The speeches which Agrippa and and her attachment to her children was an emi-
Maecenas delivered on this occasion are given by nent feature of her character.
Maecenas delivered on this occasion are given by nent feature of her character.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
& 4; ther with young Octavius, afterwards Octavianus
Bell. Jud. ü. 11. $ 6, 12. $ 1,16, 17. $ 1, iv. 1. $ 3; and Augustus. After the murder of J. Caesar ia
Vit. &. 54; Phot. cod. 33. )
[C. P. M. ] B. C. 44, Agrippa was one of those intimate friends
AGRIPPA, MARCIUS, a man of the lowest of Octarius, who advised him to proceed immedi-
origin, was appointed by Macrinus in B. c. 217, ately to Rome. Octavius took Agrippa with him,
first to the government of Pannonia and after and charged him to receive the oath of fidelity from
wards to that of Dacia. (Dion. Cass. lxxviii. 13. ) several legions which had declared in his favour.
He seems to be the same person as the Marcius Having been chosen consul in B. C. 43, Octavius
Agrippa, admiral of the feet, who is mentioned by gave to his friend Agrippa the delicate commission
## p. 79 (#99) ##############################################
AGRIPPA.
70
AGRIPPA.
Antonija
EN108)
mas
daughter !
*as adopted
in . . . ,
e following
Dion Call
adepisa be
the island
a distace
Berzge ud
i gulty &
urveille
senatus
legalisert
Droperty
is capunet
0 KET
pins Man
pataries
as beler
so liberos.
ned a coup
A. D. 14,
at bodis
Xection
der for
be secret
of prosecuting C. Cassius, one of the murderers of on which we still read the inscription : "M. Agrippa
J. Caesar. At the outbreak of the Perusinian war L. F. Cos. Tertium fecit. ” (Dion Cass. xlix. 43,
between Octavius, now Octavianus, and L. Anto- liii. 27 ; Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 15, s. 24 & 3; Strab.
nius, in B. c. 41, Agrippa, who was then praetor, v. p. 235; Frontin. De Aquaed. 9. )
commanded part of the forces of Octavianus, and When the war broke out between Octavianus
after distinguishing himself by skilful manoeuvres, and M. Antonius, Agrippa was appointed com-
besieged L. Antonius in Perusia. He took the mander-in-chief of the fleet, B. C. 32. He took
town in B. C. 40, and towards the end of the same Methone in the Peloponnesus, Leucas, Patrae, and
year retook Sipontum, which had fallen into the Corinth; and in the battle of Actium (B. C. 31)
hands of M. Antonius. In B. C. 38, Agrippa ob- where he commanded, the victory was mainly
tained fresh success in Gaul, where he quelled a owing to his skill. On his return to Rome in
revolt of the native chiefs ; he also penetrated into B. c. 30, Octavianus, now Augustus, rewarded
Germany as far as the country of the Catti, and him with a “ vexillum caeruleum,” or sea-green
transplanted the Ubii to the left bank of the flag.
Rhine ; whereupon he turned his arms against the In B. c. 28, Agrippa became consul for the second
revolted Aquitani, whom he soon brought to obe time with Augustus, and about this time married
dience. His victories, especially those in Aquitania, Marcella, the niece of Augustus, and the daughter
contributed much to securing the power of Octavi- of his sister Octavia. His former wife, Pomponiin
anus, and he was recalled by him to undertake the the daughter of T. Pomponius Atticus, was either
command of the war against Sex. Pompeius, dead or divorced. In the following year, B. c. 27,
which was on the point of breaking out, B. C. 37. he was again consul the third time with Augustus.
Octavianus offered him a triumph, which Agrippa In B. C. 25, Agrippa accompanied Augustus to
declined, but accepted the consulship, to which he the war against the Cantabrians. About this time
was promoted by Octavianus in B. C. 37. Dion jealousy arose between him and his brother-in-law
Cassius (xlviii. 49) seems to say that he was con- Marcellus, the nephew of Augustus, and who
sul when he went to Gaul, but the words Índteve seemed to be destined as his successor. Augustus,
de metà Aovriou rámou seem to be suspicious, anxious to prevent differences that might have had
unless they are to be inserted a little bigber, after serious consequences for him, sent Agrippa As pro-
the passage, τώ δ' Αγρίππα την του ναυτικού | consul to Syria. Agrippa of course left Rome, but
Tapaokeun, dyxelploas, which refer to an event he stopped at Mitylene in the island of Lesbos,
which took place during the consulship of Agrippa. leaving the government of Syria to his legate.
For, immediately after his promotion to this dig- The apprehensions of Augustus were removed by
nity, he was charged by Octavianus with the con- the death of Marcellus in B. C. 23, and Agrippa
struction of a fleet, which was the more necessary, immediately returned to Rome, where he was the
as Sextus Pompey was master of the sea.
more anxiously expected, as troubles had broken
Agrippa, in whom thoughts and deeds were out during the election of the consuls in B. C. 21.
never separated (Vellei. ii
. 79), executed this Augustus resolved to receive his faithful friend
order with prompt energy.
The Lucrine lake into his own family, and accordingly induced him
near Baiae was transformed by him into a safe to divorce his wife Marcella, and marry Julia, the
harbour, which he called the Julian port in honour widow of Marcellus and the daughter of Augustus
of Octavianus, and where he exercised his sailors by his third wife, Scribonia. (B. C. 21. )
and mariners till they were able to encounter the In B. c. 19, Agrippa went into Gaul. He paci-
experienced sailors of Pompey. In B. C. 36, Agrip fied the turbulent natives, and constructed four
pa defeated Sex. Pompey first at Mylae, and after-great public roads and a splendid aqueduct at
wards at Naulochus on the coast of Sicily, and the Nemausus (Nîmes). From thence he proceeded
latter of these victories broke the naval supremacy to Spain and subdued the Cantabrians after a short
of Pompey. He received in consequence the bó but bloody and obstinate struggle ; but, in accord-
nour of a naval crown, which was first conferred ance with his usual prudence, he neither announced
upon him; though, according to other authorities, his victories in pompous letters to the senate, nor
M. Varro was the first who obtained it from Pom did be accept a triumph which Augustus offered
pey the Great (Vellei. ii. 81; Liv. Epit. 129; him. In B. c. 18, he was invested with the tribu-
Dion Cass. xlix. 14; Plin. H. N. xvi. 3. s. 4; Virg. nician power for five years together with Augustus ;
sen, viü. 684. )
and in the following year (B. c 17), his two sons,
In B. c. 35, Agrippa had the command of the Caius and Lucius, were adopted by Augustus.
war in Illyria, and afterwards served under Octa- At the close of the year, he accepted an invitar
vianus, when the latter had proceeded to that coun- tion of Herod the Great, and went to Jerusa
try. On his return, he voluntarily accepted the lem. He founded the military colony of Berytus
aedileship in B. c. 33, although he had been consul, (Beyrut), thence he proceeded in B. c. 16 to the
and expended immense sums of money upon great Pontus Euxinus, and compelled the Bosporani to
public works. He restored the Appian, Marcian, accept Polemo for their king and to restore the
and Anienian aqueducts, constructed a new one, Roman eagles which had been taken by Mithri-
fifteen miles in length, from the Tepula to Rome, dates. On his return he stayed some time in
to which he gave the name of the Julian, in honour lonia, where he granted privileges to the Jews
of Octavianus, and had an immense number of whose cause was pleaded by Herod (Joseph. Antig.
smaller water-works made, to distribute the water Jud. xvi. 2), and then proceeded to Rome, where
within the town. He also had the large cloaca of he arrived in B. c. 13. After his tribunician power
Tarquinius Priscus entirely cleansed. His various had been prolonged for five years, he went to Pan-
works were adorned with statues by the first ar- nonia to restore tranquillity to that province. He
tists of Rome. These splendid buildings he aug- returned in B. c. 12, after having been successful
mented in B. c. 27, during his third consulship, by as usual, and retired to Campania. There he died
several others, and among these was the Pantheon, unexpectedly, in the month of March, B. c. 12, in
mou that
ecution
icted by
& lt.
1, 112)
the past
murder
restoran
i to be
rhat bead
are bis
cted 13
to death
10. )
:P. ]
knight
on pris
born i
ras de
the ante
is toge
annes
Bestia
friends
imamed
the bin
itr fra
faroe.
Jetariu
## p. 80 (#100) #############################################
80
AGRIPPA.
AGRIPPINA.
his 51st year. His body was carried to Rome, AGRIPPI'NA I. , the youngest daughter of ML
and was buried in the mausoleum of Augustus, Vipsanius Agrippa and of Julia, the daughter of
who himself pronounced a funeral oration over it. Augustus, was born some time before B. c. 12.
Dion Cassius tells us (lii. 1, &c. ), that in the year She married Caesar Germanicus, the son of Drusus
B. C. 29 Augustus assembled his friends and coun- Nero Germanicus, by whom she had nine chil-
sellors, Agrippa and Maecenas, demanding their dren. Agrippina was gifted with great powers
opinion as to whether it would be advisable for of mind, a noble character, and all the moral
him to usurp monarchical power, or to restore to and physical qualities that constituted the model
the nation its former republican government. of a Roman matron: her love for her husband was
This is corroborated by Suetonius (Octav. 28), sincere and lasting, her chastity was spotless, her
who says that Augustus twice deliberated upon fertility was a virtue in the eyes of the Romans,
that subject.
The speeches which Agrippa and and her attachment to her children was an emi-
Maecenas delivered on this occasion are given by nent feature of her character. She yielded to one
Dion Cassius; but the artificial character of them dangerous passion, ambition. Augustus shewed
makes them suspicious. However it does not seem her particular attention and attachment. (Sueton.
likely from the general character of Dion Cassius Calig. 8. )
as a historian that these speeches are invented by At the death of Angustus in A. D. 14, she was
him; and it is not improbable, and such a suppo- on the Lower Rhine with Germanicus, who com-
sition suits entirely the character of Augustus, manded the legions there. Her husband was the
that those speeches were really pronounced, though idol of the army, and the legions on the Rhine,
preconcerted between Augustus and his counsellors dissatisfied with the accession of Tiberius, mani-
to make the Roman nation believe that the fate of fested their intention of proclaiming Germanicus
the republic was still a matter of discussion, and master of the state. Tiberius hated and dreaded
that Augustus would not assume monarchical power Germanicus, and he shewed as much antipathy to
till he had been convinced that it was necessary Agrippina, as he had love to her elder sister, his
for the welfare of the nation. Besides, Agrippa, first wife. In this perilous situation, Germanicus
who according to Dion Cassius, advised Augustus and Agrippina saved themselves by their prompt
to restore the republic, was a man whose political energy; he quelled the outbreak and pursued the
opinions had evidently a monarchical tendency. war against the Germans. In the ensuing year
Agrippa was one of the most distinguished and his lieutenant Caecina, after having made an inva-
important men of the age of Augustns. He sion into Germany, returned to the Rhine. The
must be considered as a chief support of the rising campaign was not inglorious for the Romans, but
monarchical constitution, and without Agrippa they were worn out by hardships, and perhaps
Augustus could scarcely have succeeded in making barassed on their march by some bands of Ger-
himself the absolute master of the Roman empire. mans. Thus the rumour was spread that the main
Dion Cassius (liv. 29, &c. ), Velleius Paterculus body of the Germans was approaching to invade
(ü. 79), Seneca (Ep. 94), and Horace (Od. i. 6), Gaul. Germanicus was absent, and it was pro-
speak with equal admiration of his merits.
posed to destroy the bridge over the Rhine.
Pliny constantly refers to the “Commentarii" of|(Comp. Strab. iv. p. 194. ) if this had been done,
Agrippa as an authority (Elenchus, iii. iv. v. vi, the retreat of Caecina's army would have been cut
comp. iii. 2), which may indicate certain official off, but it was saved by the firm opposition of
lists drawn up by him in the measurement of the Agrippina to such a cowardly measure. When
Roman world under Augustus (AETHICUS), in the troops approached, she went to the bridge,
which he may have taken part.
acting as a general, and receiving the soldiers as
Agrippa left several children. By his first wife they crossed it; the wounded among them were
Pomponia, he had Vipsania, who was married to presented by her with clothes, and they received
Tiberius Caesar, the successor of Augustus. By from her own hands everything necessary for the
his second wife, Marcella, he had several children cure of their wounds. (Tac. Ann. i. 69. ) Ger-
who are not mentioned; and by his third wife, manicus having been recalled by Tiberius, she ac-
Julia, he had two daughters, Julia, married to companied her husband to Asia (A. D. 17), and
L. Aemilius Paullus, and Agrippina married to after his death, or rather murder (GERMANICUS),
Germanicus, and three sons, Caius [CAESAR, C. ], she returned to Italy. She stayed some days at
Lucius (Caesar, L. ], and AGRIPPA Postumus. the island of Corcyra to recover from her grief,
(Dion Cass. lib. 45-54 ; Liv. Epit. 117-136; and then landed at Brundusium, accompanied by
Appian, Bell. Civ. lib. 5; Suet. Octav. ; Frandsen, two of her children, and holding in her arms the
M. Vipsanius Ayrippa, eine historische Untersuchung urn with the ashes of her husband. At the news
über dessen Leben und Wirken, Altona, 1836. ) of her arrival, the port, the walls, and even the
There are several medals of Agrippa : in the one roofs of the houses were occupied by crowds of
figured below, he is represented with a naval people who were anxious to see and salute her.
crown ; on the reverse is Neptune indicating his She was solemnly received by the officers of two
success by sen
[W. P. ] Praetorian cohorts, which Tiberius had sent to
Brundusium for the purpose of accompanying her
to Rome; the urn containing the ashes of Germa-
nicus was borne by tribunes and centurions, and
the funeral procession was received on its march
เชีย
by the magistrates of Calnbria, Apulia, and Cam-
pania ; by Drusus, the son of Tiberius; Claudius,
the brother of Germanicus ; by the other children
of Germanicus; and at last, in the environs of
Rome, by the consuls, the senate, and crowds of
the Roman people. (Tac. Ann. iii, 1, &c. )
c
KNAGR
## p. 81 (#101) #############################################
AGRIPPINA.
81
AGRIPPINA.
During some years 'Tiberius disguised his hatred | with M. Aemilius Lepidus, the husband of
of Agrippina ; but she soun became exposed to her sister Drusilla, banished her to the island of
secret accusations and intrigues. She asked the Pontia, which was situated opposite the bay of
emperor's permission to choose another husband, Caieta, off the coast of Italy. Her sister Drusilla
but 'Tiberius neither refused nor consented to the was likewise banished to Pontia, and it seeins
proposition. Sejanus, who exercised an unbound that their exile was connected with the punish-
ed influence over Tiberius, then a prey to mental ment of Lepidus, who was put to death for having
disorders, persunded Agrippina that the emperor conspired against the emperor. Previonsly to her
intended to poison her. Alarmed at such a report, exile, Agrippina was compelled by her brother
she refused to eat an apple which the emperor to carry to Rome the ashes of Lepidus. This
offered her from his taule, and Tiberius in his happened in A. D. 39. Agrippina and her sister
turn complained of Agrippina regarding him were released in A. D. 41, by their uncle, Clau-
as a poisoner. According to Suetonius, all this dius, iinmediately after bis accession, although
was an intrigue preconceried between the emperor his wife, Messalina, was the mortal enemy
and Sennus, who, as it seems, had formed the of Agrippina. Messalina was put to death by
plan of leading Agrippina into false steps. Tibe order of Claudius in A. D. 48 ; and in the follow-
rius was extremely suspicious of Agrippina, and ing year, a. D. 49, Agrippina succeeded in mar.
shewed his hostile fealings by allusive words or rying the emperor. Claudins was her uncle, but
neglectful silence. There were no evidences of her marriage was legalized by a senatusconsul-
ambitious plans formed by Agrippina, but the cum, by which the marriage of a man with bis
rumour having been spread that she would fly to brother's daughter was declared valid ; this scnatus-
the army, he banished her to the island of Pan- consultum was afterwards abr ted by the emper
dataria (A. D. 30) where her mother Julia had ors Constantine and Constans. In this intrigue
died in exile. Her sons Nero and Drusus were Agrippina displayed the qualities of an accomplished
likewise banished and both died an unnatural courtezan, and such was the influence of her charms
death. She lived three years on that barren and superior talents over the old emperor, that, in
island; at last she refused to take any food, prejudice of his own son, Britannicus, he adopt-
and died most probably by voluntary starvation. ed Domitius, the son of Agrippina by her first
Her death took place precisely two years after and husband, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. (A. D. 51. )
on the same date as the murder of Sejanus, that is Agrippina was assisted in her secret plans by
in A. D. 33. Tacitus and Suetonius tell us, that Pallas, the perfidious contidant of Claudius. By
Tiberius boasted that he had not strangled ber. her intrigues, L. Junius Silanus, the husband of
(Sueton. Tib. 53; Tac. Ann. vi. 25. ) The ashes Octaviin the daughter of Claudius, was put to
of Agrippina and those of her son Nero were death, and in a. D. 53, Octavia was married to
afterwards brought to Rome by order of her son, young Nero. Lollia Paullina, once the rival of
the emperor Caligula, who struck various medals in Agrippina for the hand of the emperor, was accused
honour of his mother. In the one figured below, of high treason and condemned in death; but she
the head of Caligula is on one side and that of his put an end to her own life. Domitia Lepiaa, the
mother on the other. The words on each side are sister of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, met with a
respectively, C. CAESAR. AVG. GER. P. K. TR. PUT. , sinuilar fate. After having tbus removed those
and AGRIPPINA. MAT. C. CAES. AVG. GERM. whose rivalship she dreaded, or whose virtues she
envied, Agrippina resolved to get rid of ber hus-
band, and to govern the empire through her ascen-
dency over her son Nero, his successor. A vague
rumour of this reached the emperor; in a state of
drunkenness, he forgot prudence, and talked about
punishing his ambitious wife. Having no time to
lose, Agrippina, assisted by Locusta and Xenophon,
a Greek physician, poisoned the old emperor, in
(Tac. Ann. i. -vi. ; Sueton. Octav. 64, Tih. l. c. , A. D. 54, at Sinuessa, a watering-place to which
Calig. 1. c. ; Dion. Cass. lvii. 5, 6, lviii. 22. ) [W. P] he had retired for the sake of his health. Nero
AGRIPPI'NA 11. , the daughter of Germani- was proclaimed emperor, and presented to the
cus and Agrippina the elder, daughter of M. troops by Burtus, whom Agrippina had appointed
Vipsanius Agrippa. She was born between A. D. praefectus praetorio. Narcissus, the rich freedman
13 and 17, at the Oppidum Ubiorum, afterwards of Claudius, M. Junius Silanus, proconsul of Asia,
called in honour of her Colonia Agrippina, now the brother of L. Junius Silanus, and a great.
Cologne, and then the head-quarters of the legions grandson of Augustus, lost their lives at the insti-
commanded by her father. In a. D. 28, she mar- gation of Agrippina, who would have augmented
ried Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, a man not un- the number of her victims, but for the opposition
like her, and whom she lost in A. D. 40. After of Burrus and Senect, recalled by Agrippina from
his death she married Crispus Passienus, who died his exile to conduct the education of Nero. Mean-
some years afterwards ; and she was accused of hav. while, the young emperor took some steps to shake
ing poisoned him, either for the purpose of obtain: off the insupportable ascendency of his mother.
ing his great fortune, or for some secret motive of The jealousy of Agrippina rose from her son's pas
much higher importance. She was already known sion for Acte, and, after her, for Poppaea Sabina,
for her scandalous conduct, for her most perfidi the wife of M. Salvius Otho. To reconquer his
ous intrigues, and for an unbounded ambition. affection, Agrippina employed, but in vain, most
She was accused of having committed incest with daring and nuost revolting means. She threatened
her own brother, the emperor Caius Caligula, 10 oppose Britannicus as a rival to the emperor ;
who under the pretext of having discovered but Britannicus was poisoned by Nero; and she
tbat she had lived in an adulterous intercourse eren solicited her son to an incestuous inter-
Led
fiel
G
## p. 82 (#102) #############################################
82
AGRIPPINUS.
AGRON.
a
course. At last, ther death was resolved upon the same time as Thmsci, A. v. 67, and was ba-
by Nero, who wished to repudiate Octavia and nished from Italy. (Tac. Ann. xvi. 28, 29, 33.
Bell. Jud. ü. 11. $ 6, 12. $ 1,16, 17. $ 1, iv. 1. $ 3; and Augustus. After the murder of J. Caesar ia
Vit. &. 54; Phot. cod. 33. )
[C. P. M. ] B. C. 44, Agrippa was one of those intimate friends
AGRIPPA, MARCIUS, a man of the lowest of Octarius, who advised him to proceed immedi-
origin, was appointed by Macrinus in B. c. 217, ately to Rome. Octavius took Agrippa with him,
first to the government of Pannonia and after and charged him to receive the oath of fidelity from
wards to that of Dacia. (Dion. Cass. lxxviii. 13. ) several legions which had declared in his favour.
He seems to be the same person as the Marcius Having been chosen consul in B. C. 43, Octavius
Agrippa, admiral of the feet, who is mentioned by gave to his friend Agrippa the delicate commission
## p. 79 (#99) ##############################################
AGRIPPA.
70
AGRIPPA.
Antonija
EN108)
mas
daughter !
*as adopted
in . . . ,
e following
Dion Call
adepisa be
the island
a distace
Berzge ud
i gulty &
urveille
senatus
legalisert
Droperty
is capunet
0 KET
pins Man
pataries
as beler
so liberos.
ned a coup
A. D. 14,
at bodis
Xection
der for
be secret
of prosecuting C. Cassius, one of the murderers of on which we still read the inscription : "M. Agrippa
J. Caesar. At the outbreak of the Perusinian war L. F. Cos. Tertium fecit. ” (Dion Cass. xlix. 43,
between Octavius, now Octavianus, and L. Anto- liii. 27 ; Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 15, s. 24 & 3; Strab.
nius, in B. c. 41, Agrippa, who was then praetor, v. p. 235; Frontin. De Aquaed. 9. )
commanded part of the forces of Octavianus, and When the war broke out between Octavianus
after distinguishing himself by skilful manoeuvres, and M. Antonius, Agrippa was appointed com-
besieged L. Antonius in Perusia. He took the mander-in-chief of the fleet, B. C. 32. He took
town in B. C. 40, and towards the end of the same Methone in the Peloponnesus, Leucas, Patrae, and
year retook Sipontum, which had fallen into the Corinth; and in the battle of Actium (B. C. 31)
hands of M. Antonius. In B. C. 38, Agrippa ob- where he commanded, the victory was mainly
tained fresh success in Gaul, where he quelled a owing to his skill. On his return to Rome in
revolt of the native chiefs ; he also penetrated into B. c. 30, Octavianus, now Augustus, rewarded
Germany as far as the country of the Catti, and him with a “ vexillum caeruleum,” or sea-green
transplanted the Ubii to the left bank of the flag.
Rhine ; whereupon he turned his arms against the In B. c. 28, Agrippa became consul for the second
revolted Aquitani, whom he soon brought to obe time with Augustus, and about this time married
dience. His victories, especially those in Aquitania, Marcella, the niece of Augustus, and the daughter
contributed much to securing the power of Octavi- of his sister Octavia. His former wife, Pomponiin
anus, and he was recalled by him to undertake the the daughter of T. Pomponius Atticus, was either
command of the war against Sex. Pompeius, dead or divorced. In the following year, B. c. 27,
which was on the point of breaking out, B. C. 37. he was again consul the third time with Augustus.
Octavianus offered him a triumph, which Agrippa In B. C. 25, Agrippa accompanied Augustus to
declined, but accepted the consulship, to which he the war against the Cantabrians. About this time
was promoted by Octavianus in B. C. 37. Dion jealousy arose between him and his brother-in-law
Cassius (xlviii. 49) seems to say that he was con- Marcellus, the nephew of Augustus, and who
sul when he went to Gaul, but the words Índteve seemed to be destined as his successor. Augustus,
de metà Aovriou rámou seem to be suspicious, anxious to prevent differences that might have had
unless they are to be inserted a little bigber, after serious consequences for him, sent Agrippa As pro-
the passage, τώ δ' Αγρίππα την του ναυτικού | consul to Syria. Agrippa of course left Rome, but
Tapaokeun, dyxelploas, which refer to an event he stopped at Mitylene in the island of Lesbos,
which took place during the consulship of Agrippa. leaving the government of Syria to his legate.
For, immediately after his promotion to this dig- The apprehensions of Augustus were removed by
nity, he was charged by Octavianus with the con- the death of Marcellus in B. C. 23, and Agrippa
struction of a fleet, which was the more necessary, immediately returned to Rome, where he was the
as Sextus Pompey was master of the sea.
more anxiously expected, as troubles had broken
Agrippa, in whom thoughts and deeds were out during the election of the consuls in B. C. 21.
never separated (Vellei. ii
. 79), executed this Augustus resolved to receive his faithful friend
order with prompt energy.
The Lucrine lake into his own family, and accordingly induced him
near Baiae was transformed by him into a safe to divorce his wife Marcella, and marry Julia, the
harbour, which he called the Julian port in honour widow of Marcellus and the daughter of Augustus
of Octavianus, and where he exercised his sailors by his third wife, Scribonia. (B. C. 21. )
and mariners till they were able to encounter the In B. c. 19, Agrippa went into Gaul. He paci-
experienced sailors of Pompey. In B. C. 36, Agrip fied the turbulent natives, and constructed four
pa defeated Sex. Pompey first at Mylae, and after-great public roads and a splendid aqueduct at
wards at Naulochus on the coast of Sicily, and the Nemausus (Nîmes). From thence he proceeded
latter of these victories broke the naval supremacy to Spain and subdued the Cantabrians after a short
of Pompey. He received in consequence the bó but bloody and obstinate struggle ; but, in accord-
nour of a naval crown, which was first conferred ance with his usual prudence, he neither announced
upon him; though, according to other authorities, his victories in pompous letters to the senate, nor
M. Varro was the first who obtained it from Pom did be accept a triumph which Augustus offered
pey the Great (Vellei. ii. 81; Liv. Epit. 129; him. In B. c. 18, he was invested with the tribu-
Dion Cass. xlix. 14; Plin. H. N. xvi. 3. s. 4; Virg. nician power for five years together with Augustus ;
sen, viü. 684. )
and in the following year (B. c 17), his two sons,
In B. c. 35, Agrippa had the command of the Caius and Lucius, were adopted by Augustus.
war in Illyria, and afterwards served under Octa- At the close of the year, he accepted an invitar
vianus, when the latter had proceeded to that coun- tion of Herod the Great, and went to Jerusa
try. On his return, he voluntarily accepted the lem. He founded the military colony of Berytus
aedileship in B. c. 33, although he had been consul, (Beyrut), thence he proceeded in B. c. 16 to the
and expended immense sums of money upon great Pontus Euxinus, and compelled the Bosporani to
public works. He restored the Appian, Marcian, accept Polemo for their king and to restore the
and Anienian aqueducts, constructed a new one, Roman eagles which had been taken by Mithri-
fifteen miles in length, from the Tepula to Rome, dates. On his return he stayed some time in
to which he gave the name of the Julian, in honour lonia, where he granted privileges to the Jews
of Octavianus, and had an immense number of whose cause was pleaded by Herod (Joseph. Antig.
smaller water-works made, to distribute the water Jud. xvi. 2), and then proceeded to Rome, where
within the town. He also had the large cloaca of he arrived in B. c. 13. After his tribunician power
Tarquinius Priscus entirely cleansed. His various had been prolonged for five years, he went to Pan-
works were adorned with statues by the first ar- nonia to restore tranquillity to that province. He
tists of Rome. These splendid buildings he aug- returned in B. c. 12, after having been successful
mented in B. c. 27, during his third consulship, by as usual, and retired to Campania. There he died
several others, and among these was the Pantheon, unexpectedly, in the month of March, B. c. 12, in
mou that
ecution
icted by
& lt.
1, 112)
the past
murder
restoran
i to be
rhat bead
are bis
cted 13
to death
10. )
:P. ]
knight
on pris
born i
ras de
the ante
is toge
annes
Bestia
friends
imamed
the bin
itr fra
faroe.
Jetariu
## p. 80 (#100) #############################################
80
AGRIPPA.
AGRIPPINA.
his 51st year. His body was carried to Rome, AGRIPPI'NA I. , the youngest daughter of ML
and was buried in the mausoleum of Augustus, Vipsanius Agrippa and of Julia, the daughter of
who himself pronounced a funeral oration over it. Augustus, was born some time before B. c. 12.
Dion Cassius tells us (lii. 1, &c. ), that in the year She married Caesar Germanicus, the son of Drusus
B. C. 29 Augustus assembled his friends and coun- Nero Germanicus, by whom she had nine chil-
sellors, Agrippa and Maecenas, demanding their dren. Agrippina was gifted with great powers
opinion as to whether it would be advisable for of mind, a noble character, and all the moral
him to usurp monarchical power, or to restore to and physical qualities that constituted the model
the nation its former republican government. of a Roman matron: her love for her husband was
This is corroborated by Suetonius (Octav. 28), sincere and lasting, her chastity was spotless, her
who says that Augustus twice deliberated upon fertility was a virtue in the eyes of the Romans,
that subject.
The speeches which Agrippa and and her attachment to her children was an emi-
Maecenas delivered on this occasion are given by nent feature of her character. She yielded to one
Dion Cassius; but the artificial character of them dangerous passion, ambition. Augustus shewed
makes them suspicious. However it does not seem her particular attention and attachment. (Sueton.
likely from the general character of Dion Cassius Calig. 8. )
as a historian that these speeches are invented by At the death of Angustus in A. D. 14, she was
him; and it is not improbable, and such a suppo- on the Lower Rhine with Germanicus, who com-
sition suits entirely the character of Augustus, manded the legions there. Her husband was the
that those speeches were really pronounced, though idol of the army, and the legions on the Rhine,
preconcerted between Augustus and his counsellors dissatisfied with the accession of Tiberius, mani-
to make the Roman nation believe that the fate of fested their intention of proclaiming Germanicus
the republic was still a matter of discussion, and master of the state. Tiberius hated and dreaded
that Augustus would not assume monarchical power Germanicus, and he shewed as much antipathy to
till he had been convinced that it was necessary Agrippina, as he had love to her elder sister, his
for the welfare of the nation. Besides, Agrippa, first wife. In this perilous situation, Germanicus
who according to Dion Cassius, advised Augustus and Agrippina saved themselves by their prompt
to restore the republic, was a man whose political energy; he quelled the outbreak and pursued the
opinions had evidently a monarchical tendency. war against the Germans. In the ensuing year
Agrippa was one of the most distinguished and his lieutenant Caecina, after having made an inva-
important men of the age of Augustns. He sion into Germany, returned to the Rhine. The
must be considered as a chief support of the rising campaign was not inglorious for the Romans, but
monarchical constitution, and without Agrippa they were worn out by hardships, and perhaps
Augustus could scarcely have succeeded in making barassed on their march by some bands of Ger-
himself the absolute master of the Roman empire. mans. Thus the rumour was spread that the main
Dion Cassius (liv. 29, &c. ), Velleius Paterculus body of the Germans was approaching to invade
(ü. 79), Seneca (Ep. 94), and Horace (Od. i. 6), Gaul. Germanicus was absent, and it was pro-
speak with equal admiration of his merits.
posed to destroy the bridge over the Rhine.
Pliny constantly refers to the “Commentarii" of|(Comp. Strab. iv. p. 194. ) if this had been done,
Agrippa as an authority (Elenchus, iii. iv. v. vi, the retreat of Caecina's army would have been cut
comp. iii. 2), which may indicate certain official off, but it was saved by the firm opposition of
lists drawn up by him in the measurement of the Agrippina to such a cowardly measure. When
Roman world under Augustus (AETHICUS), in the troops approached, she went to the bridge,
which he may have taken part.
acting as a general, and receiving the soldiers as
Agrippa left several children. By his first wife they crossed it; the wounded among them were
Pomponia, he had Vipsania, who was married to presented by her with clothes, and they received
Tiberius Caesar, the successor of Augustus. By from her own hands everything necessary for the
his second wife, Marcella, he had several children cure of their wounds. (Tac. Ann. i. 69. ) Ger-
who are not mentioned; and by his third wife, manicus having been recalled by Tiberius, she ac-
Julia, he had two daughters, Julia, married to companied her husband to Asia (A. D. 17), and
L. Aemilius Paullus, and Agrippina married to after his death, or rather murder (GERMANICUS),
Germanicus, and three sons, Caius [CAESAR, C. ], she returned to Italy. She stayed some days at
Lucius (Caesar, L. ], and AGRIPPA Postumus. the island of Corcyra to recover from her grief,
(Dion Cass. lib. 45-54 ; Liv. Epit. 117-136; and then landed at Brundusium, accompanied by
Appian, Bell. Civ. lib. 5; Suet. Octav. ; Frandsen, two of her children, and holding in her arms the
M. Vipsanius Ayrippa, eine historische Untersuchung urn with the ashes of her husband. At the news
über dessen Leben und Wirken, Altona, 1836. ) of her arrival, the port, the walls, and even the
There are several medals of Agrippa : in the one roofs of the houses were occupied by crowds of
figured below, he is represented with a naval people who were anxious to see and salute her.
crown ; on the reverse is Neptune indicating his She was solemnly received by the officers of two
success by sen
[W. P. ] Praetorian cohorts, which Tiberius had sent to
Brundusium for the purpose of accompanying her
to Rome; the urn containing the ashes of Germa-
nicus was borne by tribunes and centurions, and
the funeral procession was received on its march
เชีย
by the magistrates of Calnbria, Apulia, and Cam-
pania ; by Drusus, the son of Tiberius; Claudius,
the brother of Germanicus ; by the other children
of Germanicus; and at last, in the environs of
Rome, by the consuls, the senate, and crowds of
the Roman people. (Tac. Ann. iii, 1, &c. )
c
KNAGR
## p. 81 (#101) #############################################
AGRIPPINA.
81
AGRIPPINA.
During some years 'Tiberius disguised his hatred | with M. Aemilius Lepidus, the husband of
of Agrippina ; but she soun became exposed to her sister Drusilla, banished her to the island of
secret accusations and intrigues. She asked the Pontia, which was situated opposite the bay of
emperor's permission to choose another husband, Caieta, off the coast of Italy. Her sister Drusilla
but 'Tiberius neither refused nor consented to the was likewise banished to Pontia, and it seeins
proposition. Sejanus, who exercised an unbound that their exile was connected with the punish-
ed influence over Tiberius, then a prey to mental ment of Lepidus, who was put to death for having
disorders, persunded Agrippina that the emperor conspired against the emperor. Previonsly to her
intended to poison her. Alarmed at such a report, exile, Agrippina was compelled by her brother
she refused to eat an apple which the emperor to carry to Rome the ashes of Lepidus. This
offered her from his taule, and Tiberius in his happened in A. D. 39. Agrippina and her sister
turn complained of Agrippina regarding him were released in A. D. 41, by their uncle, Clau-
as a poisoner. According to Suetonius, all this dius, iinmediately after bis accession, although
was an intrigue preconceried between the emperor his wife, Messalina, was the mortal enemy
and Sennus, who, as it seems, had formed the of Agrippina. Messalina was put to death by
plan of leading Agrippina into false steps. Tibe order of Claudius in A. D. 48 ; and in the follow-
rius was extremely suspicious of Agrippina, and ing year, a. D. 49, Agrippina succeeded in mar.
shewed his hostile fealings by allusive words or rying the emperor. Claudins was her uncle, but
neglectful silence. There were no evidences of her marriage was legalized by a senatusconsul-
ambitious plans formed by Agrippina, but the cum, by which the marriage of a man with bis
rumour having been spread that she would fly to brother's daughter was declared valid ; this scnatus-
the army, he banished her to the island of Pan- consultum was afterwards abr ted by the emper
dataria (A. D. 30) where her mother Julia had ors Constantine and Constans. In this intrigue
died in exile. Her sons Nero and Drusus were Agrippina displayed the qualities of an accomplished
likewise banished and both died an unnatural courtezan, and such was the influence of her charms
death. She lived three years on that barren and superior talents over the old emperor, that, in
island; at last she refused to take any food, prejudice of his own son, Britannicus, he adopt-
and died most probably by voluntary starvation. ed Domitius, the son of Agrippina by her first
Her death took place precisely two years after and husband, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. (A. D. 51. )
on the same date as the murder of Sejanus, that is Agrippina was assisted in her secret plans by
in A. D. 33. Tacitus and Suetonius tell us, that Pallas, the perfidious contidant of Claudius. By
Tiberius boasted that he had not strangled ber. her intrigues, L. Junius Silanus, the husband of
(Sueton. Tib. 53; Tac. Ann. vi. 25. ) The ashes Octaviin the daughter of Claudius, was put to
of Agrippina and those of her son Nero were death, and in a. D. 53, Octavia was married to
afterwards brought to Rome by order of her son, young Nero. Lollia Paullina, once the rival of
the emperor Caligula, who struck various medals in Agrippina for the hand of the emperor, was accused
honour of his mother. In the one figured below, of high treason and condemned in death; but she
the head of Caligula is on one side and that of his put an end to her own life. Domitia Lepiaa, the
mother on the other. The words on each side are sister of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, met with a
respectively, C. CAESAR. AVG. GER. P. K. TR. PUT. , sinuilar fate. After having tbus removed those
and AGRIPPINA. MAT. C. CAES. AVG. GERM. whose rivalship she dreaded, or whose virtues she
envied, Agrippina resolved to get rid of ber hus-
band, and to govern the empire through her ascen-
dency over her son Nero, his successor. A vague
rumour of this reached the emperor; in a state of
drunkenness, he forgot prudence, and talked about
punishing his ambitious wife. Having no time to
lose, Agrippina, assisted by Locusta and Xenophon,
a Greek physician, poisoned the old emperor, in
(Tac. Ann. i. -vi. ; Sueton. Octav. 64, Tih. l. c. , A. D. 54, at Sinuessa, a watering-place to which
Calig. 1. c. ; Dion. Cass. lvii. 5, 6, lviii. 22. ) [W. P] he had retired for the sake of his health. Nero
AGRIPPI'NA 11. , the daughter of Germani- was proclaimed emperor, and presented to the
cus and Agrippina the elder, daughter of M. troops by Burtus, whom Agrippina had appointed
Vipsanius Agrippa. She was born between A. D. praefectus praetorio. Narcissus, the rich freedman
13 and 17, at the Oppidum Ubiorum, afterwards of Claudius, M. Junius Silanus, proconsul of Asia,
called in honour of her Colonia Agrippina, now the brother of L. Junius Silanus, and a great.
Cologne, and then the head-quarters of the legions grandson of Augustus, lost their lives at the insti-
commanded by her father. In a. D. 28, she mar- gation of Agrippina, who would have augmented
ried Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, a man not un- the number of her victims, but for the opposition
like her, and whom she lost in A. D. 40. After of Burrus and Senect, recalled by Agrippina from
his death she married Crispus Passienus, who died his exile to conduct the education of Nero. Mean-
some years afterwards ; and she was accused of hav. while, the young emperor took some steps to shake
ing poisoned him, either for the purpose of obtain: off the insupportable ascendency of his mother.
ing his great fortune, or for some secret motive of The jealousy of Agrippina rose from her son's pas
much higher importance. She was already known sion for Acte, and, after her, for Poppaea Sabina,
for her scandalous conduct, for her most perfidi the wife of M. Salvius Otho. To reconquer his
ous intrigues, and for an unbounded ambition. affection, Agrippina employed, but in vain, most
She was accused of having committed incest with daring and nuost revolting means. She threatened
her own brother, the emperor Caius Caligula, 10 oppose Britannicus as a rival to the emperor ;
who under the pretext of having discovered but Britannicus was poisoned by Nero; and she
tbat she had lived in an adulterous intercourse eren solicited her son to an incestuous inter-
Led
fiel
G
## p. 82 (#102) #############################################
82
AGRIPPINUS.
AGRON.
a
course. At last, ther death was resolved upon the same time as Thmsci, A. v. 67, and was ba-
by Nero, who wished to repudiate Octavia and nished from Italy. (Tac. Ann. xvi. 28, 29, 33.
