Athens averted
that invasion for a while by keeping Philip north of Thermo-
pylae, 4 ?
that invasion for a while by keeping Philip north of Thermo-
pylae, 4 ?
Demosthenese - First Philippic and the Olynthiacs
'ye'ye?
va, Livy iv 58
tanlmn abfuit ut ex "incomnwdo alieno sua awasio peteratu'r,
Plancus in Oic. 11d Fam. x 4, 4 ne . . nostm male suam patent
occasioncm. Whiston quotes O'Connell's saying England's meal
is Ireland's opportunity.
219. e? 'roipws o'vve? puo-Qm. in)>>, 'readily help in bearing the
burden of war'; Thuc. iv 10 (ii/6pc: oi invapdnsvor 'rofide 106
Kwde? vou, Eur. 07'. 757 (Tuvnpd/mv ? 6vou 0'01 #:111pr 01'" 1'17 1'qu
is supplied by the schol.
220. wpec'fievope? vovs, 'sending envoys'; Thuc. i 92, iv 45,
vi 104, viii 5. Hf 8. Sci (ad iwgotia cumnda quae curari
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? I ? ? 24-26 FIRST OLYNTHIAG 151
oportot GHSchaefcr): sc. rpeofieueadal. ? 2, 2 ? 11: 'ero
required ' ( K. ) seems less correct.
222. hoyugope? vovs, el. K'rh. : 21 ? 209.
224. wpbs rfige? pq: sc. Ti) hue-re? pa, 'on our frontier,' 4 ? 32.
miss av_ 96v: a direct question vividly used instead
of a"; dv--e? 'hdot (as in 20 ? 87), cp. 21 ? 209 51101416006 . . 'rlvo:
o'u'ryvdmns . . Tuxefv 8. 11 ol'ea'de. m3; . . oico'fls): 6 ? 20.
225. {Pl-(0. ), 'and then,' 2 ? 26, 4 ? 43, 6 ? 35, 8 ? 20, 9 ? ?
13, 18, etc. p. 118") must be taken with the Inf. TI'OLfiU'dL.
226. el. Se? vavr' ixeivos, 'if he had the power' to make you
suffer (implied in mieorr' (iv). rail-re. resumes the pre-
ceding 6. .
227. o": 'rohpfio'ere; the construction has here changed
from p. 118") into 06. After 'rui'n'n. 'Il'Otfid'Gl- Kmpbv {Xovres we
may imagine that the orator pauses, and, abandoning the
previous construction, breaks off with the energetic question
01': 'rohpfic'ere; But for this change of construction, 01': would
not have been used. The transition to the interrogative is less
violent in Lys. 12 ? 36 06K 0171! (Sandy, cl 'roi'ls ,ue? v arpar'q'yoz'ls
Gard-up e? fi'n/sie? o'a'rc, Tori-revs de? 51'7 . . 015K fipa xpi] al'rroz'zs Kal. 'rol'ls
raidas Kohdfeo'flcu ;
? 25 l. 281. dv-re? xn, 'hold out'; 2 ? 10.
233. Tfiv \'rlre? pxouo'av Kal. 'rfiv olxelav rafimv, 'this land
which is already ours and is our very own. ' Thuc. vi 69, 3
'AO-qva'ioz p. 611 1repi T6 11']: dhhm-plas oiKelav 0X62" . . 'Ap'yel'm oe?
"rip! urdpxouo'av 0'1];ch warpida . . miluv e? moeiv. The text
refers to Attica (not to Macedonia, as held by Voemel). The
Art. is repeated for additional emphasis; 19 ? 311 Thu bola. >>
Kai 1'1'711 ducalav ? fi? oln
234. 6. 8569 Kap'lrofipevot: ? 28 l. 258.
235. Sefipo BaSQovru, ' on his march hither. '
? 26 l. 235. @qfiaiou; the Sacred War against the Phocians
(355--346 3. 0. ) was going on at this time, and the Thcbans
were active in supporting Philip.
236. pfi Maw mxplw el-niv 15, 'I wish it were not (I fear it
may be) too harsh to say' (what is only too true). The con-
struction has probably arisen out of that usual in 'dependent
clauses offoar,' 6 ? 33 ? ofl00pal p. 37 New ? 771): '5, 9 ? 1 de? douca
[Li] Bhda'dmpmv new elm-2'11, dh'qfie? s 1%. The Subj. with pa? in
cautious assertions is common in Plato, e. g. 0019. 462 E at]
d'ypome? 'repov i To dhnfle? s ehre'iv, Farm. 130 I) ,ui) Mall fl d-rmrov,
Apol. 39 A M7 1061' 7'] xaliem'w, Ural. 425 B lr'q giafihov 7? ml of!
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 152 FIRST OLYNTHIAO' I ? 26, 27
xa0' 666>> (more exx. in Goodwin M T. ? 265, and in Weber's
Absichtssdtze ii 51). Cp. Aristotle Pol. iv 4, 11 at; 76p 2v T6511
downier 2']. The text used to he sometimes printed as a
question, In) being regarded as num? In Plato there are only
4 examples of the interrogative use of this construction (Farm.
163 D, Phaedo 64 6, Rep. 603 c, Sisyphus 387 D), as against
31 non-interrogative (Weber p. 52).
Halm objects to ' understanding ' @Boflpar or translating (with EMiillcr)
lI fear it is only too bitter a thing to say. The sense required (he holds)
is the very opposite : ' I have no fear of its being too bitter a thing to say. '
He considers the construction to be a colloquialism, like those in Plato.
He demurs to the translation of Gorg. 1. c. given by Cnrtius Gram. ? 512,
wennes nu'r nicht unfein is! die Wahrhcit zu sagen, and prefers that of
Kruger (? 54, 8, 13), dass es Llcnn nicht zu grob (derb) ist die W. zu sngen.
His own rendering is, kaum wird es als zu bitter Idingen, u'eun man sagt:
sic werdcn mit einjallen (Comm. in honour>> Mommsent pp. 695 f). >>
237. 'Pukeis; K'rh. : the Phocians, on the death of their
commander Onomarchus (352 B. 0. ), were unable to defend their
land from invasion without the aid of others.
Athens averted
that invasion for a while by keeping Philip north of Thermo-
pylae, 4 ? 17.
The relations of Athens to the Phocians and Thebans on the outbreak of
the ' Phocian war' are described in 18 ? 18 0171:>> ste? xe'urfk, (Iva-re @wxe? a; ne? v
BoriMa-Oat ouflfivmi, xmhrcp of! dircaw. nomiivrac opriwrer, Onfiaiors 5' 1311on
iv e'dzna'tlfivar. nafiofizrw, 01'15' ridist m'rrois prtg'cinevor.
239. fi Nos 11;: e. g. the Spartan Archidamus who at a
later date (346) undertook to aid the Phocians, but retired on
Philip's withdrawal. The sentence has generally been treated
as a fresh uestion, to which no answer is returned because
none is nee ed; but this would have required dhh' dMos 11s ;
The latter, however, is supposed by some to have been avoided
on grounds of euphon . (in-av, 'good sir' ; 3 ? 19, 18 ? 312,
[25] ? 78. odxl while-arm. defipo flafilfi'ew.
240. MW dro'rrw're? 'rwv: partitive Gen. ; neuter as in 2 ? 2
{an 1611' aldxpe? iv, Mikhail 5% 1431/ aiaxlarwv, 5 ? 4, etc.
lvorav 6? hurx6vwv : 4 ? 42.
241. iKhGXGt: efiutit, dcblaterat (GHSchaefer), 'prates,'
'divulges,' 'blurts out'; 19 ? 43 rt: 6 e? xhahfirms; Cic. pro
Milo'rw 44 cum ille awn dubitarit aperire quid cogitarct, uos
potestis dubitare quidfecerit? (Sanppe).
242. (d 93]) npe? genz future protasis to the future apodosis
expressed by av :11] (Goodwin MT. ? ? 178, 505).
? 27 l. 242. 'rd. Stddboflo. ) . . fl : 22 ? 55 1'! 606M111 1) e'her'flepov
shim 31a? e? pen
244. m'rroi'ls, 'by yourselves,' in the absence of any enemy
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? I ? ? 27, 28 FIRST OLYNTHIAG 153
(l. 247). ' 'l'Pl-e? -KOVO' fipe? pas: 'libentius Attici dicebant
quam p. 1"7va, ut Galli non dicnut mw semaiaw, deux semaincs,
sed malunt hm't jours, quinzc jours' (Elmsley on Aristoph.
Ach. 858).
245. :g. >> 1'7]: mihcws (added by Minucianus ix 611 Walz).
("'6qu ? 011 hapfidvsw.
246. 'rc'iv ex rfis Xe? pas=re? v e? v 'rfi xtpr ? 15; part. Gen.
after kapfldvew (present of continuous action) ; Xen. Anab. iv
5, 22 1re? ,u. 1rer 1611 ex Tfis Ke? nns.
247. M10, '1 mean' (=Kal Tafira), 8? 24, 9 ? 70, 19 ? 152,
21 ? 83.
249. limvm--xp6vov : 20 ? 130 m2; 6 mod 106 prvos, Thuc.
ii 58, 2; 73, 3. The reading we? hqu would refer to the war
concerning Amphipolis which had cost more than 1500 talenls
(3 ? 28). (Stamina-9:: in Middle sense, as in Isocr. 18
? 63 #0116. . . aeaawayweos. el--figa, 'but if war should
(51'1) reach us,' opp. to but roheafio'e-re, 1. 232. Thuc. iii 54
fiEet Awptaxbs re? hqws.
250. mic-u. . . Inputvedm: cp. whelova. {naiwfivat (248).
The Middle Fut. of this verb is always Passive in sense,
though {naiwe? 'fio'oaai is also found. Cp. note on 1. 206.
251. iifipts, 'insolence,' protervitas et petulantia. militaris
(HWolf) ; 18 ? 205 quoted below, Dinarchus 1 ? 19. 76v
wpuypd'mv a. lequ objective Gen. (as in [60] ? 26 rfi Trim
and. min" aflaov alaxiivy), 'shame' either (1) 'for the deeds
done to us,' or (2) 'for the state of affairs,' as in 4 ? 10 Tip!
13176;: 16511 rpayad'rwv ala'xzimyv and 8 ? 51 1"] :31er 16W 7i'yvo/Le? ku
alaxlhm.
252. oiquLu'is e? me : ? 9. Tot; y: we? ? povw=Plato
Laws 926 D 71,3 firr'qOe? v-rt rape. T06 vollOOe? TOU we? 'yos Kal 6116150:
xeladw, #011611 xpmnirwv 110611 Kex'r'rme? vzp foals. fiapwe? pa. Dem.
18 ? 205 (the true patriot) ? ofiepw1e? pas Mos'rm 16. 9 Uppm
gald'rds (triples, 8. : ? 11 oovhevofio'y fly 16M: ? e? pew (il'd'YK'fl, 1'00
av rou.
? 28 l. 256. xaM'as notofiv-res, 'happily,' or rather 'to which
they are very welcome,' ' and I do not grudge them their
wealth. ' Op. 21 ? 212 elerl . . 110250101. Kai Kahe? is 1l'0l0176t,
where the speaker expresses an ungrudging recognition of the
fact ([42] ? 22 ml). of! ? 00v65).
When a speaker in mentioning a fact desires to denote his own opinion
of it, the most emphatic form of approval is that expressed by a principal
111212588111 Xen. C1112 Vii 5, 48 1) Kaolin iwoi-qo'a; . . ipe? 'a; Toll Ae? you, Plato
Phaedo 600 :11 'y' Enable-a; dvmvfia'as n. 6, Lys. 28 ? 8 Irish}; iflolna'cv
017M "Amnimu 12w Blow.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 154 FIRST 0L YNTHIAU I ? 28
When the fact and the opinion have a similar stress laid on both, we
have le priiwipal verbs, 8.
tanlmn abfuit ut ex "incomnwdo alieno sua awasio peteratu'r,
Plancus in Oic. 11d Fam. x 4, 4 ne . . nostm male suam patent
occasioncm. Whiston quotes O'Connell's saying England's meal
is Ireland's opportunity.
219. e? 'roipws o'vve? puo-Qm. in)>>, 'readily help in bearing the
burden of war'; Thuc. iv 10 (ii/6pc: oi invapdnsvor 'rofide 106
Kwde? vou, Eur. 07'. 757 (Tuvnpd/mv ? 6vou 0'01 #:111pr 01'" 1'17 1'qu
is supplied by the schol.
220. wpec'fievope? vovs, 'sending envoys'; Thuc. i 92, iv 45,
vi 104, viii 5. Hf 8. Sci (ad iwgotia cumnda quae curari
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? I ? ? 24-26 FIRST OLYNTHIAG 151
oportot GHSchaefcr): sc. rpeofieueadal. ? 2, 2 ? 11: 'ero
required ' ( K. ) seems less correct.
222. hoyugope? vovs, el. K'rh. : 21 ? 209.
224. wpbs rfige? pq: sc. Ti) hue-re? pa, 'on our frontier,' 4 ? 32.
miss av_ 96v: a direct question vividly used instead
of a"; dv--e? 'hdot (as in 20 ? 87), cp. 21 ? 209 51101416006 . . 'rlvo:
o'u'ryvdmns . . Tuxefv 8. 11 ol'ea'de. m3; . . oico'fls): 6 ? 20.
225. {Pl-(0. ), 'and then,' 2 ? 26, 4 ? 43, 6 ? 35, 8 ? 20, 9 ? ?
13, 18, etc. p. 118") must be taken with the Inf. TI'OLfiU'dL.
226. el. Se? vavr' ixeivos, 'if he had the power' to make you
suffer (implied in mieorr' (iv). rail-re. resumes the pre-
ceding 6. .
227. o": 'rohpfio'ere; the construction has here changed
from p. 118") into 06. After 'rui'n'n. 'Il'Otfid'Gl- Kmpbv {Xovres we
may imagine that the orator pauses, and, abandoning the
previous construction, breaks off with the energetic question
01': 'rohpfic'ere; But for this change of construction, 01': would
not have been used. The transition to the interrogative is less
violent in Lys. 12 ? 36 06K 0171! (Sandy, cl 'roi'ls ,ue? v arpar'q'yoz'ls
Gard-up e? fi'n/sie? o'a'rc, Tori-revs de? 51'7 . . 015K fipa xpi] al'rroz'zs Kal. 'rol'ls
raidas Kohdfeo'flcu ;
? 25 l. 281. dv-re? xn, 'hold out'; 2 ? 10.
233. Tfiv \'rlre? pxouo'av Kal. 'rfiv olxelav rafimv, 'this land
which is already ours and is our very own. ' Thuc. vi 69, 3
'AO-qva'ioz p. 611 1repi T6 11']: dhhm-plas oiKelav 0X62" . . 'Ap'yel'm oe?
"rip! urdpxouo'av 0'1];ch warpida . . miluv e? moeiv. The text
refers to Attica (not to Macedonia, as held by Voemel). The
Art. is repeated for additional emphasis; 19 ? 311 Thu bola. >>
Kai 1'1'711 ducalav ? fi? oln
234. 6. 8569 Kap'lrofipevot: ? 28 l. 258.
235. Sefipo BaSQovru, ' on his march hither. '
? 26 l. 235. @qfiaiou; the Sacred War against the Phocians
(355--346 3. 0. ) was going on at this time, and the Thcbans
were active in supporting Philip.
236. pfi Maw mxplw el-niv 15, 'I wish it were not (I fear it
may be) too harsh to say' (what is only too true). The con-
struction has probably arisen out of that usual in 'dependent
clauses offoar,' 6 ? 33 ? ofl00pal p. 37 New ? 771): '5, 9 ? 1 de? douca
[Li] Bhda'dmpmv new elm-2'11, dh'qfie? s 1%. The Subj. with pa? in
cautious assertions is common in Plato, e. g. 0019. 462 E at]
d'ypome? 'repov i To dhnfle? s ehre'iv, Farm. 130 I) ,ui) Mall fl d-rmrov,
Apol. 39 A M7 1061' 7'] xaliem'w, Ural. 425 B lr'q giafihov 7? ml of!
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 152 FIRST OLYNTHIAO' I ? 26, 27
xa0' 666>> (more exx. in Goodwin M T. ? 265, and in Weber's
Absichtssdtze ii 51). Cp. Aristotle Pol. iv 4, 11 at; 76p 2v T6511
downier 2']. The text used to he sometimes printed as a
question, In) being regarded as num? In Plato there are only
4 examples of the interrogative use of this construction (Farm.
163 D, Phaedo 64 6, Rep. 603 c, Sisyphus 387 D), as against
31 non-interrogative (Weber p. 52).
Halm objects to ' understanding ' @Boflpar or translating (with EMiillcr)
lI fear it is only too bitter a thing to say. The sense required (he holds)
is the very opposite : ' I have no fear of its being too bitter a thing to say. '
He considers the construction to be a colloquialism, like those in Plato.
He demurs to the translation of Gorg. 1. c. given by Cnrtius Gram. ? 512,
wennes nu'r nicht unfein is! die Wahrhcit zu sagen, and prefers that of
Kruger (? 54, 8, 13), dass es Llcnn nicht zu grob (derb) ist die W. zu sngen.
His own rendering is, kaum wird es als zu bitter Idingen, u'eun man sagt:
sic werdcn mit einjallen (Comm. in honour>> Mommsent pp. 695 f). >>
237. 'Pukeis; K'rh. : the Phocians, on the death of their
commander Onomarchus (352 B. 0. ), were unable to defend their
land from invasion without the aid of others.
Athens averted
that invasion for a while by keeping Philip north of Thermo-
pylae, 4 ? 17.
The relations of Athens to the Phocians and Thebans on the outbreak of
the ' Phocian war' are described in 18 ? 18 0171:>> ste? xe'urfk, (Iva-re @wxe? a; ne? v
BoriMa-Oat ouflfivmi, xmhrcp of! dircaw. nomiivrac opriwrer, Onfiaiors 5' 1311on
iv e'dzna'tlfivar. nafiofizrw, 01'15' ridist m'rrois prtg'cinevor.
239. fi Nos 11;: e. g. the Spartan Archidamus who at a
later date (346) undertook to aid the Phocians, but retired on
Philip's withdrawal. The sentence has generally been treated
as a fresh uestion, to which no answer is returned because
none is nee ed; but this would have required dhh' dMos 11s ;
The latter, however, is supposed by some to have been avoided
on grounds of euphon . (in-av, 'good sir' ; 3 ? 19, 18 ? 312,
[25] ? 78. odxl while-arm. defipo flafilfi'ew.
240. MW dro'rrw're? 'rwv: partitive Gen. ; neuter as in 2 ? 2
{an 1611' aldxpe? iv, Mikhail 5% 1431/ aiaxlarwv, 5 ? 4, etc.
lvorav 6? hurx6vwv : 4 ? 42.
241. iKhGXGt: efiutit, dcblaterat (GHSchaefer), 'prates,'
'divulges,' 'blurts out'; 19 ? 43 rt: 6 e? xhahfirms; Cic. pro
Milo'rw 44 cum ille awn dubitarit aperire quid cogitarct, uos
potestis dubitare quidfecerit? (Sanppe).
242. (d 93]) npe? genz future protasis to the future apodosis
expressed by av :11] (Goodwin MT. ? ? 178, 505).
? 27 l. 242. 'rd. Stddboflo. ) . . fl : 22 ? 55 1'! 606M111 1) e'her'flepov
shim 31a? e? pen
244. m'rroi'ls, 'by yourselves,' in the absence of any enemy
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? I ? ? 27, 28 FIRST OLYNTHIAG 153
(l. 247). ' 'l'Pl-e? -KOVO' fipe? pas: 'libentius Attici dicebant
quam p. 1"7va, ut Galli non dicnut mw semaiaw, deux semaincs,
sed malunt hm't jours, quinzc jours' (Elmsley on Aristoph.
Ach. 858).
245. :g. >> 1'7]: mihcws (added by Minucianus ix 611 Walz).
("'6qu ? 011 hapfidvsw.
246. 'rc'iv ex rfis Xe? pas=re? v e? v 'rfi xtpr ? 15; part. Gen.
after kapfldvew (present of continuous action) ; Xen. Anab. iv
5, 22 1re? ,u. 1rer 1611 ex Tfis Ke? nns.
247. M10, '1 mean' (=Kal Tafira), 8? 24, 9 ? 70, 19 ? 152,
21 ? 83.
249. limvm--xp6vov : 20 ? 130 m2; 6 mod 106 prvos, Thuc.
ii 58, 2; 73, 3. The reading we? hqu would refer to the war
concerning Amphipolis which had cost more than 1500 talenls
(3 ? 28). (Stamina-9:: in Middle sense, as in Isocr. 18
? 63 #0116. . . aeaawayweos. el--figa, 'but if war should
(51'1) reach us,' opp. to but roheafio'e-re, 1. 232. Thuc. iii 54
fiEet Awptaxbs re? hqws.
250. mic-u. . . Inputvedm: cp. whelova. {naiwfivat (248).
The Middle Fut. of this verb is always Passive in sense,
though {naiwe? 'fio'oaai is also found. Cp. note on 1. 206.
251. iifipts, 'insolence,' protervitas et petulantia. militaris
(HWolf) ; 18 ? 205 quoted below, Dinarchus 1 ? 19. 76v
wpuypd'mv a. lequ objective Gen. (as in [60] ? 26 rfi Trim
and. min" aflaov alaxiivy), 'shame' either (1) 'for the deeds
done to us,' or (2) 'for the state of affairs,' as in 4 ? 10 Tip!
13176;: 16511 rpayad'rwv ala'xzimyv and 8 ? 51 1"] :31er 16W 7i'yvo/Le? ku
alaxlhm.
252. oiquLu'is e? me : ? 9. Tot; y: we? ? povw=Plato
Laws 926 D 71,3 firr'qOe? v-rt rape. T06 vollOOe? TOU we? 'yos Kal 6116150:
xeladw, #011611 xpmnirwv 110611 Kex'r'rme? vzp foals. fiapwe? pa. Dem.
18 ? 205 (the true patriot) ? ofiepw1e? pas Mos'rm 16. 9 Uppm
gald'rds (triples, 8. : ? 11 oovhevofio'y fly 16M: ? e? pew (il'd'YK'fl, 1'00
av rou.
? 28 l. 256. xaM'as notofiv-res, 'happily,' or rather 'to which
they are very welcome,' ' and I do not grudge them their
wealth. ' Op. 21 ? 212 elerl . . 110250101. Kai Kahe? is 1l'0l0176t,
where the speaker expresses an ungrudging recognition of the
fact ([42] ? 22 ml). of! ? 00v65).
When a speaker in mentioning a fact desires to denote his own opinion
of it, the most emphatic form of approval is that expressed by a principal
111212588111 Xen. C1112 Vii 5, 48 1) Kaolin iwoi-qo'a; . . ipe? 'a; Toll Ae? you, Plato
Phaedo 600 :11 'y' Enable-a; dvmvfia'as n. 6, Lys. 28 ? 8 Irish}; iflolna'cv
017M "Amnimu 12w Blow.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 154 FIRST 0L YNTHIAU I ? 28
When the fact and the opinion have a similar stress laid on both, we
have le priiwipal verbs, 8.
