kfijjvri) is a usual name for a spring in many languages;
and a Ieg3ndary mode of accounting for the origin of
founts is to ascribe them to the welling forth of the
blood of some person who was slain on the spot where
the spring emitted its waters. Thus the blood of
Pontheus and Actaeon gave origin to springs on Cithae-
ron. (Philostral. , Icon. , 1, 14. --Compare Weleker,
Till. , p. 400. ) The number fifty, in the case of the
Danaides, is probably an arbitrary one, for we cannot
discern in it any relation to the weeks of the year, as
<<ome endeavour to do. (Vblckcr, Myth, dcr lap , p
192, seqq ) It is to be observed, that the founts of the
Inschus were in Mount Lyrceon or Lynceon (Schol.
ad Apoll. Rh. , 1, 126), and here, perhaps, lies the ori-
gin of Lynceus, who, in one form of the legend, fights
with and vanquishes Danaiis (Schol. ad Eurip. , I. c. );
that is, the stream from Mount Lynceon overcomes
the dry nature of tho soil. We see, therefore, that
the physical legend may have existed long before
there was any intercourse with Egypt; and, like that
of lo, may have been subsequently modified so as to
suit the new theory of an Egyptian colonv at Argos
[Herod. , 2, 91; 171 182. --Muller, Orchtm. , p. 109,
? ? seqq--Id. Proleg. , p. 184, seqq. --Keightley's Mythol-
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? BAR
ontaining a 'emple sacred to Apollo and Diana. The
? ? hole was surrounded with a thick grove of cypresses
and bay-trees (dutpvai), from the latter of which the
place derived its name. Numerous fountains, too,
imparted continual freshness to- the grove and cool-
ness to the surrounding atmosphere. The luxurious
c'tizeus of Ar. tioch made this a favourite place of re-
feat, and even the Roman governors often forgot
amid the enjoyments of Daphne the cares of office.
Pompey is said to have been so charmed by the place,
and by the united beauties of nature and art with
which it was adorned, that he considerably enlarged
the limits of the grove, by the addition of many of the
surrounding fields. The modern name of the place
is Beit-el-Mar, "the house of water. " (Avimian.
MarcelL, 19. 2. --Id. , 22, 31. --Sozomen, 5, 19. --En-
trap. , 6, 11. )
DaphnkphorIa. a festival in honour of Apollo, cele-
brated every ninth year by the Boeotians. It was then
usual to adorn an olive bough with garlands of bay and
flowers, and place on the top a brazen globe, from which
were suspended smaller ones. In the middle were a
number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size ; and the
bottom was adorned with a saffron-coloured garment.
The globe on the top represented the Sun or Apollo;
that in the middle was an emblem of the moon, and
the others of the stars. The crowns, which were 365
in number, represented the sun's annual revolution.
This bough was carried in solemn procession by a
beautiful youth of an illustrious family, and whose pa-
rents were both living. (Patuan. , 9, 10, 4. )
Daphnis, a celebrated herdsman of Sicily, the son
of Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was found by
the shepherds, when an infant, lying among the bay-
trees (diiovat), and from this circumstance obtained his
name. Pan taught him to sing, and play upon the
pipe, the nymphs were his foster-parents, and the Muses
inspired him with the love of song. According to
Thodorus, he was the inventor of pastoral poetry. He
also accompanied Diana in the chase, and, when the
labours of the day were ended, was wont to delight the
goddess with the sweet notes of his syrinx. Daphnis
'<<jiue eventually attached to a Naiad, who forbade
mm holding communion with any other female, under
pain of loss of sight ; and she bound him by an oath
to that effect. A princess, however, contrived to in-
toxicate him: he broke his vow, and the threatened
penalty was inflicted. According to Diodorus, how-
ever, ihe Naiad merely predicted that I093 of sight
would be the consequence of his proving unfaithful to
her. Theocritus, in his first Idyl, represents him as
pining awav in death, and refusing to be comforted.
(Scrv. ad Vtrg. , Eclog. , 5, 20-- Diod. Sic. , 4, 84.
--SchU. ad Theocr. , Idyll. , 1, 66. --Parthen. , Erot. ,
29. --JElian, V. H. , 10,18. ) Ovid says, that the Nai-
ad turned him into a rock. (Met. , 4, 276, seqq. --
Keightley's Mythology, p. 240. )
Daph. nus (gen. -xmtis: in Greek, Awftwnr, -owtoc).
a town of the Locri Opuntii, situate on the seacoast, at
the mouth of a river of the same name, near the frontiers
of the Epicnemidian Locri. Strabo (424) places it
twenty stadia from Cnemidcs. Into the river Daphnus
the body of Hesiod was thrown after his murder. (Vid
Hesiodus. )
Dap. adi s ^called also Daras, gen. -atis), a river of
Africa, rising to the northwest of the Palus Nigrites,
n Mount Mandras, and falling into the Atlantic to
the north of the promontory Arsinarium. It is sup-
? ? posed to be the same with the Senegal. (Bischoffund
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? "DAR
DAR
(fcr. ras from Assaracus. (Cramer'* Asia Minor, vol.
I, p. 76, scqq. --Kcightley's Mythology, p. 483. )--
II. An ancient city of Troas, founded by Dardanus.
According to Homer, who calls it Dardania, it was
situated at the foot of Mount Ida. (11. , 20, 215. --
Xtrah. , 592. )--III. Another city of Troas, not to be
confounded with the preceding. By whom it was
built is uncertain. We know, however, that it existed
in the time of Herodotus (5, 117), who mentions its
capture by the Persians, in the reign of Darius. In
the narrative of Xcrxes's march, he describes it as
close to the sea, and conterminous with Abydus (7,43).
Strabo reports, that the inhabitants were often com-
pelled to change their abode by the successors of Al-
exander: he reports also, that peace was concluded
here between Sylla and Mithradatcs. (Strab. , 695. --
PliU. , Vit. Syli, c. 24. ) The ruins of Dardanus are
to be found between Kepos Burun and Dcrvend
Tehemch Burun. The name Dardanelles, which was
in the first instance applied to the Turkish castles erect-
ed to defend the passage of the straits, and next to the
straits themselves, is confessedly derived from this an-
cient city. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 82. )
Darks, I. a Trojan priest, mentioned by Homer(/i! . ,
5, 9). It is absurdly pretended, by some of the ancient
writers, that he wrote an Iliad, or history of the Trojan
war, in prose; and . -Elian (Var. Hist. , 11,8) assures
us that it still existed in his day, without telling us,
however, whether he himself had read it or not. There
can be no doubt that -Elian was deceived, and that
the work which he look for the production of Dares
was the composition of some sophist of a much later
age However this may be, the Iliad of which . Elian
speaks no longer exists; but we have a Latin work
remaining, written in prose, which was for some time
regarded as a translation from the Greek original, and
wis ascribed to Cornelius Nepos, though abounding
w'lh solecisms. The truth is, that this work is the
production of an English poet, who flourished at the
rlose of the 12th century. His name was Joseph, to
nhicli was sometimes added Davonius, from his hav-
ing been born at Exeter in Devnrshirc, and at other
times Iscanus, from the ancient name of Exeter, Isca.
This Iliad, thus falsely ascribed to Dares, is not even
translated from any Greek writer: it is merely the
plan or prose outline of a Latin poem in six cantos,
which Joseph Iscanus composed under the title Dc
Bello Trojano--The work just mentioned, as well as
that of Dictys Cretcnsis, forms the original source of
a famous romance of chivalry, which met with ex-
traordinary success during the middle ages, and in the
centuries immediately subsequent to the invention of
printing. These works of Dares and Dictys having
fallen into the hands of a Sicilian named Guiila dalle
Colonne, a native of Messina, and a celebrated lawyer
and poet of the 13lh century, he conceived the idea
of giving them that romantic air which would harmo-
nize with the spirit of the age, when chivalry had now
acquired its greatest lustre. He consequently inter-
calated '. he narratives of the pretended poets of Phry-
jia and Crete with various adventures, suited to the
taste of he age, such as tournaments, challenges, sin-
gle combats, iVc. His work having met with consid-
erable success, he composed, in Latin prose, a romance
>>. f I he war of Troy, in which he also introduced the
war of the Seven against Thebes, and the expedition
of the Argonauts. He confounds together history and
? ? mythology, Greek and Arabian manners; his heroes
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? D AR
Ar/andes. the Persian governor of Egypt, under Cam-
jyses, in imitation of the Danes. He was put to death
by Darius for his presumption. The coining of these
Danes or Aryandics in silver, however, must have been
continued after the time of the Persian governor. No
fewer than eight specimens of this description are in
the cabinets of the British Museum. One, formerly
Mr. K P. Knight's, bears the name of Pythagoras, a
king or governor of Cypnis, as Mr. Knight conjectured.
Others, which have the figure of the archer crowned
041 one side, have a mounted horseman on the other.
They are generally considered as ancient Persian coins,
and are commonly, though without any assignable rea-
son, except as bearing the impress ol an archer, call-
ed Danes. In the silver Daric, a drawing of which is
given by Landon (Numirmaliqwc du Voyage d'An-
aeharn*, p. 48), a kneeling archer appears on both
sides of the coin. --Prideaux observes, that in those
parts of Scripture which were written after the Baby-
lonian captivity (he refers to Chron.