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) The reign of Zeno was marked by great dis-
ZENON or ZENO (Zhvwv), emperor of the East, asters, by intestine commotions, and foreign wars.
A. D. 474–491, was descended from a noble Isaurian He is represented by the Greek historians as a
family.
His name
was originally Trascalisseus, voluptuary, a miser, and a tyrant. His con-
which he exchanged for that of Zeno when he temptible character and his oppressive government
married Ariadne, the daughter the emperor occasioned frequent revolts among his subjects.
Leo I. in 468. He probably assumed this name The barbarians ravaged the fairest provinces of his
because another Isaurian of the name of Zeno bad empire ; and the Goths, after encamping under the
obtained distinction under Theodosius II. , and very walls of Constantinople, founded a new king-
been elevated to the consulship in 448. Of the dom in Italy under the sway of Theodoric the
early life of Zeno we have no particulars ; but we Great. Zeno had not been many months upon the
are told that Leo gave him his daughter in mar- throne before he was driven out of Constantinople
riage in order to secure the support of the Isau- by a formidable rebellion excited by Verina and
rians against his ambitious minister Aspar, from her brother Basiliscus, A. D. 475. Zeno took re-
which we may conclude that Zeno had great in- fuge in Isauria along with his wife Ariadne, and
fluence among his countrymen. On his marriage Basiliscus was proclaimed emperor. Basiliscus sent
with Ariadne, he was raised by the emperor to the Illus and his brother Trocundus, who were also
rank of patrician, was appointed commander of the Isaurians, with a powerful army against the fugi-
imperial guards and of the armies in the East, and tire emperor, whom they defeated in July, A. D.
was elevated to the consulship along with Mar-476. But Basiliscus was still more unpopular at
cianus in 469. The elevation of Zeno brought Constantinople than Zeno. His adherents were
great trouble upon the church in consequence of discontented and divided ; and Zeno accordingly
his patronage of Peter, surnamed the Fuller, who found no difficulty in persuading Illus to desert his
had been expelled from the monastery of the Acoe- new master, and espouse his cause. Zeno and Illus
metae both for immorality and heresy. Through now marched upon Constantinople, and they appear
the influence of Zeno Peter obtained possession of to have received support from Theodoric, who had
the patriarchate of Antioch in this year, but the succeeded his father Theodemir as king of the Os.
means by which he gained his object, and his sub- trogoths. Near Nicaea they were met by the troops
sequent deposition by Leo are related elsewhere of Basiliscus under the command of his nephew
[Petrus). Though Zeno was thus the means of Harmatius or Harmatus, but the latter was also
giving some trouble to the emiperor, he nevertheless gained over, and Zeno entered Constantinople
was regarded by Leo as the main stay of his without opposition in the month of July, A. D. 477,
throne, and accordingly excited the jealousy of twenty months after his expulsion. Basiliscus was
Aspar. While engaged in a campaign against the deposed and sent to Phrygia, where he perished in
barbarians, who were ravaging Thrace, he narrowly the winter of the same year (BASILISCUS). The
escaped being assassinated by the friends of Aspar. treachery of Harmatius had been purchased by
On his return to court he persuaded Leo to get rid great promises, which Zeno was now obliged to
of his dangerous minister, and by bis advice and fulfill. He was made commander-in-chief of the
contrivance Aspar was murdered in 471. Leo had army, and his son was raised to the rank of Caesar;
no male children, and he wished to appoint his but these high dignities only caused his ruin. Illus,
son-in-law his successor ; but as soon as the em- who was jealous of any rival in power, easily per-
peror's intentions became known, there were great suaded the weak and timid emperor that Har.
tumults at Constantinople, for the Greeks could matius was aiming at the sovereignty, and accord-
not bear the idea of submitting to an Isaurian, ingly before the end of the year Harmatius was
and they hated Zeno personally both for the murdered, and his son, the Caesar, was made
ugliness of his person and of his mind (Zonar. reader in the church of Blachernae, in the neigh-
xiv. 2). Leo accordingly gave up his intention, bourhood of Constantinople.
and appointed as his successor his grandson Leo, Zeno now devolved the cares of government
the son of Zeno and Ariadne. This was in the upon Illus, while he gave himself up to the enjoy-
year 473, and on the 3d of February in the fol- ment of his pleasures. In A. D. 478 Illus was
lowing year (474) the emperor died, and was sole consul. In this year Theodoric, son of Triarius,
bllcceeded by his grandson. As the young em- a Gothic chief, who had been one of the supporters
peror was only a child, the government devolved | of the emperor Basiliscus, and who had retired into
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## p. 1321 (#1337) ##########################################

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. and Zeno entered Coesanan
sition in the month of Jat, 1. Bt;
ths after his expulsion. Bas. 3 **
Thrace upon the fall of the latter, appeared before died in the month of April A. D. 491, after a reign
Constantinople at the head of a formidable army, of seventeen years. He left no children, and was
and pillaged the surrounding country. Zeno called succeeded by Anastasius, an officer of the imperial
to his aid Theodoric, the son of Theodemir, who life-guard of the Silentiarii
, who married Ariadne,
proceeded against his namesake ; but the treachery the widow of Zeno. (ANASTASIU8. ]
of the emperor, who neglected to supply him with In A. D. 482, Zeno published the famous Heno-
the troops and provisions he had promised him, led ticon (évOTIKÓv), which was signed by all the
the son of Theodemir to conclude a peace with the bishops of the East under his reign, and that of
son of Triarius. Zeno, who now feared to have Anastasius. It is preserved by Evagrius (iii. 13).
the whole force of the Gothic nation turned against The various modern writers who comment upon
him, hastened to make peace with the son of it are given by Fabricius (Bill. Graec. vol. xi.
Triarius, which he was only able to obtain by the p. 723 ; comp. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. xlvii. ).
most humiliating concessions.
(Tillemont, Blistoire des Empereurs, vol. vi. , and
In the following year, 479, a new and dan. Clinton, Fasti Romani, in which works all the
gerous revolt broke out. At the head of it was authorities are collected. )
Marcian, the grandson of the emperor of that name, ZENO'NIA, the wife of the emperor Basiliscus.
and the son of Anthemius, the emperor of the (Basiliscus. )
West (MARCIANUS; ANTHENIUS). Marcian had ZENOʻPHANES (Znvopárns), a Greek writer
married Leontia, the daughter of the late emperor mentioned twice by Athenaeus (x. p. 424, C. , xiii.
Leo, and the sister of Ariadne, the wife of Zeno. p. 576, d), from whom it appears that he wrote a
Ile raised the standard of revolt in Constantinople work on relationship (td ouggevikov). Modern
itself, was joined by a powerful party, and defeated critics propose to change the name into Xenophanes,
the forces of Zeno, whom he besieged in his palace. but unnecessarily. Zenophanes is also found as
In the course of the night, however, Illus found a proper name in Strabo (xiv. p. 672) and in
means to corrupt his troops, and Marcian was inscriptions.
obliged to take refuge in a church. He was dragged ZENOʻTHEMIS (Znbeuis), wrote a poem en-
out, ordained forth with as a presbyter, and ba- titled lepialovs, in which he related various
nished to a monastery in Cappadocia. As soon strange and wonderful stories (Tzetz. Chil. vii. 144;
as Theodoric, the son of Triarius, heard of this Aelian, Hist. Anim. xvii. 30; Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod.
revolt, he marched upon Constantinople under the ii. 965 ; Plin. H. N. xxxvii. ll. 1, xxxvii. 23 ;
pretext of coming to the assistance of his ally, but Vossius, de Hist. (iraec. p. 511, ed. Westermann).
in reality in hopes of obtaining possession of the ZEPHYRITIS (Ζεφυρίτις), και surname of
city without a struggle. He was, however, induced Aphrodite, derived from the promontory of Ze-
by large sums of money to retire. Meantime war phyrium in Egypt. (Athen. vii. p. 318; Callim.
had been continued against Theodoric, the son of Epig. 31 ; Steph. Byz. s. v. )
(L. S. )
Theodemir, who, enraged at the treachery of the ŻE'PHYRUS (Žéqupos), the personification of
emperor in the preceding year, had been turned the west wind, is described by Hesiod (Theog. 579)
froin an ally into a foe. The war was ably con- as a son of Astraeus and Eos. Zephyrus and Boreas
ducted by Sabinianus, Zeno's general, who gained are frequently mentioned together by Homer, and
some advantages over Theodoric.
both dwelt together in a palace in Thrace. (Il. ix.
In A. D. 481, war broke out again with Theo 5, Od. v. 295. ) By the Harpy Podarge, Zephyrus
doric, the son of Triarius. He marched against became the father of the horses Xanthus and Balius,
Constantinople at the head of a more formidable which belonged to Achilles (Hom. Il. xvi. 150,
army than he had ever collected previously, but &c. ) ; but he was married to Chloris, whom he
was accidentally killed by his own javelin, while had carried off by force, and by whom he had a
riding one day upon a new horse. Unexpectedly son Carpus. (0v. Fast. v. 197 ; Serv. ad Virg.
delivered from this formidable enemy, Zeno pur- Eclog. v. 48. ) On the sacred road from Athens to
chased peace with the other Theodoric in 483, by Eleusis, there was an altar of Zephyrus. (Paus. i.
conferring upon him the most extraordinary ho- 37. $ 1. )
[L. S. ]
nours. (Vol. III. p. 1044, a. ] In the following ZERYNTHIA (Ζηρυνθία), 8 surname of
year, 484, Theodoric was consul. This year was Aphrodite, from the town of Zerinthus in Thrace,
signalised by the commencement of a new rebellion, where she had a sanctuary said to have been built
which lasted longer than any of the preceding by Phaedra. (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 449, 958 ; Steph.
ones, and brought Zeno to the brink of ruin. It Byz. and Etym. Magn. s. v. )
(L, S. ]
was headed by Illus, the powerful minister of ZETES (Žýtus), a son of Boreas and Oreithyia,
Zeno, who had now become an object of suspicion and a brother of Calais. Zetes and Calais, called
to his master, and of hatred both to Verina and the Boreadae, are mentioned among the Argonauts
Ariadne. The history of this rebellion is related (Apollod. i. 9.
§ 16), and are generally described
at length elsewhere [Il. lus). It was not finally as winged beings (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. iv. 324),
suppressed till A. D. 488, when Illus and Leontius, though some say that they had wings at their heads
whom the former had proclaimed emperor, were and feet (Hygin. Fub. 14), and others that they had
both taken prisoners and put to death. During the them only at their feet (Apollon. Rhod. i. 219), or at
revolt of Illus, misunderstandings occurred between their shoulders (Pind. Pyrh. iv. 325). Their sister
Theodoric and Zeno. In 487 the Gothic king Cleopatra, who was married to Phinens the sooth-
again took up arms and threatened Constantinople. sayer and king in Salmydessus, was found by them
To save kimself and bis capital, Zeno gave Theo- when, during their Argonautic expedition, they ar-
doric permission to invade Italy, and expel the rived at Salmydessus. She had been throw'n with
usurper Odoacer from the country. The terms her sons into prison by Phineus at the instigation
were gladly accepted by Theodoric, and Zeno lived of his second wife ; but Zetes and Calais liberated
to see the foundation of a powerful Gothic king them by force, gave the kingdom to their cousins,
dom in Italy [THEODORICUS the Great). Zeno and sent the second wife of Phineus to her own
sent to Phrygia, sbere be readed a
of the same rear (Basiiisets! She
of Harmatius had been partant :
sses, which Zeno was sovoda
e was made commarder-income' é de
This son mas raised to the rank of lives;
Haigh digrities only caused bs rua
,
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the Teak and timid emperatur
was aiming at ibe sorereigeir, and amazon
fore the end of the rear Hemata
ed, and his son, the Carer, vi alle
in the church of Bischernae, in the end
od of Constantinople.
0 DOT devolved the care o TEX
Gus, while he gave himself up the
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## p. 1322 (#1338) ##########################################

1322
ZEUS.
· ZEUS.
{1;
conques
where
trochei
Typho
but 52
obtaine
Metis
was pr
of ber
vice of
country, Scythia (Diod. iv. 44). Others relate all prophetic power, from whom all prophetic signs
that the Boreades delivered Phineus from the and sounds proceeded (Tavoupaios, ll. viii, 250 ;
Harpies ; for it had been foretold that the Harpies comp. Aeschyl. Eum. 19; Callim. Hymn. in Jov.
might be killed by sons of Boreas, but that the 69). Every thing good as well as bad comes from
Bons of Boreas must die, if they should not be able Zeus, and according to his own choice he assigns
to overtake the Harpies (Apollod. i. 9. § 21). their good or evil lot to mortals (Od. iv. 237, vi.
Others again state that the Boreadae perished in 188, ix. 552, Il. x. 71, xvii. 632, &c. ), and fate itself
their pursuit of the Harpies (Apollod. iii. 15. $2), or was subordinate to him. He is armed with thun-
that Heracles killed them with his arrows near the der and lightning, and the shaking of his aegis
island of Tenos (Hygin. Fab. 14; Senec. Med. produces storm and tempest (I. xvii. 593): a num-
634). Different stories were related to account for ber of epithets of Zeus in the Homeric poems de
the anger of Heracles against the Boreadae (Schol. scribe him as the thunderer, the gatherer of clouds,
ail Apollon. Rhod. i. 1 304 ; comp. Hygin. Fab. and the like. He was married to Hera, by whom
273). Their tombs were said to be in Tenos, he had two sons, Ares and Hephaestus, and one
adorned with sepulchral stelae, one of which was daughter, Hebe (11. i. 585, v. 896, Od. xi. 604).
moved whenever the wind blew from the north Hera sometimes acts as an independent divinity,
(Hygin. Fab. 14 ; Schol. ad Apollon. l. c. ). Calais she is ambitious and rebels against her lord, but
is also mentioned as the founder of the Campanian she is nevertheless inferior to him, and is punished
town of Cales. (Sil. Ital. viii. 515. ) (L. S. ] for her opposition (Il. xv. 17, &c. , xix. 95, &c. );
ZETHUS (Zñous), a son of Zeus and Antiope, his amours with other goddesses or mortal women
at Thebes, and a brother of Amphion. According are not concealed from her, though they generally
to some (Hom. Od. xix. 523) he was married to rouse her jealousy and revenge (Il. xiv. 317).
Aedon, and according to others (Apollod. iii. 5. During the Trojan war, Zeus, at the request of
§ 6) to Thebe. (Comp. Amphion. ). [L. S. ) Thetis, favoured the Trojans, until Agamemnon
ZEUS (Zeus), the greatest of the Olympian made good the wrong he had done to Achilles.
gods, and the father of gods and men, was a son Zeus, no doubt was originally a god of a portion
of Cronos and Rhea, a brother of Poseidon, Hades of nature, whence the oak with its eatable fruit
(Pluto), Hestia, Demeter, Hera, and at the same and the fertile doves were sacred to him at Dodona
time married to his sister Hera. When Zeus and and in Arcadia (hence also rain, storms, and the
his brothers distributed among themselves the go- seasons were regarded as his work, and hence the
vernment of the world by lot, Poseidon obtained Cretan stories of milk, honey, and cornucopia);
the sea, Hades the lower world, and Zeus the but in the Homeric poems, this primitive character
heavens and the upper regions, but the earth be of a personification of certain powers of nature is
came common to all (Hom. Il. xv. 187, &c. , i. 528, already effaced to some extent, and the god ap-
ii. 111; Virg. Aen. iv. 372). Later mythologers pears as a political and national divinity, as the
enumerate three Zeus in their genealogies two king and father of men, as the founder and pro-
Arcadian ones and one Cretan ; and toe first is tector of all institutions hallowed by law, custom,
said to be a son of Aether, the second of Coelus, or religion.
and the third of Saturnus (Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. Hesiod (Theog. 116, &c. ) also calls Zeus the
21). This accounts for the fact that some writers son of Cronos and Rhea *, and the brother of
use the name of the king of heaven who sends Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon.
dew, rain, snow, thunder, and lightning for heaven Cronos swallowed his children immediately after
itself in its physical sense. (Horat. Carm. i. 1. 25; their birth, but when Rhea was near giving
Virg. Georg. ii. 419. )
birth to Zeus, she applied to Uranus and Ge
According to the Homeric account Zeus, like the for advice as to how the child might be saved.
other Olympian gods, dwelt on Mount Olympus Before the hour of birth came, Uranus and Ge sent
in Thessaly, which was believed to penetrate with Rhea to Lyctos in Crete, requesting her to bring
its lofty summit into heaven itself (II. i. 221, &c. , up her child there. Rhea accordingly concealed
354, 609, xxi. 438). He is called the father of her infant in a cave of Mount Aegaeon, and gave
gods and men (i. 514, v. 33 ; comp. Aeschyl. Sept. to Cronos a stone wrapped up in cloth, which he
512), the most high and powerful among the im- swallowed in the belief that it was his son. Other
mortals, whom all others obey (N. xix. 258, viii. traditions state that Zeus was born and brought up
10, &c. ). He is the highest ruler, who with his on Mount Dicte or Ida (also the Trojan Ida),
counsel manages every thing (i. 175, viii. 22), the Ithome in Messenia, Thebes in Boeotia, Aegion
founder of kingly power, of law and of order, in Achaia, or Olenos in Aetolia. According to the
whence Dice, Themis and Nemesis are his assist common account, however, Zeus grew up in Crete.
ants (i. 238, ii. 205, ix. 99, xvi. 387; comp. Hes. In the meantime Cronos by a cupning device of
Op. et D. 36 ; Callim. Hymn. in Jov. 79). For Ge or Metis was made to bring up the children he
the same reason he protects the assembly of the had swallowed, and first of all the stone, which
people (ayopaios), the meetings of the council was afterwards set up by Zeus at Delphi. The
(Bouraios), and as he presides over the whole young god now delivered the Cyclopes from the
state, so also over every house and family (éprelos, bonds with which they had been fetiered by Cro-
Od. xxii. 335; comp. Or. Ib. 285). He also nos, and they in their gratitude provided him with
watched over the sanctity of the oath (Opklos), thunder and lightning. On the advice of Ge,
the law of hospitality (5évios), and protected sup- Zeus also liberated the hundred-armed Gigantes,
pliants (ikéoius, Od. ix. 270 ; comp. Paus. v. 24. Briareos, Cottus, and Gyes, that they might assist
§ 2). He avenged those who were wronged, and him in his fight against the Titans. (Apollod. i. 2.
punished those who had committed a crime, for he
watched the doings and sufferings of all men
* As Rhea is sometimes identified with Ge,
(émotios, Od. xiii. 213; comp.