Persien : eine
historische
Landschaft.
Cambridge History of India - v1
Leipzig, 1892-1909.
Strabo. Geographica Ed. A. Meineke Leipzig, 1866-7.
--Eng. trans. H. C. Hamilton and W. Falconer. London, 1854-7.
Xenophon. Cyropaedia. Ed, and trans. W. Miller. London and New
York, 1914.
2. MODERN WORKS.
(The signs <> indicate that a work was not published at the time when the
main body of the chapter was written. )
Bartholomae, Chr. Altiranisches Wörterbuch, Strassburg, 1905. [Indis-
pensable for the interpretation of the ancient Irānian texts. ]
Brunnhofer, H. Urgeschichte der Arier in Vorder- und Centralasien. His.
torisch-geographische Untersuchungen über den ältesten Schauplatz
des Rigveda und Avesta. Bd. I, Iran und Turan. Bd. 11 Vom Pontus
bis zum Indus. Bd. III. Vom Aral bis zur Gangā. Leipzig, 1893.
(Also separately issued. ) (Maintains somewhat exaggerated views. ]
[]
-- Arische Urzeit. Forschungen auf dem Gebiete des ältesten Vorder-
und Zentralasiens nebst Osteuropa. Bern, 1910. (See note on the
preceding. )
Dames, M. L. Article ‘Afghānistan,' in Encyclopaedia of Islām, 1, 146-73.
Leyden and London, 1913.
- Article 'Balocistān,' ibid. 1, 625-40.
Geiger, W. Geographie von Iran, Grund, d. ir. Phil. II, 371-94. Strass.
. .
burg, 1896-1904.
Goldsmid, Sir F. J. Eastern Persia ; Journeys of the Persian Boundary
Commission, 1870-71-72. London, 1876. (See especially vol. I. The
Geography, etc. ]
Hillebrandt, A. Vedische Mythologie. Breslau, 1891-1902.
Hopkins, E. W. Prāgāthikāni. I. J. A. O. S. XVII, 23-92. New Haven, 1896.
How, W. W. , and Wells, J. A Commentary on Herodotus. Oxford, 1912.
Jackson, A. V. W. Notes and Allusions to Ancient India in Pahlavi liter-
ature and in Firdausi’s Shâh-nāmah. Festschrift Ernst Windisch, pp.
209-12. Leipzig, 1914,
Justi, F. Geschichte Irans von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Ausgang der
Sāsāniden. Grund. d. ir. Phil. II. 395-550. Strassburg, 1896-1901.
Katz, E. Cyrus des Perserkönigs Abstammung, Kriege, und Tod. Kla- .
genfurt, 1895.
## p. 611 (#649) ############################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XIV
611
Kennedy, J. The Early Commerce of Babylon with India, 700-300 B. C.
J. R. A. S. , 1898, pp. 241-88.
--<The Gospels of the Infancy, etc. Ibid. , 1917, pp. 209-43, 469-540
(esp. pp. 219-25). >
The Aryan Invasion of Northern India. Ibid. , 1919, pp. 493-529
(esp. pp. 495-501, 518-19). >
Kiessling, M. Zur Geschichte der ersten Regierungsjahre des Darius
Hystaspis. (Dissertation. ) Leipzig, 1900.
Kiessling, M. Article 'Gandaritis,' in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, Real-Encyclo-
pādie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vii, 695-701. Stuttgart,
1910.
Lassen, Chr. Indische Alterthumskunde. Leipzig, 1858-74. (Vols. I and
II are 2nd edn. )
M'Crindle, J. W. Ancient India as described in Classical Literature. West-
minster, 1901.
--The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, as described by Arrian,
Q. Curtius, Diodoros, Plutarch and Justin, New edn. Westminster,
1896.
See also Ctesias and Megasthenes, in part 1, supra.
Macdonell, A. A. History of Sanskrit Literature. London and New York,
1900. (The London, 1913, impression is merely a reprint. )
--and Keith, A B. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. London, 1912.
Marquart, J. E'rānsahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Moses Xorenac'i.
Berlin, 1901. Abhandlungen der kgl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften
zu Göttingen, Phil. Hist. Classe, Neue Folge, vol. III, no. 2.
--Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran. Heft 1. Göttingen, 1897
(=Philologus, liv, 489-527 ; LV, 213-44). Heft 2.
Heft 2. Leipzig, 1905 (=
(
Philologus, Supplementband x, 1-258).
Meyer, E. Geschichte des Altertums. Vol. I, 2nd half. Die ältesten
geschichtlichen Völker und Kulturen bis zum sechzehnten Jahrhundert.
3rd edn. Stuttgart and Berlin, 1913. Vol. III Das Perserreich und
die Griechen. Stuttgart, 1901.
-- Article 'Persia (History: Ancient)', in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th
edn, XXI, 202-24.
Modi, J. J. The Country of Mekran-its Past History. In East and West,
vol. III, part 1, pp. 494-505, Bombay, 1904.
Moulton, J. H. Early Zoroastrianism. (The Hibbert Lectures, second
series. ) London, 1913. [Excellent on the religious side. )
Nöldeke, Th. Aufsätze zur persischen Geschichte. Leipzig, 1887.
Prašek, J. V. Geschichte der Meder und Perser bis zur makedonischen
Eroberung. Gotha, 1906-10.
Prellberg, K. A. C.
Persien : eine historische Landschaft. (Dissertation. )
Leipzig, 1891,
<Rapson, E. J. Ancient India from the earliest times to the first century
A. D. Cambridge, 1914. > (This work contains a chapter on the Persians
and the Macedonians ich. vi). ]
Rawlinson, G. The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World.
Vol. iv. The Fifth Monarchy (Persia). London, 1867,
, .
Rennell, J. The Geographical System of Herodotus. 2nd edn. revised,
London, 1830. [See especially vol. 1, pp. 303-426, 'The Twenty Satra.
pies of Darius Hystaspes. ')
>
## p. 612 (#650) ############################################
612
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XIV
Rhys Davids, T. W. Buddhist India. New York and London, 1903.
Sarre, F. and Herzfeld, E. Iranische Felsreliefs ; Aufnahmen und Unter-
suchungen von Denkmälern aus alt. und mittelpersischer Zeit. Text
und Atlas. Berlin, 1910.
Schoff, W. H. The name of the Erythraean Sea, J. A. O. S. XXXIII, 319-62.
New Haven, 1913.
--See also Isidore of Charax, in part 1, supra.
Shepherd, W. R. Atlas of Ancient History. New York, 1913,
Historical Atlas. New York, 1911.
Smith, V. A. The Early History of India from 600 B. c. to the Muham-
madan, Conquest. 3rd edn. , revised and enlarged. Oxford, 1914.
Smith, V. A. <The Oxford History of India from the earliest times to the
end of 1911. Oxford, 1919. >
Spiegel, F. Die arische Periode und ihre Zustände. Leipzig, 1887.
--Er nische Alterthumskunde. Leipzig, 1871-8.
<Spooner, D. B. The Zoroastrian period of Indian history. J. R. AS. , 1915,
pp. 63-89, 405-55. (Based on discoveries made during the excavations on
the site of Pataliputra and reported by the author in Annual Report of
the Archaeological Survey of India, Eastern Circle, for 1913. 14,
pp. 45ff. )> [These interesting articles hare called forth considerable ad-
verse criticism in regard to some of theories advanced. (1) V. A.
Smith, J. R. A. S. , 1915, pp. 800-2, while fully agreeing with the likeli-
hood of Persian influence in early India, regards certain of the theories
set forth in the articles as 'somewhat daring speculations. (2) A. B.
'
Keith, ibid. 1916, pp. 138-43, in a discussion covering fourteen points,
strongly opposes the notion of a Zoroastrian period of Indian history.
(3) F. W. Thomas, ibid. 1916, pp. 362-6, accepts certain aspects of Dr
Spooner's interpretation of Asura Maya and of Mount Meru, but is
far from being satisfied with much of the evidence adduced in the
articles. (4) “Nimrod' (so signed), in The Modern Review, xix, 373-6,
490-8, 597-600 (Calcutta, 1916), criticises the articles adversely through-
out. ]
<Spooner, [Mrs] Elizabeth C. The Fravashi of Gautama. J. R. A. S. ,
1916, pp. 497-501> {Sees Zoroastrian influence on Buddhist art]
Stein, M A Memoir on maps illustrating the Ancient Geography of
KaśmirCalcutta, 1899. (Reprinted from J. A. S. B. vol. LXVIII, part I,
extra no 2, 1899. )
-- Afghānistān in Avestic Geography. In The Academy, XXVII, 348-9.
London, 1885. Reprinted in Ind. Ant. xv, 21-3. Bombay, 1886,
<Sykes, Lieut-Col. P. M. A History of Persia. London, 1915. >
Thomas, F. W. Sakastana. J. R. A. S. , 1906, pp, 181-216, 460-4,
Tomascheck, [W. ] Article 'Derbikes,' in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclo-
pädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. v. 237-8. Stuttgart, 1905.
Weissbach, F. H. Zur neubabylonischen und achämenidischen Chrono-
logie. ZDM. G. LXII. 629-47, Leipzig, 1908.
--Zu Herodots, persischer Steuerliste. Philologus, LXXVI, 479-90. Leipzig,
1912.
Wilson, H. H. Ariana Antiqua ; a descripiive account of the antiquities
and coins of Afghanistan. London, 1841.
## p. 613 (#651) ############################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XIV
613
Winckler, H. Vorläufige Nachrichten über die Ausgrabungen in Boghaz-
köi im Sommer 1907. Mittheilungen der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft,
no. 35, Dec. 1907.
NOTE TO CHAPTER XIV
ANCIENT PERSIAN COINS IN INDIA.
On Persian coins generally see B. V. Head, The Coinage of Lydia and
Persia (London, 1877), and E. Babelon, Les Perses Achéménides (Paris,
1893), pp. I-XX. The intimate connexion between the countermarks on
Persian sigloi and those upon early Indian coins was suggested by E. J.
Rapson, J. R. A. S. , 1895, pp. 865 ft. Subsequent observations have tended
to disprove this view, since it appears that most of the countermarked
sigloi were not found in India ; see G. F. Hill, J. H. S. , 1919, pp. 125 ff.
On the comparative value of gold and silver in Ancient India see A. Cun-
ningham, Coins of Ancient India London, 1891), p. 5. In some parts of
Asia in the thirteenth century the ratio was as low as 1:5 ; see Marco
Polo, Book II, Chapters L and LIII.
## p. 614 (#652) ############################################
614
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
ALEXANDER THE GREAT ; INDIA IN EARLY GREEK
AND LATIN LITERATURE
.
1. ANCIENT AUTHORS.
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), a Greek, or Hellenised native, of Bithynia,
and an official of the Roman empire ; consul suffectus c. 130 A. D. and still
alive in 171-2 A. D. Two of his works bear on India :
(a) ’87. 8àudcov 'audßacus, Alexandri Anabasis ; recent edn. that of A. G.
Roos (Leipzig, 1907). [The most trustworthy of the ancient accounts
of Alexander's expedition which have come down to us, based mainly
on the accounts of Ptolemy and Aristobulus. )
--Trans. J. W. M'Crindle. (In The Invasion of India by Alexander the
Great. 2nd edn. Westminster, 1896. )
(6) 'ludek's Indica.
Strabo. Geographica Ed. A. Meineke Leipzig, 1866-7.
--Eng. trans. H. C. Hamilton and W. Falconer. London, 1854-7.
Xenophon. Cyropaedia. Ed, and trans. W. Miller. London and New
York, 1914.
2. MODERN WORKS.
(The signs <> indicate that a work was not published at the time when the
main body of the chapter was written. )
Bartholomae, Chr. Altiranisches Wörterbuch, Strassburg, 1905. [Indis-
pensable for the interpretation of the ancient Irānian texts. ]
Brunnhofer, H. Urgeschichte der Arier in Vorder- und Centralasien. His.
torisch-geographische Untersuchungen über den ältesten Schauplatz
des Rigveda und Avesta. Bd. I, Iran und Turan. Bd. 11 Vom Pontus
bis zum Indus. Bd. III. Vom Aral bis zur Gangā. Leipzig, 1893.
(Also separately issued. ) (Maintains somewhat exaggerated views. ]
[]
-- Arische Urzeit. Forschungen auf dem Gebiete des ältesten Vorder-
und Zentralasiens nebst Osteuropa. Bern, 1910. (See note on the
preceding. )
Dames, M. L. Article ‘Afghānistan,' in Encyclopaedia of Islām, 1, 146-73.
Leyden and London, 1913.
- Article 'Balocistān,' ibid. 1, 625-40.
Geiger, W. Geographie von Iran, Grund, d. ir. Phil. II, 371-94. Strass.
. .
burg, 1896-1904.
Goldsmid, Sir F. J. Eastern Persia ; Journeys of the Persian Boundary
Commission, 1870-71-72. London, 1876. (See especially vol. I. The
Geography, etc. ]
Hillebrandt, A. Vedische Mythologie. Breslau, 1891-1902.
Hopkins, E. W. Prāgāthikāni. I. J. A. O. S. XVII, 23-92. New Haven, 1896.
How, W. W. , and Wells, J. A Commentary on Herodotus. Oxford, 1912.
Jackson, A. V. W. Notes and Allusions to Ancient India in Pahlavi liter-
ature and in Firdausi’s Shâh-nāmah. Festschrift Ernst Windisch, pp.
209-12. Leipzig, 1914,
Justi, F. Geschichte Irans von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Ausgang der
Sāsāniden. Grund. d. ir. Phil. II. 395-550. Strassburg, 1896-1901.
Katz, E. Cyrus des Perserkönigs Abstammung, Kriege, und Tod. Kla- .
genfurt, 1895.
## p. 611 (#649) ############################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XIV
611
Kennedy, J. The Early Commerce of Babylon with India, 700-300 B. C.
J. R. A. S. , 1898, pp. 241-88.
--<The Gospels of the Infancy, etc. Ibid. , 1917, pp. 209-43, 469-540
(esp. pp. 219-25). >
The Aryan Invasion of Northern India. Ibid. , 1919, pp. 493-529
(esp. pp. 495-501, 518-19). >
Kiessling, M. Zur Geschichte der ersten Regierungsjahre des Darius
Hystaspis. (Dissertation. ) Leipzig, 1900.
Kiessling, M. Article 'Gandaritis,' in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, Real-Encyclo-
pādie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vii, 695-701. Stuttgart,
1910.
Lassen, Chr. Indische Alterthumskunde. Leipzig, 1858-74. (Vols. I and
II are 2nd edn. )
M'Crindle, J. W. Ancient India as described in Classical Literature. West-
minster, 1901.
--The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, as described by Arrian,
Q. Curtius, Diodoros, Plutarch and Justin, New edn. Westminster,
1896.
See also Ctesias and Megasthenes, in part 1, supra.
Macdonell, A. A. History of Sanskrit Literature. London and New York,
1900. (The London, 1913, impression is merely a reprint. )
--and Keith, A B. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. London, 1912.
Marquart, J. E'rānsahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Moses Xorenac'i.
Berlin, 1901. Abhandlungen der kgl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften
zu Göttingen, Phil. Hist. Classe, Neue Folge, vol. III, no. 2.
--Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran. Heft 1. Göttingen, 1897
(=Philologus, liv, 489-527 ; LV, 213-44). Heft 2.
Heft 2. Leipzig, 1905 (=
(
Philologus, Supplementband x, 1-258).
Meyer, E. Geschichte des Altertums. Vol. I, 2nd half. Die ältesten
geschichtlichen Völker und Kulturen bis zum sechzehnten Jahrhundert.
3rd edn. Stuttgart and Berlin, 1913. Vol. III Das Perserreich und
die Griechen. Stuttgart, 1901.
-- Article 'Persia (History: Ancient)', in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th
edn, XXI, 202-24.
Modi, J. J. The Country of Mekran-its Past History. In East and West,
vol. III, part 1, pp. 494-505, Bombay, 1904.
Moulton, J. H. Early Zoroastrianism. (The Hibbert Lectures, second
series. ) London, 1913. [Excellent on the religious side. )
Nöldeke, Th. Aufsätze zur persischen Geschichte. Leipzig, 1887.
Prašek, J. V. Geschichte der Meder und Perser bis zur makedonischen
Eroberung. Gotha, 1906-10.
Prellberg, K. A. C.
Persien : eine historische Landschaft. (Dissertation. )
Leipzig, 1891,
<Rapson, E. J. Ancient India from the earliest times to the first century
A. D. Cambridge, 1914. > (This work contains a chapter on the Persians
and the Macedonians ich. vi). ]
Rawlinson, G. The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World.
Vol. iv. The Fifth Monarchy (Persia). London, 1867,
, .
Rennell, J. The Geographical System of Herodotus. 2nd edn. revised,
London, 1830. [See especially vol. 1, pp. 303-426, 'The Twenty Satra.
pies of Darius Hystaspes. ')
>
## p. 612 (#650) ############################################
612
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XIV
Rhys Davids, T. W. Buddhist India. New York and London, 1903.
Sarre, F. and Herzfeld, E. Iranische Felsreliefs ; Aufnahmen und Unter-
suchungen von Denkmälern aus alt. und mittelpersischer Zeit. Text
und Atlas. Berlin, 1910.
Schoff, W. H. The name of the Erythraean Sea, J. A. O. S. XXXIII, 319-62.
New Haven, 1913.
--See also Isidore of Charax, in part 1, supra.
Shepherd, W. R. Atlas of Ancient History. New York, 1913,
Historical Atlas. New York, 1911.
Smith, V. A. The Early History of India from 600 B. c. to the Muham-
madan, Conquest. 3rd edn. , revised and enlarged. Oxford, 1914.
Smith, V. A. <The Oxford History of India from the earliest times to the
end of 1911. Oxford, 1919. >
Spiegel, F. Die arische Periode und ihre Zustände. Leipzig, 1887.
--Er nische Alterthumskunde. Leipzig, 1871-8.
<Spooner, D. B. The Zoroastrian period of Indian history. J. R. AS. , 1915,
pp. 63-89, 405-55. (Based on discoveries made during the excavations on
the site of Pataliputra and reported by the author in Annual Report of
the Archaeological Survey of India, Eastern Circle, for 1913. 14,
pp. 45ff. )> [These interesting articles hare called forth considerable ad-
verse criticism in regard to some of theories advanced. (1) V. A.
Smith, J. R. A. S. , 1915, pp. 800-2, while fully agreeing with the likeli-
hood of Persian influence in early India, regards certain of the theories
set forth in the articles as 'somewhat daring speculations. (2) A. B.
'
Keith, ibid. 1916, pp. 138-43, in a discussion covering fourteen points,
strongly opposes the notion of a Zoroastrian period of Indian history.
(3) F. W. Thomas, ibid. 1916, pp. 362-6, accepts certain aspects of Dr
Spooner's interpretation of Asura Maya and of Mount Meru, but is
far from being satisfied with much of the evidence adduced in the
articles. (4) “Nimrod' (so signed), in The Modern Review, xix, 373-6,
490-8, 597-600 (Calcutta, 1916), criticises the articles adversely through-
out. ]
<Spooner, [Mrs] Elizabeth C. The Fravashi of Gautama. J. R. A. S. ,
1916, pp. 497-501> {Sees Zoroastrian influence on Buddhist art]
Stein, M A Memoir on maps illustrating the Ancient Geography of
KaśmirCalcutta, 1899. (Reprinted from J. A. S. B. vol. LXVIII, part I,
extra no 2, 1899. )
-- Afghānistān in Avestic Geography. In The Academy, XXVII, 348-9.
London, 1885. Reprinted in Ind. Ant. xv, 21-3. Bombay, 1886,
<Sykes, Lieut-Col. P. M. A History of Persia. London, 1915. >
Thomas, F. W. Sakastana. J. R. A. S. , 1906, pp, 181-216, 460-4,
Tomascheck, [W. ] Article 'Derbikes,' in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclo-
pädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. v. 237-8. Stuttgart, 1905.
Weissbach, F. H. Zur neubabylonischen und achämenidischen Chrono-
logie. ZDM. G. LXII. 629-47, Leipzig, 1908.
--Zu Herodots, persischer Steuerliste. Philologus, LXXVI, 479-90. Leipzig,
1912.
Wilson, H. H. Ariana Antiqua ; a descripiive account of the antiquities
and coins of Afghanistan. London, 1841.
## p. 613 (#651) ############################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XIV
613
Winckler, H. Vorläufige Nachrichten über die Ausgrabungen in Boghaz-
köi im Sommer 1907. Mittheilungen der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft,
no. 35, Dec. 1907.
NOTE TO CHAPTER XIV
ANCIENT PERSIAN COINS IN INDIA.
On Persian coins generally see B. V. Head, The Coinage of Lydia and
Persia (London, 1877), and E. Babelon, Les Perses Achéménides (Paris,
1893), pp. I-XX. The intimate connexion between the countermarks on
Persian sigloi and those upon early Indian coins was suggested by E. J.
Rapson, J. R. A. S. , 1895, pp. 865 ft. Subsequent observations have tended
to disprove this view, since it appears that most of the countermarked
sigloi were not found in India ; see G. F. Hill, J. H. S. , 1919, pp. 125 ff.
On the comparative value of gold and silver in Ancient India see A. Cun-
ningham, Coins of Ancient India London, 1891), p. 5. In some parts of
Asia in the thirteenth century the ratio was as low as 1:5 ; see Marco
Polo, Book II, Chapters L and LIII.
## p. 614 (#652) ############################################
614
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
ALEXANDER THE GREAT ; INDIA IN EARLY GREEK
AND LATIN LITERATURE
.
1. ANCIENT AUTHORS.
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), a Greek, or Hellenised native, of Bithynia,
and an official of the Roman empire ; consul suffectus c. 130 A. D. and still
alive in 171-2 A. D. Two of his works bear on India :
(a) ’87. 8àudcov 'audßacus, Alexandri Anabasis ; recent edn. that of A. G.
Roos (Leipzig, 1907). [The most trustworthy of the ancient accounts
of Alexander's expedition which have come down to us, based mainly
on the accounts of Ptolemy and Aristobulus. )
--Trans. J. W. M'Crindle. (In The Invasion of India by Alexander the
Great. 2nd edn. Westminster, 1896. )
(6) 'ludek's Indica.
