"Collaborative
Learning
and the Conversation of Mankind.
The Public Work of Rhetoric_nodrm
41 For King, civic discourse cannot now exist because the city and the nation are in disarray, and he is half right.
Numerous authorities on urban life, offering histories of urban
sprawl and studies of urban networks, make the same observation--without our extrapolation into public discourse. 42 They offer us a history of the mate- riality of urban life culminating in newly global distributions of transportation, housing, information, energy, and jurisprudential power. Our neighborhoods are becoming autopoietic, making rhetorical practice all the more relevant in comprehending how this moment came to pass and how the resident best responds.
As Kathryn Hales points out, the circuitry of daily living in a global com- munity may evolve in ways that appear to make it more self-regulating and homogeneous, and require a "a new and startling account of how we know the world. " We have a choice to make as critics: we can limit our analyses to the attributes of the circumstance before us, or we can learn from those cir- cumstances how to look at the world differently: "Seeing system and medium together over a period of time, observers draw connections between cause and effect, past and future. "43 Globalization and new distributions of wealth and human communities provide us with rhetorical scenes as civic engage- ment with the imperative to learn how to comprehend them. This imperative gathers momentum and "expertise" through local communities, and in ways foreign to university life as the twentieth century has known it, although our universities are not idly standing by as the drama of globalization unfolds. In sync with globalization, they are responding to decades of diminished public funding by searching for new revenue streams, some of which translates into incentives for the "scholarship of engagement" as Ackerman explores.
The logic of this translation is known to most academic citizens: civic en- gagement at the university complements the corporate desire to conflate civic virtue with economic entrepreneurialism; it strengthens the political base of the university and ensures that the university has a key role to play in the redefinition of the polis and city-state. We realize that this raises more than one red flag, and so we begin this book with essays that interrogate the height- ened visibility of a discipline notoriously known for cloaking its own artifice (C. Miller); that challenge rhetoric to close the gap between obfuscation and the facts of injustice (Bruner); and that probe the underbelly of topoi like "justice" or "democracy" (Cintron, Rai).
The impetus for this book was the 2003 Alliance of Rhetoric Societies con- ference at Northwestern University that sought to recalibrate rhetoric's contri- butions to society by asking: What should be the institutional and social goals for academic rhetoric in the twenty-first century? And how can rhetoric best contribute to the social, political, and cultural environments that extend be- yond the university? The citizen-scholars in this collection have contributed as community teachers, ethnographers, Web designers, mediators, consult- ants, writers, and organizers. But just as important for our sense of disciplinary renewal, they have also contributed by reconceiving the classroom. David Fleming does this in his defense of the "artificial" setting of the classroom, as
Introduction 11
12 David J. Coogan and John M. Ackerman
a reflexive space set apart from public life but in no way immune to its influ- ence. Diana George and Paula Mathieu do this by challenging classroom advice about style through a study of exemplary dissident journalists. Ellen Cushman and Erik Green show how traditional classroom routines were up- ended by a community partnership set up to navigate the new media. And Eric Juergensmeyer and Thomas P. Miller show how university classrooms through conflict resolution can engage the politics of international borders and city identities.
Both in our forays out there as rhetors--Celeste Condit resisting the rheto- ric of race-based genetics at a forum filled with scientists--and in our class- room forays into the politics of common sense--M. Lane Bruner resisting essentialist identity politics and their role in globalization--we cannot escape what Thomas Farrell calls the "acute discomfort all around the room. "44 We will never achieve the outer limits of our desire in rhetoric. Farrell defines this middling, reflexive space as the "reciprocal middle," as "mediation," as "ago- nistic," and as proudly and publicly "deliberative. " We see it as a stage for what John Lucaites and Celeste Condit call rhetoric's "strategic liberation": "the possibility of improving life within one's community in temporary and incomplete, but nonetheless meaningful, ways. "45 This is the true grit and tumble of public life. This is where we find the space to work.
Notes
1. Obama, "Call to Service. " See also Obama, "New Era of Service," 33. 2. Leff, "In Search," 60.
3. Gaonkar, "Idea of Rhetoric," 34.
4. Miller, Rescuing the Subject.
5. Booth, "Scope," 114.
6. Ehninger, "Report of the Committee," 209.
7. Black, "Prospect," 24.
8. Bitzer, "Rhetoric," 91.
9. Wicheins, "The Literary criticism of Oratory," 3-28. Wallace, "The Fundamentals
of Rhetoric," 3-20. Becker, "Rhetorical Studies," 23. 10. Ibid. , 26.
11. Ibid. , 32.
12. Gaonkar, "Idea of Rhetoric," 300.
13. See Young, Becker, and Pike, Rhetoric; LeFevre, Invention; Lauer, Invention. 14. Flower and Hayes, "Cognitive Process. "
15. Lunsford and Ede, "Audience Addressed. "
16. Bruffee, "Collaborative Learning. "
17. Gaonkar, "Rhetoric and Its Double," 194.
18. Gross and Miller, Introduction, 7.
19. Culler, On Deconstruction.
20. Gaonkar, "Rhetoric and Its Double," 110. 21. Berlin, Rhetoric and Reality, 4.
22. Sloop, Cultural Prison, 193. 23. Stuckey, Violence of Literacy. 24. Bjiker, Of Bicycles, 45+.
25. Hauser, Vernacular Voices, 57+. 26. Wacquant, "Structure," 46.
27. Mailloux, "Places in Time. "
28. Lucaites, "McGee Unplugged," 8. 29. Smith and Low, Introduction. 30. Baskerville, "Responses," 152.
31. Johnstone, "Some Trends," 80. Samuel Becker in the same volume refers to the Democratic National Convention riots of 1968 and to when he heard of the assassina- tion of Martin Luther King Jr. from a cab driver in Chicago. For Barnet Baskerville in his "Responses, Queries, and a Few Caveats" (151-65), the "streets echo the angry voices of those who would usher in a new order by destroying the old" and thus as an assault on reason. It was noted in Prospects that Phillip Tompkins from Kent State University could not participate; the Pheasant Run conference occurred six days after the Kent State shooting on May 4, 1970.
32. Lefebvre, "Seen from the Window," 221.
33. Sheringham, Everyday Life, 375. Sheringham quotes from Lefebvre, Critique, 309. 34. Mathieu, Tactics, xiv.
35. See Soja, Thirdspace, 14.
36. Bitzer, "More Reflections," 201-2.
37. Appadurai, Fear of Small Numbers, 7.
38. Greene, "Orator Communist," 86.
39. Barnet and Cavanagh, Global Dreams, 17.
40. Ibid. , 21.
41. King, "Rhetorical Critic," 311.
42. See Hayden, Building Suburbia; Graham and Marvin, Splintering Urbanism. 43. Hales, How We Became, 136-37.
44. Farrell, "Elliptical Postscript," 57.
45. Lucaites and Condit, "Epilogue," 610-11.
Works Cited
Appadurai, Arjun. Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger. Durham, N. C. : Duke University Press, 2006.
Barnet, Richard J. , and John Cavanagh. Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
Baskerville, Barnet. "Responses, Queries, and a Few Caveats. " In The Prospect of Rhetoric: Report of the National Development Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 151-65. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
Becker, Samuel. "Rhetorical Studies for the Contemporary World. " In The Prospect of Rhetoric: Report of the National Development Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 21-43. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
Berlin, James. Rhetoric and Reality: Writing Instruction in American Colleges, 1900-1985. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987.
Bitzer, Lloyd. "More Reflections on the Wingspread Conference. " In The Prospect of Rhet- oric: Report of the National Development Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 200-207. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
------. "Rhetoric and Public Knowledge. " In Rhetoric, Philosophy and Literature, edited by Don Burks, 67-93. West Lafayette, Ind. : Purdue University Press, 1978.
Bjiker, Weibe. Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 1997.
Introduction 13
14 David J. Coogan and John M. Ackerman
Black, Edwin. "The Prospect of Rhetoric: Twenty-five Years Later. " In Making and Unmak- ing the Prospects of Rhetoric, edited by Theresa Enos and Richard McNabb, 21-128. Mahway, N. J. : Erlbaum Press, 1997.
Blair, Carole. "'We Are All Prisoners Here of Our Own Device': Rhetoric in Speech Com- munication after Wingspread. " In Making and Unmaking the Prospects for Rhetoric, edited by Theresa Enos and Richard McNabb, 29-36. Mahway, N. J. : Erlbaum Press, 1997.
Booth, Wayne. "The Scope of Rhetoric Today. " In The Prospect of Rhetoric: Report of the National Development Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 93-114. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
Brint, Steven. "The Rise of the Practical Arts. " In The Future of the City of Intellect: The Changing American University, edited by Steven Brint, 231-59. Stanford, Calif. : Stan- ford University Press, 2002.
Bruffee, Ken.
"Collaborative Learning and the Conversation of Mankind. " In Cross-talk in Comp Theory: A Reader, edited by Victor Villanueva, 415-34. Urbana, Ill. : National Council of Teachers of English, 2003.
Culler, Jonathon. On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism after Structuralism. Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press, 1982.
Cushman, Ellen. "The Rhetorician as an Agent of Social Change. " College Composition and Communication 47 (1996): 7-28.
de Certeau, Michel. "Walking in the City. " In The Practice of Everyday Life, 91-114. Berke- ley: University of California Press, 1984.
Ehninger, Douglass. "Report of the Committee on the Scope and Place of Rhetorical Studies in Higher Education. " In The Prospect of Rhetoric: Report of the National Devel- opment Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 208-19. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
Farrell, Thomas. "An Elliptical Postscript. " In Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Inter- pretation in the Age of Science, edited by Allan G. Gross and William M. Keith, 317-29. Albany: SUNY Press, 1997.
Flower, Linda, and John Hayes. "A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing. " In Cross-talk in Comp Theory: A Reader, edited by Victor Villanueva, 273-98. Urbana, Ill. : National Council of Teachers of English, 2003.
Gaonkar, Dilip. "The Idea of Rhetoric in the Rhetoric of Science. " In Rhetorical Herme- neutics, edited by Alan Gross and William Keith, 25-88. Albany: SUNY, 1997.
------. "Rhetoric and Its Double: Reflections on the Rhetorical Turn in the Human Sciences. " In Contemporary Rhetorical Theory: A Reader, edited by John L. Lucaites, Celeste M. Condit, and Sally Caudill, 194-212. New York: Guilford Press, 1999.
Graham, Stephen, and Simon Marvin. Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities, and the Urban Condition. London: Routledge, 2001.
Greene, Ronald. "Orator Communist. " Philosophy and Rhetoric 39 (2006): 85-95.
Gross, Alan, and William Keith. Introduction. In Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Interpretation in the Age of Science, edited by Alan Gross and William Keith, 1-24.
Albany: SUNY Press, 1997.
Hales, Kathryn. How We Became Post Human: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and
Informatics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Hauser, Gerard. Vernacular Voices: The Rhetoric of Publics and Public Spheres. Columbia:
University of South Carolina Press, 1999.
Hayden, Dolores. Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820-2000. New York:
Vintage Books, 2004.
Johnstone, Henry. "Some Trends in Rhetorical Theory. " In The Prospect of Rhetoric: Report of the National Development Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 78-92. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
King, Andrew. "The Rhetorical Critic and the Invisible Polis. " In Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Interpretation in the Age of Science, edited by Allan G. Gross and William M. Keith, 299-314. Albany: SUNY Press, 1997.
Lauer, Janice. Invention in Contemporary Rhetoric: Heuristic Procedures. Ann Arbor, Mich. : University of Michigan Press, 1967.
Lefebvre, Henri. Critique of Everyday Life, Vol. 1. Translated by J. Moore. 1947. Reprint, London: Verso, 1991.
------. "Seen from the Window. " In Writings of Cities, translated and edited by Eleonore LeFevre, Karen Burke. Invention as a Social Act. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univer- sity Press, 1987.
Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas, 219-27. Malden, Mass. : Blackwell, 1996.
Leff, Michael. "In Search of Adriadne's Thread. " In Landmark Essays on Contemporary Rhetorical Theory, edited by Thomas Farrell, 43-63. Mahwah, N. J. : LEA Hergamoras
Press, 1998.
Lucaites, John. "McGee Unplugged. " In Rhetoric in Postmodern America: Conversations
with Michael Calvin McGee, edited by Carol Corbin, 3-26. New York: Guilford Press,
1998.
Lucaites, John, and Celeste Condit. "Epilogue: Contributions from Rhetorical Theory. "
In Contemporary Rhetorical Theory: A Reader, edited by John L. Lucaites, Celeste M.
Condit, and Sally Caudill, 610-11. New York: Guilford Press, 1999.
Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. "Audience Addressed, Audience Invoked. " In Cross-talk in Comp Theory: A Reader, edited by Victor Villanueva, 77-96. Urbana, Ill. : National
Council of Teachers of English, 2003.
Mailloux, Steven. "Places in Time: The Inns and Outhouses of Rhetoric. " Quarterly Jour-
nal of Speech 92 (2006): 53-68.
Mathieu, Paula. Tactics of Hope: The Public Turn in English Composition. Portsmouth, N. H. :
Boynton/Cook, 2005.
McKerrow, Raymie. "Critical Rhetoric: Theory and Practice. " Communication Monographs
56 (1989): 441-63.
Miller, Susan. Rescuing the Subject. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989. Obama, Barack. "Barack Obama: A Call to Serve. " Time/CNN. September 11, 2008. http:
//www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1840636,00. html (accessed March 23,
2009).
------. "A New Era of Service. " Time, March 30, 2009, 33.
Pickering, Andrew. "From Science as Knowledge to Science as Practice. " In Science as Prac-
tice and Culture, edited by Andrew Pickering, 1-28. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1996.
Sheringham, Michael. Everyday Life: Theories and Practices from Surrealism to the Present.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Shor, Ira. Critical Teaching and Everyday Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Sloop, John. The Cultural Prison. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996.
Smith, Neil, and Setha Low. "Introduction: The Imperative of Public Space. " In The Poli-
tics of Public Space, edited by Setha Low and Neil Smith, 1-16. New York: Routledge,
2006.
Soja, Edward. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real and Imagined Places.
Malden, Mass. : Wiley-Blackwell, 1996.
Introduction 15
16 David J. Coogan and John M. Ackerman
Stuckey, J. Elspeth. The Violence of Literacy. Portsmouth, N. H. : Boynton/Cook, 1990. Wacquant, Loi? c. "The Structure and Logic of Bourdieu's Sociology. " In An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, edited by Pierre Bourdieu and Loi? c Wacquant, 2-59. Chicago: Uni-
versity of Chicago Press, 1992.
Wallace, Karl. "The Fundamentals of Rhetoric. " In the Prospect of Rhetoric: Report of
National Development Project, edited by Lloyd F. Blitzer and Edwin Black, 3-20. Engle-
wood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice Hall, 1971.
Wilchens, Herbert A. "The Literary Criticism of Oratory. " In Readings in Rehtorical Criti-
cism, edited by Carl R. Burgchardt, 3-28. State College, Pa. : Strata Publishing, 2000. Young, Richard, Alton Becker, and Kenneth Pike. Rhetoric: Discovery and Change. New
York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970.
Zarefsky, David. "Institutional and Social Goals. " Rhetoric Society Quarterly 34 (2004):
27-38.
[ part1 ]
Rhetoric Revealed
? Should We Name the Tools?
Concealing and Revealing the Art of Rhetoric
Carolyn R. Miller
"Socrates: My accusers . . .
sprawl and studies of urban networks, make the same observation--without our extrapolation into public discourse. 42 They offer us a history of the mate- riality of urban life culminating in newly global distributions of transportation, housing, information, energy, and jurisprudential power. Our neighborhoods are becoming autopoietic, making rhetorical practice all the more relevant in comprehending how this moment came to pass and how the resident best responds.
As Kathryn Hales points out, the circuitry of daily living in a global com- munity may evolve in ways that appear to make it more self-regulating and homogeneous, and require a "a new and startling account of how we know the world. " We have a choice to make as critics: we can limit our analyses to the attributes of the circumstance before us, or we can learn from those cir- cumstances how to look at the world differently: "Seeing system and medium together over a period of time, observers draw connections between cause and effect, past and future. "43 Globalization and new distributions of wealth and human communities provide us with rhetorical scenes as civic engage- ment with the imperative to learn how to comprehend them. This imperative gathers momentum and "expertise" through local communities, and in ways foreign to university life as the twentieth century has known it, although our universities are not idly standing by as the drama of globalization unfolds. In sync with globalization, they are responding to decades of diminished public funding by searching for new revenue streams, some of which translates into incentives for the "scholarship of engagement" as Ackerman explores.
The logic of this translation is known to most academic citizens: civic en- gagement at the university complements the corporate desire to conflate civic virtue with economic entrepreneurialism; it strengthens the political base of the university and ensures that the university has a key role to play in the redefinition of the polis and city-state. We realize that this raises more than one red flag, and so we begin this book with essays that interrogate the height- ened visibility of a discipline notoriously known for cloaking its own artifice (C. Miller); that challenge rhetoric to close the gap between obfuscation and the facts of injustice (Bruner); and that probe the underbelly of topoi like "justice" or "democracy" (Cintron, Rai).
The impetus for this book was the 2003 Alliance of Rhetoric Societies con- ference at Northwestern University that sought to recalibrate rhetoric's contri- butions to society by asking: What should be the institutional and social goals for academic rhetoric in the twenty-first century? And how can rhetoric best contribute to the social, political, and cultural environments that extend be- yond the university? The citizen-scholars in this collection have contributed as community teachers, ethnographers, Web designers, mediators, consult- ants, writers, and organizers. But just as important for our sense of disciplinary renewal, they have also contributed by reconceiving the classroom. David Fleming does this in his defense of the "artificial" setting of the classroom, as
Introduction 11
12 David J. Coogan and John M. Ackerman
a reflexive space set apart from public life but in no way immune to its influ- ence. Diana George and Paula Mathieu do this by challenging classroom advice about style through a study of exemplary dissident journalists. Ellen Cushman and Erik Green show how traditional classroom routines were up- ended by a community partnership set up to navigate the new media. And Eric Juergensmeyer and Thomas P. Miller show how university classrooms through conflict resolution can engage the politics of international borders and city identities.
Both in our forays out there as rhetors--Celeste Condit resisting the rheto- ric of race-based genetics at a forum filled with scientists--and in our class- room forays into the politics of common sense--M. Lane Bruner resisting essentialist identity politics and their role in globalization--we cannot escape what Thomas Farrell calls the "acute discomfort all around the room. "44 We will never achieve the outer limits of our desire in rhetoric. Farrell defines this middling, reflexive space as the "reciprocal middle," as "mediation," as "ago- nistic," and as proudly and publicly "deliberative. " We see it as a stage for what John Lucaites and Celeste Condit call rhetoric's "strategic liberation": "the possibility of improving life within one's community in temporary and incomplete, but nonetheless meaningful, ways. "45 This is the true grit and tumble of public life. This is where we find the space to work.
Notes
1. Obama, "Call to Service. " See also Obama, "New Era of Service," 33. 2. Leff, "In Search," 60.
3. Gaonkar, "Idea of Rhetoric," 34.
4. Miller, Rescuing the Subject.
5. Booth, "Scope," 114.
6. Ehninger, "Report of the Committee," 209.
7. Black, "Prospect," 24.
8. Bitzer, "Rhetoric," 91.
9. Wicheins, "The Literary criticism of Oratory," 3-28. Wallace, "The Fundamentals
of Rhetoric," 3-20. Becker, "Rhetorical Studies," 23. 10. Ibid. , 26.
11. Ibid. , 32.
12. Gaonkar, "Idea of Rhetoric," 300.
13. See Young, Becker, and Pike, Rhetoric; LeFevre, Invention; Lauer, Invention. 14. Flower and Hayes, "Cognitive Process. "
15. Lunsford and Ede, "Audience Addressed. "
16. Bruffee, "Collaborative Learning. "
17. Gaonkar, "Rhetoric and Its Double," 194.
18. Gross and Miller, Introduction, 7.
19. Culler, On Deconstruction.
20. Gaonkar, "Rhetoric and Its Double," 110. 21. Berlin, Rhetoric and Reality, 4.
22. Sloop, Cultural Prison, 193. 23. Stuckey, Violence of Literacy. 24. Bjiker, Of Bicycles, 45+.
25. Hauser, Vernacular Voices, 57+. 26. Wacquant, "Structure," 46.
27. Mailloux, "Places in Time. "
28. Lucaites, "McGee Unplugged," 8. 29. Smith and Low, Introduction. 30. Baskerville, "Responses," 152.
31. Johnstone, "Some Trends," 80. Samuel Becker in the same volume refers to the Democratic National Convention riots of 1968 and to when he heard of the assassina- tion of Martin Luther King Jr. from a cab driver in Chicago. For Barnet Baskerville in his "Responses, Queries, and a Few Caveats" (151-65), the "streets echo the angry voices of those who would usher in a new order by destroying the old" and thus as an assault on reason. It was noted in Prospects that Phillip Tompkins from Kent State University could not participate; the Pheasant Run conference occurred six days after the Kent State shooting on May 4, 1970.
32. Lefebvre, "Seen from the Window," 221.
33. Sheringham, Everyday Life, 375. Sheringham quotes from Lefebvre, Critique, 309. 34. Mathieu, Tactics, xiv.
35. See Soja, Thirdspace, 14.
36. Bitzer, "More Reflections," 201-2.
37. Appadurai, Fear of Small Numbers, 7.
38. Greene, "Orator Communist," 86.
39. Barnet and Cavanagh, Global Dreams, 17.
40. Ibid. , 21.
41. King, "Rhetorical Critic," 311.
42. See Hayden, Building Suburbia; Graham and Marvin, Splintering Urbanism. 43. Hales, How We Became, 136-37.
44. Farrell, "Elliptical Postscript," 57.
45. Lucaites and Condit, "Epilogue," 610-11.
Works Cited
Appadurai, Arjun. Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger. Durham, N. C. : Duke University Press, 2006.
Barnet, Richard J. , and John Cavanagh. Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
Baskerville, Barnet. "Responses, Queries, and a Few Caveats. " In The Prospect of Rhetoric: Report of the National Development Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 151-65. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
Becker, Samuel. "Rhetorical Studies for the Contemporary World. " In The Prospect of Rhetoric: Report of the National Development Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 21-43. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
Berlin, James. Rhetoric and Reality: Writing Instruction in American Colleges, 1900-1985. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987.
Bitzer, Lloyd. "More Reflections on the Wingspread Conference. " In The Prospect of Rhet- oric: Report of the National Development Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 200-207. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
------. "Rhetoric and Public Knowledge. " In Rhetoric, Philosophy and Literature, edited by Don Burks, 67-93. West Lafayette, Ind. : Purdue University Press, 1978.
Bjiker, Weibe. Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 1997.
Introduction 13
14 David J. Coogan and John M. Ackerman
Black, Edwin. "The Prospect of Rhetoric: Twenty-five Years Later. " In Making and Unmak- ing the Prospects of Rhetoric, edited by Theresa Enos and Richard McNabb, 21-128. Mahway, N. J. : Erlbaum Press, 1997.
Blair, Carole. "'We Are All Prisoners Here of Our Own Device': Rhetoric in Speech Com- munication after Wingspread. " In Making and Unmaking the Prospects for Rhetoric, edited by Theresa Enos and Richard McNabb, 29-36. Mahway, N. J. : Erlbaum Press, 1997.
Booth, Wayne. "The Scope of Rhetoric Today. " In The Prospect of Rhetoric: Report of the National Development Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 93-114. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
Brint, Steven. "The Rise of the Practical Arts. " In The Future of the City of Intellect: The Changing American University, edited by Steven Brint, 231-59. Stanford, Calif. : Stan- ford University Press, 2002.
Bruffee, Ken.
"Collaborative Learning and the Conversation of Mankind. " In Cross-talk in Comp Theory: A Reader, edited by Victor Villanueva, 415-34. Urbana, Ill. : National Council of Teachers of English, 2003.
Culler, Jonathon. On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism after Structuralism. Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press, 1982.
Cushman, Ellen. "The Rhetorician as an Agent of Social Change. " College Composition and Communication 47 (1996): 7-28.
de Certeau, Michel. "Walking in the City. " In The Practice of Everyday Life, 91-114. Berke- ley: University of California Press, 1984.
Ehninger, Douglass. "Report of the Committee on the Scope and Place of Rhetorical Studies in Higher Education. " In The Prospect of Rhetoric: Report of the National Devel- opment Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 208-19. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
Farrell, Thomas. "An Elliptical Postscript. " In Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Inter- pretation in the Age of Science, edited by Allan G. Gross and William M. Keith, 317-29. Albany: SUNY Press, 1997.
Flower, Linda, and John Hayes. "A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing. " In Cross-talk in Comp Theory: A Reader, edited by Victor Villanueva, 273-98. Urbana, Ill. : National Council of Teachers of English, 2003.
Gaonkar, Dilip. "The Idea of Rhetoric in the Rhetoric of Science. " In Rhetorical Herme- neutics, edited by Alan Gross and William Keith, 25-88. Albany: SUNY, 1997.
------. "Rhetoric and Its Double: Reflections on the Rhetorical Turn in the Human Sciences. " In Contemporary Rhetorical Theory: A Reader, edited by John L. Lucaites, Celeste M. Condit, and Sally Caudill, 194-212. New York: Guilford Press, 1999.
Graham, Stephen, and Simon Marvin. Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities, and the Urban Condition. London: Routledge, 2001.
Greene, Ronald. "Orator Communist. " Philosophy and Rhetoric 39 (2006): 85-95.
Gross, Alan, and William Keith. Introduction. In Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Interpretation in the Age of Science, edited by Alan Gross and William Keith, 1-24.
Albany: SUNY Press, 1997.
Hales, Kathryn. How We Became Post Human: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and
Informatics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Hauser, Gerard. Vernacular Voices: The Rhetoric of Publics and Public Spheres. Columbia:
University of South Carolina Press, 1999.
Hayden, Dolores. Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820-2000. New York:
Vintage Books, 2004.
Johnstone, Henry. "Some Trends in Rhetorical Theory. " In The Prospect of Rhetoric: Report of the National Development Project, edited by Lloyd F. Bitzer and Edwin Black, 78-92. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, 1971.
King, Andrew. "The Rhetorical Critic and the Invisible Polis. " In Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Interpretation in the Age of Science, edited by Allan G. Gross and William M. Keith, 299-314. Albany: SUNY Press, 1997.
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[ part1 ]
Rhetoric Revealed
? Should We Name the Tools?
Concealing and Revealing the Art of Rhetoric
Carolyn R. Miller
"Socrates: My accusers . . .
