Whitman:
Imperial
Germany.
Outlines and Refernces for European History
Louis Napoleon ; election to assembly ; president.
c. The coup d'etat, 1851, and the Plebiscit.
E. THE SECOND EMPIRE. 1852-70.
As before ; especially Murdock, Adams, and Latimer.
1. General foreign policy ("L' Empire, c'est la paix 1 '! )
a. Marriage; relations with England (Morley's Cob-
den, Vol. II. gives an excellent picture).
b. Successes.
1) Crimean War.
2) Italy, 859. Nice and Savoy.
c. France and the pope (the turning point in foreign
policy).
d. Failures, 1860-70.
1) American Rebellion (Morley's Cobden, II. 413).
2) Mexico.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 16
3) Germany the Rhine frontier, the Austro-Prus-
sian War, Luxemburg, etc,
2. Home administration.
a. Centralization.
b. Plebiscites and elections. Adams, 402-72.
c. The press.
d. Finances, etc.
3. Fall of the Empire.
a. Growth of the opposition in the Chambers.
b. The Prussian War collapse of the French military-
S3 T stem.
(See Freeman's Federal Government, 316, for invective against
Napoleon. )
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? IV. FRANCE UNDER THE THIRD REPUBLIC.
A. THE REVOLUTION OF 1870.
1. The government of national defense dictatorship of Gam-
betta (good brief account, Fyfie, III, 447-62).
2. The National Assembly of Bordeaux the government of
Thiers.
a. Negotiations for peace with Germany, and the terms.
b. Struggle with the Commune (Lissagary; Fetridge; Har-
rison in Fortnightly, Aug. , 1871, in which see other
articles ; Latimer; Simon's Thiers.
B. THE THIRD REPUBLIC BY ADMINISTRATIONS.
Simon; Laveleye; Latimer; MarzialL
1. Thiers 1871-3 ; "Liberator of the Territory. "
2. McMahon 1873-9. Wilson, 197-200; Burgess, see index;
Nation, 19:69; Catholic World, 25:558; Dublin Review,
73. 462 ; Temple Bar, 71:45 ; Latimer, 402-9.
Last struggle of the re-action.
a. Count de Chatnbord and the White Flag.
b. The Constitution.
c. Responsibility of Ministers to the Deputies.
3. Grevy 1879-87. Gambetta and Ferry.
a. Colonization.
b. The French Culturkampf. An. Ency. '79-90.
c. Expulsion of the Princes. An. Ency. , '86, and Latimer.
d. Re-election and fall of Grevy.
4. Ca-not 1887-94.
a. Boulanger. An. Ency. , Latimer and Poolers Index.
b. France and the Pope 1892-3. An. Ency. , Harper, 79,
* and Review of Reviews.
c. The crisis of 1893; the Panama scandal; strikes and
riots; elections of 1893; anarchistic plots and assas-
sination of Carnot.
5. Casimir-Perier 1894.
Anti-anarchistic legislation.
Resignation.
6. Faure 1895.
Scandals and cabinet crises The Bourgeoise mininstry
and socialistic measures. Question of responsibility to
senate again in 1896.
Politics todav.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? C. FRANCE TODAY.
Year Book; An. Ency. ; Lebon and Pelet, "France as It Is;"
Lavasseur, "La France;" Wilson; Burgess; Edwards; Lati-
mer, "Europe in Africa" (Madagascar).
1. Constitution of 1875. Wilson and Burg-ess.
a. Central administration.
b. Local government.
c. The judiciary.
2. The church.
3. Education.
4. Army and navy.
5. Land; finance; industry; peasantry. Baudrillart, Con-
temp. , May, 1886; Zinke, Fortnightly, Nov. and Dec. ,
1878 ; Arnold, Fortnightly, Nov. , 1878.
6. Colonies and dependencies.
a. North Africa.
b. Asia Siam. (See periodicals for 1893 and 1894. )
c. Madagascar.
In Europe area, 204,092 square miles (2% times Minnesota);
population census of 189138,343,192.
Algeria area, 184,474 square miles; population, 4,154,732.
Colonies area, 2,484,783 square miles; population, 43,741,-
554 (not including protectorates).
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? V. GERMANY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Sitnes: Germany.
'Menzcl: History of Germany.
*Bryce: Holy Roman Empire, from chap. XIX.
Hildebrand: German Thought.
Tuttle: Prussia.
Tuttle: German Political Leaders.
Schaffle: Impossibility of Social Democracy.
Leibnecht: Social Democracy, in Forum, Feb. , '95.
*Seeley\ Life of Stein.
*Grant Duff: Studies in European Politics.
*Lowe: Prince Bismarck.
Busclr. Our Chancellor.
Whitman: Imperial Germany.
Baring- Gould; German} 7 ", Past and Present.
Von Sybel: The German Empire.
*Smith: William I. and the German Empire.
Ely: French and German Socialism,
*Dawson: German Socialism.
*Dawson: Bismarck and State Socialism.
Dawson : Germany and the Germans.
Malleson: Rebuilding of the German Empire.
Headlam: German Empire.
Ely: In International Review, May, '82, on Bismarck and
Socialism.
Lavelaye: The European Terror, in Fortnightly, April, '83.
A. SUMMARY TO 1648.
1. The old empire; common misapprehensions and causes for
them; importance of correct view ; continuity of the em-
pire; re-union of West and East, 476; attempt to restore
seat of government to Rome (800) by Leo and Karl, and
the result in the first real division into two rival empires.
Office of the Eastern Empire to 1453.
2. The Holy Roman Empire, 800-1806: Karl; Otto, 962;
dual headship; tenth to thirteenth centuries, strongest
state in Christendom; seventeenth and eighteenth, the
weakest,
a. Shifting of territory.
Conquests from Slavs by Saxon emperors, the Hansa,
and the Teutonic Knights.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? b. Decay of the Empire and disappearance of German king-
dom after the Hohenstaufens. (Great Interregnum. )
1) Causes of decay.
a) Italian and non-German polrcy. (The crown
of the German kings ''crushed by the loftier
imperial diadem. ")
b) Rivalry between the two heads.
c) Growing feudalism (decentralization).
2) Opportunity for these enemies in the elective char-
acter of the headship. The Golden Bull.
3) The Reformation and religious wars. (Opportun-
ity of Charles V. ) Death of the idea of universal
empire.
3. Peace of Westphalia economic waste (set back 200 years)
political disintegration and loss of territory.
B. CONDITION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, or from the Peace
of Westphalia, 1648, to French Revolutionary Wars. (No
history, but not happy. )
Biedermann, Deutchland im Achtzehnten Jahrhundert, con-
densed in Fyffe, vol. I.
A loose alliance of practically sovereign states.
1. Imoerial elements.
a. The emperor practically hereditary and devoted to ag-
grandizing Austria.
The imperial courts no power of compulsion.
The diet. [electors,
1) Composition <! princes,
[free cities.
2) Powers deliberative.
2. The states
a. Of the first order
1) Austria: composition, races, government (Joseph
II. and attempted reforms).
2) Prussia: extent and population; absence of public
opinion ; caste and the land.
b. Of the second order government ; economic and social
conditions.
c. Of the third order 250 petty principalities, 50 imperial
cities.
d. Knights of the empire 1,500 petty sovereigns ruling
each over 300-400 people.
(A cabinet of political monstrosities, "neither Holy nor
Roman, nor an empire. ")
3. Military and financial system. Condition of the people.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? C. THE NAPOLEONIC WARS.
1. Steps toward union (Stein, Ropes, Von Sybel, etc. )
a. 1803. Empire secularized free cities and ecclesiastical
states absorbed by larger neighbors (overthrow of
Austrian influence). "Indemnity. " Hereditary rights
respected.
b. 1805-6. Alliance of secondary states with France.
(Confederation of the Rhine. ) Germany now virtually
under three governments. The middle states bribed by
the booty of the small principalities and the govern-
ments of the knights, which they now absorb (media-
tization).
c. 1806. (Austerlitz. ) Fall of Holy Roman Empire.
d. 1806-11. Plundering of Austria and Prussia. Creation
of the sense of German nationality.
2. Internal Reform.
a. French social and legal S3^stems introduced in central
Germany.
b. Stein's reforms in Prussia after Jena ("possible to re-
build the foundations now that the walls are down").
Annals American Academy, 73.
D. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1814-15.
Seeley's "Life of Stein;" Fyffe, vol. II, ch. l; Larnard; Von
Sybel; Britannica; Annual Register, 1814 and 1815; Poole's
Index.
1. Preliminary.
Predecessor in Congress of Westphalia, 1648.
Necessity of a diplomatic congress to re-arrange Europe.
Suggested by Pitt, 1804, and by Stein, 1813.
2. Composition (assembles early in October, 1814. )
a. The four great powers (Metternich, Alexander, Harden-
burg, Castlereagh. ) Stein without official position.
France (Talleyrand) admitted later. These the real Con-
gress.
b. All the smaller princes of Europe in person or by repre-
sentativesentertained by round of masques and
revels while the great powers did the work.
3. The program.
a. Of minor importance for the most part already deter-
mined at the treaty of Paris.
1) Terms of peace with France (modified after the
Hundred Days. )
2) Restorations in Germany, Italy, and Spain. (Re-
actionary absurdities. )
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 3) New arrangements to strengthen frontier against
French aggression.
a) Belgium joined to Holland.
b) Swiss neutrality guaranteed and new constitution
approved.
c) Sardinia gets Genoa, etc.
d) Prussia and the Rhine frontier.
b. Real problems.
1) Reconstruction of Germany.
Plans and motives.
a) Stein: United Germany division of small states
between Austria and Prussia ; or the Empire as a
genuine confederation.
b) The old Rhine-bund : Complete independence of
each state.
c) Metternich : A loose confederacy for foreign de-
fense and internal intrigue.
2) Territorial indemnities. (Agreement of Toplitz
that Austria and Prussia should be restored as
nearly as possible to their extent before Jena. )
a) Russia ("Kingdom of Poland. ")
b) Prussia (Saxony. )
(Austria by common consent indemnified in Italy,
Venice, etc. Sweden and Norway. )
4. Progress.
a. The German Committee (A. , P. , H. , B. , W. )
Oct. 14 to Nov. 16 no progress; meetings broken up by
b. Bitterness of the territorial question.
1) Tsar's plan for Poland opposed by all until Nov.
6. King of Prussia personally won over, and the
Poland question settled.
2) Prussian indemnity in Saxony resisted by Austria.
a) Talleyrand's opportunity; doctrine of "Legiti-
macy;" Talleyrand's brilliant victory.
b) Secret league of France, Austria and England
against Prussia and Russia.
c) Continuance of the disagreement, No v. -Feb. ; com-
promise attempted; agreement hastened by
c. Napoleon's return.
The Hundred Days.
d. The close of the work of the Congress.
Compromises as to remaining matters in dispute.
1) Prussian territory.
2) German Confederation.
5. General result.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust.
c. The coup d'etat, 1851, and the Plebiscit.
E. THE SECOND EMPIRE. 1852-70.
As before ; especially Murdock, Adams, and Latimer.
1. General foreign policy ("L' Empire, c'est la paix 1 '! )
a. Marriage; relations with England (Morley's Cob-
den, Vol. II. gives an excellent picture).
b. Successes.
1) Crimean War.
2) Italy, 859. Nice and Savoy.
c. France and the pope (the turning point in foreign
policy).
d. Failures, 1860-70.
1) American Rebellion (Morley's Cobden, II. 413).
2) Mexico.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 16
3) Germany the Rhine frontier, the Austro-Prus-
sian War, Luxemburg, etc,
2. Home administration.
a. Centralization.
b. Plebiscites and elections. Adams, 402-72.
c. The press.
d. Finances, etc.
3. Fall of the Empire.
a. Growth of the opposition in the Chambers.
b. The Prussian War collapse of the French military-
S3 T stem.
(See Freeman's Federal Government, 316, for invective against
Napoleon. )
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? IV. FRANCE UNDER THE THIRD REPUBLIC.
A. THE REVOLUTION OF 1870.
1. The government of national defense dictatorship of Gam-
betta (good brief account, Fyfie, III, 447-62).
2. The National Assembly of Bordeaux the government of
Thiers.
a. Negotiations for peace with Germany, and the terms.
b. Struggle with the Commune (Lissagary; Fetridge; Har-
rison in Fortnightly, Aug. , 1871, in which see other
articles ; Latimer; Simon's Thiers.
B. THE THIRD REPUBLIC BY ADMINISTRATIONS.
Simon; Laveleye; Latimer; MarzialL
1. Thiers 1871-3 ; "Liberator of the Territory. "
2. McMahon 1873-9. Wilson, 197-200; Burgess, see index;
Nation, 19:69; Catholic World, 25:558; Dublin Review,
73. 462 ; Temple Bar, 71:45 ; Latimer, 402-9.
Last struggle of the re-action.
a. Count de Chatnbord and the White Flag.
b. The Constitution.
c. Responsibility of Ministers to the Deputies.
3. Grevy 1879-87. Gambetta and Ferry.
a. Colonization.
b. The French Culturkampf. An. Ency. '79-90.
c. Expulsion of the Princes. An. Ency. , '86, and Latimer.
d. Re-election and fall of Grevy.
4. Ca-not 1887-94.
a. Boulanger. An. Ency. , Latimer and Poolers Index.
b. France and the Pope 1892-3. An. Ency. , Harper, 79,
* and Review of Reviews.
c. The crisis of 1893; the Panama scandal; strikes and
riots; elections of 1893; anarchistic plots and assas-
sination of Carnot.
5. Casimir-Perier 1894.
Anti-anarchistic legislation.
Resignation.
6. Faure 1895.
Scandals and cabinet crises The Bourgeoise mininstry
and socialistic measures. Question of responsibility to
senate again in 1896.
Politics todav.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? C. FRANCE TODAY.
Year Book; An. Ency. ; Lebon and Pelet, "France as It Is;"
Lavasseur, "La France;" Wilson; Burgess; Edwards; Lati-
mer, "Europe in Africa" (Madagascar).
1. Constitution of 1875. Wilson and Burg-ess.
a. Central administration.
b. Local government.
c. The judiciary.
2. The church.
3. Education.
4. Army and navy.
5. Land; finance; industry; peasantry. Baudrillart, Con-
temp. , May, 1886; Zinke, Fortnightly, Nov. and Dec. ,
1878 ; Arnold, Fortnightly, Nov. , 1878.
6. Colonies and dependencies.
a. North Africa.
b. Asia Siam. (See periodicals for 1893 and 1894. )
c. Madagascar.
In Europe area, 204,092 square miles (2% times Minnesota);
population census of 189138,343,192.
Algeria area, 184,474 square miles; population, 4,154,732.
Colonies area, 2,484,783 square miles; population, 43,741,-
554 (not including protectorates).
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? V. GERMANY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Sitnes: Germany.
'Menzcl: History of Germany.
*Bryce: Holy Roman Empire, from chap. XIX.
Hildebrand: German Thought.
Tuttle: Prussia.
Tuttle: German Political Leaders.
Schaffle: Impossibility of Social Democracy.
Leibnecht: Social Democracy, in Forum, Feb. , '95.
*Seeley\ Life of Stein.
*Grant Duff: Studies in European Politics.
*Lowe: Prince Bismarck.
Busclr. Our Chancellor.
Whitman: Imperial Germany.
Baring- Gould; German} 7 ", Past and Present.
Von Sybel: The German Empire.
*Smith: William I. and the German Empire.
Ely: French and German Socialism,
*Dawson: German Socialism.
*Dawson: Bismarck and State Socialism.
Dawson : Germany and the Germans.
Malleson: Rebuilding of the German Empire.
Headlam: German Empire.
Ely: In International Review, May, '82, on Bismarck and
Socialism.
Lavelaye: The European Terror, in Fortnightly, April, '83.
A. SUMMARY TO 1648.
1. The old empire; common misapprehensions and causes for
them; importance of correct view ; continuity of the em-
pire; re-union of West and East, 476; attempt to restore
seat of government to Rome (800) by Leo and Karl, and
the result in the first real division into two rival empires.
Office of the Eastern Empire to 1453.
2. The Holy Roman Empire, 800-1806: Karl; Otto, 962;
dual headship; tenth to thirteenth centuries, strongest
state in Christendom; seventeenth and eighteenth, the
weakest,
a. Shifting of territory.
Conquests from Slavs by Saxon emperors, the Hansa,
and the Teutonic Knights.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? b. Decay of the Empire and disappearance of German king-
dom after the Hohenstaufens. (Great Interregnum. )
1) Causes of decay.
a) Italian and non-German polrcy. (The crown
of the German kings ''crushed by the loftier
imperial diadem. ")
b) Rivalry between the two heads.
c) Growing feudalism (decentralization).
2) Opportunity for these enemies in the elective char-
acter of the headship. The Golden Bull.
3) The Reformation and religious wars. (Opportun-
ity of Charles V. ) Death of the idea of universal
empire.
3. Peace of Westphalia economic waste (set back 200 years)
political disintegration and loss of territory.
B. CONDITION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, or from the Peace
of Westphalia, 1648, to French Revolutionary Wars. (No
history, but not happy. )
Biedermann, Deutchland im Achtzehnten Jahrhundert, con-
densed in Fyffe, vol. I.
A loose alliance of practically sovereign states.
1. Imoerial elements.
a. The emperor practically hereditary and devoted to ag-
grandizing Austria.
The imperial courts no power of compulsion.
The diet. [electors,
1) Composition <! princes,
[free cities.
2) Powers deliberative.
2. The states
a. Of the first order
1) Austria: composition, races, government (Joseph
II. and attempted reforms).
2) Prussia: extent and population; absence of public
opinion ; caste and the land.
b. Of the second order government ; economic and social
conditions.
c. Of the third order 250 petty principalities, 50 imperial
cities.
d. Knights of the empire 1,500 petty sovereigns ruling
each over 300-400 people.
(A cabinet of political monstrosities, "neither Holy nor
Roman, nor an empire. ")
3. Military and financial system. Condition of the people.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? C. THE NAPOLEONIC WARS.
1. Steps toward union (Stein, Ropes, Von Sybel, etc. )
a. 1803. Empire secularized free cities and ecclesiastical
states absorbed by larger neighbors (overthrow of
Austrian influence). "Indemnity. " Hereditary rights
respected.
b. 1805-6. Alliance of secondary states with France.
(Confederation of the Rhine. ) Germany now virtually
under three governments. The middle states bribed by
the booty of the small principalities and the govern-
ments of the knights, which they now absorb (media-
tization).
c. 1806. (Austerlitz. ) Fall of Holy Roman Empire.
d. 1806-11. Plundering of Austria and Prussia. Creation
of the sense of German nationality.
2. Internal Reform.
a. French social and legal S3^stems introduced in central
Germany.
b. Stein's reforms in Prussia after Jena ("possible to re-
build the foundations now that the walls are down").
Annals American Academy, 73.
D. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1814-15.
Seeley's "Life of Stein;" Fyffe, vol. II, ch. l; Larnard; Von
Sybel; Britannica; Annual Register, 1814 and 1815; Poole's
Index.
1. Preliminary.
Predecessor in Congress of Westphalia, 1648.
Necessity of a diplomatic congress to re-arrange Europe.
Suggested by Pitt, 1804, and by Stein, 1813.
2. Composition (assembles early in October, 1814. )
a. The four great powers (Metternich, Alexander, Harden-
burg, Castlereagh. ) Stein without official position.
France (Talleyrand) admitted later. These the real Con-
gress.
b. All the smaller princes of Europe in person or by repre-
sentativesentertained by round of masques and
revels while the great powers did the work.
3. The program.
a. Of minor importance for the most part already deter-
mined at the treaty of Paris.
1) Terms of peace with France (modified after the
Hundred Days. )
2) Restorations in Germany, Italy, and Spain. (Re-
actionary absurdities. )
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:55 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 3) New arrangements to strengthen frontier against
French aggression.
a) Belgium joined to Holland.
b) Swiss neutrality guaranteed and new constitution
approved.
c) Sardinia gets Genoa, etc.
d) Prussia and the Rhine frontier.
b. Real problems.
1) Reconstruction of Germany.
Plans and motives.
a) Stein: United Germany division of small states
between Austria and Prussia ; or the Empire as a
genuine confederation.
b) The old Rhine-bund : Complete independence of
each state.
c) Metternich : A loose confederacy for foreign de-
fense and internal intrigue.
2) Territorial indemnities. (Agreement of Toplitz
that Austria and Prussia should be restored as
nearly as possible to their extent before Jena. )
a) Russia ("Kingdom of Poland. ")
b) Prussia (Saxony. )
(Austria by common consent indemnified in Italy,
Venice, etc. Sweden and Norway. )
4. Progress.
a. The German Committee (A. , P. , H. , B. , W. )
Oct. 14 to Nov. 16 no progress; meetings broken up by
b. Bitterness of the territorial question.
1) Tsar's plan for Poland opposed by all until Nov.
6. King of Prussia personally won over, and the
Poland question settled.
2) Prussian indemnity in Saxony resisted by Austria.
a) Talleyrand's opportunity; doctrine of "Legiti-
macy;" Talleyrand's brilliant victory.
b) Secret league of France, Austria and England
against Prussia and Russia.
c) Continuance of the disagreement, No v. -Feb. ; com-
promise attempted; agreement hastened by
c. Napoleon's return.
The Hundred Days.
d. The close of the work of the Congress.
Compromises as to remaining matters in dispute.
1) Prussian territory.
2) German Confederation.
5. General result.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 08:56 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t03x85f6v Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust.
